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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="Xmr8OKz3EGN9dIuc2rlyMj62DFBtJTWKS16HGGe+9fHdrWLCQb9+n/EdPBoC0KlEVE6DCRnSoFL5BZ3l4l/oNw==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Reassessing the mechanics of parasite motility and host-cell invasion" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2016/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="The Journal of Cell Biology" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Isabelle Tardieux" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/68077940/Reassessing_the_mechanics_of_parasite_motility_and_host_cell_invasion" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Reassessing the mechanics of parasite motility and host-cell invasion" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The capacity to migrate is fundamental to multicellular and single-celled life. Apicomplexan parasites, an ancient protozoan clade that includes malaria parasites ( Plasmodium ) and Toxoplasma , achieve remarkable speeds of directional cell movement." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/51900292/13741460/121136131/s200_isabelle.tardieux.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/68077940/Reassessing_the_mechanics_of_parasite_motility_and_host_cell_invasion" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Reassessing the mechanics of parasite motility and host-cell invasion" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The capacity to migrate is fundamental to multicellular and single-celled life. Apicomplexan parasites, an ancient protozoan clade that includes malaria parasites ( Plasmodium ) and Toxoplasma , achieve remarkable speeds of directional cell movement." /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://cnrs.academia.edu/IsabelleTardieux" /> <meta name="description" content="The capacity to migrate is fundamental to multicellular and single-celled life. Apicomplexan parasites, an ancient protozoan clade that includes malaria parasites ( Plasmodium ) and Toxoplasma , achieve remarkable speeds of directional cell movement." /> <title>(PDF) Reassessing the mechanics of parasite motility and host-cell invasion</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/68077940/Reassessing_the_mechanics_of_parasite_motility_and_host_cell_invasion" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'c25c9d11bde90a6aca87a318482f7c087aec06a2'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1736728792000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1736728792000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The capacity to migrate is fundamental to multicellular and single-celled life. Apicomplexan parasites, an ancient protozoan clade that includes malaria parasites ( Plasmodium ) and Toxoplasma , achieve remarkable speeds of directional cell movement. This rapidity is achieved via a divergent actomyosin motor system, housed within a narrow compartment that lies underneath the length of the parasite plasma membrane. How this motor functions at a mechanistic level during motility and host cell invasion is a matter of debate. Here, we integrate old and new insights toward refining the current model for the function of this motor with the aim of revitalizing interest in the mechanics of how these deadly pathogens move.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Isabelle Tardieux"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-01-14","dateModified":"2022-01-14","datePublished":"2016-01-01","headline":"Reassessing the mechanics of parasite motility and host-cell invasion","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78683780/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Biology","Cell Adhesion","Cell Biology","Medicine","Biological Sciences","Humans","Animals","Parasites","Host-parasite interactions","Cell Shape","Medical and Health Sciences"],"publication":"The Journal of Cell Biology","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Rockefeller University 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[{"id":78683780,"identifier":"Attachment_78683780","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":68077940,"created_at":"2022-01-14T02:13:05.706-08:00","from_world_paper_id":191724349,"updated_at":"2024-09-01T22:14:01.750-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"The capacity to migrate is fundamental to multicellular and single-celled life. Apicomplexan parasites, an ancient protozoan clade that includes malaria parasites ( Plasmodium ) and Toxoplasma , achieve remarkable speeds of directional cell movement. This rapidity is achieved via a divergent actomyosin motor system, housed within a narrow compartment that lies underneath the length of the parasite plasma membrane. How this motor functions at a mechanistic level during motility and host cell invasion is a matter of debate. Here, we integrate old and new insights toward refining the current model for the function of this motor with the aim of revitalizing interest in the mechanics of how these deadly pathogens move.","publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","publication_date":"2016,,","publication_name":"The Journal of Cell Biology"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Reassessing the mechanics of parasite motility and host-cell invasion","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [51900292]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":78683780,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Reassessing the mechanics of parasite motility and host-cell invasion”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/78683780/mini_magick20220114-9851-1wt2m9h.png?1642155961" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Reassessing the mechanics of parasite motility and host-cell invasion</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51900292" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/IsabelleTardieux"><img alt="Profile image of Isabelle Tardieux" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/51900292/13741460/121136131/s65_isabelle.tardieux.jpg" />Isabelle Tardieux</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2016, The Journal of Cell Biology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">9 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 68077940; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=68077940"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The capacity to migrate is fundamental to multicellular and single-celled life. Apicomplexan parasites, an ancient protozoan clade that includes malaria parasites ( Plasmodium ) and Toxoplasma , achieve remarkable speeds of directional cell movement. This rapidity is achieved via a divergent actomyosin motor system, housed within a narrow compartment that lies underneath the length of the parasite plasma membrane. How this motor functions at a mechanistic level during motility and host cell invasion is a matter of debate. Here, we integrate old and new insights toward refining the current model for the function of this motor with the aim of revitalizing interest in the mechanics of how these deadly pathogens move.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":78683780,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/68077940/Reassessing_the_mechanics_of_parasite_motility_and_host_cell_invasion"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":78683780,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/68077940/Reassessing_the_mechanics_of_parasite_motility_and_host_cell_invasion"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research.</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The liver stage sporozoites of Plasmodium spp. and tachyzoites of Toxoplasma g o n d i i , the causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis respectively, use a unique mode of locomotion termed gliding motility to invade host cells and cross cell-substrates. This amoeboid-like movement uses a parasite adhesin from the thrombospondin-relatedanonymous-protein (TRAP) family and a set of proteins linking the extracellular adhesin, via an actin-myosin motor, to the innermembrane complex. The Plasmodium blood stage merozoite, however, does not exhibit gliding motility. Here we show that homologues of the key proteins that make up the motor complex, including the recently identified glideosome associated proteins (GAP) 45 and GAP50, are present in P . falciparum merozoites and appear to function in erythrocyte invasion. Furthermore, we identify a merozoite TRAP-homologue, termed MTRAP, a micronemal protein that shares key features with TRAP, including a thrombospondin repeat domain, a putative rhomboid-protease cleavage site and a cytoplasmic tail that, in vitro, binds the actinbinding protein aldolase. Analysis of other parasite genomes shows that the components of this motor complex are conserved across diverse Apicomplexan genera. Conservation of the motor complex suggests a common molecular mechanism underlies all Apicomplexan motility, which given its unique properties, highlights a number of novel targets for drug-intervention to treat major diseases of humans and livestock.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Conserved Molecular Motor Drives Cell Invasion and Gliding Motility across Malaria Life Cycle Stages and Other Apicomplexan Parasites","attachmentId":45871162,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12877487/A_Conserved_Molecular_Motor_Drives_Cell_Invasion_and_Gliding_Motility_across_Malaria_Life_Cycle_Stages_and_Other_Apicomplexan_Parasites","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12877487/A_Conserved_Molecular_Motor_Drives_Cell_Invasion_and_Gliding_Motility_across_Malaria_Life_Cycle_Stages_and_Other_Apicomplexan_Parasites"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="47833328" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47833328/Genetic_impairment_of_parasite_myosin_motors_uncovers_the_contribution_of_host_cell_membrane_dynamics_to_Toxoplasma_invasion_forces">Genetic impairment of parasite myosin motors uncovers the contribution of host cell membrane dynamics to Toxoplasma invasion forces</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52113339" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VirginieGonzalez">Virginie Gonzalez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BMC Biology, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The several-micrometer-sized Toxoplasma gondii protozoan parasite invades virtually any type of nucleated cell from a warm-blooded animal within seconds. Toxoplasma initiates the formation of a tight ring-like junction bridging its apical pole with the host cell membrane. The parasite then actively moves through the junction into a host cell plasma membrane invagination that delineates a nascent vacuole. Recent high resolution imaging and kinematics analysis showed that the host cell cortical actin dynamics occurs at the site of entry while gene silencing approaches allowed motor-deficient parasites to be generated, and suggested that the host cell could contribute energetically to invasion. In this study we further investigate this possibility by analyzing the behavior of parasites genetically impaired in different motor components, and discuss how the uncovered mechanisms illuminate our current understanding of the invasion process by motor-competent parasites.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Genetic impairment of parasite myosin motors uncovers the contribution of host cell membrane dynamics to Toxoplasma invasion forces","attachmentId":66752764,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47833328/Genetic_impairment_of_parasite_myosin_motors_uncovers_the_contribution_of_host_cell_membrane_dynamics_to_Toxoplasma_invasion_forces","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47833328/Genetic_impairment_of_parasite_myosin_motors_uncovers_the_contribution_of_host_cell_membrane_dynamics_to_Toxoplasma_invasion_forces"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="12195649" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12195649/Quantitative_analysis_of_P_lasmodium_ookinete_motion_in_three_dimensions_suggests_a_critical_role_for_cell_shape_in_the_biomechanics_of_malaria_parasite_gliding_motility">Quantitative analysis of P lasmodium ookinete motion in three dimensions suggests a critical role for cell shape in the biomechanics of malaria parasite gliding motility</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30653836" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GeoffreyMcFadden">Geoffrey McFadden</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cellular Microbiology, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Motility is a fundamental part of cellular life and survival, including for Plasmodium parasitessingle-celled protozoan pathogens responsible for human malaria. The motile life cycle forms achieve motility, called gliding, via the activity of an internal actomyosin motor. Although gliding is based on the well-studied system of actin and myosin, its core biomechanics are not completely understood. Currently accepted models suggest it results from a specifically organized cellular motor that produces a rearward directional force. When linked to surface-bound adhesins, this force is passaged to the cell posterior, propelling the parasite forwards. Gliding motility is observed in all three life cycle stages of Plasmodium: sporozoites, merozoites and ookinetes. However, it is only the ookinetesformed inside the midgut of infected mosquitoesthat display continuous gliding without the necessity of host cell entry. This makes them ideal candidates for invasion-free biomechanical analysis. Here we apply a plate-based imaging approach to study ookinete motion in three-dimensional (3D) space to understand Plasmodium cell motility and how movement facilitates midgut colonization. Using single-cell tracking and numerical analysis of parasite motion in 3D, our analysis demonstrates that ookinetes move with a conserved left-handed helical trajectory. Investigation of cell morphology suggests this trajectory may be based on the ookinete subpellicular cytoskeleton, with complementary whole and subcellular electron microscopy showing that, like their motion paths, ookinetes share a conserved left-handed corkscrew shape and underlying twisted microtubular architecture. Through comparisons of 3D movement between wild-type ookinetes and a cytoskeleton-knockout mutant we demonstrate that perturbation of cell shape changes motion from helical to broadly linear. Therefore, while the precise linkages between cellular architecture and actomyosin motor organization remain unknown, our analysis suggests that the molecular basis of cell shape may, in addition to motor force, be a key adaptive strategy for malaria parasite dissemination and, as such, transmission.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Quantitative analysis of P lasmodium ookinete motion in three dimensions suggests a critical role for cell shape in the biomechanics of malaria parasite gliding motility","attachmentId":46306962,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12195649/Quantitative_analysis_of_P_lasmodium_ookinete_motion_in_three_dimensions_suggests_a_critical_role_for_cell_shape_in_the_biomechanics_of_malaria_parasite_gliding_motility","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12195649/Quantitative_analysis_of_P_lasmodium_ookinete_motion_in_three_dimensions_suggests_a_critical_role_for_cell_shape_in_the_biomechanics_of_malaria_parasite_gliding_motility"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="8570091" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8570091/Conservation_of_a_Gliding_Motility_and_Cell_Invasion_Machinery_in_Apicomplexan_Parasites">Conservation of a Gliding Motility and Cell Invasion Machinery in Apicomplexan Parasites</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17677608" href="https://educ.academia.edu/YUDAWAN">YUDA WAN</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Cell Biology, 1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Most Apicomplexan parasites, including the human pathogens Plasmodium , Toxoplasma , and Cryptosporidium , actively invade host cells and display gliding motility, both actions powered by parasite microfilaments. In Plasmodium sporozoites, thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP), a member of a group of Apicomplexan transmembrane proteins that have common adhesion domains, is necessary for gliding motility and infection of the vertebrate host. Here, we provide genetic evidence that TRAP is directly involved in a capping process that drives both sporozoite gliding and cell invasion. We also demon-strate that TRAP-related proteins in other Apicomplexa fulfill the same function and that their cytoplasmic tails interact with homologous partners in the respective parasite. Therefore, a mechanism of surface redistribution of TRAP-related proteins driving gliding locomotion and cell invasion is conserved among Apicomplexan parasites.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Conservation of a Gliding Motility and Cell Invasion Machinery in Apicomplexan Parasites","attachmentId":34941057,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8570091/Conservation_of_a_Gliding_Motility_and_Cell_Invasion_Machinery_in_Apicomplexan_Parasites","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8570091/Conservation_of_a_Gliding_Motility_and_Cell_Invasion_Machinery_in_Apicomplexan_Parasites"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="26524460" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26524460/Toxoplasma_gondii_myosin_A_and_its_light_chain_a_fast_single_headed_plus_end_directed_motor">Toxoplasma gondii myosin A and its light chain: a fast, single‐headed, plus‐end‐directed motor</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14158350" href="https://mh-hannover.academia.edu/DietmarManstein">Dietmar Manstein</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Embo Journal, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Successful host cell invasion is a prerequisite for survival of the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites and establishment of infection. Toxoplasma gondii penetrates host cells by an active process involving its own actomyosin system and which is distinct from induced phagocytosis. Toxoplasma gondii myosin A (TgMyoA) is presumed to achieve power gliding motion and host cell penetration by the capping of apically released adhesins towards the rear of the parasite. We report here an extensive biochemical characterization of the functional TgMyoA motor complex. TgMyoA is anchored at the plasma membrane and binds a novel type of myosin light chain (TgMLC1). Despite some unusual features, the kinetic and mechanical properties of TgMyoA are unexpectedly similar to those of fast skeletal muscle myosins. Microneedle±laser trap and sliding velocity assays established that TgMyoA moves in unitary steps of 5.3 nm with a velocity of 5.2 mm/s towards the plus end of actin ®laments. TgMyoA is the ®rst fast, singleheaded myosin and ful®ls all the requirements for power parasite gliding.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Toxoplasma gondii myosin A and its light chain: a fast, single‐headed, plus‐end‐directed motor","attachmentId":46820818,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26524460/Toxoplasma_gondii_myosin_A_and_its_light_chain_a_fast_single_headed_plus_end_directed_motor","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26524460/Toxoplasma_gondii_myosin_A_and_its_light_chain_a_fast_single_headed_plus_end_directed_motor"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="22217665" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22217665/The_Toxoplasma_Acto_MyoA_Motor_Complex_Is_Important_but_Not_Essential_for_Gliding_Motility_and_Host_Cell_Invasion">The Toxoplasma Acto-MyoA Motor Complex Is Important but Not Essential for Gliding Motility and Host Cell Invasion</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43579341" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IsabelleTardieux">Isabelle Tardieux</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS ONE, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Apicomplexan parasites are thought to actively invade the host cell by gliding motility. This movement is powered by the parasite's own actomyosin system, and depends on the regulated polymerisation and depolymerisation of actin to generate the force for gliding and host cell penetration. Recent studies demonstrated that Toxoplasma gondii can invade the host cell in the absence of several core components of the invasion machinery, such as the motor protein myosin A (MyoA), the microneme proteins MIC2 and AMA1 and actin, indicating the presence of alternative invasion mechanisms. Here the roles of MyoA, MLC1, GAP45 and Act1, core components of the gliding machinery, are re-dissected in detail. Although important roles of these components for gliding motility and host cell invasion are verified, mutant parasites remain invasive and do not show a block of gliding motility, suggesting that other mechanisms must be in place to enable the parasite to move and invade the host cell. A novel, hypothetical model for parasite gliding motility and invasion is presented based on osmotic forces generated in the cytosol of the parasite that are converted into motility.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Toxoplasma Acto-MyoA Motor Complex Is Important but Not Essential for Gliding Motility and Host Cell Invasion","attachmentId":42870573,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22217665/The_Toxoplasma_Acto_MyoA_Motor_Complex_Is_Important_but_Not_Essential_for_Gliding_Motility_and_Host_Cell_Invasion","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22217665/The_Toxoplasma_Acto_MyoA_Motor_Complex_Is_Important_but_Not_Essential_for_Gliding_Motility_and_Host_Cell_Invasion"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="12604635" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12604635/Apicomplexan_gliding_motility_and_host_cell_invasion_overhauling_the_motor_model">Apicomplexan gliding motility and host cell invasion: overhauling the motor model</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31548462" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarlosAndresBuscaglia">Carlos Andres Buscaglia</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31607979" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VictorNussenzweig">Victor Nussenzweig</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Trends in Parasitology, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A unique actomyosin motor powers both host cell invasion and locomotion of apicomplexan invasive stages. This article integrates a revised model of some of the recent advances in our understanding of the components and the overall molecular architecture of this intriguing motion system. Many questions remain, however, regarding the dynamics and regulation of the motor complex.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Apicomplexan gliding motility and host cell invasion: overhauling the motor model","attachmentId":46055829,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12604635/Apicomplexan_gliding_motility_and_host_cell_invasion_overhauling_the_motor_model","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12604635/Apicomplexan_gliding_motility_and_host_cell_invasion_overhauling_the_motor_model"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="68077942" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68077942/Coupling_Polar_Adhesion_with_Traction_Spring_and_Torque_Forces_Allows_High_Speed_Helical_Migration_of_the_Protozoan_Parasite_Toxoplasma">Coupling Polar Adhesion with Traction, Spring, and Torque Forces Allows High-Speed Helical Migration of the Protozoan Parasite Toxoplasma</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51900292" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/IsabelleTardieux">Isabelle Tardieux</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Among the eukaryotic cells that navigate through fully developed metazoan tissues, protozoans from the Apicomplexa phylum have evolved motile developmental stages that move much faster than the fastest crawling cells owing to a peculiar substrate-dependent type of motility, known as gliding. Best-studied models are the Plasmodium sporozoite and the Toxoplasma tachyzoite polarized cells for which motility is vital to achieve their developmental programs in the metazoan hosts. The gliding machinery is shared between the two parasites and is largely characterized. Localized beneath the cell surface, it includes actin filaments, unconventional myosin motors housed within a multimember glideosome unit, and apically secreted transmembrane adhesins. In contrast, less is known about the force mechanisms powering cell movement. Pioneered biophysical studies on the sporozoite and phenotypic analysis of tachyzoite actin-related mutants have added complexity to the general view that force production for parasite forward movement directly results from the myosin-driven rearward motion of the actin-coupled adhesion sites. Here, we have interrogated how forces and substrate adhesion−de-adhesion cycles operate and coordinate to allow the typical left-handed helical gliding mode of the tachyzoite. By combining quantitative traction force and reflection interference microscopy with micropatterning and expansion microscopy, we unveil at the millisecond and nanometer scales the integration of a critical apical anchoring adhesion with specific traction and spring-like forces. We propose that the acto-myoA motor directs the traction force which allows transient energy storage by the microtubule cytoskeleton and therefore sets the thrust force required for T. gondii tachyzoite vital helical gliding capacity.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Coupling Polar Adhesion with Traction, Spring, and Torque Forces Allows High-Speed Helical Migration of the Protozoan Parasite Toxoplasma","attachmentId":78683782,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68077942/Coupling_Polar_Adhesion_with_Traction_Spring_and_Torque_Forces_Allows_High_Speed_Helical_Migration_of_the_Protozoan_Parasite_Toxoplasma","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68077942/Coupling_Polar_Adhesion_with_Traction_Spring_and_Torque_Forces_Allows_High_Speed_Helical_Migration_of_the_Protozoan_Parasite_Toxoplasma"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="110750582" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110750582/Coupling_Polar_Adhesion_with_Traction_Spring_and_Torque_Forces_Allows_High_Speed_Helical_Migration_of_the_Protozoan_Parasite_i_Toxoplasma_i_">Coupling Polar Adhesion with Traction, Spring, and Torque Forces Allows High-Speed Helical Migration of the Protozoan Parasite <i>Toxoplasma</i></a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="198242671" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BTouquet">Bastien Touquet</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ACS Nano, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Among the eukaryotic cells that navigate through fully developed metazoan tissues, protozoans from the Apicomplexa phylum have evolved motile developmental stages that move much faster than the fastest crawling cells owing to a peculiar substrate-dependent type of motility, known as gliding. Best-studied models are the Plasmodium sporozoite and the Toxoplasma tachyzoite polarized cells for which motility is vital to achieve their developmental programs in the metazoan hosts. The gliding machinery is shared between the two parasites and is largely characterized. Localized beneath the cell surface, it includes actin filaments, unconventional myosin motors housed within a multimember glideosome unit, and apically secreted transmembrane adhesins. In contrast, less is known about the force mechanisms powering cell movement. Pioneered biophysical studies on the sporozoite and phenotypic analysis of tachyzoite actin-related mutants have added complexity to the general view that force production for parasite forward movement directly results from the myosin-driven rearward motion of the actin-coupled adhesion sites. Here, we have interrogated how forces and substrate adhesion−de-adhesion cycles operate and coordinate to allow the typical left-handed helical gliding mode of the tachyzoite. By combining quantitative traction force and reflection interference microscopy with micropatterning and expansion microscopy, we unveil at the millisecond and nanometer scales the integration of a critical apical anchoring adhesion with specific traction and spring-like forces. We propose that the acto-myoA motor directs the traction force which allows transient energy storage by the microtubule cytoskeleton and therefore sets the thrust force required for T. gondii tachyzoite vital helical gliding capacity.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Coupling Polar Adhesion with Traction, Spring, and Torque Forces Allows High-Speed Helical Migration of the Protozoan Parasite \u003ci\u003eToxoplasma\u003c/i\u003e","attachmentId":108471065,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110750582/Coupling_Polar_Adhesion_with_Traction_Spring_and_Torque_Forces_Allows_High_Speed_Helical_Migration_of_the_Protozoan_Parasite_i_Toxoplasma_i_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110750582/Coupling_Polar_Adhesion_with_Traction_Spring_and_Torque_Forces_Allows_High_Speed_Helical_Migration_of_the_Protozoan_Parasite_i_Toxoplasma_i_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="117959544" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/117959544/Motile_Systems_in_Malaria_Merozoites_How_is_the_Red_Blood_Cell_Invaded">Motile Systems in Malaria Merozoites: How is the Red Blood Cell Invaded?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="304777102" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LawrenceBannister2">Lawrence Bannister</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Parasitology Today, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Motile Systems in Malaria Merozoites: How is the Red Blood Cell Invaded?","attachmentId":113695216,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117959544/Motile_Systems_in_Malaria_Merozoites_How_is_the_Red_Blood_Cell_Invaded","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/117959544/Motile_Systems_in_Malaria_Merozoites_How_is_the_Red_Blood_Cell_Invaded"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":78683780,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":78683780,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_78683780" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="78845475" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78845475/Gliding_motility_of_Plasmodium_merozoites">Gliding motility of Plasmodium merozoites</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48501431" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/HeleddDavies">Heledd Davies</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Gliding motility of Plasmodium merozoites","attachmentId":85746043,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78845475/Gliding_motility_of_Plasmodium_merozoites","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78845475/Gliding_motility_of_Plasmodium_merozoites"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="88133405" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88133405/Plasmodium_myosin_A_drives_parasite_invasion_by_an_atypical_force_generating_mechanism">Plasmodium myosin A drives parasite invasion by an atypical force generating mechanism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="220999358" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DAuguin">D. Auguin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature Communications, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Plasmodium myosin A drives parasite invasion by an atypical force generating mechanism","attachmentId":92168250,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88133405/Plasmodium_myosin_A_drives_parasite_invasion_by_an_atypical_force_generating_mechanism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88133405/Plasmodium_myosin_A_drives_parasite_invasion_by_an_atypical_force_generating_mechanism"><span 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