Elektwostatik — Wikipedya

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line-height:1em;\"\u003E\n\u003Cp style=\"margin-top: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedya:Konbit_Wiki_Kreyolo/2024\" title=\"Wikipedya:Konbit Wiki Kreyolo/2024\"\u003EKonbit Wiki Kreyolo 2024\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\u003Csmall\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedya:Konbit_Wiki_Kreyolo/2024\" title=\"Wikipedya:Konbit Wiki Kreyolo/2024\"\u003EAnn fè konbit pou ajoute ak amelyore kontni sou Wikipedya kreyòl ayisyen an sou tèm:“Plis konesans nan lang kreyòl ayisyen, plis aksè pou tout moun” soti premye oktòb pou rive 30 novanm\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/small\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sit"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kontni" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kontni</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">kache</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Fòmil_debaz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fòmil_debaz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Fòmil debaz</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fòmil_debaz-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Fòmil debaz</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fòmil_debaz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teyorèm_Gauss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teyorèm_Gauss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Teyorèm Gauss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teyorèm_Gauss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekwasyon_Pwason" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekwasyon_Pwason"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ekwasyon Pwason</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekwasyon_Pwason-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektrisite_estatik:_risk,_aplikasyon_ak_kontrent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektrisite_estatik:_risk,_aplikasyon_ak_kontrent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Elektrisite estatik: risk, aplikasyon ak kontrent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektrisite_estatik:_risk,_aplikasyon_ak_kontrent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòt_ak_referans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòt_ak_referans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nòt ak referans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòt_ak_referans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gade_tou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gade_tou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gade tou</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gade_tou-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Gade tou</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gade_tou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliyografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliyografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bibliyografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliyografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Travay_referans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travay_referans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Travay referans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travay_referans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atik_ki_gen_rapò" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atik_ki_gen_rapò"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Atik ki gen rapò</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atik_ki_gen_rapò-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyen_ekstèn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyen_ekstèn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Lyen ekstèn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyen_ekstèn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kontni" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Deklannche tab dèmatyè la" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Deklannche tab dèmatyè la</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elektwostatik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ale nan yon atik nan yon lòt lang. Disponib nan 77 lang" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 lang</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatik" title="Elektrostatik – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektrostatik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="स्थिरवैद्युतिकी – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्थिरवैद्युतिकी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="كهرسكونيات – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كهرسكونيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrost%C3%A1tica" title="Electrostática – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Electrostática" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektrostatika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электрастатыка – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрастатыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электрастатыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электрастатыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електростатика – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електростатика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektrostatika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroest%C3%A0tica" title="Electroestàtica – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electroestàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektrostatika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электростатика – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электростатика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatik" title="Elektrostatik – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektrostatik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatik" title="Elektrostatik – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrostatik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ηλεκτροστατική – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτροστατική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electrostatics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatiko" title="Elektrostatiko – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektrostatiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrost%C3%A1tica" title="Electrostática – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electrostática" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostaatika" title="Elektrostaatika – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektrostaatika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elektrostatika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="الکترواستاتیک – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترواستاتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6statiikka" title="Sähköstatiikka – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähköstatiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectrostatique" title="Électrostatique – français" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électrostatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="français" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostaatik" title="Elektrostaatik – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektrostaatik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictreastataic" title="Leictreastataic – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictreastataic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrost%C3%A1tica" title="Electrostática – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electrostática" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אלקטרוסטטיקה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרוסטטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="स्थिरवैद्युतिकी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्थिरवैद्युतिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektrostatika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrosztatika" title="Elektrosztatika – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektrosztatika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Էլեկտրաստատիկա – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրաստատիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektrostatika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatiko" title="Elektrostatiko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektrostatiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettrostatica" title="Elettrostatica – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettrostatica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97%E5%AD%A6" title="静電気学 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="静電気学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ელექტროსტატიკა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტროსტატიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электрстатика – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электрстатика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%80_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಸ್ಥಾಯೀ ವಿದ್ಯುದ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಥಾಯೀ ವಿದ್ಯುದ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" title="정전기학 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정전기학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektrostatika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektrostatika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електростатика – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електростатика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇലക്ട്രോസ്റ്റാറ്റിക്സ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലക്ട്രോസ്റ്റാറ്റിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatik" title="Elektrostatik – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elektrostatik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="လျှပ်ငြိမ်ပညာ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လျှပ်ငြိမ်ပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatica" title="Elektrostatica – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrostatica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatikk" title="Elektrostatikk – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektrostatikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatikk" title="Elektrostatikk – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektrostatikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatica" title="Electrostatica – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Electrostatica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੋਸਟੈਟਿਕਸ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੋਸਟੈਟਿਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatyka" title="Elektrostatyka – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektrostatyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletrost%C3%A0tica" title="Eletrostàtica – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eletrostàtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="الیکٹروسٹیٹکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹروسٹیٹکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletrost%C3%A1tica" title="Eletrostática – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eletrostática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic%C4%83" title="Electrostatică – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electrostatică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электростатика – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электростатика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektrostatika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electrostatics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrostatika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektrostatika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektrostatika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електростатика – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електростатика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktrostatika" title="Éléktrostatika – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éléktrostatika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatik" title="Elektrostatik – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektrostatik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலைமின்னியல் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலைமின்னியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎలెక్ట్రోస్టాటిక్స్ – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలెక్ట్రోస్టాటిక్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="สถิตยศาสตร์ไฟฟ้า – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถิตยศาสตร์ไฟฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostatik" title="Elektrostatik – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektrostatik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электростатика – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электростатика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електростатика – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електростатика" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tĩnh điện học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%ABjtekkaaral" title="Mbëjtekkaaral – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mbëjtekkaaral" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%A6" title="静电学 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="静电学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="靜電學 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="靜電學" 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ol.references{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"«\a0 ""\a0 »";font:inherit}.mw-parser-output .toccolours,.mw-parser-output .cadre-gris-clair{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px;font-size:95%}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r854794"> <div class="bandeau-simple bandeau-niveau-neutre plainlinks hatnote" style=""><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell"><i><small>Pou menm non ak atik la, gade</small></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Estatik" title="Estatik">Estatik</a></small>. </div></div> <div style="border-style: solid;overflow: hidden;position: relative;border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px;font-size: 0.9em;line-height: 1.25em;padding: 0.5em 1em;margin: 0.8em 10%;border-color: #ff8822;background-color: #ffeedd;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r854794"> <div class="bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-modere plainlinks metadata"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichye:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/45px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/68px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/90px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell"><strong class="bandeau-titre"><small>Atik sa a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedya:Ajoute_sous_yo" title="Wikipedya:Ajoute sous yo">pa site ase sous</a></small></strong> <small>(novanm 2023).</small> <p><small><i>Si w gen zèv referans oswa atik oswa si w konnen bon jan sit entènèt ki gen rapò ak tèm ki adrese a, tanpri ranpli atik la lè w bay <b>referans ki itil nan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedya:Verifyabilite" title="Wikipedya:Verifyabilite">verifyabilite </a></b> li epi konekte yo. nan seksyon “<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%88d:Ajoute_referans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Èd:Ajoute referans (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Nòt ak referans</a>”.</i> <b>An pratik :</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedya:Ajoute_sous_yo#Kalite_sous_yo" title="Wikipedya:Ajoute sous yo">Ki sous ki nesesè ?</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%88d:Ajoute_yon_referans(%C3%89diteur_visuel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Èd:Ajoute yon referans(Éditeur visuel) (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Kijan pou m ajoute sous yos ?</a><i></i></small> </p> </div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichye:Cat_demonstrating_static_cling_with_styrofoam_peanuts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cat_demonstrating_static_cling_with_styrofoam_peanuts.jpg/220px-Cat_demonstrating_static_cling_with_styrofoam_peanuts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cat_demonstrating_static_cling_with_styrofoam_peanuts.jpg/330px-Cat_demonstrating_static_cling_with_styrofoam_peanuts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Cat_demonstrating_static_cling_with_styrofoam_peanuts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polystyr%C3%A8ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polystyrène (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">polystyrène</a> pèl kole nan fouri yon chat pa elektrisite estatik.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/Fichye:Paper_shavings_attracted_by_charged_cd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Paper_shavings_attracted_by_charged_cd.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="134" /></a><figcaption>Moso papye atire pa yon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compact Disc (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">CD</a> ki chaje ak elektrisite estatik.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichye:Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_2.jpg/220px-Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_2.jpg/330px-Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_2.jpg/440px-Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zekl%C3%A8" title="Zeklè">Zeklè</a> ki lakòz yon klere klere sou <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oradea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oradea (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Oradea</a> nan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romania (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Romania</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Elektwostatik</b> se branch <a href="/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik">fizik</a> ki etidye fenomèn estatik <a href="/wiki/Chaj_elektrik" title="Chaj elektrik">chaj elektrik</a> yo kreye pou obsèvatè a. </p><p>Lwa yo jwenn yo ka jeneralize nan sistèm varyab (kwazi-elektwostatik) depi yo ka konsidere distribisyon chaj yo tankou nan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekilib_estatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekilib estatik (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">ekilib</a> nan chak moman. Kidonk, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondansat%C3%A8_(elektrisite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondansatè (elektrisite) (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">kondansatè</a> nan yon <a href="/wiki/Sikui_elektrik" title="Sikui elektrik">sikwi elektrik</a> toujou kòrèkteman dekri pa menm lwa sa yo menm si li opere nan frekans trè wo. </p><p>Objè etid yo kouvri pa elektwostatik yo anpil: </p> <ul><li>elektrisite estatik;</li> <li>eksplozyon an nan silo grenn;</li> <li>sèten teknoloji fotokopi;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zekl%C3%A8" title="Zeklè">zèklè a</a>...</li></ul> <p>Lwa elektwostatik yo te tou pwouve itil pou: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biyofizik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biyofizik (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">biyofizik</a>;</li> <li>etid <a href="/wiki/Pwoteyin" title="Pwoteyin">pwoteyins</a>;</li> <li>nanotechnologies (desine yon motè nan echèl nanotechnologies se pi posib lè l sèvi avèk fòs elektwostatik pase fòs elektwomayetik).</li></ul> <p>Ekstansyon li yo nan chaj k ap deplase yo etidye nan kad <a href="/wiki/Elektwomayetis" title="Elektwomayetis">elektwomayetis</a> ki li menm jeneralize pa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwodinamik_pwop%C3%B2syon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektwodinamik pwopòsyon (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">elektwodinamik pwopòsyon</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fòmil_debaz"><span id="F.C3.B2mil_debaz"></span>Fòmil debaz</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifye seksyon : Fòmil debaz" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifye</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Fòmil debaz"><span>modifye kòd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekwasyon fondamantal elektwostatik la se <a href="/wiki/Lwa_Coulomb_(elektwostatik)" title="Lwa Coulomb (elektwostatik)">Lwa Koulon</a>, ki dekri fòs entèraksyon ant de chaj pwen. Nan yon <b>anviwònman omojèn</b>, sèlman ka konsidere nan atik sa a, vakyòm lan pou egzanp, li ekri: </p> <center>Fòs 1 nan 2 = - Fòs 2 nan 1:</center> <div style="display:table; margin-top:1.5em; margin-bottom:1.5em; overflow:hidden; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:1em; background:#fff; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {F_{1}}}(2)=q_{2}{\frac {q_{1}{\overrightarrow {e_{r}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon r_{12}^{2}}}=q_{2}{\frac {q_{1}{\overrightarrow {r_{12}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon r_{12}^{3}}}=-q_{1}{\frac {q_{2}{\overrightarrow {r_{21}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon r_{21}^{3}}}=-{\overrightarrow {F_{2}}}(1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>ε</mi> <msubsup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>ε</mi> <msubsup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>21</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>ε</mi> <msubsup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>21</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {F_{1}}}(2)=q_{2}{\frac {q_{1}{\overrightarrow {e_{r}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon r_{12}^{2}}}=q_{2}{\frac {q_{1}{\overrightarrow {r_{12}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon r_{12}^{3}}}=-q_{1}{\frac {q_{2}{\overrightarrow {r_{21}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon r_{21}^{3}}}=-{\overrightarrow {F_{2}}}(1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/31e5c5bb35f3757ddd1e0f7a8b768ba92ac014b4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; margin-top: -0.347ex; width:55.602ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {F_{1}}}(2)=q_{2}{\frac {q_{1}{\overrightarrow {e_{r}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon r_{12}^{2}}}=q_{2}{\frac {q_{1}{\overrightarrow {r_{12}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon r_{12}^{3}}}=-q_{1}{\frac {q_{2}{\overrightarrow {r_{21}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon r_{21}^{3}}}=-{\overrightarrow {F_{2}}}(1)}"></span></div> <p>Isit la, konstan <i>ε</i> se yon konstan karakteristik mwayen an, ki rele <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8mitivite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pèmitivite (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">pèmitivite</a></i>. Nan ka vakyòm, nou note li <i>ε</i><sub>0</sub>. Pèmitivite lè a 0,5 <abbr class="abbr" title="pour mille">‰</abbr> pi gran pase vakyòm, kidonk li souvan egalize ak li. <i>r</i> deziyen distans ki genyen ant de chaj yo. </p><p>Ekri sa a reflete lefèt ke de chaj nan menm siy la repouse youn ak lòt e ke de chaj nan siy opoze atire youn ak lòt pwopòsyonèl ak pwodwi chaj yo ak envès pwopòsyonèl ak kare distans yo; fòs yo gen menm valè ak direksyon opoze, an akò ak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lwa_mouvman_Newton_yo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lwa mouvman Newton yo (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">prensip aksyon ak reyaksyon</a>. </p><p>Menm jan ak gravitasyon, aksyon nan yon distans fèt atravè yon jaden: <a href="/wiki/Chan_elektrik" title="Chan elektrik">chan elektrik</a>: </p><p>Pwodui pa 1 nan 2: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {E_{1}}}(2)={\frac {q_{1}{\overrightarrow {r_{12}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r_{12}^{3}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {E_{1}}}(2)={\frac {q_{1}{\overrightarrow {r_{12}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r_{12}^{3}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef47a4f514973d6223ecf4bbef5b3c27592f2c02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; margin-top: -0.347ex; width:17.363ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {E_{1}}}(2)={\frac {q_{1}{\overrightarrow {r_{12}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r_{12}^{3}}}}"></span> pwodwi pa 2 nan 1: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {E_{2}}}(1)={\frac {q_{2}{\overrightarrow {r_{21}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r_{21}^{3}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>21</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>21</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {E_{2}}}(1)={\frac {q_{2}{\overrightarrow {r_{21}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r_{21}^{3}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dca653b099b7396cf47cf1741884110e40f0e72b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; margin-top: -0.347ex; width:17.363ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {E_{2}}}(1)={\frac {q_{2}{\overrightarrow {r_{21}}}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r_{21}^{3}}}}"></span> </p><p>Chan ki te kreye nan <i>M</i> pa <i>n</i> chaj <i>q<sub>i</sub></i> ki sitiye nan pwen <i>P<sub>i</sub></i> se aditif (<a href="/wiki/Prensip_sip%C3%A8pozisyon" title="Prensip sipèpozisyon">prensip sipèpozisyon</a> ). Nan ka yon distribisyon chaj disrè: <span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {E_{T}}}={\overrightarrow {E_{1}}}+{\overrightarrow {E_{2}}}+{\overrightarrow {E_{3}}}+\ldots +{\overrightarrow {E_{n}}}={\overrightarrow {E_{T}}}(M)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {q_{i}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\overrightarrow {P_{i}M}}{\|{\overrightarrow {P_{i}M}}\|^{3}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mover> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <mo>→</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {E_{T}}}={\overrightarrow {E_{1}}}+{\overrightarrow {E_{2}}}+{\overrightarrow {E_{3}}}+\ldots +{\overrightarrow {E_{n}}}={\overrightarrow {E_{T}}}(M)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {q_{i}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\overrightarrow {P_{i}M}}{\|{\overrightarrow {P_{i}M}}\|^{3}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/42cfc11e33792dda042db14c095544dd0957a9f1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; margin-top: -0.372ex; width:64.275ex; height:9.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {E_{T}}}={\overrightarrow {E_{1}}}+{\overrightarrow {E_{2}}}+{\overrightarrow {E_{3}}}+\ldots +{\overrightarrow {E_{n}}}={\overrightarrow {E_{T}}}(M)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {q_{i}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\overrightarrow {P_{i}M}}{\|{\overrightarrow {P_{i}M}}\|^{3}}}}"></span></span> </p><p>Nan ka yon distribisyon kontinyèl <i>ρ</i> chaj nan espas, jaden an ki te koze pa yon ti volim chaje se: <span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d{\vec {E}}(x_{m},y_{m},z_{m})={\frac {\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\overrightarrow {r_{im}}}{r_{im}^{3}}}\,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mover> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> <msubsup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d{\vec {E}}(x_{m},y_{m},z_{m})={\frac {\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\overrightarrow {r_{im}}}{r_{im}^{3}}}\,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7be5dba72d380f873f49ac6db6c44b28397c6350" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; margin-top: -0.432ex; width:44.648ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d{\vec {E}}(x_{m},y_{m},z_{m})={\frac {\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\overrightarrow {r_{im}}}{r_{im}^{3}}}\,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}"></span></span> epi lè nou entegre sou tout espas kote gen chaj, nou jwenn: <span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}(x_{m},y_{m},z_{m})=\iiint {\frac {\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\overrightarrow {r_{im}}}{r_{im}^{3}}}\,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∭</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mover> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> <msubsup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}(x_{m},y_{m},z_{m})=\iiint {\frac {\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\overrightarrow {r_{im}}}{r_{im}^{3}}}\,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b7a12056182d18d21a81ec596b2f22724870edb2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; margin-top: -0.432ex; width:48.419ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}(x_{m},y_{m},z_{m})=\iiint {\frac {\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\overrightarrow {r_{im}}}{r_{im}^{3}}}\,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}"></span></span> kote <i>ρ</i> se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dansite_volimik_chaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dansite volimik chaj (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">dansite volimik chaj</a> nan <i>P<sub>i</sub></i>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {r_{im}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {r_{im}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a7a90fa7c713dc2dd49cf773ca6a0d72b16cc9cd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-top: -0.34ex; width:3.421ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {r_{im}}}}"></span> se vektè ki soti nan <i> 'P<sub>i</sub></i> nan pwen <i>M</i>. Nan <a href="/wiki/Volim#Elementary_volim" title="Volim">eleman volim</a> <i>dx<sub>i</sub> dy<sub>i</sub> dz<sub>i</sub></i> alantou pwen <i>P<sub>i</sub></i> gen yon eleman chaj ρ(<i>x<sub>i</sub></i>,<i>y<sub>i</sub></i>, <i>z<sub>i</sub>' ')</i>dx<sub>i</sub> dy<sub>i</sub> dz<sub>i</sub><i>.</i> Entegral endike ke nou dwe ajoute, dapre prensip la nan sipèpozisyon, sou tout komèsan ki gen chaj. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Potansy%C3%A8l_elektrik" class="mw-disambig" title="Potansyèl elektrik">Potansyèl elektrik</a> (diferans yo rele <a href="/wiki/Tansyon_elektrik" title="Tansyon elektrik">vòltaj</a>) se yon nosyon elektwostatik komen ak enpòtan: li se yon fonksyon eskalè nan espas, ki gen jaden elektrik se gradyan an, jeyometrik si youn. nan pwen yo nan yon espas kowòdone ki fòme yon n-tiple gradyan an bay vektè ki pi apik ki ta konekte de pwen nan espas sa a. <span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(x_{m},y_{m},z_{m})=\iiint {\frac {\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}|r_{im}|}}\,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∭</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(x_{m},y_{m},z_{m})=\iiint {\frac {\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}|r_{im}|}}\,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/831c38b5f7b8bd20b9df0d5741e1919608ba21d0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:44.173ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(x_{m},y_{m},z_{m})=\iiint {\frac {\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}|r_{im}|}}\,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}"></span></span> </p> <div style="display:table; margin-top:1.5em; margin-bottom:1.5em; overflow:hidden; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:1em; background:#fff; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(x,y,z)={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\iiint \,\,{\frac {\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})\ ,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}{\sqrt {(x-x_{i})^{2}+(y-y_{i})^{2}+(z-z_{i})^{2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>∭</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msqrt> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(x,y,z)={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\iiint \,\,{\frac {\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})\ ,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}{\sqrt {(x-x_{i})^{2}+(y-y_{i})^{2}+(z-z_{i})^{2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68b362b6cd328075e9a426fb695984b005c13542" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:59.428ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(x,y,z)={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\iiint \,\,{\frac {\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})\ ,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}{\sqrt {(x-x_{i})^{2}+(y-y_{i})^{2}+(z-z_{i})^{2}}}}}"></span></div> <p>epi kalkile dérivés pasyèl yo <span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial V}{\partial x}},~{\frac {\partial V}{\partial y}},~{\frac {\partial V}{\partial z}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial V}{\partial x}},~{\frac {\partial V}{\partial y}},~{\frac {\partial V}{\partial z}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebec2d31b605aa9a45515737509d7e9934a6f089" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:15.053ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial V}{\partial x}},~{\frac {\partial V}{\partial y}},~{\frac {\partial V}{\partial z}}}"></span></span> </p> <div style="display:table; margin-top:1.5em; margin-bottom:1.5em; overflow:hidden; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:1em; background:#fff; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}(x,y,z)={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\iiint \!\!\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})\,{\frac {(x-x_{i}){\vec {e_{x}}}+(y-y_{i}){\vec {e_{y}}}+(z-z_{i}){\vec {e_{z}}}}{[(x-x_{i})^{2}+(y-y_{i})^{2}+(z-z_{i})^{2}]^{3/2}}}\,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>∭</mo> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}(x,y,z)={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\iiint \!\!\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})\,{\frac {(x-x_{i}){\vec {e_{x}}}+(y-y_{i}){\vec {e_{y}}}+(z-z_{i}){\vec {e_{z}}}}{[(x-x_{i})^{2}+(y-y_{i})^{2}+(z-z_{i})^{2}]^{3/2}}}\,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d6fa0858d3afebeb55d15850288e494f2145ee91" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:80.935ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}(x,y,z)={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\iiint \!\!\rho (x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})\,{\frac {(x-x_{i}){\vec {e_{x}}}+(y-y_{i}){\vec {e_{y}}}+(z-z_{i}){\vec {e_{z}}}}{[(x-x_{i})^{2}+(y-y_{i})^{2}+(z-z_{i})^{2}]^{3/2}}}\,dx_{i}dy_{i}dz_{i}}"></span></div> <p>Tout elektwostatik nan yon mwayen omojèn yo nan dènye fòmil sa yo, byenke li ta dwe remake ke fòmil sa yo pa defini si pwen kowòdone (<i>x<sub>i</sub></i>, <i>y<sub>i </sub></i>, <i>z<sub>i</sub></i>) pote yon chaj pwen, ki se sèlman yon apwoksimasyon ki pa fizik (<i>ρ</i> ta dwe la infini). </p><p>Fòmil ki anwo yo senplifye dapre invariances jaden elektwostatik la. Se poutèt sa li enpòtan pou etidye simetri pou redwi kantite varyab yo; wè pati alantou invariances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teyorèm_Gauss"><span id="Teyor.C3.A8m_Gauss"></span>Teyorèm Gauss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifye seksyon : Teyorèm Gauss" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifye</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Teyorèm Gauss"><span>modifye kòd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teyor%C3%A8m_flux-div%C3%A8jans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teyorèm flux-divèjans (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">teyorèm divèjans-flux</a> se yon teyorèm analiz vektè, ki ka itilize nan elektwostatik pou jwenn yon ekwasyon lokal jaden elektrik la. </p><p>Teyorèm sa a endike ke sòm kontribisyon vektè nòmal nan sifas enfinizimal sou kwen yon volim kapab eksprime tou kòm yon sòm sifas enfinizimal ki entèsekte volim nan, paske kontribisyon ki soti nan figi ki andedan yo konpanse youn ak lòt egzakteman; li ekri fòmèlman: </p> <div style="display:table; margin-top:1.5em; margin-bottom:1.5em; overflow:hidden; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:1em; background:#fff; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \iiint _{v}{\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}\ dv=\iint _{S}{\vec {E}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∭</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>div</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>d</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∬</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \iiint _{v}{\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}\ dv=\iint _{S}{\vec {E}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/217cf2a2efa6e10922cd7cde53456b4d5207428e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:26.488ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \iiint _{v}{\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}\ dv=\iint _{S}{\vec {E}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}}"></span></div> <p>pou nenpòt volim. An patikilye, nan yon esfè chaje volim pa yon dansite volim chaj <i>ρ</i>, ki gen sant li nan <i>O</i> ak reyon <i>r</i> ase piti pou nou ka neglije varyasyon <i>ρ</i>. <i>, ak <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {dS}}=dS{\vec {e_{r}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {dS}}=dS{\vec {e_{r}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c70c9fae971f39aba6ba62b2a9fd0a3f633d294b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.852ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {dS}}=dS{\vec {e_{r}}}}"></span> vektè nòmal nan sifas la dirije deyò, ak longè egal a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleman_sifas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleman sifas (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">eleman sifas la</a> </i>dS<i> ki li reprezante:</i> </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \iint _{S}{\frac {\vec {r}}{r^{3}}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}=\iint _{S}{\vec {e_{r}}}\cdot {\vec {e_{r}}}\ ,{\frac {dS}{r^{2}}}=\iint _{S}{\frac {dS}{r^{2}}}={\frac {S}{r^{2}}}={\frac {4\pi r^{2}}{r^{2}}}=4\pi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∬</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∬</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∬</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>S</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \iint _{S}{\frac {\vec {r}}{r^{3}}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}=\iint _{S}{\vec {e_{r}}}\cdot {\vec {e_{r}}}\ ,{\frac {dS}{r^{2}}}=\iint _{S}{\frac {dS}{r^{2}}}={\frac {S}{r^{2}}}={\frac {4\pi r^{2}}{r^{2}}}=4\pi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/232e32caaf5f347b5e86bb3ee149171b4980c3a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:61.37ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \iint _{S}{\frac {\vec {r}}{r^{3}}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}=\iint _{S}{\vec {e_{r}}}\cdot {\vec {e_{r}}}\ ,{\frac {dS}{r^{2}}}=\iint _{S}{\frac {dS}{r^{2}}}={\frac {S}{r^{2}}}={\frac {4\pi r^{2}}{r^{2}}}=4\pi }"></span></center> <p>Ki vle di ke rezilta a pa depann de <i>r</i>. Epi si nou miltipliye pa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\rho v}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\rho v}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0872c1530c155e6db2025079f95a08587bff6804" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:5.468ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\rho v}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}}"></span> kote <i>v</i> se volim esfè a, nou jwenn: <span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\rho v}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\iint _{S}{\frac {\vec {r}}{r^{3}}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}=\ iint_{S}{\frac {\rho v}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\vec {r}}{r^{3}}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}=\iint _{S}{\vec {E}}\ cdotd{\vec {S}}={\frac {\rho v}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\,4\pi ={\frac {q}{\varepsilon _{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mo>∬</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>i</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∬</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>c</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>q</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\rho v}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\iint _{S}{\frac {\vec {r}}{r^{3}}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}=\ iint_{S}{\frac {\rho v}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\vec {r}}{r^{3}}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}=\iint _{S}{\vec {E}}\ cdotd{\vec {S}}={\frac {\rho v}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\,4\pi ={\frac {q}{\varepsilon _{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df5f5faef4fc25dd3cf20cc8a6abbfb2e10220c4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:73.196ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\rho v}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\iint _{S}{\frac {\vec {r}}{r^{3}}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}=\ iint_{S}{\frac {\rho v}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\vec {r}}{r^{3}}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}=\iint _{S}{\vec {E}}\ cdotd{\vec {S}}={\frac {\rho v}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\,4\pi ={\frac {q}{\varepsilon _{0}}}}"></span></span> kote <i>q</i> se chaj total <i>ρv</i> esfè a. Oswa finalman: <span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \iint _{S}{\vec {E}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}={\frac {q}{\varepsilon _{0}}}=\iiint {\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}\ dv=\ iiint{\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}\,dv}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∬</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>q</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∭</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>div</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>d</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>i</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ρ</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \iint _{S}{\vec {E}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}={\frac {q}{\varepsilon _{0}}}=\iiint {\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}\ dv=\ iiint{\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}\,dv}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75979cc9a3fb9418cd7742173f8bca5036a1b914" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:46.457ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \iint _{S}{\vec {E}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}={\frac {q}{\varepsilon _{0}}}=\iiint {\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}\ dv=\ iiint{\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}\,dv}"></span></span> Pakonsekan teyorèm Gauss nan vèsyon lokal li yo: </p> <div style="display:table; margin-top:1.5em; margin-bottom:1.5em; overflow:hidden; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:1em; background:#fff; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>div</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ρ</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a298d8235f55b599a2b58a9ecc84355f7c8c3398" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:11.015ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}}"></span></div> <p>ak ekspresyon entegre, ke fizisyen yo konnen kòm teyorèm Gauss la: </p> <div style="display:table; margin-top:1.5em; margin-bottom:1.5em; overflow:hidden; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:1em; background:#fff; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \iiint _{V}{\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}\ dv=\iiint _{V}{\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}\,dv=\iint _{S}{\vec {E}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∭</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>div</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>d</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∭</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ρ</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∬</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \iiint _{V}{\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}\ dv=\iiint _{V}{\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}\,dv=\iint _{S}{\vec {E}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1bb6b2cf396100cefc2d86e23e84503d6d6f710" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:41.339ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \iiint _{V}{\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}\ dv=\iiint _{V}{\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}\,dv=\iint _{S}{\vec {E}}\cdot d{\vec {S}}}"></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekwasyon_Pwason">Ekwasyon Pwason</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifye seksyon : Ekwasyon Pwason" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifye</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Ekwasyon Pwason"><span>modifye kòd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekwasyon_pwason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekwasyon pwason (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Ekwasyon pwason</a> konbine relasyon anvan yo pou bay yon relasyon lokal ant distribisyon chaj la ak potansyèl la: </p> <div style="display:table; margin-top:1.5em; margin-bottom:1.5em; overflow:hidden; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:1em; background:#fff; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}={\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {\nabla }}~V={\vec {\nabla }}^{2}~V=\Delta V=-{\rho \over \varepsilon _{0}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>div</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ρ</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}={\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {\nabla }}~V={\vec {\nabla }}^{2}~V=\Delta V=-{\rho \over \varepsilon _{0}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59e5aacdefa265d93e222f8a803e592ebf6da84b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:40.926ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\mbox{div}}{\vec {E}}={\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {\nabla }}~V={\vec {\nabla }}^{2}~V=\Delta V=-{\rho \over \varepsilon _{0}}}"></span></div> <center> <i>Gade atik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabla (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Nabla</a> pou siyifikasyon senbòl <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\nabla }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\nabla }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65eeb56775c5bb9a9645ca773c8b8f744ca6ce0a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.936ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\nabla }}}"></span></i> </center> <p>Nou jwenn lefèt ke enfliyans diferan chaj yo ajoute lineyèman, sa vle di ke pou konnen fòs ki egzèse sou yon chaj elektrik pa plizyè lòt chaj, li sifi pou kalkile fòs ke chak chaj yo ta egzèse an izole. , epi pou ajoute rezilta yo: nou jwenn <i><a href="/wiki/Prensip_sip%C3%A8pozisyon" title="Prensip sipèpozisyon">prensip sipèpozisyon</a></i>, yon lòt fason pou eksprime <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lineyarite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lineyarite (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">lineyarite</a> <a href="/wiki/Lwa_Coulomb_(elektwostatik)" title="Lwa Coulomb (elektwostatik)">Lwa Koulon</a> . </p><p>Lwa Koulon la trè pre ekspresyon fòs <a href="/wiki/Gravitasyon" title="Gravitasyon">gravitasyonnal</a> yo; men lèt yo (pou yon patikil bay) pi fèb. Sepandan, fòs elektwostatik gen ti efè sou yon gwo echèl, pandan ke gravitasyon eksplike mouvman zetwal yo. </p><p>Sa a soti nan lefèt ke an mwayèn, matyè gen anpil chaj pozitif ak chaj negatif ak Se poutèt sa, pi lwen pase echèl la nan inhomogeneities, enfliyans yo konpanse youn ak lòt. Pou gravitasyon, okontrè, ki gen ekspresyon fòs gen yon siy opoze ak sa ki nan elektwostatik, byenke mas yo tout gen menm siy pozitif la, yo tout atire youn ak lòt, olye pou yo repouse youn ak lòt menm jan ak chaj elektrik nan menm siy la. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elektrisite_estatik:_risk,_aplikasyon_ak_kontrent"><span id="Elektrisite_estatik:_risk.2C_aplikasyon_ak_kontrent"></span>Elektrisite estatik: risk, aplikasyon ak kontrent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifye seksyon : Elektrisite estatik: risk, aplikasyon ak kontrent" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifye</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Elektrisite estatik: risk, aplikasyon ak kontrent"><span>modifye kòd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pwodiksyon elektrisite estatik ka vle oswa menm restriksyon nan yon kontèks pwodiksyon endistriyèl paske li ka mennen nan fonksyone byen, nan deteryorasyon nan ekipman nan tèm long la, oswa, nan ka ki riske, nan eksplozyon. </p><p>"Dechaj elektrik" pa friksyon nan twal, oswa lòt moun, se youn nan premye sous ignisyon nan zòn ki riske eksplozyon (atmosfè eksplozif: "ATEX"), patikilyèman nan sektè tankou <a href="/wiki/Agrikilti" title="Agrikilti">agrikilti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimi" title="Chimi">chimi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parachimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parachimi (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">parachimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Famasi" title="Famasi">famasi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distri_bwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distri bwa (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">distri bwa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endistri_asye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endistri asye (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">endistri asye</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piroteknik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piroteknik (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">piroteknik</a>... <br />Metòd ak tès pou <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evalyasyon_risk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evalyasyon risk (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">evalyasyon risk</a> ak <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A8tifikasyon_volont%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sètifikasyon volontè (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">sètifikasyon volontè</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yo te devlope epi yo toujou nan devlopman, osi byen ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajan_antistatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajan antistatik (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">materyèl antistatik</a>, sitou anba <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enstiti_Nasyonal_Anviw%C3%B2nman_Endistriy%C3%A8l_ak_Risk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enstiti Nasyonal Anviwònman Endistriyèl ak Risk (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">INERIS</a> an Frans<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòt_ak_referans"><span id="N.C3.B2t_ak_referans"></span>Nòt ak referans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifye seksyon : Nòt ak referans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifye</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Nòt ak referans"><span>modifye kòd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:30em; column-count:2;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ineris, nouvo referans ak plan sètifikasyon volontè <i>Electrostatic-INERIS</i>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ineris.fr/centredoc/ineris-info-23-aout-2012-1344514822.pdf"><i>Lèt nimewo 23</i></a>, Out 2012, 4 pp</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ineris.fr/centredoc/ineris-info-20-060611.pdf">Elektrisite estatik: sous dife ak eksplozyon INERIS ofri yon repons ki adapte ak endistriyalis yo</a>, jen 2010</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gade_tou">Gade tou</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifye seksyon : Gade tou" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifye</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Gade tou"><span>modifye kòd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r825419">.mw-parser-output .lot-pwoje>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .lot-pwoje>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .lot-pwoje>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .lot-pwoje>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .lot-pwoje{float:none}}</style><div style="lot-pwoje border-color: #aaa;background-color: #f9f9f9; display: table;clear: right;float: right;margin: 0.3em 0 1em 1em;width: 20em;position: relative;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;padding: 4px;text-align: left; noprint js-interprojets"> <p style="text-align: center;margin: 0.1em 0;">Sou lòt pwojè yo :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichye:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrostatics?uselang=ht">Elektwostatik</a>, sou <i>Wikimedia Commons</i></p> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliyografi">Bibliyografi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifye seksyon : Bibliyografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifye</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliyografi"><span>modifye kòd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichye:Palais_de_la_decouverte_electrostatique_2_jnl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Palais_de_la_decouverte_electrostatique_2_jnl.jpg/220px-Palais_de_la_decouverte_electrostatique_2_jnl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Palais_de_la_decouverte_electrostatique_2_jnl.jpg/330px-Palais_de_la_decouverte_electrostatique_2_jnl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Palais_de_la_decouverte_electrostatique_2_jnl.jpg/440px-Palais_de_la_decouverte_electrostatique_2_jnl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Eksperyans nan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palais_de_la_D%C3%A9couverte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palais de la Découverte (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Palais de la Découverte</a> nan Pari.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Travay_referans">Travay referans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifye seksyon : Travay referans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifye</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Travay referans"><span>modifye kòd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Émile Durand; <i>Electrostatics</i>, Masson (1953). Yon trete moniman an twa volim: <ul><li><i>Vol 1: Distribisyon</i></li> <li><i>Vol 2: Pwoblèm jeneral ak chofè yo</i></li> <li><i>Vol 3: Metòd kalkil</i></li></ul></li> <li><strong style="font-size:80%;">(<b>angle</b>) en</strong> Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky ak Melba Phillips; <i>Klasik elektrisite ak mayetis</i>, Addison-Wesley (<abbr class="abbr" title="Dezyèm">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> edisyon-1962). Repibliye pa: Dover Publications, Inc. (2005), <small>(<a href="/wiki/Espesyal:SousLiv/0486439240" title="Espesyal:SousLiv/0486439240">ISBN 0486439240</a>)</small>. Travay referans nan elektwodinamik klasik anvan piblikasyon Jackson</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atik_ki_gen_rapò"><span id="Atik_ki_gen_rap.C3.B2"></span>Atik ki gen rapò</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifye seksyon : Atik ki gen rapò" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifye</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Atik ki gen rapò"><span>modifye kòd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajan_antistatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajan antistatik (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Ajan antistatik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalkil_vekt%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalkil vektè (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Kalkil vektè</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dansite_chaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dansite chaj (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Dansite chaj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekwasyon_Laplace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekwasyon Laplace (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Ekwasyon Laplace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B2s_elektwomayetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fòs elektwomayetik (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Fòs elektwomayetik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B2s_ent%C3%A8molekil%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fòs entèmolekilè (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Fòs entèmolekilè</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machin_elektwostatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machin elektwostatik (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Machin elektwostatik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetostatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetostatik (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Magnetostatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potansy%C3%A8l_elektrik" class="mw-disambig" title="Potansyèl elektrik">Potansyèl elektrik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Replenisher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Replenisher (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Replenisher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teyor%C3%A8m_Green_a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teyorèm Green a (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan)">Teyorèm Green a</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lyen_ekstèn"><span id="Lyen_ekst.C3.A8n"></span>Lyen ekstèn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifye seksyon : Lyen ekstèn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifye</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Lyen ekstèn"><span>modifye kòd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Avi nan diksyonè oswa ansiklopedi jeneralis<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26336?uselang=ht#identifiers" title="Gade epi modifye done yo sou Wikidata"><img alt="Gade epi modifye done yo sou Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/electrostatics"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=17774"><i>Encyclopédie de l'Ukraine moderne</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/elektrostatikk"><i>Store norske leksikon</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/elettrostatica"><i>Treccani</i></a></li> </ul></div></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Otorite_(syans_enf%C3%B2masyon)" title="Otorite (syans enfòmasyon)">Dosye otorite</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26336?uselang=ht#identifiers" title="Gade epi modifye done yo sou Wikidata"><img alt="Gade epi modifye done yo sou Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4151975-9">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph119899">Tchéquie</a></span></li> </ul></div></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091105111205/http://fr.video.yahoo.com/watch/637144/2992755">Yon videyo eksplikasyon sou liy jaden elektwostatik</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Rekipere depi « <a dir="ltr" href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&oldid=844851">https://ht.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elektwostatik&oldid=844851</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Espesyal:Kategori" title="Espesyal:Kategori">Kategori</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Elektwostatik" title="Kategori:Elektwostatik">Elektwostatik</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori kache yo : <ul><li><a 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