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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nile</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Nile" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Nile" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nile" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Nile&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nile_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nile (disambiguation)">Nile (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Nile<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> (also known as the Nile River) is a major north-flowing <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. It flows into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. The Nile is the longest river in Africa. It has historically been considered the <a href="/wiki/List_of_river_systems_by_length" title="List of river systems by length">longest river in the world</a>,<a href="#cite_note-britannica-nile-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-liu-etal-river-length-6">[4]</a> though this has been contested by research suggesting that the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> is slightly longer.<a href="#cite_note-AmazonRiver-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica-amazon-length-8">[6]</a> Of the world's major rivers, the Nile is one of the smallest, as measured by annual flow in cubic metres of water.<a href="#cite_note-Said_3_x_3-9">[7]</a> About 6,650 km (4,130 mi)<a href="#cite_note-length-1">[a]</a> long, its <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> covers eleven countries: the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt, Sudan and South Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-hdl.handle-12">[10]</a> The Nile is an important economic driver supporting agriculture and fishing. <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Nile River</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_skyline,_Panoramic_view,_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cairo_skyline%2C_Panoramic_view%2C_Egypt.jpg/260px-Cairo_skyline%2C_Panoramic_view%2C_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cairo_skyline%2C_Panoramic_view%2C_Egypt.jpg/390px-Cairo_skyline%2C_Panoramic_view%2C_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cairo_skyline%2C_Panoramic_view%2C_Egypt.jpg/520px-Cairo_skyline%2C_Panoramic_view%2C_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Nile in Cairo, Egypt</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Nile_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="inside river Nile map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/River_Nile_map.svg/260px-River_Nile_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="476" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/River_Nile_map.svg/390px-River_Nile_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/River_Nile_map.svg/520px-River_Nile_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="802"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="250" data-zoom="4" data-overlays='["_f6e6c51ec09d1bf7e65653554c5c4bf0906eb92d"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,250x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Nile&revid=1257827626&groups=_f6e6c51ec09d1bf7e65653554c5c4bf0906eb92d" width="250" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,250x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Nile&revid=1257827626&groups=_f6e6c51ec09d1bf7e65653554c5c4bf0906eb92d 2x" alt="Map"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data">"The river"</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data">Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jinja,_Uganda" title="Jinja, Uganda">Jinja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nile&params=02_16_56_S_29_19_53_E_">02°16′56″S 29°19′53″E / 2.28222°S 29.33139°E / -2.28222; 29.33139</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">2,400 m (7,900 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2nd source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a>, Ethiopia</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nile&params=12_02_09_N_037_15_53_E_">12°02′09″N 037°15′53″E / 12.03583°N 37.26472°E / 12.03583; 37.26472</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mediterranean Sea</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>, Egypt</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nile&params=30_10_21_N_31_8_24_E_type:river">30°10′21″N 31°8′24″E / 30.17250°N 31.14000°E / 30.17250; 31.14000</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Sea level</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">6,650 km (4,130 mi)<a href="#cite_note-length-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">3,349,000 km2 (1,293,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • maximum</th><td class="infobox-data">2.8 km (1.7 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depth</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • average</th><td class="infobox-data">8–11 m (26–36 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>, Egypt</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • average</th><td class="infobox-data">2,633 m3/s (93,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • minimum</th><td class="infobox-data">530 m3/s (19,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • maximum</th><td class="infobox-data">7,620 m3/s (269,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data">Cairo, Egypt</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • average</th><td class="infobox-data">2,000 m3/s (71,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • minimum</th><td class="infobox-data">500 m3/s (18,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • maximum</th><td class="infobox-data">7,000 m3/s (250,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data">Nile Delta, Egypt, Mediterranean Sea</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • average</th><td class="infobox-data">1,584 m3/s (55,900 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • left</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White_Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="White Nile River">White Nile</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • right</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile River">Blue Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atbara_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Atbara River">Atbara</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Nile has two major <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a>: the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a>. The White Nile is traditionally considered to be the <a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">headwaters</a> stream. However, the Blue Nile is the source of most of the water of the Nile downstream, containing 80% of the water and <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>. The White Nile is longer and rises in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region. It begins at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> and flows through Uganda and South Sudan. The Blue Nile begins at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a> in Ethiopia<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> and flows into Sudan from the southeast. The two <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">rivers meet</a> at the Sudanese capital of <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_Desert" title="Nubian Desert">Nubian Desert</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">large delta</a>, and the river flows into the Mediterranean Sea at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egyptian civilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">Sudanese kingdoms</a> have depended on the river and its annual flooding since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a>. Nearly all the cultural and historical sites of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> developed and are found along river banks. The Nile is, with the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> and <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>, one of the three Mediterranean rivers with the largest <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">water discharge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Margat-15">[13]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Courses">2 Courses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Sources">2.1 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_Uganda">2.2 In Uganda</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#In_South_Sudan">2.3 In South Sudan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#In_Sudan">2.4 In Sudan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#In_Egypt">2.5 In Egypt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sediment_transport">2.6 Sediment transport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Tributaries">3 Tributaries</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Red_Nile">3.1 Red Nile</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Blue_Nile">3.2 Blue Nile</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Bahr_el_Ghazal_and_Sobat_River">3.3 Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat River</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Yellow_Nile">3.4 Yellow Nile</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#History">4 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Khufu_branch">4.1 Khufu branch</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Ancient_Niles">4.2 Ancient Niles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Integrated_Nile">4.3 Integrated Nile</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Role_in_the_founding_of_Egyptian_civilization">4.4 Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#European_search_for_the_source">4.5 European search for the source</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Since_1950">4.6 Since 1950</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Water_sharing_dispute">5 Water sharing dispute</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Modern_achievements_and_exploration">6 Modern achievements and exploration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#White_Nile">6.1 White Nile</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Blue_Nile_2">6.2 Blue Nile</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Crossings">7 Crossings</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Crossings_from_Khartoum_to_the_Mediterranean_Sea">7.1 Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Crossings_from_Jinja,_Uganda_to_Khartoum">7.2 Crossings from Jinja, Uganda to Khartoum</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Notes_and_references">9 Notes and references</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar and cohesion. You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nile" title="Special:EditPage/Nile">editing it</a>. (July 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The standard English names "White Nile" and "Blue Nile" refer to the river's source, derived from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> names formerly applied to only the Sudanese stretches that meet at <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911695-16">[14]</a> In the ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>, the Nile is called Ḥꜥpy (Hapy) or Jtrw (Iteru), meaning "river". In <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B2%93%E2%B2%81%E2%B2%A3%E2%B2%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:ⲓⲁⲣⲟ">ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ</a>, pronounced piaro (<a href="/wiki/Sahidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahidic">Sahidic</a>) or phiaro (<a href="/wiki/Bohairic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohairic">Bohairic</a>), means "the river" (lit. p(h).iar-o "the.canal-great"), and comes from the same ancient name.<a href="#cite_note-Hillel-17">[15]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a>, the river is called Áman Dawū, meaning "the great water".<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[2]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda</a>, the river is called Kiira or Kiyira. In <a href="/wiki/Runyoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Runyoro">Runyoro</a>, it is called Kihiira. In <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>, the Nile is called en-Nīl, while in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a> it is called an-Nīl. In <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, it is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>הַיְאוֹר‎, Ha-Ye'or or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">הַשִׁיחוֹר‎, Ha-Shiḥor. The English name Nile and the Arabic names en-Nîl and an-Nîl both derive from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> Nilus and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> Νεῖλος.<a href="#cite_note-OED-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693-19">[17]</a> Beyond that, however, the etymology is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> called the river Αἴγυπτος, Aiguptos, but in subsequent periods, Greek authors referred to its lower course as Neilos; this term became generalized for the entire river system.<a href="#cite_note-goedicke-21">[19]</a> Thus, the name may derive from Ancient Egyptian expression nꜣ rꜣw-ḥꜣw(t) (lit. 'the mouths of the front parts'), which referred specifically to the branches of the Nile transversing the Delta, and would have been pronounced ni-lo-he in the area around <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> in the 8th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-goedicke-21">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> refers to <a href="/wiki/Nilus_(mythology)" title="Nilus (mythology)">Nilus</a> (Νεῖλος) as one of the <a href="/wiki/Potamoi" title="Potamoi">Potamoi</a> (river gods), son of <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Another derivation of Nile might be related to the term Nil (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: नील, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nila" class="extiw" title="wikt:nila">nila</a>; <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Arabic language">Egyptian Arabic</a>: نيلة),<a href="#cite_note-Hillel-17">[15]</a> which refers to <a href="/wiki/Indigofera_tinctoria" title="Indigofera tinctoria">Indigofera tinctoria</a>, one of the original sources of <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Another may be <a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_caerulea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphaea caerulea">Nymphaea caerulea</a>, known as "The Sacred Blue Lily of the Nile", which was found scattered over <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>'s corpse when it was excavated in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another possible etymology derives from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> term Nahal, meaning "river".<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber_language" title="Proto-Berber language">Old Libyan</a> has the term lilu, meaning water (in modern Berber ilel ⵉⵍⴻⵍ means sea).<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Courses">Courses</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_basin_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nile_basin_map.png/220px-Nile_basin_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="396" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 396px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nile_basin_map.png/220px-Nile_basin_map.png" data-width="220" data-height="396" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nile_basin_map.png/330px-Nile_basin_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nile_basin_map.png/440px-Nile_basin_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Nile's <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> With a total length of about 6,650 km (4,130 mi)<a href="#cite_note-length-1">[a]</a> between the region of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, the Nile is among the longest rivers on Earth. The <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the Nile covers 3,254,555 square kilometers (1,256,591 sq mi), about 10% of the area of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Compared to other major rivers, though, the Nile carries little water (5% of that of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>, for example).<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> The Nile basin is complex, and because of this, the <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a> at any given point along the <a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">main stem</a> depends on many factors including weather, diversions, <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> flow. Upstream from <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> (to the south), the river is known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a>, a term also used in a limited sense to describe the section between <a href="/wiki/Lake_No" title="Lake No">Lake No</a> and Khartoum. At Khartoum, the river is joined by the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a>. The White Nile starts in equatorial East Africa, and the Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia. Both branches are on the western flanks of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Source of the Nile" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Source_of_the_Nile_(board_game)" title="Source of the Nile (board game)">Source of the Nile (board game)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Source_of_the_Nile_Bridge" title="Source of the Nile Bridge">Source of the Nile Bridge</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Source_of_Nile,_Spring_at_Jinja,_Lake_Victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg/220px-Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1877"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg/220px-Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg/330px-Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg/440px-Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Spring at Lake Victoria</figcaption></figure> The source of the Blue Nile is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a><a href="#cite_note-Vijverberg,_Sibbing,_Dejen-30">[28]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gish_Abay" title="Gish Abay">Gish Abay</a> region<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morbach_et_al.-33">[31]</a> The source of the White Nile, even after centuries of exploration, remains in dispute. The most remote source that is indisputably a source for the White Nile is the <a href="/wiki/Kagera_River" title="Kagera River">Kagera River</a>; however, the Kagera has tributaries that are in contention for the farthest source of the White Nile. Two start in Burundi: the <a href="/wiki/Ruvyironza_River" title="Ruvyironza River">Ruvyironza River</a> (also known as the Luvironza) and the <a href="/wiki/Rurubu_River" title="Rurubu River">Rurubu River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-core.ac.uk/Aziz-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morbach_et_al.-33">[31]</a> In addition, in 2010, an exploration party in Rwanda<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> went to a place described as the source of the <a href="/wiki/Rukarara_River" title="Rukarara River">Rukarara</a> tributary,<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> and by hacking a path up steep jungle-choked mountain slopes in the <a href="/wiki/Nyungwe_Forest" title="Nyungwe Forest">Nyungwe Forest</a> found (in the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>) an appreciable incoming surface flow for many kilometres upstream, and found a new source, giving the Nile a length of 6,758 km (4,199 mi).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Uganda">In Uganda</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Nile_Fishermen_(18156464842).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg/220px-White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="1893"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg/220px-White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg/330px-White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg/440px-White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a> in Uganda</figcaption></figure> The White Nile leaves <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Falls" title="Ripon Falls">Ripon Falls</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jinja,_Uganda" title="Jinja, Uganda">Jinja, Uganda</a>, as the "Victoria Nile." It flows north for some 130 kilometers (81 mi) to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kyoga" title="Lake Kyoga">Lake Kyoga</a>. The last part of the approximately 200 kilometers (120 mi) river section starts from the western shores of the lake and flows at first to the west until just south of <a href="/wiki/Masindi_Port" title="Masindi Port">Masindi Port</a>, where the river turns north, then makes a great half circle to the east and north to <a href="/wiki/Karuma_Falls" title="Karuma Falls">Karuma Falls</a>. For the remaining part, it flows westerly through the <a href="/wiki/Murchison_Falls" title="Murchison Falls">Murchison Falls</a> until it reaches the northern shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)" title="Lake Albert (Africa)">Lake Albert</a> where it forms a significant river delta. Lake Albert is on the border of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but the Nile is not a border river at this point. After leaving Lake Albert, the river continues north through Uganda and is known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile#Albert_Nile" title="White Nile">Albert Nile</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_South_Sudan">In South Sudan</h3></div> The White Nile flows into South Sudan just south of <a href="/wiki/Nimule" title="Nimule">Nimule</a>, where it is known as the Bahr al Jabal ("Mountain River"<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a>). Just south of the town is the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Achwa_River" title="Achwa River">Achwa River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_River" title="Bahr el Ghazal River">Bahr al Ghazal</a>, 716 kilometers (445 mi) long, joins the Bahr al Jabal at a small lagoon called <a href="/wiki/Lake_No" title="Lake No">Lake No</a>, after which the Nile becomes known as the Bahr al Abyad, or the White Nile, from the whitish <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> suspended in its waters. When the <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Nile floods</a> it leaves a rich silty deposit which fertilizes the soil. The Nile no longer floods in Egypt since the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a> in 1970. An <a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">anabranch</a> river, the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Zeraf" title="Bahr el Zeraf">Bahr el Zeraf</a>, flows out of the Nile's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile. The flow rate of the Bahr al Jabal at <a href="/wiki/Mongalla,_South_Sudan" title="Mongalla, South Sudan">Mongalla</a> is almost constant throughout the year and averages 1,048 m3/s (37,000 cu ft/s). After Mongalla, the Bahr Al Jabal enters the enormous swamps of the <a href="/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd">Sudd</a> region. More than half of the Nile's water is lost in this swamp to <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a>. The average flow rate of the White Nile at the tails of the swamps is about 510 m3/s (18,000 cu ft/s). From here it meets with the <a href="/wiki/Sobat_River" title="Sobat River">Sobat River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Malakal" title="Malakal">Malakal</a>. On an annual basis, the White Nile upstream of Malakal contributes about 15% of the total outflow of the Nile.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> The average flow of the White Nile at Lake Kawaki Malakal, just below the Sobat River, is 924 m3/s (32,600 cu ft/s); the peak flow is approximately 1,218 m3/s (43,000 cu ft/s) in October and minimum flow is about 609 m3/s (21,500 cu ft/s) in April. This fluctuation is caused by the substantial variation in the flow of the Sobat, which has a minimum flow of about 99 m3/s (3,500 cu ft/s) in March and a peak flow of over 680 m3/s (24,000 cu ft/s) in October.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> (January to June) the White Nile contributes between 70% and 90% of the total discharge from the Nile. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Sudan">In Sudan</h3></div> Below <a href="/wiki/Renk,_South_Sudan" title="Renk, South Sudan">Renk</a>, the White Nile enters Sudan, it flows north to Khartoum and meets the Blue Nile. The course of the Nile in Sudan is distinctive. It flows over <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">six groups of cataracts</a>, from the sixth at <a href="/wiki/Sabaloka_Game_Reserve" title="Sabaloka Game Reserve">Sabaloka</a> just north of Khartoum northward to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamad" title="Abu Hamad">Abu Hamad</a>. The tectonic uplift of the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_Swell" title="Nubian Swell">Nubian Swell</a> diverts the river south-west for over 300 km, following the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Shear_Zone" title="Central African Shear Zone">Central African Shear Zone</a> embracing the <a href="/wiki/Bayuda_Desert" title="Bayuda Desert">Bayuda Desert</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Al_Dabbah,_Sudan" title="Al Dabbah, Sudan">Al Dabbah</a> it resumes its northward course towards the first cataract at <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> forming the S-shaped Great Bend of the Nile<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> In the north of Sudan, the river enters <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nasser" title="Lake Nasser">Lake Nasser</a> (known in Sudan as Lake Nubia), the larger part of which is in Egypt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Egypt">In Egypt</h3></div> Below the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a>, at the northern limit of Lake Nasser, the Nile resumes its historic course. North of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, the Nile splits into two branches (or distributaries) that feed the Mediterranean: the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta" title="Rosetta">Rosetta</a> Branch to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a> to the east, forming the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sediment_transport">Sediment transport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg/220px-Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg/220px-Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg/330px-Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg/440px-Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> from space</figcaption></figure> The annual sediment transport by the Nile in Egypt has been quantified.<a href="#cite_note-hani-42">[40]</a> <ul><li>At <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>: 0.14 million tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Suspended_load" title="Suspended load">suspended sediment</a> and an additional 28% of <a href="/wiki/Bed_load" title="Bed load">bedload</a></li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Beni_Sweif" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni Sweif">Beni Sweif</a>: 0.5 million tonnes of suspended sediment and an additional 20% of bedload</li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a>: 0.27 million tonnes of suspended sediment and an additional 27% of bedload</li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Sohag" title="Sohag">Sohag</a>: 1.5 million tonnes of suspended sediment and an additional 13% of bedload</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Tributaries">Tributaries</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_Nile">Red Nile</h3></div> Below the confluence with the Blue Nile the only major tributary is the <a href="/wiki/Atbarah_River" title="Atbarah River">Atbarah River</a>, also known as the Red Nile. Roughly halfway to the sea, it originates in Ethiopia north of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a>, and is around 800 kilometers (500 mi) long. The Atbarah flows only while there is rain in Ethiopia and dries very rapidly. During the dry period of January to June, it typically dries up north of <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue_Nile">Blue Nile</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg/220px-ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7869" data-file-height="5246"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg/220px-ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg/330px-ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg/440px-ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_Falls" title="Blue Nile Falls">Blue Nile Falls</a> fed by <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Bahir_Dar" title="Bahir Dar">Bahir Dar</a>, Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS036-E-011050.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ISS036-E-011050.jpg/220px-ISS036-E-011050.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ISS036-E-011050.jpg/220px-ISS036-E-011050.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ISS036-E-011050.jpg/330px-ISS036-E-011050.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ISS036-E-011050.jpg/440px-ISS036-E-011050.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a></figcaption></figure> The Blue Nile (<a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: ዓባይ, ʿĀbay<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a>) springs from Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands. The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 kilometres to Khartoum, where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the Nile.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Ninety percent of the water and ninety-six percent of the transported sediment carried by the Nile<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> come from the Atbarah and Blue Nile,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">1,922 out of 2,633 m3/s = 73%, so somewhere our numbers are off</a>] both of which originate in Ethiopia, with fifty-nine percent of the water coming from the Blue Nile. The erosion and transportation of silt only occurs during the Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy season</a> when rainfall is especially high in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>; the rest of the year, the great rivers draining Ethiopia into the Nile have a weaker flow. In harsh and arid seasons and droughts, the Blue Nile dries out completely.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> The flow of the Blue Nile varies considerably over its yearly cycle and is the main contribution to the large natural variation of the Nile flow. During the dry season the natural discharge of the Blue Nile can be as low as 113 m3/s (4,000 cu ft/s), although upstream dams regulate the flow of the river. During the wet season, the peak flow of the Blue Nile often exceeds 5,663 m3/s (200,000 cu ft/s) in late August (a difference of a factor of 50). Before the placement of dams on the river the yearly discharge varied by a factor of 15 at Aswan. Peak flows of over 8,212 m3/s (290,000 cu ft/s) occurred during late August and early September, and minimum flows of about 552 m3/s (19,500 cu ft/s) occurred during late April and early May. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahr_el_Ghazal_and_Sobat_River">Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat River</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_River" title="Bahr el Ghazal River">Bahr al Ghazal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sobat_River" title="Sobat River">Sobat River</a> are the two most important tributaries of the White Nile in terms of discharge. The Bahr al Ghazal's drainage basin is the largest of any of the Nile's sub-basins, measuring 520,000 square kilometers (200,000 sq mi) in size, but it contributes a relatively small amount of water, about 2 m3/s (71 cu ft/s) annually, because tremendous volumes of water are lost in the Sudd wetlands. The Sobat River, which joins the Nile a short distance below Lake No, drains about half as much land, 225,000 km2 (86,900 sq mi), but contributes 412 cubic meters per second (14,500 cu ft/s) annually to the Nile.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> When in flood the Sobat carries a large amount of sediment, adding greatly to the White Nile's color.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yellow_Nile">Yellow Nile</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_Map_Sudan.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nile_Map_Sudan.png/280px-Nile_Map_Sudan.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="846"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 258px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nile_Map_Sudan.png/280px-Nile_Map_Sudan.png" data-width="280" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nile_Map_Sudan.png/420px-Nile_Map_Sudan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nile_Map_Sudan.png/560px-Nile_Map_Sudan.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of Nile tributaries in modern Sudan, showing the Yellow Nile</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg/280px-Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="55" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="331"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 55px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg/280px-Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="55" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg/420px-Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg/560px-Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Nile represented in an ancient Roman mosaic found from the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Yellow Nile is a former tributary that connected the <a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_highlands" title="Ouaddaï highlands">Ouaddaï highlands</a> of eastern Chad to the Nile River Valley <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8000 to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Its remains are known as the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Howar" title="Wadi Howar">Wadi Howar</a>. The wadi passes through <a href="/wiki/Gharb_Darfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharb Darfur">Gharb Darfur</a> near the northern border with Chad and meets up with the Nile near the southern point of the Great Bend. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sahara#Climate_history" title="Sahara">Sahara § Climate history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/220px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="476"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/220px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/330px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/440px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Oikoumene" class="mw-redirect" title="Oikoumene">Oikoumene</a> (inhabited world), an ancient map based on <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' description of the world, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 450 BC</figcaption></figure> The Nile has been the lifeline of civilization in Egypt since the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt developing along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan. However, the Nile used to run much more westerly through what is now Wadi Hamim and Wadi al Maqar in Libya and flow into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> As the sea level rose at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">most recent ice age</a>, the stream which is now the northern Nile <a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">captured</a> the ancestral Nile near <a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> This change in climate also led to the current extents of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert, around 3400 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khufu_branch">Khufu branch</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza pyramid complex</a> originally overlooked a branch of the Nile that no longer exists. This branch was highest during the <a href="/wiki/African_Humid_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="African Humid Period">African Humid Period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Solis-Moreira_2022-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Niles">Ancient Niles</h3></div> The existing Nile has five earlier phases: <ul><li>i) the Upper Miocenian Eonile, of about 6 million years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Rushdi_Said-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Said_3_x_3-9">[7]</a></li> <li>ii) the Upper Pliocenian Paleonile, commencing about 3.32 million years BP, and during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>;</li> <li>iii) The Nile phases, including the Proto-Nile, commencing about 600,000 years BP;</li> <li>iv) Pre-Nile;<a href="#cite_note-Said/chapter/10.1007-58">[56]</a></li> <li>v) transitioning at about 400,000 years BP to the Neo-Nile.<a href="#cite_note-Rushdi_Said-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Said/chapter/10.1007-58">[56]</a></li></ul> Flowing north from the Ethiopian Highlands, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a> was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile. A canyon, now filled by surface drift, represents the Eonile that flowed during 23–5.3 million years before present. The Eonile transported <a href="/wiki/Clastic_rock" title="Clastic rock">clastic sediments</a> to the Mediterranean; several natural gas fields have been discovered within these sediments. During the late-<a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a>, when the Mediterranean Sea was a <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">closed basin</a> and evaporated to the point of being empty or nearly so, the Nile cut its course down to the new base level until it was several hundred metres below world ocean level at Aswan and 2,400 m (7,900 ft) below Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-Warren2006-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahmoudi2008-60">[58]</a> This created a very long and deep canyon which was filled with sediment after the Mediterranean was recreated.<a href="#cite_note-Embabi2018-61">[59]</a> At some point the sediments raised the riverbed sufficiently for the river to overflow westward into a depression to create <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Lake Moeris</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> drained northwards into the Nile until the <a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Volcanoes</a> blocked its course in Rwanda. The Nile was much longer at that time, with its furthest headwaters in northern Zambia. The currently existing Nile first flowed during the former parts of the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm glaciation</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-Said_3_x_3-9">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Affad_23" class="mw-redirect" title="Affad 23">Affad 23</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> located in alluvial deposits formed by an ancient channel of the Nile in the <a href="/wiki/Affad" class="mw-redirect" title="Affad">Affad</a> region of southern <a href="/wiki/Dongola_Reach" title="Dongola Reach">Dongola Reach</a>, Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-Osypi%C5%84ski-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_Nile">Integrated Nile</h3></div> There are two theories about the age of the integrated Nile. One is that the integrated drainage of the Nile is of young age and that the Nile basin was formerly broken into series of separate basins, only the most northerly of which fed a river following the present course of the Nile in Egypt and Sudan. Rushdi Said postulates that Egypt supplied most of the waters of the Nile during the early part of its history.<a href="#cite_note-Said1981-63">[61]</a> The other theory is that the drainage from Ethiopia via rivers equivalent to the Blue Nile, the Atbara and the Takazze flowed to the Mediterranean via the Egyptian Nile since well back into <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> times.<a href="#cite_note-WW1980-64">[62]</a> Salama suggests that during the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> Periods (66 million to 2.588 million years ago) a series of separate closed continental basins each occupied one of the major parts of the Sudanese Rift System: <a href="/wiki/Melut_Basin" title="Melut Basin">Mellut rift</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Nile_rift" title="White Nile rift">White Nile rift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_rift" title="Blue Nile rift">Blue Nile rift</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atbara_rift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atbara rift (page does not exist)">Atbara rift</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sag_El_Naam_rift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sag El Naam rift (page does not exist)">Sag El Naam rift</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salama1987-65">[63]</a> The Mellut Basin is nearly 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) deep at its central part. This rift is possibly still active, with reported <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> activity in its northern and southern boundaries. The <a href="/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd">Sudd</a> swamp which forms the central part of the basin may still be subsiding. The White Nile Rift system, although shallower than the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Arab_rift" title="Bahr el Arab rift">Bahr el Arab rift</a>, is about 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) deep. Geophysical exploration of the Blue Nile Rift System estimated the depth of the sediments to be 5–9 kilometers (3.1–5.6 mi). These basins were not interconnected until their subsidence ceased, and the rate of sediment deposition was enough to fill and connect them. The Egyptian Nile connected to the Sudanese Nile, which captures the Ethiopian and Equatorial headwaters during the current stages of tectonic activity in the Eastern, Central and Sudanese Rift systems.<a href="#cite_note-Salama1997-66">[64]</a> The connection of the different Niles occurred during cyclic wet periods. The Atbarah overflowed its closed basin during the wet periods that occurred about 100,000 to 120,000 years ago. The Blue Nile connected to the main Nile during the 70,000–80,000 years B.P. wet period. The White Nile system in Bahr El Arab and White Nile Rifts remained a closed lake until the connection of the Victoria Nile to the main system some 12,500 years ago during the <a href="/wiki/African_humid_period" title="African humid period">African humid period</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_the_founding_of_Egyptian_civilization">Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egyptian agriculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg/220px-Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1368"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg/220px-Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg/330px-Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg/440px-Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> from the Nile River supporting agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor, Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg/170px-Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="2595"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 243px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg/170px-Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="243" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg/255px-Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg/340px-Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">felucca</a> traversing the Nile near Aswan</figcaption></figure> The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> wrote that "Egypt was the gift of the Nile". An unending source of sustenance, it played a crucial role in the development of Egyptian civilization. Because the river overflowed its banks annually and deposited new layers of silt, the surrounding land was very fertile. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> cultivated and traded wheat, <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> and other crops around the Nile. Wheat was a crucial crop in the famine-plagued Middle East. This trading system secured Egypt's diplomatic relationships with other countries and contributed to economic stability. Far-reaching trade has been carried on along the Nile since ancient times.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A tune, <a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_the_Nile" title="Hymn to the Nile">Hymn to the Nile</a>, was created and sung by the ancient Egyptian peoples about the flooding of the Nile River and all of the miracles it brought to Ancient Egyptian civilization.<a href="#cite_note-:3-67">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a> were introduced from Asia, and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> introduced camels in the 7th century BCE. These animals were raised for meat and were domesticated and used for ploughing—or in the camels' case, carriage. Water was vital to both people and livestock. The Nile was also a convenient and efficient means of transportation for people and goods. The Nile was also an important part of ancient Egyptian spiritual life. <a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a> was the god of the annual floods, and both he and the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> were thought to control the flooding. The Nile was considered to be a causeway from life to death and the afterlife. The east was thought of as a place of birth and growth, and the west was considered the place of death, as the god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>, the Sun, underwent birth, death, and resurrection each day as he crossed the sky. Thus, all tombs were west of the Nile, because the Egyptians believed that in order to enter the afterlife, they had to be buried on the side that symbolized death.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As the Nile was such an important factor in Egyptian life, the ancient calendar was even based on the three cycles of the Nile. These seasons, each consisting of four months of thirty days each, were called <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Inundation" title="Season of the Inundation">Akhet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Emergence" title="Season of the Emergence">Peret</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Harvest" title="Season of the Harvest">Shemu</a>. Akhet, which means inundation, was the time of the year when the Nile flooded, leaving several layers of fertile soil behind, aiding in agricultural growth.<a href="#cite_note-SpringerMorris2010-68">[66]</a> Peret was the growing season, and Shemu, the last season, was the harvest season when there were no rains.<a href="#cite_note-SpringerMorris2010-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_search_for_the_source">European search for the source</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JH_Speke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/JH_Speke.jpg/170px-JH_Speke.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="772"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/JH_Speke.jpg/170px-JH_Speke.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/JH_Speke.jpg/255px-JH_Speke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/JH_Speke.jpg/340px-JH_Speke.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">John Hanning Speke</a> c. 1863. Speke was the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Age">Victorian</a> explorer who first reached <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> in 1858, returning to establish it as the source of the Nile by 1862.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911698-69">[67]</a></figcaption></figure> Owing to their failure to penetrate the Sudd wetlands of South Sudan, the upper reaches of the White Nile remained largely unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans. <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> thought that source of the Nile was in Mauritania, on the "other" (south) side of the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Various expeditions failed to determine the river's source. <a href="/wiki/Agatharchides" title="Agatharchides">Agatharchides</a> records that in the time of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a>, a military expedition had penetrated far enough along the course of the Blue Nile to determine that the summer floods were caused by heavy seasonal rainstorms in the Ethiopian Highlands, but no European of antiquity is known to have reached Lake Tana. The <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a> depicted the source as three lakes in 1154. Europeans began to learn about the origins of the Nile in the 14th century when the Pope sent monks as emissaries to Mongolia who passed India, the Middle East and Africa, and described being told of the source of the Nile in Abyssinia (Ethiopia).<a href="#cite_note-THE_TRAVELS_OF_JOHN_DE_MARIGNOLLI-71">[69]</a> Later in the 15th and 16th centuries, travelers to Ethiopia visited Lake Tana and the source of the Blue Nile in the mountains south of the lake. Supposedly, Paolo Trevisani (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1452–1483), a Venetian traveller in Ethiopia, wrote a journal of his travels to the origin of the Nile that has since been lost.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce" title="James Bruce">James Bruce</a> claimed to be the first European to have visited the headwaters,<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> modern writers give the credit to the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_P%C3%A1ez" title="Pedro Páez">Pedro Páez</a>. Páez's account of the source of the Nile<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> is a long and vivid account of Ethiopia. It was published in full only in the early 20th century, although it was featured in works of Páez's contemporaries, including Baltazar Téllez,<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Vansleb" title="Johann Michael Vansleb">Johann Michael Vansleb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Europeans had been resident in Ethiopia since the late 15th century, and one of them may have visited the headwaters even earlier without leaving a written trace. The Portuguese João Bermudes published the first description of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_Falls" title="Blue Nile Falls">Tis Issat</a> Falls in his 1565 memoirs, compared them to the Nile Falls alluded to in <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s De Republica.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Lobo" title="Jerónimo Lobo">Jerónimo Lobo</a> describes the source of the Blue Nile, visiting shortly after Pedro Páez. Telles also uses his account. The White Nile was even less understood. The ancients mistakenly believed that the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> represented the upper reaches of the White Nile. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> writes that the Nile had its origins "in a mountain of lower <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>", flowed above ground for "many days" distance, then went underground, reappeared as a large lake in the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Masaesyli" title="Masaesyli">Masaesyli</a>, then sank again below the desert to flow underground "for a distance of 20 days' journey till it reaches the nearest Ethiopians."<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EB1911_Nile_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EB1911_Nile_v2.png/170px-EB1911_Nile_v2.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="348" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="1478"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 348px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EB1911_Nile_v2.png/170px-EB1911_Nile_v2.png" data-width="170" data-height="348" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EB1911_Nile_v2.png/255px-EB1911_Nile_v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EB1911_Nile_v2.png/340px-EB1911_Nile_v2.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A map of the Nile c. 1911, a time when its entire primary course ran through British occupations, condominiums, colonies, and protectorates<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693-19">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> Modern exploration of the Nile basin began with the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_conquest_of_Sudan_(1820%E2%80%931824)" title="Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)">conquest of the northern and central Sudan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> viceroy of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>, and his sons from 1821 onward. As a result of this, the Blue Nile was known as far as its exit from the Ethiopian foothills and the White Nile as far as the mouth of the Sobat River. Three expeditions under a Turkish officer, Selim Bimbashi, were made between 1839 and 1842, and two got to the point about 30 kilometres (20 miles) beyond the present port of <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>, where the country rises and rapids make navigation very difficult. Lake Victoria was first sighted by Europeans in 1858 when British explorer <a href="/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">John Hanning Speke</a> reached its southern shore while traveling with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> to explore central Africa and locate the great lakes. Believing he had found the source of the Nile on seeing this "vast expanse of open water" for the first time, Speke named the lake after <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. Burton, recovering from illness and resting further south on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>, was outraged that Speke claimed to have proven his discovery to be the true source of the Nile when Burton regarded this as still unsettled. A quarrel ensued which sparked intense debate within the scientific community and interest by other explorers keen to either confirm or refute Speke's discovery. British explorer and missionary <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> pushed too far west and entered the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> system instead. It was ultimately Welsh-American explorer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a> who confirmed Speke's discovery, circumnavigating Lake Victoria and reporting the great outflow at <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Falls" title="Ripon Falls">Ripon Falls</a> on the lake's northern shore. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1950">Since 1950</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KageraRuvubu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/KageraRuvubu.jpg/220px-KageraRuvubu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/KageraRuvubu.jpg/220px-KageraRuvubu.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/KageraRuvubu.jpg/330px-KageraRuvubu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/KageraRuvubu.jpg/440px-KageraRuvubu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Kagera_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagera river">Kagera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruvubu_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruvubu river">Ruvubu</a> rivers near <a href="/wiki/Rusumo_Falls" title="Rusumo Falls">Rusumo Falls</a>, part of the Nile's upper reaches</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile03(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nile03%28js%29.jpg/220px-Nile03%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1276"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nile03%28js%29.jpg/220px-Nile03%28js%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nile03%28js%29.jpg/330px-Nile03%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nile03%28js%29.jpg/440px-Nile03%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dhows" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhows">Dhows</a> on the Nile</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/220px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1290"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/220px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/330px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/440px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Nile passes through Cairo, Egypt's capital city.</figcaption></figure> The Nile has long been used to transport goods along its length. Winter winds blow south, up river, so ships could sail up river using sails and down river using the flow of the river. While most Egyptians still live in the Nile valley, the 1970 completion of the Aswan Dam ended the summer floods and their renewal of the fertile soil, fundamentally changing farming practices. The Nile supports much of the population living along its banks, enabling Egyptians to live in otherwise inhospitable regions of the Sahara. The river's flow is disturbed at several points by the Cataracts of the Nile which form an obstacle to navigation by boats. The Sudd also forms a formidable navigation obstacle and impedes water flow, to the extent that Sudan had once attempted to build the <a href="/wiki/Jonglei_Canal" title="Jonglei Canal">Jonglei Canal</a> to bypass the swamp.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Nile cities include Khartoum, Aswan, <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> (Thebes), and the <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a> – Cairo <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a>. The first cataract, the closest to the mouth of the river, is at Aswan, north of the Aswan Dam. This part of the river is a regular tourist route, with cruise ships and traditional wooden sailing boats known as <a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">feluccas</a>. Many cruise ships ply the route between Luxor and Aswan, stopping at <a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kom_Ombo" title="Kom Ombo">Kom Ombo</a> along the way. Security concerns have limited cruising on the northernmost portion for many years. A computer simulation study to plan the economic development of the Nile was directed by H.A.W. Morrice and W.N. Allan, for the Ministry of Hydro-power of Sudan, during 1955–57<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Morrice was their hydrological adviser, and Allan his predecessor. The calculations were enabled by accurate monthly inflow data collected for 50 years. The underlying principle was the use of over-year storage, to conserve water from rainy years for use in dry years. Irrigation, navigation and other needs were considered. Each computer run postulated a set of reservoirs and operating equations for the release of water as a function of the month and the levels upstream. The behavior that would have resulted given the inflow data was modeled. Over 600 models were run. Recommendations were made to the Sudanese authorities. The calculations were run on an <a href="/wiki/IBM_650" title="IBM 650">IBM 650</a> computer. Simulation studies to design water resources are discussed further in the article on <a href="/wiki/Hydrology_transport_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrology transport model">hydrology transport models</a>, which have been used since the 1980s to analyze water quality. Despite the development of many reservoirs, drought during the 1980s led to widespread starvation in Ethiopia and Sudan, but Egypt was nourished by water impounded in Lake Nasser. Drought has proven to be a major cause of fatality in the Nile river basin. According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Foresight_Group" title="Strategic Foresight Group">Strategic Foresight Group</a>, droughts in the last century have affected around 170 million people and killed half a million people.<a href="#cite_note-Blue_Peace_for_the_Nile,_2009-86">[84]</a> From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.<a href="#cite_note-Blue_Peace_for_the_Nile,_2009-86">[84]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Water_sharing_dispute">Water sharing dispute</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_hydro_power.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nile_hydro_power.jpg/220px-Nile_hydro_power.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1724"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 291px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nile_hydro_power.jpg/220px-Nile_hydro_power.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="291" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nile_hydro_power.jpg/330px-Nile_hydro_power.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nile_hydro_power.jpg/440px-Nile_hydro_power.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hydropower dams in the Nile (plus huge dam under construction in Ethiopia)</figcaption></figure> The Nile's water has affected the politics of East Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> for many decades. The dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia over the $4.5 billion <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam" title="Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam">Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam</a> has become a national preoccupation in both countries, stoking patriotism, deep-seated fears and even murmurs of war.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Countries including Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya have complained about Egyptian domination of its water resources. The <a href="/wiki/Nile_Basin_Initiative" title="Nile Basin Initiative">Nile Basin Initiative</a> promotes a peaceful cooperation among those states.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Several attempts have been made to establish agreements between the countries sharing the Nile waters. On 14 May 2010 at <a href="/wiki/Entebbe" title="Entebbe">Entebbe</a>, Uganda, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Tanzania signed a new agreement on sharing the Nile water even though this agreement raised strong opposition from Egypt and Sudan. Ideally, such international agreements should promote equitable and efficient usage of the Nile basin's water resources. Without a better understanding about the availability of the future water resources of the Nile, it is possible that conflicts could arise between these countries relying on the Nile for their water supply, economic and social developments.<a href="#cite_note-hdl.handle-12">[10]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Modern_achievements_and_exploration">Modern achievements and exploration</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_Nile">White Nile</h3></div> In 1951, American <a href="/wiki/John_Goddard_(adventurer)" title="John Goddard (adventurer)">John Goddard</a> together with two French explorers became the first to successfully navigate the entire Nile from its source in Burundi at the potential headsprings of the Kagera River in Burundi to its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea, a journey of approximately 6,800 km (4,200 mi). Their 9-month journey is described in the book Kayaks down the Nile.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The White Nile Expedition, led by South African national <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Coetzee" title="Hendrik Coetzee">Hendrik Coetzee</a>, navigated the White Nile's entire length of approximately 3,700 kilometres (2,300 mi). The expedition began at the White Nile's beginning at Lake Victoria in Uganda, on 17 January 2004 and arrived at the Mediterranean in Rosetta, four and a half months later.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue_Nile_2">Blue Nile</h3></div> The Blue Nile Expedition, led by geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner, kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown became the first known people to descend the entire Blue Nile, from Lake Tana in Ethiopia to the beaches of Alexandria on the Mediterranean. Their approximately 5,230-kilometre (3,250 mi) journey took 114 days, from 25 December 2003 to 28 April 2004. Though their expedition included others, Brown and Scaturro were the only ones to complete the entire journey.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Although they descended <a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">whitewater</a> manually, the team used <a href="/wiki/Outboard_motor" title="Outboard motor">outboard motors</a> for much of their journey. On 29 January 2005, Canadian Les Jickling and New Zealander Mark Tanner completed the first human-powered transit of Ethiopia's Blue Nile. Their journey of over 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) took five months. They recount that they paddled through two war zones, regions notorious for bandits, and were arrested at gunpoint.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Crossings">Crossings</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossings_from_Khartoum_to_the_Mediterranean_Sea">Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers. In particular, appears to be random ordered list. is it going down river? if so, should so state. Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nile" title="Talk:Nile">the talk page</a>. (August 2011) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG/220px-Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG/220px-Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG/330px-Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG/440px-Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of the Qasr El Nil Bridge in Cairo, with <a href="/wiki/Gezira_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Gezira Island">Gezira Island</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum,_Sudan_(32485465841)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg/220px-Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2052"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg/220px-Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg/330px-Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg/440px-Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Mek_Nimr_Bridge" title="El Mek Nimr Bridge">El Mek Nimr Bridge</a> in Khartoum</figcaption></figure> The following bridges cross the Blue Nile and connect Khartoum to Khartoum North: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Nimir_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Nimir Bridge">Mac Nimir Bridge</a><a href="#cite_note-PACT_2010-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_Radio_TV_Online_2023_d272-95">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_Road_%26_Railway_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge">Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burri_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burri Bridge (page does not exist)">Burri Bridge</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmansheya_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmansheya Bridge">Elmansheya Bridge</a><a href="#cite_note-Salih_2023_a342-96">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soba_(city)" title="Soba (city)">Soba</a> Bridge</li></ul> The following bridges cross the White Nile and connect Khartoum to Omdurman: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Nile_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Nile Bridge (page does not exist)">White Nile Bridge</a></li> <li>Victory Bridge, also known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Fitihab_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Fitihab Bridge (page does not exist)">El Fitihab Bridge</a></li></ul> The following bridges cross from Omdurman: to Khartoum North: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafaya_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafaya Bridge (page does not exist)">Hafaya Bridge</a></li></ul> The following bridges cross to Tuti from Khartoum state's three cities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuti_Bridge" title="Tuti Bridge">Tuti Bridge</a><a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_Radio_TV_Online_2023_d272-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fleming_2010_e185-97">[95]</a> (previously known as the Khartoum North-Tuti bridge)<a href="#cite_note-PACT_2010-94">[92]</a></li></ul> Other bridges <ul><li>Shandi Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Shendi" title="Shendi">Shendi</a></li> <li>Atbarah Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Atbarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Atbarah">Atbarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merowe_Dam" title="Merowe Dam">Merowe Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merowe,_Sudan" title="Merowe, Sudan">Merowe</a></li> <li>Merowe Bridge, Merowe</li> <li>Aswan Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a></li> <li>Luxor Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></li> <li>Suhag Bridge, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suhag,_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suhag, Egypt (page does not exist)">Suhag</a></li> <li>Assiut Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Assiut" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiut">Assiut</a></li> <li>Al Minya Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a></li> <li>Al Marazeek Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a></li> <li>First Ring Road Bridge (Moneeb Crossing), <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li>Abbas Bridge, Cairo</li> <li>University Bridge, Cairo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasr al-Nil Bridge">Qasr al-Nil Bridge</a>, Cairo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_October_Bridge" title="6th October Bridge">6th October Bridge</a>, Cairo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulak_Bridge" title="Boulak Bridge">Abu El Ela Bridge</a>, Cairo (removed in 1998)</li> <li>New Abu El Ela Bridge, Cairo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbaba_Bridge" title="Imbaba Bridge">Imbaba Bridge</a>, Cairo</li> <li>Rod Elfarag Bridge, Cairo</li> <li>Second Ring Road Bridge, Cairo</li> <li>Banha Bridge, Banha</li> <li>Samanoud Bridge, Samanoud</li> <li>Mansoura 2 Bridges, <a href="/wiki/Mansoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansoura">Mansoura</a></li> <li>Talkha Bridge, Talkha</li> <li>Shirbine high Bridge</li> <li>Shirbine Bridge</li> <li>Kafr Sad – Farscor Bridge</li> <li>International Coastal Road Bridge</li> <li>Damietta high Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a></li> <li>Damietta Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a></li> <li>Kafr El Zayat Bridges, Kafr El Zayat</li> <li>Zefta Bridge, Zefta</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (August 2008)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossings_from_Jinja,_Uganda_to_Khartoum">Crossings from Jinja, Uganda to Khartoum</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (April 2009)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Source_of_the_Nile_Bridge" title="Source of the Nile Bridge">Source of the Nile Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinja_District" title="Jinja District">Jinja</a>, Uganda</li> <li>River Nile Railway Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Jinja_District" title="Jinja District">Jinja</a>, Uganda</li> <li>Nalubaale Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Jinja,_Uganda" title="Jinja, Uganda">Jinja, Uganda</a> (Formerly <a href="/wiki/Owen_Falls" title="Owen Falls">Owen Falls Bridge</a>)</li> <li>Karuma Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Karuma" title="Karuma">Karuma</a>, Uganda</li> <li>Pakwach Bridge, Uganda</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/32px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/32px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/48px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/64px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Rivers" title="Portal:Rivers">Rivers portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station">Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Public_Works" title="Egyptian Public Works">Egyptian Public Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station">Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Nile_Basin" title="Water politics in the Nile Basin">Water politics in the Nile Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merowe_Dam" title="Merowe Dam">Merowe Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station">Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length)" title="Orders of magnitude (length)">Orders of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vid_Flumina" title="Vid Flumina">Vid Flumina</a>, a river of liquid methane and ethane on Saturn's moon Titan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_River_War" title="The River War">The River War</a> (1899), <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s second book, an account of steaming up the Nile to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman" title="Battle of Omdurman">Battle of Omdurman</a>, Sudan, in 1898</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-length-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-length_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-length_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-length_1-2">c</a> The length of the Nile is usually said to be about 6,650 km (4,130 mi),<a href="#cite_note-britannica-nile-5">[3]</a> but reported values lie anywhere between 5,499 km (3,417 mi) and 7,088 km (4,404 mi).<a href="#cite_note-liu-etal-river-length-6">[4]</a> The measurements of many rivers' lengths are only approximations and may differ from each other because there are many factors that determine the calculated length of a river, such as the position of the geographical source and the mouth, the scale of measurement, and the technique used to measure length (see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_river_systems_by_length" title="List of river systems by length">List of river systems by length</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">coastline paradox</a>).<a href="#cite_note-liu-etal-river-length-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-river-source-10">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: النيل, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: an-Nīl, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[an'niːl]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bohairic_Coptic" title="Bohairic Coptic">Bohairic Coptic</a>: ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[pʰjaˈro]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luganda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luganda language">Luganda</a>: Kiira, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ki:ra]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a>: Áman Dawū<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[2]</a></li></ul></div> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>References</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B2%93%E2%B2%81%E2%B2%A3%E2%B2%9F">"ⲓⲁⲣⲟ"</a>. Wiktionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714075445/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B2%93%E2%B2%81%E2%B2%A3%E2%B2%9F">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=%E2%B2%93%E2%B2%81%E2%B2%A3%E2%B2%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E2%25B2%2593%25E2%25B2%2581%25E2%25B2%25A3%25E2%25B2%259F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinisch1879" class="citation book cs1">Reinisch, Leo (1879). Die Nuba-Sprache. Grammatik und Texte. Nubisch-Deutsches und Deutsch-Nubisches Wörterbuch Erster Theil. Zweiter Theil. p. 220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Nuba-Sprache.+Grammatik+und+Texte.+Nubisch-Deutsches+und+Deutsch-Nubisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+Erster+Theil.+Zweiter+Theil&rft.pages=220&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Reinisch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-nile-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-nile_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-nile_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/415347/Nile-River">"Nile River"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429130526/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/415347/Nile-River">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nile+River&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F415347%2FNile-River&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liu-etal-river-length-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liu-etal-river-length_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu-etal-river-length_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu-etal-river-length_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuLuLiuJin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Shaochuang; Lu, P; Liu, D; Jin, P; Wang, W (1 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220473241">"Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world"</a>. Int. J. Digital Earth. 2 (1): 80–87. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJDE....2...80L">2009IJDE....2...80L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17538940902746082">10.1080/17538940902746082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27548511">27548511</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223211543/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220473241_Pinpointing_the_sources_and_measuring_the_lengths_of_the_principal_rivers_of_the_world">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Digital+Earth&rft.atitle=Pinpointing+the+sources+and+measuring+the+lengths+of+the+principal+rivers+of+the+world&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-87&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27548511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17538940902746082&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009IJDE....2...80L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Shaochuang&rft.au=Lu%2C+P&rft.au=Liu%2C+D&rft.au=Jin%2C+P&rft.au=Wang%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F220473241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmazonRiver-7"><a href="#cite_ref-AmazonRiver_7-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-amazon-river.html">Amazon Longer Than Nile River, Scientists Say</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815112238/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-amazon-river.html">Archived</a> 15 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-amazon-length-8"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica-amazon-length_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/story/how-long-is-the-amazon-river">"How Long Is the Amazon River?"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224171204/https://www.britannica.com/story/how-long-is-the-amazon-river">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=How+Long+Is+the+Amazon+River%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fstory%2Fhow-long-is-the-amazon-river&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Said_3_x_3-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Said_3_x_3_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Said_3_x_3_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Said_3_x_3_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid2012" class="citation book cs1">Said, R (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OKPBAAAQBAJ">The Geological Evolution of the River Nile</a>. New York: Springer (published 2012). p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461258414" title="Special:BookSources/9781461258414"><bdi>9781461258414</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 May 2021 – via Google.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geological+Evolution+of+the+River+Nile&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=9781461258414&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OKPBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-river-source-10"><a href="#cite_ref-river-source_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091707/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140213-amazon-river-length-source-maps-science/">"Where Does the Amazon River Begin?"</a>. National Geographic News. 15 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140213-amazon-river-length-source-maps-science/">the original</a> on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Where+Does+the+Amazon+River+Begin%3F&rft.date=2014-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F02%2F140213-amazon-river-length-source-maps-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOloo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Oloo, Adams (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/07_Oloo.pdf">"The Quest for Cooperation in the Nile Water Conflicts: A Case for Eritrea"</a> (PDF). African Sociological Review. 11 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fasr.v11i1.51447">10.4314/asr.v11i1.51447</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927144920/http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/07_Oloo.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Quest+for+Cooperation+in+the+Nile+Water+Conflicts%3A+A+Case+for+Eritrea&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Fasr.v11i1.51447&rft.aulast=Oloo&rft.aufirst=Adams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.codesria.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2F07_Oloo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hdl.handle-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hdl.handle_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hdl.handle_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsanabary2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Elsanabary, Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa (2012). Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin (PhD thesis). Canada: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7939%2FR3377641M">10.7939/R3377641M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10402%2Fera.28151">10402/era.28151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Teleconnection%2C+Modeling%2C+Climate+Anomalies+Impact+and+Forecasting+of+Rainfall+and+Streamflow+of+the+Upper+Blue+Nile+River+Basin&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10402%2Fera.28151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7939%2FR3377641M&rft.aulast=Elsanabary&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Helmy+Mahmoud+Moustafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> The river's outflow from that lake occurs at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nile&params=12_02_09_N_37_15_53_E_type:waterbody_region:ET">12°02′09″N 37°15′53″E / 12.03583°N 37.26472°E / 12.03583; 37.26472</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Whats-the-Blue-Nile-and-the-White-Nile/articleshow/4027990.cms">"What's the Blue Nile and the White Nile?"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308001739/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Whats-the-Blue-Nile-and-the-White-Nile/articleshow/4027990.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Blue+Nile+and+the+White+Nile%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Fsunday-times%2FWhats-the-Blue-Nile-and-the-White-Nile%2Farticleshow%2F4027990.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margat-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Margat_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargat,_Jean_F.2004" class="citation book cs1">Margat, Jean F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5CGAAAAIAAJ">Mediterranean Basin Water Atlas</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782951718159" title="Special:BookSources/9782951718159"><bdi>9782951718159</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145323/https://books.google.com/books?id=n5CGAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2022. <q>A basin of varied geometry: Area of the entire Mediterranean Basin, including the whole of the Nile Basin = 4,562,480 km2; Area of the 'conventional' Mediterranean Basin (i.e. counting only part of the Nile Basin in Egypt) = 1,836,480 km2 [...] There are few rivers with an abundant flow. Only three rivers have a mean discharge of more than 1000 m3/s: the Nile (at Aswan), the Rhône and the Po.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Basin+Water+Atlas&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9782951718159&rft.au=Margat%2C+Jean+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5CGAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911695-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911695_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarstinCana1911">Garstin & Cana 1911</a>, p. 695. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillel-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillel_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillel_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Hillel2007" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Hillel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ7apJDyYsgC&q=Coptic:+Iaro&pg=PA88">The Natural History of the Bible: An Environmental Exploration of the Hebrew Scriptures</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13363-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13363-0"><bdi>978-0-231-13363-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+the+Bible%3A+An+Environmental+Exploration+of+the+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13363-0&rft.au=Daniel+Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJ7apJDyYsgC%26q%3DCoptic%3A%2BIaro%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-18"><a href="#cite_ref-OED_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Nile". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nile&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693_19-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarstinCana1911">Garstin & Cana 1911</a>, p. 693. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> An overview is given by: Carles Múrcia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aulaorientalis.org/AuOr%20escaneado/AuOr%2025-2007/AuOr%2025-2007-2/2/U-2-5-Murcia-Nil-amazic.pdf">[1]</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Νεῖλος : El nom grec del riu Nil pot ser d'origen amazic? <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304065941/http://www.aulaorientalis.org/AuOr%20escaneado/AuOr%2025-2007/AuOr%2025-2007-2/2/U-2-5-Murcia-Nil-amazic.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Aula Orientalis 24: 269–292 </li> <li id="cite_note-goedicke-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goedicke_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goedicke_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Goedicke1979" class="citation journal cs1">Hans Goedicke (Spring 1979). "Νεῖλος - An Etymology". The American Journal of Philology. 100 (1): 69–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F294226">10.2307/294226</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/294226">294226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=%CE%9D%CE%B5%E1%BF%96%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82+-+An+Etymology&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-72&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F294226&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F294226%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hans+Goedicke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> "Τηθὺς δ᾽ Ὠκεανῷ Ποταμοὺς τέκε δινήεντας, Νεῖλόν τ᾽ Ἀλφειόν τε καὶ Ἠριδανὸν βαθυδίνην" (Hesiod, "Theogony", 337–338). </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarijke_Eken2012" class="citation web cs1">Marijke Eken (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mekenart.com/CMS/docs/7208_1368446952.pdf">"The origin of the word INDIGO and ANILA"</a> (PDF). mekenart.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153255/http://www.mekenart.com/CMS/docs/7208_1368446952.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mekenart.com&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+word+INDIGO+and+ANILA&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Marijke+Eken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mekenart.com%2FCMS%2Fdocs%2F7208_1368446952.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lochnesswatergardens.com/blogs/pondblog/sacred-blue-lily-of-the-nile">"Sacred blue lily of the Nile"</a>. Loch Ness Water Gardens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153340/https://lochnesswatergardens.com/blogs/pondblog/sacred-blue-lily-of-the-nile">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Loch+Ness+Water+Gardens&rft.atitle=Sacred+blue+lily+of+the+Nile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flochnesswatergardens.com%2Fblogs%2Fpondblog%2Fsacred-blue-lily-of-the-nile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Nile&allowed_in_frame=0">"Nile"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308080503/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Nile&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nile&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DNile%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Vycichl1972" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Werner Vycichl (January–December 1972). "L'origine du nom du Nil, Aegyptus". Vita e Pensiero (in French). 52 (1/4). Pubblicazioni dell'Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore: 8–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vita+e+Pensiero&rft.atitle=L%27origine+du+nom+du+Nil%2C+Aegyptus&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=8-18&rft.date=1972-01%2F1972-12&rft.au=Werner+Vycichl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nilebasin.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=120">"The Nile River"</a>. Nile Basin Initiative. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100902204833/http://www.nilebasin.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=120">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nile+River&rft.pub=Nile+Basin+Initiative&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nilebasin.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D106%26Itemid%3D120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527111237/http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.php?map_select=299&theme=2">"EarthTrends: The Environmental Information Portal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.php?map_select=299&theme=2">the original</a> on 27 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EarthTrends%3A+The+Environmental+Information+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthtrends.wri.org%2Fmaps_spatial%2Fmaps_detail_static.php%3Fmap_select%3D299%26theme%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia/271-bridging-gap-nile-waters-dispute">"Bridging the Gap in the Nile Waters Dispute"</a>. Crisis Group. 20 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418073900/https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia/271-bridging-gap-nile-waters-dispute">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crisis+Group&rft.atitle=Bridging+the+Gap+in+the+Nile+Waters+Dispute&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fafrica%2Fhorn-africa%2Fethiopia%2F271-bridging-gap-nile-waters-dispute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vijverberg,_Sibbing,_Dejen-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Vijverberg,_Sibbing,_Dejen_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="292" class="citation book cs1">Vijverberg, Jacobus; Sibbing, Ferdinand A.; Dejen, Eshete (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210523211656/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9%23citeas">"Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile"</a>. Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile, in, The Nile. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 89. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 163–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9726-3_9">10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9726-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9726-3"><bdi>978-1-4020-9726-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9">the original</a> on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lake+Tana%3A+Source+of+the+Blue+Nile&rft.btitle=Lake+Tana%3A+Source+of+the+Blue+Nile%2C+in%2C+The+Nile&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Monographiae+Biologicae&rft.pages=163-192&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9726-3_9&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9726-3&rft.aulast=Vijverberg&rft.aufirst=Jacobus&rft.au=Sibbing%2C+Ferdinand+A.&rft.au=Dejen%2C+Eshete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9726-3_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaileRientjesHabibJetten2011" class="citation journal cs1">Haile, A T; Rientjes, T H M; Habib, E; Jetten, V; Gebremichael, M (24 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1023/2011/">"Rain event properties at the source of the Blue Nile River"</a>. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 15 (3): 1023–1034. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011HESS...15.1023H">2011HESS...15.1023H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-15-1023-2011">10.5194/hess-15-1023-2011</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523214122/https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1023/2011/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrology+and+Earth+System+Sciences&rft.atitle=Rain+event+properties+at+the+source+of+the+Blue+Nile+River&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1023-1034&rft.date=2011-03-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-15-1023-2011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011HESS...15.1023H&rft.aulast=Haile&rft.aufirst=A+T&rft.au=Rientjes%2C+T+H+M&rft.au=Habib%2C+E&rft.au=Jetten%2C+V&rft.au=Gebremichael%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhess.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2F15%2F1023%2F2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone2013" class="citation web cs1">Malone, Barry (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209221555/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/next-egypt-do-ethiopia-nile-201312872410501805.html">"Next on Egypt's to-do: Ethiopia and the Nile"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Supporting+the+Development+of+Efficient+and+Effective+River+Basin+Organisations+in+Africa%3A+What+Steps+Can+Be+Taken+to+Improve+Transboundary+Water+Cooperation+Between+Riparian+States+of+the+Nile%3F&rft.btitle=Nile+River+Basin+Ecohydrological+Challenges%2C+Climate+Change+and+Hydropolitics&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783319027203&rft.aulast=Morbach&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Ribbe%2C+Lars&rft.au=Pedroso%2C+Lui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrEa9BAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLuvironza%2BRiver%2Bsource%2Bof%2BNile%26pg%3DPA600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-core.ac.uk/Aziz-34"><a href="#cite_ref-core.ac.uk/Aziz_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAziz,_Yehia_Abdel" class="citation web cs1">Aziz, Yehia Abdel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210523195629/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6764832.pdf">"Irrigation Management Transfer: Development and Turnover to Private Water User Associations in Egypt"</a> (PDF). core.ac.uk, USAID·assisted Irrigation Improvement Project. Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources (MPWWR), Cairo, Egypt. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6764832.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=core.ac.uk%2C+USAID%C2%B7assisted+Irrigation+Improvement+Project.+Ministry+of+Public+Works+and+Water+Resources+%28MPWWR%29%2C+Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.atitle=Irrigation+Management+Transfer%3A+Development+and+Turnover+to+Private+Water+User+Associations+in+Egypt&rft.au=Aziz%2C+Yehia+Abdel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F6764832.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Described in <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Lumley" title="Joanna Lumley">Joanna Lumley</a>'s Nile, 7 pm to 8 pm, <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>, 12 August 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/activityandadventure/734885/Journey-to-the-source-of-the-Nile.html">"Journey to the source of the Nile"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503050656/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/activityandadventure/734885/Journey-to-the-source-of-the-Nile.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Journey+to+the+source+of+the+Nile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Factivityandadventure%2F734885%2FJourney-to-the-source-of-the-Nile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Arabic bahr can refer to either seas or large rivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693-19">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst_H.E.2011" class="citation web cs1">Hurst H.E.; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ielrc.org/content/a0509.pdf">"The Nile Basins |volume 1 The Hydrology of the Blue Nile and Akbara and the Main Nile to Aswan, with some Reference to the Projects Nile control Dept. paper 12"</a> (PDF). Cairo: Government Printing office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726172514/http://www.ielrc.org/content/a0509.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nile+Basins+%26%23124%3Bvolume+1+The+Hydrology+of+the+Blue+Nile+and+Akbara+and+the+Main+Nile+to+Aswan%2C+with+some+Reference+to+the+Projects+Nile+control+Dept.+paper+12&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Government+Printing+office&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Hurst+H.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ielrc.org%2Fcontent%2Fa0509.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._V._Sutcliffe_&_Y.P._Parks1999" class="citation book cs1">J. V. Sutcliffe & Y.P. Parks (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124102107/http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0161.pdf">"12"</a> (PDF). The Hydrology of the Nile. IAHS Special Publication no. 5. p. 161. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0161.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12&rft.btitle=The+Hydrology+of+the+Nile&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=IAHS+Special+Publication+no.+5&rft.date=1999&rft.au=J.+V.+Sutcliffe+%26+Y.P.+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiahs.info%2Fbluebooks%2FSP005%2FBB_005_0161.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternAbdelsalam1996" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Robert J.; Abdelsalam, Mohamed Gamal (1996). "The Origin of the Great Bend of the Nile from SIR-C/X-SAR Imaginary". Science. 274 (5293): 1696–1698. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...274.1696S">1996Sci...274.1696S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.274.5293.1696">10.1126/science.274.5293.1696</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8939856">8939856</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30460159">30460159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Great+Bend+of+the+Nile+from+SIR-C%2FX-SAR+Imaginary&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=5293&rft.pages=1696-1698&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.274.5293.1696&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30460159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8939856&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Sci...274.1696S&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Abdelsalam%2C+Mohamed+Gamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/17A1*.html">"LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XVII Chapter 1 (§§ 1‑10)"</a>. penelope.uchicago.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013061712/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/17A1%2A.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Strabo%27s+Geography+%E2%80%94+Book+XVII+Chapter+1+%28%C2%A7%C2%A7+1%E2%80%9110%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2F17A1%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hani-42"><a href="#cite_ref-hani_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanibal_Lemma2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hanibal Lemma, and colleagues (2019). "Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7)". Journal of Hydrology. 577: 123968. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2019.123968">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099061">199099061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hydrology&rft.atitle=Bedload+transport+measurements+in+the+Gilgel+Abay+River%2C+Lake+Tana+Basin%2C+Ethiopia+%28Table+7%29&rft.volume=577&rft.pages=123968&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2019.123968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199099061%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hanibal+Lemma&rft.aufirst=and+colleagues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100350/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81566">"Egyptian Dust Plume, Red Sea"</a>. earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 8 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/81566/egyptian-dust-plume-red-sea">the original</a> on 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthobservatory.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Dust+Plume%2C+Red+Sea&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Fimages%2F81566%2Fegyptian-dust-plume-red-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">BGN</a>/<a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee_on_Geographical_Names_for_British_Official_Use" title="Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use">PCGN</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html">Romanization System for Amharic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213212545/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html">Archived</a> 13 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". 1967. Hosted at the <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a>, 2013. Accessed 28 February 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN romanization</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Blue-Nile-River">"Blue Nile River | river, Africa"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801185437/https://www.britannica.com/place/Blue-Nile-River">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blue+Nile+River+%7C+river%2C+Africa&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBlue-Nile-River&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Marshall et al.,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf">"Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 30 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Late+Pleistocene+and+Holocene+environmental+and+climatic+change+from+Lake+Tana%2C+source+of+the+Blue+Nile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holivar2006.org%2Fabstracts%2Fpdf%2FT1-026.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81186">"Two Niles Meet : Image of the Day"</a>. earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 26 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415093951/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81186">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthobservatory.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Two+Niles+Meet+%3A+Image+of+the+Day&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D81186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahin2002" class="citation book cs1">Shahin, Mamdouh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC">Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa</a>. Springer. pp. 276, 287–288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-0866-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-0866-X"><bdi>1-4020-0866-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905222900/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrology+and+Water+Resources+of+Africa&rft.pages=276%2C+287-288&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-4020-0866-X&rft.aulast=Shahin&rft.aufirst=Mamdouh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmdYFTlcSgEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426">"Sobat River"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sobat+River&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online+Library+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9068426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeding2000" class="citation book cs1">Keding, B. (2000). "New data on the Holocene occupation of the Wadi Howar region (Eastern Sahara/Sudan)". In Krzyzaniak, L.; Kroeper, K.; Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.). Recent research into the Stone Age of Northeastern Africa. Studies in African Archaeology. Vol. 7. Poznań: Poznań Archaeological Museum. pp. 89–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-907529-6-4" title="Special:BookSources/83-907529-6-4"><bdi>83-907529-6-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+data+on+the+Holocene+occupation+of+the+Wadi+Howar+region+%28Eastern+Sahara%2FSudan%29&rft.btitle=Recent+research+into+the+Stone+Age+of+Northeastern+Africa&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.series=Studies+in+African+Archaeology&rft.pages=89-104&rft.pub=Pozna%C5%84+Archaeological+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=83-907529-6-4&rft.aulast=Keding&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmignani,_LuigiSalvini,_RiccardoBonciani,_Filippo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Carmignani, Luigi; Salvini, Riccardo; Bonciani, Filippo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256483636">"Did the Nile River flow to the Gulf of Sirt during the late Miocene?"</a>. Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana (Italian Journal of Geoscience). 128 (2): 403–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3301%2FIJG.2009.128.2.403">10.3301/IJG.2009.128.2.403</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bollettino+della+Societa+Geologica+Italiana+%28Italian+Journal+of+Geoscience%29&rft.atitle=Did+the+Nile+River+flow+to+the+Gulf+of+Sirt+during+the+late+Miocene%3F&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=403-408&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3301%2FIJG.2009.128.2.403&rft.au=Carmignani%2C+Luigi&rft.au=Salvini%2C+Riccardo&rft.au=Bonciani%2C+Filippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F256483636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvini,_RiccardoCarmignani,_LuigiFrancionib,_MirkoCasazzaa,_Paolo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Salvini, Riccardo; Carmignani, Luigi; Francionib, Mirko; Casazzaa, Paolo (2015). "Elevation modelling and palaeo-environmental interpretation in the Siwa area (Egypt): Application of SAR interferometry and radargrammetry to COSMO-SkyMed imagery". Catena. 129: 46–62. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Caten.129...46S">2015Caten.129...46S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.catena.2015.02.017">10.1016/j.catena.2015.02.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F20327">10871/20327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catena&rft.atitle=Elevation+modelling+and+palaeo-environmental+interpretation+in+the+Siwa+area+%28Egypt%29%3A+Application+of+SAR+interferometry+and+radargrammetry+to+COSMO-SkyMed+imagery&rft.volume=129&rft.pages=46-62&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F20327&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.catena.2015.02.017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Caten.129...46S&rft.au=Salvini%2C+Riccardo&rft.au=Carmignani%2C+Luigi&rft.au=Francionib%2C+Mirko&rft.au=Casazzaa%2C+Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Although the ancestral Sahara Desert initially developed at least 7 million years ago, it grew during interglacial periods and shrank during glacial ones. The growth of the current Sahara began about 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">years ago</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuster,_Mathieu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schuster, Mathieu; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51372753">"The age of the Sahara desert"</a>. Science. 311 (5762): 821. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1120161">10.1126/science.1120161</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16469920">16469920</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206508108">206508108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+age+of+the+Sahara+desert&rft.volume=311&rft.issue=5762&rft.pages=821&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206508108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16469920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1120161&rft.au=Schuster%2C+Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F51372753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheisha,_Hader2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sheisha, Hader (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9477388">"Nile waterscapes facilitated the construction of the Giza pyramids during the 3rd millennium BCE"</a>. PNAS. 119 (37): e2202530119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PNAS..11902530S">2022PNAS..11902530S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2202530119">10.1073/pnas.2202530119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9477388">9477388</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36037388">36037388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Nile+waterscapes+facilitated+the+construction+of+the+Giza+pyramids+during+the+3rd+millennium+BCE&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=e2202530119&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9477388%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36037388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2202530119&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PNAS..11902530S&rft.au=Sheisha%2C+Hader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9477388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solis-Moreira_2022-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Solis-Moreira_2022_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolis-Moreira2022" class="citation web cs1">Solis-Moreira, Jocelyn (31 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/ancient-egypt-pyramids-construction-khufu-branch/">"A dried-up arm of the Nile provides another clue to how Egyptians built the pyramids"</a>. Popular Science. Retrieved 2 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=A+dried-up+arm+of+the+Nile+provides+another+clue+to+how+Egyptians+built+the+pyramids&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft.aulast=Solis-Moreira&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fenvironment%2Fancient-egypt-pyramids-construction-khufu-branch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rushdi_Said-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rushdi_Said_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rushdi_Said_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rushdi_Said" title="Rushdi Said">Said, Rushdi</a> (22 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekjgBAAAQBAJ&q=Nile">The River Nile Geology, Hydrology and Utilization</a> (Ebook) (22 October 2013 ed.). Elsevier Science (published 1993). p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483287683" title="Special:BookSources/9781483287683"><bdi>9781483287683</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530130718/https://books.google.com/books?id=ekjgBAAAQBAJ&q=Nile">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+River+Nile+Geology%2C+Hydrology+and+Utilization&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=22+October+2013&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.isbn=9781483287683&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Rushdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DekjgBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DNile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Said/chapter/10.1007-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Said/chapter/10.1007_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Said/chapter/10.1007_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1976" class="citation book cs1">Said, R (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210523173149/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-1563-9_1%23citeas">"The Geological Evolution of the River Nile in Egypt"</a>. In Rzóska, J. (ed.). The Nile, Biology of an Ancient River. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 29. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-010-1563-9_1">10.1007/978-94-010-1563-9_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-1563-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-1563-9"><bdi>978-94-010-1563-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-010-1563-9_1">the original</a> on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Academic" title="Microsoft Academic">Microsoft Academic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Geological+Evolution+of+the+River+Nile+in+Egypt&rft.btitle=The+Nile%2C+Biology+of+an+Ancient+River&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Monographiae+Biologicae&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-010-1563-9_1&rft.isbn=978-94-010-1563-9&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%252F978-94-010-1563-9_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren2006-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Warren2006_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2006" class="citation book cs1">Warren, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr">Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons</a>. Berlin: Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr/page/352">352</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-26011-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-26011-0"><bdi>3-540-26011-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evaporites%3A+Sediments%2C+Resources+and+Hydrocarbons&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-540-26011-0&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevaporitessedime0000warr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahmoudi2008-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahmoudi2008_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_MahmoudiGabr2008" class="citation journal cs1">El Mahmoudi, A.; Gabr, A. (2008). "Geophysical surveys to investigate the relation between the Quaternary Nile channels and the Messinian Nile canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt". Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2 (1): 53–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12517-008-0018-9">10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1866-7511">1866-7511</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128432827">128432827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Journal+of+Geosciences&rft.atitle=Geophysical+surveys+to+investigate+the+relation+between+the+Quaternary+Nile+channels+and+the+Messinian+Nile+canyon+at+East+Nile+Delta%2C+Egypt&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-67&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128432827%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1866-7511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12517-008-0018-9&rft.aulast=El+Mahmoudi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Gabr%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Embabi2018-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Embabi2018_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbabi2018" class="citation book cs1">Embabi, N.S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8">"Remarkable Events in the Life of the River Nile"</a>. Landscapes and Landforms of Egypt. World Geomorphological Landscapes. pp. 39–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-65661-8_4">10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65659-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65659-5"><bdi>978-3-319-65659-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1866-7538">1866-7538</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200204215026/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remarkable+Events+in+the+Life+of+the+River+Nile&rft.btitle=Landscapes+and+Landforms+of+Egypt&rft.series=World+Geomorphological+Landscapes&rft.pages=39-45&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1866-7538&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-65661-8_4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-65659-5&rft.aulast=Embabi&rft.aufirst=N.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-65661-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osypiński-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Osypi%C5%84ski_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsypińskiOsypińskaGautier2011" class="citation journal cs1">Osypiński, Piotr; Osypińska, Marta; Gautier, Achilles (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135549">"Affad 23, a Late Middle Palaeolithic Site With Refitted Lithics and Animal Remains in the Southern Dongola Reach, Sudan"</a>. Journal of African Archaeology. 9 (2): 177–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3213%2F2191-5784-10186">10.3213/2191-5784-10186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1612-1651">1612-1651</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135549">43135549</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7787802958">7787802958</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161078189">161078189</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801080857/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135549">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Affad+23%2C+a+Late+Middle+Palaeolithic+Site+With+Refitted+Lithics+and+Animal+Remains+in+the+Southern+Dongola+Reach%2C+Sudan&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-188&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43135549%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3213%2F2191-5784-10186&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7787802958&rft.issn=1612-1651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161078189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Osypi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Osypi%C5%84ska%2C+Marta&rft.au=Gautier%2C+Achilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43135549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Said1981-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Said1981_63-0">^</a> Said, R. (1981). The geological evolution of the River Nile. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WW1980-64"><a href="#cite_ref-WW1980_64-0">^</a> Williams, M.A.J.; Williams, F. (1980). Evolution of Nile Basin. In M.A.J. Williams and H. Faure (eds). The Sahara and the Nile. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 207–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-Salama1987-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Salama1987_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalama,_R.B.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Salama, R.B. (1987). "The evolution of the River Nile, The buried saline rift lakes in Sudan". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 6 (6): 899–913. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0899-5362%2887%2990049-2">10.1016/0899-5362(87)90049-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+the+River+Nile%2C+The+buried+saline+rift+lakes+in+Sudan&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=899-913&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0899-5362%2887%2990049-2&rft.au=Salama%2C+R.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salama1997-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Salama1997_66-0">^</a> Salama, R.B. (1997). Rift Basins of Sudan. African Basins, Sedimentary Basins of the World. 3. Edited by R.C. Selley (Series Editor K.J. Hsu) pp. 105–149. ElSevier, Amsterdam. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-67"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall1998" class="citation web cs1">Halsall, Paul (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/hymn-nile.asp">"Hymn To The Nile"</a>. Fordham University. Retrieved 20 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hymn+To+The+Nile&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft.date=1998-05&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fancient%2Fhymn-nile.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpringerMorris2010-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpringerMorris2010_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpringerMorris2010_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringerNeil_Morris2010" class="citation book cs1">Springer, Lisa; Neil Morris (2010). Art and Culture of Ancient Egypt. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-3589-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-3589-4"><bdi>978-1-4358-3589-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Culture+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4358-3589-4&rft.aulast=Springer&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Neil+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911698-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911698_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarstinCana1911">Garstin & Cana 1911</a>, p. 698. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Vitruvius, de Architectura, VII.2.7. </li> <li id="cite_note-THE_TRAVELS_OF_JOHN_DE_MARIGNOLLI-71"><a href="#cite_ref-THE_TRAVELS_OF_JOHN_DE_MARIGNOLLI_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYule" class="citation book cs1">Yule, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/marignolli.html">Sir Henry Yule, Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China Vol. II (1913–16)</a>. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 209–269. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122140845/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/marignolli.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Henry+Yule%2C+Cathay+and+the+way+thither%3A+being+a+collection+of+medieval+notices+of+China+Vol.+II+%281913%E2%80%9316%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=209-269&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Fmarignolli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hg5BAQAAMAAJ">Dizionario biografico universale</a>, Volume 5, by Felice Scifoni, Publisher Davide Passagli, Florence (1849); page 411. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3cvAQAAMAAJ">Ten Centuries of European Progress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530130716/https://books.google.com/books?id=l3cvAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 30 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Lowis D'Aguilar Jalkson (1893) pages 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Travels_to_Discover_the_Source_of_the_Nile" title="Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile">Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> History of Ethiopia, circa 1622 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Historia geral da Ethiopia a Alta, 1660 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Mundus Subterraneus, 1664 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The Present State of Egypt, 1678. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> S. Whiteway, editor and translator, The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1441–1543, 1902. (Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1967), p. 241. Referring to <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, De Republica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/republic6.html#19">6.19</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214358/http://attalus.org/translate/republic6.html#19">Archived</a> 2 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/pliny_hn5a.html#51">5.(10).51</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahin2002" class="citation book cs1">Shahin, Mamdouh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC">Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa</a>. Springer. pp. 286–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-0866-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-0866-X"><bdi>1-4020-0866-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905222900/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrology+and+Water+Resources+of+Africa&rft.pages=286-287&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-4020-0866-X&rft.aulast=Shahin&rft.aufirst=Mamdouh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmdYFTlcSgEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6CcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34">"Big Canal To Change Course of Nile River"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905230928/https://books.google.com/books?id=6CcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34">Archived</a> 5 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. October 1933. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a> (short article on top-right of page with map). </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorriceAllan1959" class="citation journal cs1">Morrice, H.A.W.; Allan, W N. (1959). "Planning for the ultimate hydraulic development of the Nile Valley". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 14 (2): 101–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fiicep.1959.11963">10.1680/iicep.1959.11963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.atitle=Planning+for+the+ultimate+hydraulic+development+of+the+Nile+Valley&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-156&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1680%2Fiicep.1959.11963&rft.aulast=Morrice&rft.aufirst=H.A.W.&rft.au=Allan%2C+W+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1957" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett, M.P. (1957). "Comment on the Nile Valley Calculations". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 19: 223. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2983815">2983815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Statistical+Society%2C+Series+B&rft.atitle=Comment+on+the+Nile+Valley+Calculations&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=223&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2983815%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=M.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> D.F. Manzer and M.P. Barnett, Analysis by Simulation: Programming Techniques for a High-Speed Digital Computer, in Arthur Maas et al., Design of Water Resource Systems, pp. 324–390, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1962. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blue_Peace_for_the_Nile,_2009-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blue_Peace_for_the_Nile,_2009_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blue_Peace_for_the_Nile,_2009_86-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/11374Nile%20concise.pdf">Blue Peace for the Nile, 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908163426/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/11374Nile%20concise.pdf">Archived</a> 8 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Report by Strategic Foresight Group </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2020" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Decian (9 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html">"For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Thousands+of+Years%2C+Egypt+Controlled+the+Nile.+A+New+Dam+Threatens+That&rft.date=2020-02-09&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Decian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2020%2F02%2F09%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnile-river-dam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627132253/http://www.nilebasin.org/aboutUs.htm">"The Nile Basin Initiative"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nilebasin.org/aboutUs.htm">the original</a> on 27 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nile+Basin+Initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nilebasin.org%2FaboutUs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambanis2010" class="citation news cs1">Cambanis, Thanassis (25 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/world/middleeast/26nile.html?_r=1&ref=world">"Egypt and Thirsty Neighbors Are at Odds Over Nile"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927004209/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/world/middleeast/26nile.html?_r=1&ref=world">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Egypt+and+Thirsty+Neighbors+Are+at+Odds+Over+Nile&rft.date=2010-09-25&rft.aulast=Cambanis&rft.aufirst=Thanassis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F26%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F26nile.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Dworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> wrote an article about this trip in its Magazine issue dated May 1955. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> released a feature film about the expedition in late 2005 entitled The Longest River. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> They chronicled their adventure with an <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> camera and two handheld video cams, sharing their story in the IMAX film <a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_the_Nile" title="Mystery of the Nile">Mystery of the Nile</a> released in 2005, and in a book of the same title. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Mark Tanner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marktanner.com/niletrip/about.html">Paddling the Blue Nile in Flood</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101203027/http://marktanner.com/niletrip/about.html">Archived</a> 1 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-PACT_2010-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PACT_2010_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PACT_2010_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolicy_Assessment,_Consultancy_&_Training_(PACT)_2010" class="citation report cs1">Policy Assessment, Consultancy & Training (PACT) (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/arabstates/Socioeconomic-DDR-Khartoum-State-V1---W2003--30September2010.pdf">Socio-Economic Study of Business Opportunities and Support Services for DDR Participants in Khartoum State</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> (UNDP). p. 223. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226173441/https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/arabstates/Socioeconomic-DDR-Khartoum-State-V1---W2003--30September2010.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Socio-Economic+Study+of+Business+Opportunities+and+Support+Services+for+DDR+Participants+in+Khartoum+State&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme+%28UNDP%29&rft.date=2010-08&rft.au=Policy+Assessment%2C+Consultancy+%26+Training+%28PACT%29+&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fg%2Ffiles%2Fzskgke326%2Ffiles%2Fmigration%2Farabstates%2FSocioeconomic-DDR-Khartoum-State-V1---W2003--30September2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dabanga_Radio_TV_Online_2023_d272-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dabanga_Radio_TV_Online_2023_d272_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabanga_Radio_TV_Online_2023_d272_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/the-battle-for-khartoums-bridges">"The battle over Khartoum's bridges"</a>. Dabanga Radio TV Online. 14 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240810092505/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/the-battle-for-khartoums-bridges">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dabanga+Radio+TV+Online&rft.atitle=The+battle+over+Khartoum%27s+bridges&rft.date=2023-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dabangasudan.org%2Fen%2Fall-news%2Farticle%2Fthe-battle-for-khartoums-bridges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salih_2023_a342-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Salih_2023_a342_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalih2023" class="citation web cs1">Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (18 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/18/sudan-conflict-strike-damages-dam-bridge-in-latest-key-infrastructure-damage">"Sudan conflict: warring sides blame each other for strike on key bridge"</a>. the Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240810092505/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/18/sudan-conflict-strike-damages-dam-bridge-in-latest-key-infrastructure-damage">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sudan+conflict%3A+warring+sides+blame+each+other+for+strike+on+key+bridge&rft.date=2023-11-18&rft.aulast=Salih&rft.aufirst=Zeinab+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fnov%2F18%2Fsudan-conflict-strike-damages-dam-bridge-in-latest-key-infrastructure-damage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming_2010_e185-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_2010_e185_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2010" class="citation web cs1">Fleming, Lucy (18 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/10121573">"Sudan's Nile Island joins the 21st Century"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930184149/https://www.bbc.com/news/10121573">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+Nile+Island+joins+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2F10121573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarstinCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Garstin" title="William Garstin">Garstin, William E.</a>; Cana, Frank R. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nile">"Nile" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 692–699.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nile&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=692-699&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Garstin&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft.au=Cana%2C+Frank+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrogan1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Grogan" title="Ewart Grogan">Grogan, Ewart S.</a> (1905). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/The_Nile_as_I_saw_it">"The Nile as I saw it" </a>. The Empire and the century. London: John Murray. pp. 809–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nile+as+I+saw+it&rft.btitle=The+Empire+and+the+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=809-16&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Grogan&rft.aufirst=Ewart+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Jeal" title="Tim Jeal">Jeal, Tim</a> (2011). Explorers of the Nile: The Triumph and Tragedy of a Great Victorian Adventure. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14935-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14935-7">978-0-300-14935-7</a></li> <li>Moorehead, Alan, "The White Nile" (Hamish Hamilton, 1960; revised and illustrated edition, 1971). Abridged illustrated edition, as The Story of the White Nile (Harper & Row, 1967)</li> <li>Moorehead, Alan, "The Blue Nile" (Hamish Hamilton, 1962; revised and illustrated edition, 1972). Abridged illustrated edition, as The Story of the Blue Nile (Harper & Row, 1966)</li> <li>Tvedt, Terje, ed. The River Nile in the Post-Colonial Age: Conflict and Cooperation Among the Nile Basin Countries (I.B. Tauris, 2010) 293 pages; studies of the river's finite resources as shared by multiple nations in the post-colonial era; includes research by scholars from Burundi, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.</li> <li>Tvedt, Terje, (2004) "The Nile: An Annotated Bibliography", London/New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860648793" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860648793">978-1860648793</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="q:Special:Search/Nile">Nile</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/09/25/world/0926NILE.html?ref=world">A Struggle Over the Nile</a> – slideshow by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110142026/http://nilegov.com/">Thesis Analyzing Nile River Negotiations</a> (archived 10 January 2016)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/21px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/21px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/42px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ethiopia" title="Portal:Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Kenya" title="Portal:Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/21px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/21px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/32px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/42px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Uganda" title="Portal:Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:DRC" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:DRC">DRC</a></li></ul></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile&oldid=1257827626">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile&oldid=1257827626</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Nile&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 November 2024, at 21:01 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%BE)" title="Нил (псыхъо) – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Нил (псыхъо)" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylrivier" title="Nylrivier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nylrivier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8B%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9D_(%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%8D)" title="አባይ ወንዝ (ናይል) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አባይ ወንዝ (ናይል)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नील नदी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नील नदी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABl" title="Nīl – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nīl" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="نهر النيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر النيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Nilo" title="Río Nilo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Río Nilo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%A3" title="ܢܝܠܘܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܝܠܘܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Նեղոս գետ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նեղոս գետ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="নীল নদী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নীল নদী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADu_Nilu" title="Ríu Nilu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ríu Nilu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नाइल नदी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नाइल नदी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADlo" title="Nílo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nílo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="نیل چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیل چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukad_Nil" title="Tukad Nil – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tukad Nil" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6" title="নীলনদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নীলনদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AE-l%C3%B4_H%C3%B4" title="Nî-lô Hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nî-lô Hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ніл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ніл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ніл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ніл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नील नदी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नील नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Нил мүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нил мүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_River_(suba_sa_Ehipto)" title="Nile River (suba sa Ehipto) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nile River (suba sa Ehipto)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilu" title="Nilu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nilu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_N%C3%AEl" title="Afon Nîl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Nîl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilen" title="Nilen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nilen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="لواد د النيل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لواد د النيل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niilaeatnu" title="Niilaeatnu – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Niilaeatnu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A9%DE%8D%DE%A6_%DE%86%DE%AF%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ނީލަ ކޯރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނީލަ ކޯރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_(r%C4%9Bka)" title="Nil (rěka) – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nil (rěka)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नाइल नदी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नाइल नदी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niilus" title="Niilus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Niilus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Νείλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νείλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilu" title="Nilu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nilu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil%C3%A1" title="Nilá – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nilá" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyl" title="Nyl – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nyl" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maayo_Niil" title="Maayo Niil – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Maayo Niil" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_N%C3%ADl" title="An Níl – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Níl" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нилхий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Нилхий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%B2%B3" title="尼羅河 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="尼羅河" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80" title="નાઈલ નદી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નાઈલ નદી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%BC%EA%B0%95" title="나일강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나일강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Նեղոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեղոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नील नदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नील नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutula_Nil" title="Dutula Nil – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Dutula Nil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Nil" title="Sungai Nil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Nil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Nile" title="I-Nile – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Nile" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADl" title="Níl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Níl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="נילוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נילוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Nil" title="Kali Nil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali Nil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niili_P%C9%94%C9%94" title="Niili Pɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Niili Pɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೈಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೈಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ნილოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნილოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ніл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ніл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nili" title="Nili – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Nili" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_(kuksa)" title="Nil (kuksa) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nil (kuksa)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEl" title="Nîl – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B3%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%8C" title="ແມ່ນ້ຳໄນລ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແມ່ນ້ຳໄນລ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilus" title="Nilus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nilus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABla" title="Nīla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nīla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilas" title="Nilas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nilas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niel_(reveer)" title="Niel (reveer) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Niel (reveer)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Nilo" title="Rio Nilo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rio Nilo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niilu" title="Niilu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Niilu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/anil._zei_rirxe" title="anil. zei rirxe – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="anil. zei rirxe" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADlus" title="Nílus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nílus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नाइल नदी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नाइल नदी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nily" title="Nily – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nily" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="നൈൽ നദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നൈൽ നദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naera" title="Naera – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Naera" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नाईल नदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाईल नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ნილოსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნილოსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="النيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="النيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نیل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Nil" title="Sungai Nil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Nil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang_Nil" title="Batang Nil – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Batang Nil" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0%CC%A4-l%C3%B2%CC%A4_%C3%92%CC%A4" title="Nà̤-lò̤ Ò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nà̤-lò̤ Ò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu_Nilo" title="Riu Nilo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Riu Nilo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Нил мөрөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нил мөрөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="နိုင်းမြစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်းမြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijl" title="Nijl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nijl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niel" title="Niel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Niel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नाइल नदी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाइल नदी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF" title="नाइल खुसि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नाइल खुसि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E5%B7%9D" title="ナイル川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナイル川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niil" title="Niil – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Niil" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilen" title="Nilen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nilen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilen" title="Nilen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nilen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naayil" title="Naayil – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Naayil" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਨੀਲ ਨਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੀਲ ਨਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="دریائے نیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریائے نیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نیل سیند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نیل سیند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail" title="Nail – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nail" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D1%8E)" title="Нил (ю) – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Нил (ю)" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B" title="ទន្លេនីល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទន្លេនីល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Νείλος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Νείλος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Nilo" title="Rio Nilo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Nilo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilu_mayu" title="Nilu mayu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nilu mayu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ніл – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ніл" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नील्-नदी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नील्-नदी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱱᱤᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱤᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nili" title="Nili – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nili" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilu" title="Nilu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nilu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%9F" title="නයිල් ගඟ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නයිල් ගඟ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%81" title="نيل درياھہ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيل درياھہ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADl" title="Níl – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Níl" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83il" title="Ńil – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ńil" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabiga_Niil" title="Wabiga Niil – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wabiga Niil" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niili" title="Niili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Niili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilen" title="Nilen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nilen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilog_Nilo" title="Ilog Nilo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilog Nilo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நைல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நைல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnil" title="Nnil – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Nnil" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF" title="నైలు నది – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నైలు నది" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="แม่น้ำไนล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำไนล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail" title="Nail – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Nail" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%91)" title="Нил (дарё) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нил (дарё)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%B4_%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%89%E1%8F%82_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%AA%E1%8F%B4%E1%8E%A2" title="ᏂᎴ ᎡᏉᏂ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏂᎴ ᎡᏉᏂ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ніл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="دریائے نیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریائے نیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_Nin" title="Sông Nin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sông Nin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niilus" title="Niilus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Niilus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyl" title="Nyl – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nyl" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3" title="尼罗河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼罗河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="נילוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נילוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADl%C3%B2" title="Nílò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nílò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%B2%B3" title="尼羅河 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼羅河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C3%AA_Nili" title="Roê Nili – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Roê Nili" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils" title="Nils – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nils" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3" title="尼罗河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼罗河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okwaan%CC%84_Nali" title="Okwaan̄ Nali – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Okwaan̄ Nali" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunge_Nil" title="Sunge Nil – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Sunge Nil" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batangari_Nil" title="Batangari Nil – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Batangari Nil" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D" title="ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 21:01 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zl2dt","wgBackendResponseTime":244,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_f6e6c51ec09d1bf7e65653554c5c4bf0906eb92d":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q3392","properties":{"title":"Nile","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":1.5,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q3392","properties":{"stroke-width":1.5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Nile"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[32.5055,15.640138888888888],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Nile","marker-symbol":"water"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.137","walltime":"2.583","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12379,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":636786,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20738,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":331861,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 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