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id="toc-Start_in_Virginia_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>War of 1812</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>U.S. House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_state_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_state_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Return to state politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_state_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>U.S. Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_maverick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_maverick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Democratic maverick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_maverick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Break_with_the_Democratic_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Break_with_the_Democratic_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Break with the Democratic Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Break_with_the_Democratic_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1836_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1836_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>1836 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1836_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_political_figure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_political_figure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>National political figure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_political_figure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1840_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1840_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1840 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1840_presidential_election-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1840 presidential election subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1840_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adding_Tyler_to_the_ticket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adding_Tyler_to_the_ticket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Adding Tyler to the ticket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adding_Tyler_to_the_ticket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>General election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1841)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1841)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vice presidency (1841)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1841)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1841–1845)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1841–1845)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Presidency (1841–1845)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1841–1845)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1841–1845) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1841–1845)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policy_and_party_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy_and_party_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Economic policy and party conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy_and_party_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tariff_and_distribution_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tariff_and_distribution_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Tariff and distribution debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tariff_and_distribution_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_Customs_House_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_Customs_House_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>New York Customs House reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_Customs_House_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_petition_of_impeachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_petition_of_impeachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>House petition of impeachment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_petition_of_impeachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Webster-Ashburton_treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Webster-Ashburton_treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Webster-Ashburton treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Webster-Ashburton_treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oregon_and_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oregon_and_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Oregon and the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oregon_and_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Florida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Florida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dorr_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dorr_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Dorr Rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dorr_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Indian affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Administration and cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Judicial appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexation_of_Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_of_Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Annexation of Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_of_Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>Early attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USS_Princeton_disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USS_Princeton_disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.2</span> <span>USS <i>Princeton</i> disaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USS_Princeton_disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratification_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratification_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.3</span> <span>Ratification issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratification_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1844" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1844"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Election of 1844</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1844-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annexation_achieved" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_achieved"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.1</span> <span>Annexation achieved</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_achieved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1845–1862)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1845–1862)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Post-presidency (1845–1862)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1845–1862)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-presidency (1845–1862) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1845–1862)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prelude_to_the_American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_the_American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Prelude to the American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_the_American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historical reputation and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family,_personal_life,_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family,_personal_life,_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Family, personal life, slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family,_personal_life,_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Tyler</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 128 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%86%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%88%E1%88%AD" title="ጆን ታይለር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጆን ታይለር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iohannes_Tyler" title="Iohannes Tyler – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iohannes Tyler" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B1" title="جون تايلر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون تايلر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Tayler" title="Con Tayler – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Tayler" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="جان تایلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان تایلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="জন টাইলার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন টাইলার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джон Тайлер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Тайлер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джон Тайлер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джон Тайлер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джон Тайлър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Тайлър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джон Тайлер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джон Тайлер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B1" title="دجون طايلر – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دجون طايلر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%83" title="ޖޯން ޓައިލަރ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖޯން ޓައިލަރ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Τζον Τάιλερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Τάιλερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="جان تایلر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان تایلر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%ED%83%80%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%AC" title="존 타일러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 타일러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ջոն Թայլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Թայլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="जॉन टायलर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन टायलर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="ג'ון טיילר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון טיילר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಾನ್ ಟೈಲರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾನ್ ಟೈಲರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ ტაილერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ ტაილერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джон Тайлер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джон Тайлер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Tyler" title="Ioannes Tyler – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Tyler" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Tailers" title="Džons Tailers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Tailers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BC" title="ജോൺ ടൈലർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ ടൈലർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="जॉन टायलर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन टायलर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ ტაილერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ ტაილერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B1" title="جون تايلر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون تايلر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="جان تایلر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جان تایلر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="ဂျွန် တိုင်လာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျွန် တိုင်လာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="जोन टेलर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जोन टेलर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ジョン・タイラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・タイラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜੌਹਨ ਟਾਈਲਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੌਹਨ ਟਾਈਲਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%B1" title="جان ٹائلر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جان ٹائلر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="جان ټایلر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان ټایلر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тайлер, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тайлер, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1" title="جۆن تایلەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆن تایلەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Џон Тајлер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Тајлер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜான் டைலர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜான் டைலர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Җон Тайлер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җон Тайлер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="จอห์น ไทเลอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์น ไทเลอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ҷон Тайлер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷон Тайлер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%82_%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%B3" title="ᏣᏂ ᏔᎢᎳ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏂ ᏔᎢᎳ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Tyler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Ta%C3%BDler" title="Jon Taýler – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Jon Taýler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джон Тайлер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Тайлер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%B1" title="جان ٹائلر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جان ٹائلر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">10th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">10th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">William Henry Harrison</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard Mentor Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1827 – February 29, 1836</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William Cabell Rives</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the United States Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 3, 1835 – December 6, 1835</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Poindexter" title="George Poindexter">George Poindexter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">23rd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 10, 1825 – March 4, 1827</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">James Pleasants</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">William Branch Giles</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from Virginia's <span data-sort-value="Virginia23 !"><a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_23rd_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 23rd congressional district">23rd</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 17, 1816 – March 3, 1821</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Clopton" title="John Clopton">John Clopton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">Andrew Stevenson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Delegate from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a><br />to the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Provisional Congress of the Confederate States">Provisional Congress<br />of the Confederate States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 4, 1861 – January 17, 1862</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Constituency founded</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Constituency abolished</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1790-03-29</span>)</span>March 29, 1790<br /><a href="/wiki/Greenway_Plantation" title="Greenway Plantation">Greenway Plantation</a>, Charles City County, Virginia, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 18, 1862<span style="display:none">(1862-01-18)</span> (aged 71)<br /><a href="/wiki/Exchange_Hotel_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="Exchange Hotel (Richmond, Virginia)">Ballard House</a>, Richmond, Virginia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Cemetery_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)">Hollywood Cemetery</a>, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> (1834–1841)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> (1811–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (1828–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Party" title="Tyler Party">Tyler Party</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1841–1844, 1844–1862)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Letitia Christian">Letitia Christian</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="March 29, 1813">1813</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="September 10, 1842">1842</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gardiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Gardiner">Julia Gardiner</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="June 26, 1844">1844</span>)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Sr." title="John Tyler Sr.">John Tyler Sr.</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Politician</li> <li>lawyer</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Tyler_Signature_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Tyler's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/John_Tyler_Signature_2.svg/128px-John_Tyler_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/John_Tyler_Signature_2.svg/192px-John_Tyler_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/John_Tyler_Signature_2.svg/256px-John_Tyler_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia militia">Virginia militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1813</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States)" title="Captain (United States)">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles City Rifles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Tyler</b> (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862) was the tenth <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1841 to 1845, after briefly holding office as the tenth <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president</a> in 1841. He was elected vice president on the <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> ticket with President <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>, succeeding to the presidency following Harrison's death 31 days after assuming office. Tyler was a stalwart supporter and advocate of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>, including regarding <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, and he adopted <a href="/wiki/Nationalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalistic">nationalistic</a> policies as president only when they did not infringe on the states' powers. His unexpected rise to the presidency posed a threat to the presidential ambitions of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> and other Whig politicians and left Tyler estranged from both of the nation's major political parties at the time. </p><p>Tyler was born into a prominent slaveholding Virginia family. He became a national figure at a time of political upheaval. In the 1820s, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>, at the time the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">nation's only political party</a>, split into several factions. Initially a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Jacksonian Democrat</a>, Tyler opposed President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">nullification crisis</a> as he saw Jackson's actions as infringing on states' rights and criticized Jackson's expansion of executive power during <a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Jackson's veto on banks</a>. This led Tyler to ally with the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">southern faction of the Whig Party</a>. He served as a Virginia state legislator and governor, U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">representative</a>, and U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">senator</a>. Tyler was a regional Whig vice-presidential nominee in the <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 presidential election</a>; they lost. He was the sole nominee on the <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a> Whig presidential ticket as William Henry Harrison's running mate. Under the campaign slogan "<a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_and_Tyler_Too" title="Tippecanoe and Tyler Too">Tippecanoe and Tyler Too</a>", the <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_1840_presidential_campaign" title="William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign">Harrison–Tyler ticket defeated</a> incumbent president <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>. </p><p>President Harrison died just one month after taking office, and Tyler became the first vice president to <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">succeed to the presidency</a>. Amid uncertainty as to whether a vice president succeeded a deceased president, or merely took on his duties, Tyler immediately took the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">presidential oath of office</a>, setting a lasting precedent. He signed into law some of the Whig-controlled Congress's bills, but he was a <a href="/wiki/Strict_constructionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Strict constructionist">strict constructionist</a> and vetoed the party's bills to create a national bank and raise tariff rates. He believed that the president, rather than Congress, should set policy, and he sought to bypass the Whig establishment led by Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>. Almost all of Tyler's cabinet resigned shortly into his term and the Whigs expelled him from the party and dubbed him "His Accidency". Tyler was the first president to have <a href="/wiki/An_act_relating_to_revenue_cutters_and_steamers" title="An act relating to revenue cutters and steamers">his veto of legislation overridden by Congress.</a> He faced a stalemate on domestic policy, although he had several foreign-policy achievements, including the <a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a> with <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a>. Tyler was a believer in <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a> and saw the <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexation of Texas</a> as economically and internationally advantageous to the United States, signing a bill to offer Texas statehood just before leaving office. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> began in 1861, Tyler at first supported the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Conference_of_1861" title="Peace Conference of 1861">Peace Conference</a>. When it failed, he sided with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>. He presided over the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Secession_Convention_of_1861" title="Virginia Secession Convention of 1861">Virginia Secession Convention</a> and served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Provisional Congress of the Confederate States">Provisional Congress of the Confederate States</a>. Tyler subsequently won election to the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate House of Representatives">Confederate House of Representatives</a> but died before it assembled. Some scholars have praised Tyler's political influence, but historians have generally put Tyler <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">near the bottom quartile</a> when ranking U.S. presidents. Tyler is praised for helping in the creation of the Webster–Ashburton Treaty, which peacefully settled the border between <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. He also helped in stopping African slave trafficking, which was made illegal under the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson administration</a>. Today, Tyler is seldom remembered when in comparison to other presidents and maintains only a limited presence in American cultural memory.<sup id="cite_ref-legacy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legacy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <p>John Tyler was born on March 29, 1790, to a prominent slave-owning Virginia family. Tyler hailed from <a href="/wiki/Charles_City_County,_Virginia" title="Charles City County, Virginia">Charles City County, Virginia</a>, and was descended from the <a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia" title="First Families of Virginia">First Families of Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tyler_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyler family">Tyler family</a> traced its lineage to English settlers and 17th-century colonial <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a>. His father, <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Sr." title="John Tyler Sr.">John Tyler Sr.</a>, commonly known as Judge Tyler, was a personal and political friend and college roommate of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and served in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">Benjamin Harrison V</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>. The elder Tyler served four years as Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates before becoming a <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state court</a> judge and later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">governor of Virginia</a> and a judge on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia">U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>. His wife, Mary Marot (Armistead), was the daughter of prominent <a href="/wiki/New_Kent_County,_Virginia" title="New Kent County, Virginia">New Kent County</a> plantation owner and one-term delegate, Robert Booth Armistead. She died of a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> in 1797 when her son John was seven years old.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With his two brothers and five sisters, Tyler was reared on <a href="/wiki/Greenway_Plantation" title="Greenway Plantation">Greenway Plantation</a>, a 1,200-acre (5 km<sup>2</sup>) estate with a six-room manor house his father had built.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">Enslaved labor</a> tended various crops, including wheat, corn and tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judge Tyler paid high wages for tutors who challenged his children academically.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler was of frail health, thin and prone to <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 12, he continued a Tyler family tradition and entered the preparatory branch of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a>. Tyler graduated from the school's collegiate branch in 1807, at age 17. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i> helped form his economic views, and he acquired a lifelong love of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>. Bishop <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_(bishop)" title="James Madison (bishop)">James Madison</a>, the college's president, served as a second father and mentor to Tyler.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduation, Tyler <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">read the law</a> with his father, then a state judge, and later with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-admission_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admission-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planter_and_lawyer">Planter and lawyer</h2></div> <p>Tyler was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_practice_law" title="Admission to practice law">admitted</a> to the Virginia bar at the age of 19 (too young to be eligible, but the admitting judge neglected to ask his age). By this time, his father was <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">governor of Virginia</a>, and Tyler started a legal practice in Richmond, the state capital.<sup id="cite_ref-admission_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admission-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 1810 federal census, one "John Tyler" (presumably his father) owned eight slaves in Richmond,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly five slaves in adjoining Henrico County,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly 26 slaves in Charles City County.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1813, the year of his father's death, the younger Tyler purchased <a href="/wiki/Woodburn_(Charles_City,_Virginia)" title="Woodburn (Charles City, Virginia)">Woodburn plantation</a>, where he lived until 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-VAnom_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VAnom-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1820, Tyler owned 24 enslaved persons at Woodburn, after having inherited 13 enslaved persons from his father, although only eight were listed as engaged in agriculture in that census.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_rise">Political rise</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Start_in_Virginia_politics">Start in Virginia politics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenway,_State_Route_5_vicinity,_Charles_City_vicinity_(Charles_City_County,_Virginia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Greenway%2C_State_Route_5_vicinity%2C_Charles_City_vicinity_%28Charles_City_County%2C_Virginia%29.jpg/220px-Greenway%2C_State_Route_5_vicinity%2C_Charles_City_vicinity_%28Charles_City_County%2C_Virginia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Greenway%2C_State_Route_5_vicinity%2C_Charles_City_vicinity_%28Charles_City_County%2C_Virginia%29.jpg/330px-Greenway%2C_State_Route_5_vicinity%2C_Charles_City_vicinity_%28Charles_City_County%2C_Virginia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Greenway%2C_State_Route_5_vicinity%2C_Charles_City_vicinity_%28Charles_City_County%2C_Virginia%29.jpg/440px-Greenway%2C_State_Route_5_vicinity%2C_Charles_City_vicinity_%28Charles_City_County%2C_Virginia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Tyler's birthplace, <a href="/wiki/Greenway_Plantation" title="Greenway Plantation">Greenway Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charles_City_County,_Virginia" title="Charles City County, Virginia">Charles City County, Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1811, at age 21, Tyler was elected to represent Charles City County in the House of Delegates. He served five successive one-year terms (the first alongside Cornelius Egmon and later with Benjamin Harrison).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a state legislator, Tyler sat on the Courts and Justice Committee. His defining positions were on display by the end of his first term in 1811—strong, staunch support of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> and opposition to a national bank. He joined fellow legislator <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Leigh" title="Benjamin W. Leigh">Benjamin W. Leigh</a> in supporting the censure of U.S. senators <a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">William Branch Giles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brent_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Brent (Virginia)">Richard Brent</a> of Virginia who had, against the Virginia legislature's instructions,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> voted for the recharter of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chitwood_26-30_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitwood_26-30-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h3></div> <p>Like most Southern Americans of his day, Tyler was <a href="/wiki/Anti-British" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-British">anti-British</a>, and at the onset of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, he urged support for military action in a speech to the House of Delegates. After the British capture of <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a>, in the summer of 1813, Tyler eagerly organized a militia company, the Charles City Rifles, to defend Richmond, which he commanded with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">captain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No attack came, and he dissolved the company two months later.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his military service, Tyler received a land grant near what later became <a href="/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa" title="Sioux City, Iowa">Sioux City, Iowa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler's father died in 1813, and Tyler inherited 13 slaves along with his father's plantation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1816, he resigned his legislative seat to serve on the Governor's <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State">Council of State</a>, a group of eight advisers elected by the General Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-Chitwood_26-30_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitwood_26-30-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodburn_Plantation_in_Charles_City_County,_VA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Woodburn_Plantation_in_Charles_City_County%2C_VA.jpg/220px-Woodburn_Plantation_in_Charles_City_County%2C_VA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Woodburn_Plantation_in_Charles_City_County%2C_VA.jpg/330px-Woodburn_Plantation_in_Charles_City_County%2C_VA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Woodburn_Plantation_in_Charles_City_County%2C_VA.jpg/440px-Woodburn_Plantation_in_Charles_City_County%2C_VA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Woodburn Plantation, Tyler's residence 1813–1821</figcaption></figure> <p>The death of U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/John_Clopton" title="John Clopton">John Clopton</a> in September 1816 created a vacancy in <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_23rd_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 23rd congressional district">Virginia's 23rd congressional district</a>. Tyler sought the seat, as did his friend and political ally <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">Andrew Stevenson</a>. Since the two men were politically alike, the race was, for the most part, a popularity contest.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler's political connections and campaigning skills narrowly won him the election. He was sworn into the <a href="/wiki/14th_United_States_Congress" title="14th United States Congress">Fourteenth Congress</a> on December 17, 1816, to serve as a Democratic-Republican,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the major political party in the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chitwood_31-34_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitwood_31-34-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Democratic-Republicans had supported states' rights, many members urged a stronger central government in the wake of the War of 1812. A majority in Congress wanted to see the federal government help to fund <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> such as ports and roadways. Tyler held fast to his <a href="/wiki/Strict_constructionism" title="Strict constructionism">strict constructionist</a> beliefs, rejecting such proposals on constitutional and personal grounds. He believed each state should construct necessary projects within its borders using locally generated funds. Virginia was not "in so poor a condition as to require a <i>charitable</i> donation from Congress", he contended.<sup id="cite_ref-Chitwood_31-34_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitwood_31-34-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was chosen to participate in an audit of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a> in 1818 as part of a five-man committee, and was appalled by the corruption which he perceived within the bank. He argued for the revocation of the bank charter, although Congress rejected any such proposal. His first clash with General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> followed <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars#Jackson_invades_Florida" title="Seminole Wars">Jackson's 1818 invasion of Florida</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Seminole_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Seminole War">First Seminole War</a>. While praising Jackson's character, Tyler condemned him as overzealous for <a href="/wiki/Arbuthnot_and_Ambrister_incident" title="Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident">the execution of two British subjects</a>. Tyler was elected for a full term without opposition in early 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major issue of the <a href="/wiki/16th_United_States_Congress" title="16th United States Congress">Sixteenth Congress</a> (1819–1821) was whether <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> should be admitted to the Union and whether slavery would be permitted in the new state.<sup id="cite_ref-missouricomp_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missouricomp-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acknowledging the ills of slavery, he hoped that by letting it expand, there would be fewer slaves in the East as slaves and masters journeyed west, making it feasible to consider abolishing the institution in Virginia. Thus, slavery would be abolished through the action of individual states as the practice became rare, as had been done in some Northern states.<sup id="cite_ref-missouricomp_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missouricomp-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler believed that Congress did not have the power to regulate slavery and that admitting states based on whether they were slave or free was a recipe for sectional conflict;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> was enacted without Tyler's support. It admitted Missouri as a <a href="/wiki/Slave_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave state">slave state</a> and Maine as a free one, and it also forbade slavery in states formed from the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">the territories</a>. Throughout his time in Congress, he voted against bills that would restrict slavery in the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-missouricomp_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missouricomp-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler declined to seek renomination in late 1820, citing frequently ill health. He privately acknowledged his dissatisfaction with the position, as his opposing votes were largely symbolic and did little to change the political culture in Washington; he also observed that funding his children's education would be difficult on a congressman's low salary. He left office on March 3, 1821, endorsing his former opponent Stevenson for the seat, and returned to private law practice full-time.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_state_politics">Return to state politics</h3></div> <p>Restless and bored after two years at home practicing law, Tyler sought election to the House of Delegates in 1823. Neither member from Charles City County was seeking reelection, and Tyler was elected easily that April, finishing first among the three candidates seeking the two seats.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the legislature convened in December, Tyler found the chamber debating the impending <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">presidential election of 1824</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_nominating_caucus" title="Congressional nominating caucus">congressional nominating caucus</a>, an early system for choosing presidential candidates, was still used despite its growing unpopularity. Tyler tried to convince the lower house to endorse the caucus system and choose <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> as the Democratic-Republican candidate. Crawford captured the legislature's support, but Tyler's proposal was defeated. His most enduring effort in this second legislative tenure was saving the College of William and Mary, which risked closure from waning enrollment. Rather than move it from rural Williamsburg to the more populated capital at Richmond, as some suggested, Tyler proposed administrative and financial reforms. These were passed into law and were successful; by 1840, the school achieved its highest enrollment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Tyler_-_Governor_of_Virginia_(c._1826).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An engraving of Tyler." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/John_Tyler_-_Governor_of_Virginia_%28c._1826%29.jpg/170px-John_Tyler_-_Governor_of_Virginia_%28c._1826%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/John_Tyler_-_Governor_of_Virginia_%28c._1826%29.jpg/255px-John_Tyler_-_Governor_of_Virginia_%28c._1826%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/John_Tyler_-_Governor_of_Virginia_%28c._1826%29.jpg/340px-John_Tyler_-_Governor_of_Virginia_%28c._1826%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of Tyler (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1826</span>) as governor of Virginia</figcaption></figure> <p>Tyler's political fortunes were growing; he was considered a possible candidate in the legislative deliberation for the 1824 U.S. Senate election.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was nominated in December 1825 for governor of Virginia, a position which was then appointed by the legislature. Tyler was elected 131–81 over <a href="/wiki/John_Floyd_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Floyd (Virginia politician)">John Floyd</a>. The office of governor was powerless under the original <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Virginia Constitution</a> (1776–1830), lacking even veto authority. Tyler enjoyed a prominent oratorical platform but could do little to influence the legislature. His most visible act as governor was delivering the funeral address for former president Jefferson, a Virginian and a former governor, who had died on July 4, 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler was deeply devoted to Jefferson, and his eloquent eulogy was well received.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler's governorship was otherwise uneventful. He promoted states' rights and adamantly opposed any concentration of federal power. To thwart federal infrastructure proposals, he suggested Virginia actively expand its road system. A proposal was made to expand the state's poorly funded public school system, but no significant action was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler was unanimously reelected to a second one-year term in December 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1829, Tyler was elected as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1829%E2%80%931830" title="Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830">Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830</a> from the district encompassing the cities of Richmond and Williamsburg and Charles City County, James City County, Henrico County, New Kent County, Warwick County, and York County.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he served alongside Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (a Richmond resident), Philip N. Nicholas and John B. Clopton. The leadership assigned him to the Committee on the Legislature. Tyler's service in various capacities at a state level included as president of the Virginia <a href="/wiki/Colonization_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization Society">Colonization Society</a> and much later as rector and chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Senate">U.S. Senate</h3></div> <p>In January 1827, the General Assembly considered whether to elect U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph</a> for a full six-year term. Randolph was a contentious figure; although he shared the staunch views on states' rights held by most of the Virginia legislature, he had a reputation for fiery rhetoric and erratic behavior on the Senate floor, which put his allies in an awkward position. Furthermore, he had made enemies by fiercely opposing President <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> and Kentucky Senator Henry Clay. The nationalists of the Democratic-Republican Party, who supported Adams and Clay, were a sizable minority in the Virginia legislature. They hoped to unseat Randolph by capturing the vote of states' rights supporters who were uncomfortable with the senator's reputation. They approached Tyler and promised their endorsement if he sought the seat. Tyler repeatedly declined the offer, endorsing Randolph as the best candidate, but the political pressure continued to mount. Eventually, he agreed to accept the seat if chosen. On the day of the vote, one assemblyman argued there was no political difference between the candidates—Tyler was more agreeable than Randolph. The incumbent's supporters contended that Tyler's election would be a tacit endorsement of the Adams administration. The legislature selected Tyler in a vote of 115–110, and he resigned his governorship on March 4, 1827, as his Senate term began.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_maverick">Democratic maverick</h4></div> <p>By the time of Tyler's senatorial election, the <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 campaign for president</a> was in progress. Adams, the incumbent president, was challenged by Andrew Jackson. The Democratic-Republicans had splintered into Adams's <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republicans</a> and Jackson's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>. Tyler disliked both candidates for their willingness to increase the federal government's power, but was increasingly drawn to Jackson, hoping that he would not seek to spend as much federal money on internal improvements as Adams. Of Jackson, he wrote, "Turning to him I may at least indulge in hope; looking on Adams I must despair."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/20th_United_States_Congress" title="20th United States Congress">Twentieth Congress</a> began in December 1827,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler served alongside his Virginia colleague and friend <a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Littleton Waller Tazewell</a>, who shared his strict constructionist views and uneasy support of Jackson. Throughout his tenure, Tyler vigorously opposed national infrastructure bills, feeling these were matters for individual states to decide. He and his Southern colleagues unsuccessfully opposed the protectionist <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1828" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff of 1828">Tariff of 1828</a>, known to its detractors as the "Tariff of Abominations". Tyler suggested that the tariff's only positive outcome would be a national political backlash, restoring a respect for states' rights.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained a strong supporter of states' rights, saying, "they may strike the Federal Government out of existence by a word; demolish the Constitution and scatter its fragments to the winds".<sup id="cite_ref-kleber698_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleber698-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler was soon at odds with President Jackson, frustrated by Jackson's newly emerging <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a>, describing it as an "electioneering weapon". He voted against many of Jackson's nominations when they appeared to be unconstitutional or motivated by patronage. Opposing the nominations of a president of his party was considered "an act of insurgency" against his party.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler was particularly offended by Jackson's use of the <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a> power to name three treaty commissioners to meet with emissaries from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and introduced a bill chastising Jackson for this.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some matters, Tyler was on good terms with Jackson. He defended Jackson for <a href="/wiki/Maysville_Road_veto" title="Maysville Road veto">vetoing the Maysville Road funding project</a>, which Jackson considered unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He voted to confirm several of Jackson's appointments, including Jackson's future running mate Martin Van Buren as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minister_to_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Minister to Britain">United States Minister to Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leading issue in the <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 presidential election</a> was the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States, which both Tyler and Jackson opposed. Congress voted to recharter the bank in July 1832, and Jackson vetoed the bill for constitutional and practical reasons. Tyler voted to sustain the veto and endorsed Jackson in his successful bid for reelection.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Break_with_the_Democratic_Party">Break with the Democratic Party</h4></div> <p>Tyler's uneasy relationship with his party came to a head during the <a href="/wiki/22nd_United_States_Congress" title="22nd United States Congress">22nd Congress</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">nullification crisis</a> of 1832–1833 began. South Carolina, threatening <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a>, passed the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Nullification" title="Ordinance of Nullification">Ordinance of Nullification</a> in November 1832, declaring the "Tariff of Abominations" null and void within its borders. This raised the constitutional question of whether states could nullify federal laws. Jackson, who denied such a right, prepared to sign a <a href="/wiki/Force_Bill" title="Force Bill">Force Bill</a> allowing the federal government to use military action to enforce the tariff. Tyler, who sympathized with South Carolina's reasons for nullification, rejected Jackson's use of military force against a state and gave a speech in February 1833 outlining his views. He supported Clay's <a href="/wiki/Compromise_Tariff_of_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Compromise Tariff of 1833">Compromise Tariff</a>, enacted that year, to gradually reduce the tariff over ten years, alleviating tensions between the states and the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In voting against the Force Bill, Tyler knew he would permanently alienate the pro-Jackson faction of the Virginia legislature, even those who had tolerated his irregularity up to this point. This jeopardized <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1832 United States Senate elections">his reelection in February 1833</a>, in which he faced the pro-administration Democrat <a href="/wiki/James_McDowell" title="James McDowell">James McDowell</a>, but with Clay's endorsement, Tyler was reelected by a margin of 12 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jackson further offended Tyler by moving to dissolve the Bank by executive fiat. In September 1833, Jackson issued an executive order directing Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> to transfer federal funds from the Bank to state-chartered banks immediately. Tyler saw this as "a flagrant assumption of power", a breach of contract, and a threat to the economy. After months of agonizing, he decided to join with Jackson's opponents. Sitting on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a>, he voted for two censure resolutions against the president in March 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-Chitwood125plus_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitwood125plus-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, Tyler had become affiliated with Clay's newly formed <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>, which held control of the Senate. On March 3, 1835, with only hours remaining in the <a href="/wiki/23rd_United_States_Congress" title="23rd United States Congress">congressional session</a>, the Whigs voted Tyler <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President <i>pro tempore</i> of the Senate</a> as a symbolic gesture of approval.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the only U.S. president to have held this office.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after that, the Democrats took control of the Virginia House of Delegates. Tyler was offered a judgeship in exchange for resigning his seat, but he declined. He understood what was to come: the legislature would soon force him to vote against his constitutional beliefs. Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Hart Benton</a> of Missouri had introduced a bill expunging Jackson's censure. By resolution of the Democratic-controlled legislature, Tyler could be instructed to vote for the bill. If he disregarded the instructions, he would violate his own principles: "the first act of my political life was a censure on Messrs. Giles and Brent for opposition to instructions", he noted.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next few months he sought the counsel of his friends, who gave him conflicting advice. By mid-February he felt that his Senate career was likely at an end. He issued a letter of resignation to Vice President Van Buren on February 29, 1836, saying in part:<sup id="cite_ref-chitwood134_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chitwood134-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I shall carry with me into retirement the principles which I brought with me into public life, and by the surrender of the high station to which I was called by the voice of the people of Virginia, I shall set an example to my children which shall teach them to regard as nothing place and office, when either is to be attained or held at the sacrifice of honor.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1836_presidential_election">1836 presidential election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>While Tyler wished to attend to his private life and family, he was soon occupied with the <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 presidential election</a>. He had been suggested as a vice presidential candidate since early 1835, and the same day the Virginia Democrats issued the expunging instruction, the Virginia Whigs nominated him as their candidate. The new Whig Party was not organized enough to hold a national convention and name a single ticket against Van Buren, Jackson's chosen successor. Instead, Whigs in various regions put forth their own preferred tickets, reflecting the party's tenuous coalition: the Massachusetts Whigs nominated <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masons</a> of the Northern and border states backed William Henry Harrison and Granger, and the states' rights advocates of the middle and lower South nominated <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> and John Tyler.<sup id="cite_ref-chitwood147plus_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chitwood147plus-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Maryland, the Whig ticket was Harrison and Tyler and in South Carolina it was <a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Willie P. Mangum</a> and Tyler. The Whigs wanted to deny Van Buren a majority in the Electoral College, throwing the election into the House of Representatives, where deals could be made. Tyler hoped electors would be unable to elect a vice president, and that he would be one of the top two vote-getters, from whom the Senate, under the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a>, must choose.<sup id="cite_ref-seager119plus_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seager119plus-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the custom of the times—that candidates not appear to seek the office—Tyler stayed home throughout the campaign, and made no speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-seager119plus_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seager119plus-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received only 47 electoral votes, from Georgia, South Carolina and Tennessee, in the November 1836 election, trailing both Granger and the Democratic candidate, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard Mentor Johnson</a> of Kentucky. Harrison was the leading Whig candidate for president, but he lost to Van Buren.<sup id="cite_ref-chitwood147plus_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chitwood147plus-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presidential election was settled by the Electoral College, but for the only time in American history, the vice-presidential election was decided by the Senate, which selected Johnson over Granger on the first ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_political_figure">National political figure</h3></div> <p>Tyler had been drawn into Virginia politics as a U.S. senator. From October 1829 to January 1830, he served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Conventions" title="Virginia Conventions">state constitutional convention</a>, a role he had been reluctant to accept. The original <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Virginia Constitution</a> gave outsize influence to the state's more conservative eastern counties, as it allocated an equal number of legislators to each county regardless of population and granted suffrage only to property owners. The convention gave the more populous and liberal counties of western Virginia an opportunity to expand their influence. A slaveowner from eastern Virginia, Tyler supported the existing system, but largely remained on the sidelines during the debate, not wishing to alienate any of the state's political factions. He was focused on his Senate career, which required a broad base of support, and gave speeches during the convention promoting compromise and unity.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1836 election, Tyler thought his political career was over, and planned to return to private law practice. In the fall of 1837 a friend sold him a sizable property in Williamsburg. Unable to remain away from politics, Tyler successfully sought election to the House of Delegates and took his seat in 1838. He was a national political figure by this point, and his third delegate service touched on such national issues as the sale of public lands.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler's successor in the Senate was <a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William Cabell Rives</a>, a conservative Democrat. In February 1839, the General Assembly considered who should fill that seat, which was to expire the following month. Rives had drifted away from his party, signalling a possible alliance with the Whigs. As Tyler had already fully rejected the Democrats, he expected the Whigs would support him. Still, many Whigs found Rives a more politically expedient choice, as they hoped to ally with the conservative wing of the Democratic Party in the 1840 presidential election. This strategy was supported by Whig leader Henry Clay, who nevertheless admired Tyler at that time. With the vote split among three candidates, including Rives and Tyler, the Senate seat remained vacant for almost two years, until January 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1840_presidential_election">1840 presidential election</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 United States presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_1840_presidential_campaign" title="William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign">William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 Whig National Convention</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adding_Tyler_to_the_ticket">Adding Tyler to the ticket</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiptoo_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sheet music" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tiptoo_crop.jpg/220px-Tiptoo_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tiptoo_crop.jpg/330px-Tiptoo_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Tiptoo_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_and_Tyler_Too" title="Tippecanoe and Tyler Too">Tippecanoe and Tyler Too</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 Whig National Convention</a> convened in <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a>, to choose the party's ticket, the nation was in the third year of a serious recession following the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>. Van Buren's ineffective efforts to deal with the situation cost him public support. With the Democratic Party torn into factions, the head of the Whig ticket would likely be the next president. Harrison, Clay, and General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> all sought the nomination. Tyler attended the convention and was with the Virginia delegation, although he had no official status. Because of bitterness over the unresolved Senate election, the Virginia delegation refused to make Tyler its <a href="/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite son</a> candidate for vice president. Tyler himself did nothing to aid his chances. If his favored candidate for the presidential nomination, Clay, was successful, he would likely not be chosen for the second place on the ticket, which would probably go to a Northerner to assure geographic balance.<sup id="cite_ref-seager132plus_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seager132plus-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The convention deadlocked among the three main candidates, with Virginia's votes going to Clay. Many Northern Whigs opposed Clay, and some, including Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a>, showed the Virginians a letter by Scott in which he apparently displayed abolitionist sentiments. The influential Virginia delegation then announced that Harrison was its second choice, causing most Scott supporters to abandon him in favor of Harrison, who gained the presidential nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-seager132plus_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seager132plus-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vice presidential nomination was considered <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immaterial" class="extiw" title="wikt:immaterial">immaterial</a>; no president had failed to complete his elected term. Not much attention was given to the choice, and the specifics of how Tyler came to gain it are unclear. Chitwood pointed out that Tyler was a logical candidate: as a Southern slaveowner, he balanced the ticket and also assuaged the fears of Southerners who felt Harrison might have abolitionist leanings. Tyler had been a vice-presidential candidate in 1836, and having him on the ticket might win Virginia, the most populous state in the South. One of the convention managers, New York publisher <a href="/wiki/Thurlow_Weed" title="Thurlow Weed">Thurlow Weed</a>, alleged that "Tyler was finally taken because we could get nobody else to accept"—though he did not say this until after the subsequent break between President Tyler and the Whig Party.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Tyler foes claimed that he had wept himself into the White House, after crying at Clay's defeat; this was unlikely, as the Kentuckian had backed Tyler's opponent Rives in the Senate election.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler's name was submitted in the balloting, and though Virginia abstained, he received the necessary majority. As president, Tyler was accused of having gained the nomination by concealing his views, and responded that he had not been asked about them. His biographer Robert Seager II held that Tyler was selected because of a dearth of alternative candidates. Seager concluded, "He was put on the ticket to draw the South to Harrison. No more, no less."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_election">General election</h3></div> <p>There was no Whig <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">platform</a>—the party leaders decided that trying to put one together would tear the party apart. So the Whigs ran on their opposition to Van Buren, blaming him and his Democrats for the recession.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In campaign materials, Tyler was praised for integrity in resigning over the state legislature's instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs initially hoped to muzzle Harrison and Tyler, lest they make policy statements that alienated segments of the party. But after Tyler's Democratic rival, Vice President Johnson, made a successful speaking tour, Tyler was called upon to travel from Williamsburg to <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>, and there address a local convention, in a speech intended to assure Northerners that he shared Harrison's views. In his journey of nearly two months, Tyler made speeches at rallies. He could not avoid questions, and after being heckled into an admission that he supported the Compromise Tariff (many Whigs did not), resorted to quoting from Harrison's vague speeches. In his two-hour speech at Columbus, Tyler entirely avoided the issue of the Bank of the United States, one of the major questions of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:17em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>What has caused this great commotion, motion,<br /> Our country through?<br /> It is the ball a-rolling on,<br /> For Tippecanoe and Tyler too, Tippecanoe and Tyler too.<br /> And with them, we'll beat the little Van, Van, Van<br /> Van is a used-up man. </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— Campaign song from the 1840 election<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>To win the election, Whig leaders decided they had to mobilize people across the country, including women, who could not then vote. This was the first time that an American political party included women in campaign activities on a widespread scale, and women in Tyler's Virginia were active on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party hoped to avoid issues and win through public enthusiasm, with torchlight processions and alcohol-fueled political rallies.<sup id="cite_ref-Seager,_p._135_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seager,_p._135-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interest in the campaign was unprecedented, with many public events. When the Democratic press depicted Harrison as an old soldier, who would turn aside from his campaign if given a barrel of <a href="/wiki/Hard_cider" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard cider">hard cider</a> to drink in his <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">log cabin</a>, the Whigs eagerly seized on the image, and the <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Log cabin campaign">log cabin campaign</a> was born. The fact that Harrison lived on a palatial estate along the Ohio River and that Tyler was well-to-do was ignored, while log cabin images appeared everywhere, from banners to whiskey bottles. Cider was the favored beverage of many farmers and tradesmen, and Whigs claimed that Harrison preferred that drink of the common man.<sup id="cite_ref-crapol17plus_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crapol17plus-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1840.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the U.S. as it was in 1840, with electoral votes shown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ElectoralCollege1840.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1840.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ElectoralCollege1840.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1840.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ElectoralCollege1840.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1840.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1840 electoral vote map</figcaption></figure> <p>The presidential candidate's military service was emphasized, thus the well-known campaign jingle, "<a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_and_Tyler_Too" title="Tippecanoe and Tyler Too">Tippecanoe and Tyler Too</a>", referring to Harrison's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glee_club" title="Glee club">Glee clubs</a> sprouted all over the country, singing patriotic and inspirational songs: one Democratic editor stated that he found the songfests in support of the Whig Party to be unforgettable. Among the lyrics sung were "We shall vote for Tyler therefore/Without a why or wherefore".<sup id="cite_ref-crapol17plus_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crapol17plus-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis Hatch, in his history of the vice presidency, noted, "the Whigs roared, sang, and hard-cidered the 'hero of Tippecanoe' into the White House".<sup id="cite_ref-Hatch193_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatch193-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clay, though embittered by another of his many defeats for the presidency, was appeased by Tyler's withdrawal from the still-unresolved Senate race, which would permit the election of Rives, and campaigned in Virginia for the Harrison/Tyler ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-Seager,_p._135_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seager,_p._135-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler predicted the Whigs would easily take Virginia; he was embarrassed when he was proved wrong,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was consoled by an overall victory—Harrison and Tyler won by an electoral vote of 234–60 and with 53% of the popular vote. Van Buren took only seven states out of 26. The Whigs gained control of both houses of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency_(1841)"><span id="Vice_presidency_.281841.29"></span>Vice presidency (1841)</h2></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Vice_President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President-elect of the United States">vice president-elect</a>, Tyler remained quietly at his home in Williamsburg. He privately expressed hopes that Harrison would prove decisive and not allow intrigue in the Cabinet, especially in the first days of the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-peterson34_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peterson34-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler did not participate in selecting the Cabinet, and did not recommend anyone for federal office in the new Whig administration. Beset by office seekers and the demands of Senator Clay, Harrison twice sent Tyler letters asking his advice as to whether a Van Buren appointee should be dismissed. In both cases, Tyler recommended against, and Harrison wrote, "Mr. Tyler says they ought not to be removed, and I will not remove them."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men met briefly in Richmond in February, and reviewed a parade together,<sup id="cite_ref-peterson34_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peterson34-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they did not discuss politics.<sup id="cite_ref-seager144_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seager144-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyler_receives_news.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustration:Tyler stands on his porch in Virginia, approached by a man with an envelope. Caption reads "Tyler receiving the news of Harrison's death."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tyler_receives_news.jpg/220px-Tyler_receives_news.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tyler_receives_news.jpg/330px-Tyler_receives_news.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tyler_receives_news.jpg/440px-Tyler_receives_news.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption>1888 illustration of President Tyler receiving the news of President <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a>'s death from <a href="/wiki/Chief_Clerk_(United_States_Department_of_State)" title="Chief Clerk (United States Department of State)">Chief Clerk of the State Department</a> <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Webster" title="Fletcher Webster">Fletcher Webster</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tyler was sworn in on March 4, 1841, in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Senate chamber</a>, and delivered a three-minute speech about <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> before swearing in the new senators and then attending <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Henry_Harrison" title="Inauguration of William Henry Harrison">Harrison's inauguration</a>. Following the new president's two-hour speech before a large crowd in freezing weather, Tyler returned to the Senate to receive the president's Cabinet nominations, presiding over the confirmations the following day—a total of two hours as president of the Senate. Expecting few responsibilities, he then left Washington, quietly returning to his home in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seager later wrote, "Had William Henry Harrison lived, John Tyler would undoubtedly have been as obscure as any vice-president in American history."<sup id="cite_ref-seager144_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seager144-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Harrison struggled to keep up with the demands of Clay and others who sought offices and influence in his administration. Harrison's age and fading health were no secret during the campaign, and the question of presidential succession was on every politician's mind. The first few weeks of the presidency took a toll on Harrison's health, and after being caught in a rainstorm in late March he came down with <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary of State Daniel Webster sent word to Tyler of Harrison's illness on April 1; two days later, Richmond attorney James Lyons wrote with the news that the president had taken a turn for the worse, remarking, "I shall not be surprised to hear by tomorrow's mail that Gen'l Harrison is no more."<sup id="cite_ref-Crapol_8_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crapol_8-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler decided not to travel to Washington, not wanting to appear unseemly in anticipating Harrison's death. At dawn on April 5, Webster's son <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Webster" title="Fletcher Webster">Fletcher</a>, chief clerk of the State Department, arrived at Tyler's Williamsburg home to officially inform him of Harrison's death the morning before.<sup id="cite_ref-Crapol_8_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crapol_8-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler left Williamsburg and arrived in Washington at dawn the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1841–1845)"><span id="Presidency_.281841.E2.80.931845.29"></span>Presidency (1841–1845)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">Presidency of John Tyler</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Tyler_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/John_Tyler_I.png/220px-John_Tyler_I.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/John_Tyler_I.png/330px-John_Tyler_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/John_Tyler_I.png/440px-John_Tyler_I.png 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">President John Tyler, 1841</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Harrison's death in office was an unprecedented event that caused considerable uncertainty about presidential succession. <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 6</a> of the United States Constitution, which governed intra-term presidential succession at the time (now superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a>), states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President ....<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Interpreting this Constitutional prescription led to the question of whether the actual office of president devolved upon Tyler, or merely its powers and duties.<sup id="cite_ref-chitwood202plus_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chitwood202plus-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cabinet met within an hour of Harrison's death and, according to a later account, determined that Tyler would be "vice-president <a href="/wiki/Acting_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Acting president of the United States">acting president</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Tyler firmly and decisively asserted that the Constitution gave him the full and unqualified powers of the office. Accordingly, he had himself sworn in immediately as president, moved into the White House and assumed full presidential powers. This set a critical precedent for an orderly transfer of power following a president's death, though it was not codified until the passage of the 25th Amendment in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-MillerCenterTyler_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerCenterTyler-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judge <a href="/wiki/William_Cranch" title="William Cranch">William Cranch</a> administered the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_oath_of_office" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the United States oath of office">presidential oath</a> in Tyler's hotel room. Tyler considered the oath redundant to his oath as vice president, but wished to quell any doubt over his accession.<sup id="cite_ref-chitwood202plus_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chitwood202plus-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he took office, Tyler, at 51, became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of presidents of the United States by age">youngest</a> president to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His record was in turn surpassed by his immediate successor <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James Polk</a>, who was inaugurated at the age of 49. </p><p>"Fearing that he would alienate Harrison's supporters, Tyler decided to keep Harrison's entire cabinet even though several members were openly hostile to him and resented his assumption of the office."<sup id="cite_ref-MillerCenterTyler_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerCenterTyler-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his first cabinet meeting, Webster informed him of Harrison's practice of making policy by a majority vote. (This was a dubious assertion, since Harrison had held few cabinet meetings and had boldly asserted his authority over the cabinet in at least one.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The Cabinet fully expected the new president to continue this practice. Tyler was astounded and immediately corrected them: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I beg your pardon, gentlemen; I am very glad to have in my Cabinet such able statesmen as you have proved yourselves to be. And I shall be pleased to avail myself of your counsel and advice. But I can never consent to being dictated to as to what I shall or shall not do. I, as president, shall be responsible for my administration. I hope to have your hearty co-operation in carrying out its measures. So long as you see fit to do this, I shall be glad to have you with me. When you think otherwise, your resignations will be accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Tyler delivered an informal written inaugural address to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> on April 9, in which he reasserted his belief in fundamental tenets of <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a> and limited federal power. Tyler's claim to be president was not immediately accepted by <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(parliamentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (parliamentary)">opposition</a> members of Congress such as <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, who felt that Tyler should be a <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government#Caretakers" title="Caretaker government">caretaker</a> under the title of "acting president", or remain vice president in name.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those who questioned Tyler's authority was Clay, who had planned to be "the real power behind a fumbling throne" while Harrison was alive, and intended the same for Tyler.<sup id="cite_ref-seager142plus_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seager142plus-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay saw Tyler as the "vice-president" and his presidency as a mere "<a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-seager142plus_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seager142plus-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ratification of the decision by Congress came through the customary notification that it makes to the president, that it is in session and available to receive messages. In both houses, unsuccessful amendments were offered to strike the word "president" in favor of language including the term "vice president" to refer to Tyler. Mississippi Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Robert J. Walker</a>, in opposition, said that the idea that Tyler was still vice president and could preside over the Senate was absurd.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 31, 1841, the House passed a joint resolution confirming Tyler as "President of the United States" for the remainder of his term.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 1, 1841, the Senate voted in favor of the resolution. Most importantly, Senators Clay and <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> voted with the majority to reject Walker's amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler's opponents never fully accepted him as president. He was called by many mocking nicknames, including "His Accidency".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Tyler never wavered from his conviction that he was the rightful president; when his political opponents sent correspondence to the White House addressed to the "vice president" or "acting president", Tyler had it returned unopened.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler was considered a strong leader for his decisive action on his accession to the presidency. But he generally held a limited view of presidential power, that legislation should be initiated by Congress, and the presidential veto should be only used when a law was unconstitutional or against the national interest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002141–142_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002141–142-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy_and_party_conflicts">Economic policy and party conflicts</h3></div> <p>Like Harrison, Tyler had been expected to adhere to Whig Party Congressional public policies and to defer to Whig party leader Clay. The Whigs especially demanded that Tyler curb the veto power, in response to Jackson's perceived authoritarian presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002142_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002142-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay had envisioned Congress to be modeled after a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a>-type system where he was the leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002142_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002142-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially Tyler concurred with the new Whig Congress, signing into law the <a href="/wiki/Preemption_Act_of_1841" title="Preemption Act of 1841">preemption bill</a> granting "squatters' sovereignty" to settlers on public land, a Distribution Act (discussed below), a new bankruptcy law, and the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">Independent Treasury</a>. But when it came to the great banking question, Tyler was soon at odds with the Congressional Whigs, and twice vetoed Clay's legislation for a national banking act. Although the second bill was originally tailored to meet his objections in the first veto, its final version did not. This practice, designed to protect Clay from having a successful incumbent president as a rival for the Whig nomination in 1844, became known as "heading Captain Tyler", a term coined by Whig Representative <a href="/wiki/John_Minor_Botts" class="mw-redirect" title="John Minor Botts">John Minor Botts</a> of Virginia. Tyler proposed an alternative fiscal plan known as the "Exchequer", but Clay's friends who controlled the Congress would have none of it.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 11, 1841, after the second bank veto, members of the cabinet entered Tyler's office one by one and resigned—an orchestration by Clay to force Tyler's resignation and place his own lieutenant, Senate President <i>pro tempore</i> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a>, in the White House. The only exception was Webster, who remained to finalize what became the 1842 <a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a>, and to demonstrate his independence from Clay.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When told by Webster that he was willing to stay, Tyler is reported to have said, "Give me your hand on that, and now I will say to you that Henry Clay is a doomed man."<sup id="cite_ref-kleber699_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleber699-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 13, when the president did not resign or give in, the Whigs in Congress expelled Tyler from the party. Tyler was lambasted by Whig newspapers and received hundreds of letters threatening his assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whigs in Congress were so angry with Tyler that they refused to allocate funds to fix the White House, which had fallen into disrepair.<sup id="cite_ref-kleber699_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleber699-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tariff_and_distribution_debate">Tariff and distribution debate</h4></div> <p>By mid-1841, the federal government faced a projected budget deficit of $11 million. Tyler recognized the need for higher tariffs, but wished to stay within the 20% rate created by the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_Tariff_of_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Compromise Tariff of 1833">1833 Compromise Tariff</a>. He also supported a plan to distribute to the states any revenue from the sales of public land, as an emergency measure to manage the states' growing debt, even though this would cut federal revenue. The Whigs supported high protectionist tariffs and national funding of state infrastructure, and so there was enough overlap to forge a compromise. The Distribution Act of 1841 created a distribution program, with a ceiling on tariffs at 20%; a second bill increased tariffs to that figure on previously low-tax goods. Despite these measures, by March 1842 it had become clear that the federal government was still in dire fiscal straits.<sup id="cite_ref-Dire_Straits_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dire_Straits-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panic1837_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Panic1837_crop.jpg/220px-Panic1837_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Panic1837_crop.jpg/330px-Panic1837_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Panic1837_crop.jpg/440px-Panic1837_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Whig_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig party (United States)">Whig</a> cartoon depicting the effects of unemployment on a family that has Jackson's and Van Buren's portraits on the wall</figcaption></figure> <p>The root of the trouble was an economic crisis—initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>—that was entering its sixth year in 1842. A <a href="/wiki/Speculative_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculative bubble">speculative bubble</a> had burst in 1836–39, causing a collapse of the financial sector and a subsequent depression. The country became deeply divided over the best response to the crisis. Conditions got even worse in early 1842 because a deadline was looming. A decade earlier, when the economy was strong, Congress had promised Southern states that there would be a reduction in hated federal tariffs. Northern states welcomed tariffs, which protected their infant industries. But the South had no industrial base and depended on open access to British markets for their cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-Dire_Straits_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dire_Straits-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a recommendation to Congress, Tyler lamented that it would be necessary to override the Compromise Tariff of 1833 and raise rates beyond the 20 percent limit. Under the previous deal, this would suspend the distribution program, with all revenues going to the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defiant Whig Congress would not raise tariffs in a way that would affect the distribution of funds to states. In June 1842 they passed two bills that would raise tariffs and unconditionally extend the distribution program. Believing it improper to continue distribution at a time when federal revenue shortage necessitated increasing the tariff, Tyler vetoed both bills, burning any remaining bridges between himself and the Whigs.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress tried again, combining the two into one bill; Tyler vetoed it again, to the dismay of many in Congress, who nevertheless failed to override the veto. As some action was necessary, Whigs in Congress, led by the <a href="/wiki/House_Ways_and_Means" class="mw-redirect" title="House Ways and Means">House Ways and Means</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>, passed in each house (by one vote) a bill restoring tariffs to 1832 levels and ending the distribution program. Tyler signed the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1842" title="Tariff of 1842">Tariff of 1842</a> on August 30, <a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">pocket vetoing</a> a separate bill to restore distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York_Customs_House_reform">New York Customs House reform</h4></div> <p>In May 1841, President Tyler appointed three private citizens to investigate fraud in the New York Customs House that supposedly took place under President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>. The commission was led by <a href="/wiki/George_Poindexter" title="George Poindexter">George Poindexter</a>, former governor, and Mississippi U.S. Senator. The commission uncovered fraudulent activities by Jesse D. Hoyt, the New York Collector under Van Buren. The commission's investigation caused controversy with the Whig-controlled Congress, which demanded to see the investigation report and was upset that Tyler paid the commission without Congressional approval. Tyler responded and said it was his constitutional duty to enforce the laws. When the report was finished on April 29, 1842, the House asked for the report, and Tyler complied. Poindexter's report proved embarrassing to the Whig New York Collector as well as to Hoyt. To curb Tyler's power, Congress passed an appropriations law that made it illegal for the president to appropriate money to investigators without Congressional approval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt197462–63_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt197462–63-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_petition_of_impeachment">House petition of impeachment</h4></div> <p>Shortly after the tariff vetoes, Whigs in the House of Representatives initiated that body's first <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">impeachment</a> proceedings against a president. The congressional ill will towards Tyler derived from the basis for his vetoes; until the presidency of the Whigs' archenemy Andrew Jackson, presidents rarely vetoed bills, and then only on grounds of constitutionality. Tyler's actions were in opposition to the presumed authority of Congress to make policy.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_Botts" title="John Botts">John Botts</a>, who opposed Tyler, introduced an impeachment resolution on July 10, 1842. Botts levied nine formal articles of impeachment for "high crimes and misdemeanors" against Tyler.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_2021_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_2021-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six of the charges against Tyler pertained to political abuse of power, while three concerned his alleged misconduct in office.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_2021_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_2021-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Botts called for a nine-member committee to investigate Tyler's behavior, with the expectation of a formal impeachment recommendation. Clay found this measure prematurely aggressive and favored a more moderate progression toward Tyler's "inevitable" impeachment. Botts's resolution was tabled until January 1843 when it was rejected by a vote of 127 to 83.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A House <a href="/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Select or special committee (United States Congress)">select committee</a> headed by John Quincy Adams, an ardent abolitionist who disliked slaveholders like Tyler, condemned Tyler's use of the veto and assailed his character. While the committee's report did not formally recommend impeachment, it clearly established the possibility, and in August 1842 the House endorsed the committee's report. Adams sponsored a constitutional amendment to change both houses' two-thirds requirement for overriding vetoes to a simple majority, but neither house approved it.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs were unable to pursue further impeachment proceedings in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/28th_United_States_Congress" title="28th United States Congress">28th Congress</a>—in the elections of 1842, they retained a majority in the Senate but lost control of the House. On the last full day of Tyler's term in office, March 3, 1845, Congress overrode his veto of <a href="/wiki/An_act_relating_to_revenue_cutters_and_steamers" title="An act relating to revenue cutters and steamers">a minor bill</a> relating to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">revenue cutters</a>—the first override of a presidential veto.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler was not without support in Congress, including fellow Virginia Congressman <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry Wise</a>. A handful of House members, known as the "Corporal's Guard", led by Wise, supported Tyler throughout his struggles with the Whigs. As a reward, Tyler appointed Wise U.S. Minister to Brazil in 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200735–36_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200735–36-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3></div> <p>Tyler's difficulties in domestic policy contrasted with his accomplishments in foreign policy. He had long been an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a> toward the Pacific and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, and was fond of evoking themes of national destiny and the spread of liberty in support of these policies.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His positions were largely in line with Jackson's earlier efforts to promote American commerce across the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eager to compete with Great Britain in international markets, he sent lawyer <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Caleb Cushing</a> to China, where he negotiated the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a> (1844).<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, he sent <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wheaton" title="Henry Wheaton">Henry Wheaton</a> as a minister to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, where he negotiated and signed a trade agreement with the <i><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i>, a coalition of German states that managed tariffs. This treaty was rejected by the Whigs, mainly as a show of hostility toward the Tyler administration. Tyler advocated an increase in military strength and this drew praise from naval leaders, who saw a marked increase in warships.<sup id="cite_ref-UoVTwo_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoVTwo-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an 1842 special message to Congress, Tyler also applied the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> to Hawaii (dubbed the "Tyler Doctrine"),<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> told Britain not to interfere there, and began a process that led to the eventual annexation of Hawaii by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Webster-Ashburton_treaty">Webster-Ashburton treaty</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Webster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Daniel_Webster.jpg/150px-Daniel_Webster.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Daniel_Webster.jpg/225px-Daniel_Webster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Daniel_Webster.jpg/300px-Daniel_Webster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2786" data-file-height="3858" /></a><figcaption>Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A foreign crisis erupted in an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Aroostook_War" title="Aroostook War">Aroostook War</a>, that ended in 1839. Citizens of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> clashed with citizens of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> over disputed territory, that covered 12,000 square miles. In 1841, an American ship, the <a href="/wiki/Creole_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole Case"><i>Creole</i></a>, was transporting slaves from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. A mutiny took place, and the ship was captured by the British and taken to the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>. The British refused to return the slaves to their masters. Tyler's Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, eager to settle the matter with England, had Tyler's full support and confidence. In 1842, the British dispatched emissary Lord Ashburton (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">Alexander Baring</a>) to the United States. Soon, favorable negotiations were started.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002145_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002145-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The negotiations culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a>, which determined the border between Maine and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002145_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002145-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That issue had caused tension between the U.S. and Britain for decades and had brought the two countries to the brink of war on several occasions. The treaty improved Anglo-American diplomatic relations.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To resolve the slave issue, the U.S. and England agreed to grant the "right to visit" when ships from both nations were suspected of holding slaves. Additionally, in a joint oceanic venture, a U.S. squadron, and the British fleet would cooperate and stop slave trafficking off of African waters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002145–146_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002145–146-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue of the Oregon border in the West was another matter and was attempted to be resolved during the negotiations of the Webster–Ashburton Treaty. At this time Britain and the United States shared Oregon by joint occupation, according to the Convention of 1818. American settlement had been minimal compared to the British, whose fur trading Hudson Bay Company established posts in the Columbia River Valley northward. During the negotiations, the British wanted to divide the territory on the Columbia River. This was unacceptable to Webster, who demanded that Britain pressure Mexico to cede California's <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a> to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tyler administration was unsuccessful in concluding a treaty with the British to fix Oregon's boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oregon_and_the_West">Oregon and the West</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican California">Mexican California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></div> <p>Tyler had an interest in the vast territory west of the Rockies known as Oregon, which extended from the northern boundary of California (42° parallel) to the southern boundary of Alaska (54°40′ north latitude).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1841, he urged Congress to establish a chain of American forts from <a href="/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa" title="Council Bluffs, Iowa">Council Bluffs, Iowa</a>, to the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-UoVTwo_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoVTwo-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American forts would be used to protect American settlers on a route or trail to Oregon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146_128-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg/150px-Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg/225px-Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg/300px-Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Frémont's second expedition party reached <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Fort" title="Sutter's Fort">Sutter's Fort</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a> in March 1844</figcaption></figure> <p>Tyler's presidency had two popular successes in western exploration, including Oregon, Wyoming, and California. Captain <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> completed two interior scientific expeditions (1842 and 1843–1844), which opened the West to American emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120–21_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120–21-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200746–47_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200746–47-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1842 expedition, Frémont boldly climbed a mountain in Wyoming, <i><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Peak_(Wyoming)" title="Fremont Peak (Wyoming)">Frémont's Peak</a></i> (13,751 feet), planted an American flag, and symbolically claimed the Rocky Mountains and the West for the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his second expedition starting in 1843, Frémont and his party entered Oregon following the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a>. Traveling west on the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, Frémont sighted the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> peaks and mapped <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early March 1844, Frèmont and his party descended the <a href="/wiki/American_River" title="American River">American River Valley</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Fort" title="Sutter's Fort">Sutter's Fort</a> in Mexican California.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given a cordial greeting by <a href="/wiki/John_Sutter" title="John Sutter">John Sutter</a>, Frémont talked to American settlers, who were growing numerous, and discovered Mexican authority over California was very weak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon Frémont's triumphal return from his second expedition, at General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>'s request, Tyler promoted Frémont with a double brevet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaffin2014249_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaffin2014249-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Florida">Florida</h4></div> <p>On Tyler's last full day in office, March 3, 1845, Florida was admitted to the Union as the 27th state.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dorr_Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Wilson_Dorr_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Thomas_Wilson_Dorr_engraving.jpg/150px-Thomas_Wilson_Dorr_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Thomas_Wilson_Dorr_engraving.jpg/225px-Thomas_Wilson_Dorr_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Thomas_Wilson_Dorr_engraving.jpg/300px-Thomas_Wilson_Dorr_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1699" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dorr" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dorr">Thomas Dorr</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1842, when the <a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a> in Rhode Island came to a head, Tyler pondered the request of the governor and legislature to send in federal troops to help suppress it. The insurgents under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_Dorr" title="Thomas Wilson Dorr">Thomas Dorr</a> had armed themselves and proposed to install a new state constitution. Before such acts, Rhode Island had been following the same constitutional structure that was established in 1663. Tyler called for calm on both sides and recommended that the governor enlarge the franchise to let most men vote. Tyler promised that in case an actual insurrection should break out in Rhode Island he would employ force to aid the regular, or Charter, government. He made it clear that federal assistance would be given only to put down an insurrection once underway, and would not be available until violence had taken place. After listening to reports from his confidential agents, Tyler decided that the "lawless assemblages" had dispersed and expressed his confidence in a "temper of conciliation as well as of energy and decision" without the use of federal forces. The rebels fled the state when the state militia marched against them, but the incident led to broader suffrage in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_affairs">Indian affairs</h3></div> <p>The Seminoles were the last remaining Indians in the South who had been induced to sign a fraudulent treaty in 1833, taking away their remaining lands. Under Chief <a href="/wiki/Osceola" title="Osceola">Osceola</a>, the Seminoles for a decade resisted removal harassed by U.S. troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146_128-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler brought the long, bloody, and inhumane <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Seminole War</a> to an end in May 1842, in a message to Congress. Tyler expressed interest in the forced <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146_128-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1842, the House demanded President Tyler's Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John Spencer</a> hand over information of an investigation by the U.S. Army into the matter of alleged Cherokee frauds. In June, Tyler ordered Spencer not to comply. Tyler, whose executive privilege was challenged, insisted the matter was <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte" title="Ex parte">ex parte</a></i> and against the public interest. The House responded with three resolutions, in part, that claimed the House had a right to demand information from Tyler's cabinet. The House also ordered the Army officer in charge of the investigation into the Cherokee frauds to turn over the information. Tyler made no attempt to respond until Congress returned from recess in January.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt197463–64_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt197463–64-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_and_cabinet">Administration and cabinet</h3></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">The Tyler cabinet<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold">John Tyler</th><td>1841–1845</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><i>None</i></th><td>1841–1845</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1841–1843</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1843–1844</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">(D)</a></th><td>1844–1845</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1841</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Walter Forward</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1841–1843</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John Canfield Spencer</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1843–1844</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">George M. Bibb</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">(D)</a></th><td>1844–1845</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1841</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John Canfield Spencer</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1841–1843</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">James Madison Porter</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1843–1844</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">William Wilkins</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">(D)</a></th><td>1844–1845</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1841</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Legar%C3%A9" title="Hugh S. Legaré">Hugh S. Legaré</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">(D)</a></th><td>1841–1843</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_(lawyer)" title="John Nelson (lawyer)">John Nelson</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1843–1845</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1841</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Wickliffe" title="Charles A. Wickliffe">Charles A. Wickliffe</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1841–1845</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Badger" title="George Edmund Badger">George Edmund Badger</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1841</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">(W)</a></th><td>1841–1843</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Henshaw_(American_politician)" title="David Henshaw (American politician)">David Henshaw</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">(D)</a></th><td>1843–1844</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Gilmer" title="Thomas Walker Gilmer">Thomas Walker Gilmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">(D)</a></th><td>1844</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">John Y. Mason</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">(D)</a></th><td>1844–1845</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WHOportTyler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WHOportTyler.jpg/220px-WHOportTyler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WHOportTyler.jpg/330px-WHOportTyler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WHOportTyler.jpg/440px-WHOportTyler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2273" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait of President Tyler by <a href="/wiki/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy" title="George Peter Alexander Healy">George Peter Alexander Healy</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1864</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The battles between Tyler and the Whigs in Congress resulted in a number of his cabinet nominees being rejected. He received little support from Democrats and, without much support from either major party in Congress, a number of his nominations were rejected without regard for the qualifications of the nominee. It was then unprecedented to reject a president's nominees for his Cabinet (though in 1809, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> withheld the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> as Secretary of State because of opposition in the Senate). Four of Tyler's Cabinet nominees were rejected, the most of any president. These were <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Caleb Cushing</a> (Treasury), <a href="/wiki/David_Henshaw_(American_politician)" title="David Henshaw (American politician)">David Henshaw</a> (Navy), <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">James Porter</a> (War), and <a href="/wiki/James_S._Green_(attorney)" title="James S. Green (attorney)">James S. Green</a> (Treasury). Henshaw and Porter served as recess appointees before their rejections. Tyler repeatedly renominated Cushing, who was rejected three times in one day, March 3, 1843, the last day of the 27th Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-senate.gov_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate.gov-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No cabinet nomination failed after Tyler's term until <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Henry Stanbery</a>'s nomination as Attorney General was rejected by the Senate in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Tyler" title="List of federal judges appointed by John Tyler">List of federal judges appointed by John Tyler</a></div> <table class="floatright" style="font-size:90%; width:auto; text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; background-color: #f8f9fa;"> <caption>Judicial Appointments<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUSnom_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSnom-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FedJudges_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FedJudges-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Court </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Term </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#000;" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S.S.C.</a> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Samuel Nelson</a> </th> <td><abbr title="February 14, 1845 – November 28, 1872">1845–1872</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#D1D1D1;" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia">E.D. Va.</a> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/James_Dandridge_Halyburton" title="James Dandridge Halyburton">James D. Halyburton</a> </th> <td><abbr title="June 15, 1844 – April 24, 1861">1844–1861</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of Indiana">D. Ind.</a> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Mills_Huntington" title="Elisha Mills Huntington">Elisha M. Huntington</a> </th> <td><abbr title="May 2, 1842 – October 26, 1862">1842–1862</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Louisiana" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana">E.D. La.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Louisiana" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana">W.D. La.</a><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Howard_McCaleb" title="Theodore Howard McCaleb">Theodore H. McCaleb</a> </th> <td><abbr title="September 3, 1841 – January 28, 1861">1841–1861</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Vermont" title="United States District Court for the District of Vermont">D. Vt.</a> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prentiss" title="Samuel Prentiss">Samuel Prentiss</a> </th> <td><abbr title="April 8, 1842 – January 15, 1857">1842–1857</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania">E.D. Pa.</a> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Randall" title="Archibald Randall">Archibald Randall</a> </th> <td><abbr title="March 8, 1842 – June 8, 1846">1842–1846</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts" title="United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts">D. Mass.</a> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Sprague_(Maine_politician)" title="Peleg Sprague (Maine politician)">Peleg Sprague</a> </th> <td><abbr title="July 16, 1841 – March 13, 1865">1841–1865</abbr> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Two vacancies occurred on the Supreme Court during Tyler's presidency, as Justices <a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Smith Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Henry Baldwin</a> died in 1843 and 1844, respectively. Tyler, ever at odds with Congress—including the Whig-controlled Senate—nominated several men to the Supreme Court to fill these seats. However, the Senate successively voted against confirming <a href="/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">John C. Spencer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Walworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuben Walworth">Reuben Walworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_King_(jurist)" title="Edward King (jurist)">Edward King</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_M._Read" title="John M. Read">John M. Read</a> (Walworth was rejected three times, King rejected twice). One reason cited for the Senate's actions was the hope that Clay would fill the vacancies after winning the 1844 presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-senate.gov_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate.gov-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler's four unsuccessful nominees are the most by a president.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUSnom_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSnom-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, in February 1845, with less than a month remaining in his term, Tyler's nomination of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Samuel Nelson</a> to Thompson's seat was confirmed by the Senate—Nelson, a Democrat, had a reputation as a careful and noncontroversial jurist. Still, his confirmation came as a surprise. Baldwin's seat remained vacant until <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>'s nominee, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Robert Grier</a>, was confirmed in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUSnom_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSnom-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler was able to appoint only six other federal judges, all to <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FedJudges_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FedJudges-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexation_of_Texas">Annexation of Texas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></div> <p>Tyler made the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> part of his agenda soon after becoming president. Tyler knew he was a President without a party, and was emboldened to challenge party leaders Clay and Van Buren, unconcerned how Texas annexation would affect the Whigs or Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002147_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002147-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas had declared independence from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a> of 1836, although Mexico still refused to acknowledge its sovereignty. The people of Texas actively pursued joining the Union, but Jackson and Van Buren had been reluctant to inflame tensions over slavery by annexing another Southern state. Though Tyler intended annexation to be the focal point of his administration, Secretary Webster was opposed, and convinced Tyler to concentrate on Pacific initiatives until later in his term.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler's desire for western expansionism is acknowledged by historians and scholars, but views differ regarding the motivations behind it. Biographer Edward C. Crapol notes that during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, Tyler (then in the House of Representatives) had suggested slavery was a "dark cloud" hovering over the Union, and that it would be "well to disperse this cloud" so that with fewer blacks in the older slave states, a process of gradual emancipation would begin in Virginia and other upper Southern states.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/William_W._Freehling" title="William W. Freehling">William W. Freehling</a>, however, wrote that Tyler's official motivation in annexing Texas was to outmaneuver suspected efforts by <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> to promote an emancipation of slaves in Texas that would weaken the institution in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_attempts">Early attempts</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_1842-1845-03.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Historical U.S. map, 1843. Most of the eastern states have been established, while the western half remains loosely divided into territories. Mexico and the Republic of Texas share a disputed border." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/United_States_1842-1845-03.png/220px-United_States_1842-1845-03.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/United_States_1842-1845-03.png/330px-United_States_1842-1845-03.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/United_States_1842-1845-03.png/440px-United_States_1842-1845-03.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>The boundaries of the United States and neighboring nations as they appeared in 1843. The <a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a> had formalized the border of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> in the northeast, while the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> in the southwest had a disputed border with <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1843, having completed the Webster–Ashburton treaty and other diplomatic efforts, Tyler felt ready to pursue Texas. Now lacking a party base, he saw annexation of the republic as his only pathway to independent election in 1844. For the first time in his career he was willing to play "political hardball" to see it through. As a <a href="/wiki/Trial_balloon" title="Trial balloon">trial balloon</a> he dispatched his ally <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Gilmer" title="Thomas Walker Gilmer">Thomas Walker Gilmer</a>, then a U.S. Representative from Virginia, to publish a letter defending annexation, which was well received. Despite his successful relationship with Webster, Tyler knew he would need a Secretary of State who supported the Texas initiative. With the work on the British treaty now completed, he forced Webster's resignation and installed <a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Legar%C3%A9" title="Hugh S. Legaré">Hugh S. Legaré</a> of South Carolina as an interim successor.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the help of newly appointed Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">John C. Spencer</a>, Tyler cleared out an array of officeholders, replacing them with pro-annexation partisans, in a reversal of his former stand against patronage. He elicited the help of political organizer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Walsh_(New_York_politician)" title="Michael Walsh (New York politician)">Michael Walsh</a> to build a <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a> in New York. In exchange for an appointment as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minister_to_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Minister to Hawaii">consul to Hawaii</a>, journalist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_G._Abell" title="Alexander G. Abell">Alexander G. Abell</a> wrote a flattering biography, <i>Life of John Tyler</i>, which was printed in large quantities and given to postmasters to distribute.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to rehabilitate his public image, Tyler embarked on a nationwide tour in the spring of 1843. The positive reception of the public at these events contrasted with his ostracism back in Washington. The tour centered on the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Monument" title="Bunker Hill Monument">Bunker Hill Monument</a> in Boston, Massachusetts. Shortly after the dedication, Tyler learned of Legaré's sudden death, which dampened the festivities and caused him to cancel the rest of the tour.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler appointed <a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a>, a popular <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> and close adviser, as his new Secretary of State, and nominated Gilmer to fill Upshur's former office. Tyler and Upshur began quiet negotiations with the Texas government, promising military protection from Mexico in exchange for a commitment to annexation. Secrecy was necessary, as the Constitution required congressional approval for such military commitments. Upshur planted rumors of possible British designs on Texas to garner support among Northern voters, who were wary of admitting a new pro-slavery state.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By January 1844 Upshur told the Texas government that he had found a large majority of senators in favor of an annexation treaty. The republic remained skeptical, and finalization of the treaty took until the end of February.<sup id="cite_ref-Crapolpp_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crapolpp-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="USS_Princeton_disaster">USS <i>Princeton</i> disaster</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/USS_Princeton_disaster_of_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Princeton disaster of 1844">USS <i>Princeton</i> disaster of 1844</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Explosion_aboard_USS_Princeton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Historical illustration of the Princeton cannon explosion, with dozens of guests aboard. Caption reads "Awful explosion of the Peace-Maker on board the U.S. steam frigate Princeton"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Explosion_aboard_USS_Princeton.jpg/220px-Explosion_aboard_USS_Princeton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Explosion_aboard_USS_Princeton.jpg/330px-Explosion_aboard_USS_Princeton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Explosion_aboard_USS_Princeton.jpg/440px-Explosion_aboard_USS_Princeton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>A lithograph of the <i>Princeton</i> disaster (1844)</figcaption></figure> <p>A ceremonial cruise down the Potomac River was held aboard the newly built <a href="/wiki/USS_Princeton_(1843)" title="USS Princeton (1843)">USS <i>Princeton</i></a> on February 28, 1844, the day after completion of the annexation treaty. Aboard the ship were 400 guests, including Tyler and his cabinet, as was the world's largest naval gun, the "Peacemaker". The gun was ceremoniously fired several times in the afternoon to the great delight of the onlookers, who then filed downstairs to offer a toast. Several hours later, Captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a> was convinced by the crowd to fire one more shot. As the guests moved up to the deck, Tyler paused briefly to watch his son-in-law, William Waller, sing a ditty.<sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At once an explosion was heard from above: the gun had malfunctioned. Tyler was unhurt, having remained safely below deck, but a number of others were killed instantly, including his crucial cabinet members, Gilmer and Upshur. Also killed or mortally wounded were <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Maxcy" title="Virgil Maxcy">Virgil Maxcy</a> of Maryland, Rep. <a href="/wiki/David_Gardiner_(politician)" title="David Gardiner (politician)">David Gardiner</a> of New York, Commodore <a href="/wiki/Beverley_Kennon" title="Beverley Kennon">Beverley Kennon</a>, Chief of Construction of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, and Armistead, Tyler's black slave and body servant. The death of David Gardiner had a devastating effect on his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Julia Gardiner Tyler">Julia</a>, who fainted and was carried to safety by the president himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julia later recovered from her grief and married Tyler on June 26.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Tyler, any hope of completing the Texas plan before November (and with it, any hope of re-election) was instantly dashed. Historian Edward P. Crapol later wrote that "Prior to the Civil War and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln", the <i>Princeton</i> disaster "unquestionably was the most severe and debilitating tragedy ever to confront a President of the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-Crapolpp_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crapolpp-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ratification_issue">Ratification issue</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uncle_Sam_and_his_servants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Historical political cartoon. Caption reads "Uncle Sam and his servants."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uncle_Sam_and_his_servants.jpg/220px-Uncle_Sam_and_his_servants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uncle_Sam_and_his_servants.jpg/330px-Uncle_Sam_and_his_servants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uncle_Sam_and_his_servants.jpg/440px-Uncle_Sam_and_his_servants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="2215" /></a><figcaption>An anti-Tyler satire lampoons his efforts to secure a second term. Tyler pushes the door shut on opponents Clay, Polk, Calhoun, and Jackson, as <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> demands that he let Clay in.</figcaption></figure> <p>In what the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a> considers "a serious tactical error that ruined the scheme [of establishing political respectability for him]",<sup id="cite_ref-UoVThree_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoVThree-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler appointed former Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> in early March 1844 as his Secretary of State. Tyler's good friend, Virginia Representative <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a>, wrote that following the <i>Princeton</i> disaster, Wise on his own volition extended Calhoun the position as a self-appointed emissary of the president and Calhoun accepted. When Wise went to tell Tyler what he had done, the president was angry but felt that the action had to stand. Calhoun was a leading advocate of slavery, and his attempts to get an annexation treaty passed were resisted by abolitionists as a result. When the text of the treaty was leaked to the public, it met political opposition from the Whigs, who opposed anything that might enhance Tyler's status, as well as from foes of slavery and those who feared a confrontation with Mexico, which had announced that it would view annexation as a hostile act by the United States. Both Clay and Van Buren, the respective frontrunners for the Whig and Democratic nominations, decided in a private meeting at Van Buren's home to come out against annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowing this, Tyler was pessimistic when he sent the treaty to the Senate for ratification in April 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secretary of State Calhoun sent a controversial letter informing the British minister to the U.S. that the motivation for Texas annexation was to protect American slavery from British intrusion. The letter also claimed Southern slaves were better off than Northern free blacks and English white laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201653_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201653-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1844">Election of 1844</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 United States presidential election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Party" title="Tyler Party">Tyler Party</a></div> <p>Following Tyler's break with the Whigs in 1841, he attempted a return to his old Democratic party, but its members, especially the followers of Van Buren, were not ready to accept him. As the election of 1844 approached, Van Buren appeared to have a lock on the Democratic nomination, while Clay was certain to be the Whig candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With little chance of election, the only way to salvage his presidential legacy was to threaten to run for president and force public acceptance of Texas annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler used his vast presidential patronage power,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formed a third party, the <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Party" title="Tyler Party">Tyler Party</a>, with the officeholders and political networks he had built over the previous year. Multiple supportive newspapers across the country issued editorials promoting his candidacy throughout the early months of 1844. Reports of meetings held throughout the country suggest that support for the president was not limited to officeholders, as is widely assumed. Just as the Democratic Party was holding its presidential nomination in Baltimore, Maryland, the Tyler supporters, in that very city, were holding signs reading "Tyler and Texas!", and with their own high visibility and energy, they gave Tyler their nomination. His party nominated Tyler for the presidency on May 27, 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Tyler's party was loosely organized, failed to nominate a vice president, and had no platform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148–149_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148–149-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regular Democrats were forced to call for annexation of Texas in their platform, but there was a bitter battle for the presidential nomination. Ballot after ballot, Van Buren failed to win the necessary super-majority of Democratic votes, and slowly fell in the rankings. It was not until the ninth ballot that the Democrats turned their sights to <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, a less prominent candidate who supported annexation. They found him to be perfectly suited for their platform, and he was nominated with two-thirds of the vote. Tyler considered his work vindicated, and implied in an acceptance letter that annexation was his true priority rather than election.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1844, Tyler ordered Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> to begin negotiations with Texas president <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> for the annexation of Texas. To bolster annexation and keep Mexico at bay, Tyler boldly ordered the U.S. Army to the Texas border on western Louisiana. He strongly supported Texas annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200135_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200135-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands201217_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands201217-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annexation_achieved">Annexation achieved</h4></div> <p>Tyler was unfazed when the Whig-controlled Senate rejected his treaty by a vote of 16–35 in June 1844; he felt that annexation was now within reach by joint resolution rather than by treaty, and made that request to Congress. Former President Andrew Jackson, a staunch supporter of annexation, persuaded Polk to welcome Tyler back into the Democratic Party and ordered Democratic editors to cease their attacks on him. Satisfied by these developments, Tyler dropped out of the race in August and endorsed Polk for the presidency. Polk's <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">narrow victory</a> over Clay in the November election was seen by the Tyler administration as a <a href="/wiki/Mandate_(politics)" title="Mandate (politics)">mandate</a> for completing the resolution. Tyler announced in his annual message to Congress that "a controlling majority of the people and a large majority of the states have declared in favor of immediate annexation".<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 26, 1845, the joint resolution that Tyler, the <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame-duck</a> president, had strongly lobbied for, passed Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow201739_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201739-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House approved a joint resolution offering annexation to Texas by a substantial margin, and the Senate approved it by a bare 27–25 majority. On his last day in office, March 3, 1845, Tyler signed the bill into law.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200138_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200138-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately afterward, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the U.S., mobilized for war, and would recognize Texas only if Texas remained independent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200138_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200138-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow201739_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201739-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But after some debate,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas accepted the terms and entered the union on December 29, 1845, as the 28th state.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1845–1862)"><span id="Post-presidency_.281845.E2.80.931862.29"></span>Post-presidency (1845–1862)</h2></div> <p>Tyler left Washington with the conviction that the newly inaugurated President Polk had the best interest of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002150_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002150-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler retired to a Virginia <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a>, originally named Walnut Grove (or "the Grove"), located on the <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James River</a> in Charles City County. He renamed it <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Forest_Plantation" title="Sherwood Forest Plantation">Sherwood Forest</a>, in a reference to the folk legend <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a>, to signify that he had been "outlawed" by the Whig Party.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not take farming lightly and worked hard to maintain large yields.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His neighbors, largely Whigs, appointed him to the minor office of overseer of roads in 1847 in an effort to mock him. To their displeasure, he treated the job seriously, frequently summoning his neighbors to provide their slaves for road work, and continuing to insist on carrying out his duties even after his neighbors asked him to stop.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former president spent his time in a manner common to <a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia" title="First Families of Virginia">Virginia's First Families</a>, with parties, visiting or being visited by other aristocrats, and spending summers at the family's seaside home, "Villa Margaret".<sup id="cite_ref-kleber703_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleber703-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1852, Tyler happily rejoined the ranks of the Virginia Democratic Party and thereafter kept interested in political affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002150_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002150-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Tyler rarely received visits from his former allies and was not sought out as an adviser. Occasionally requested to deliver a public speech, Tyler spoke during the unveiling of a monument to Henry Clay. He acknowledged their political battles but spoke highly of his former colleague, whom he had always admired for bringing about the Compromise Tariff of 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_to_the_American_Civil_War">Prelude to the American Civil War</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyler_Daguerreotype_(restoration).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tyler_Daguerreotype_%28restoration%29.jpg/220px-Tyler_Daguerreotype_%28restoration%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tyler_Daguerreotype_%28restoration%29.jpg/330px-Tyler_Daguerreotype_%28restoration%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tyler_Daguerreotype_%28restoration%29.jpg/440px-Tyler_Daguerreotype_%28restoration%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="1989" /></a><figcaption>Tyler, c. 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a> ignited fears of an abolitionist attempt to free the slaves or an actual slave rebellion, several Virginia communities organized militia units or re-energized existing ones. Tyler's community organized a cavalry troop and a home guard company; Tyler was chosen to command the home guard troops with the rank of captain.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the eve of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Tyler re-entered public life as presiding officer of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Conference_of_1861" title="Peace Conference of 1861">Washington Peace Conference</a> held in Washington, D.C., in February 1861 as an effort to prevent the conflict from escalating. The convention sought a compromise to avoid civil war even as the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States Constitution">Confederate Constitution</a> was being drawn up at the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgomery Convention">Montgomery Convention</a>. Despite his leadership role in the Peace Conference, Tyler opposed its final resolutions. He felt that they were written by the free state delegates, did not protect the rights of slave owners in the territories, and would do little to bring back the lower South and restore the Union. He voted against the conference's seven resolutions, which the conference sent to Congress for approval late in February 1861 as a proposed Constitutional amendment. </p><p>On the same day the Peace Conference started, local voters elected Tyler to the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Secession_Convention_of_1861" title="Virginia Secession Convention of 1861">Virginia Secession Convention</a>. He presided over the opening session on February 13, 1861, while the Peace Conference was still underway. Tyler abandoned hope of compromise and saw secession as the only option, predicting that a clean split of all Southern states would not result in war.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-March, he spoke against the Peace Conference resolutions. On April 4, he voted for secession even when the convention rejected it. On April 17, after the attack on Fort Sumter and Lincoln's call for troops, Tyler voted with the new majority for secession. He headed a committee that negotiated the terms for Virginia's entry into the Confederate States of America and helped set the pay rate for military officers. On June 14, Tyler signed the Ordinance of Secession, and one week later the convention unanimously elected him to the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Confederate_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Confederate Congress">Provisional Confederate Congress</a>. Tyler was seated in the Confederate Congress on August 1, 1861, and he served until just before his death in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1861, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate House of Representatives">Confederate House of Representatives</a> but he died of a stroke in his room at the Ballard Hotel in Richmond before the first session could open in February 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-kleber703_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleber703-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Tyler%27s_grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large obelisk in a graveyard, with a bust of Tyler, and a black cast iron cage partially visible behind it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/John_Tyler%27s_grave.JPG/170px-John_Tyler%27s_grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/John_Tyler%27s_grave.JPG/255px-John_Tyler%27s_grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/John_Tyler%27s_grave.JPG/340px-John_Tyler%27s_grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="3308" /></a><figcaption>An obelisk marks Tyler's grave at <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Cemetery_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)">Hollywood Cemetery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout his life, Tyler suffered from poor health. As he aged, he suffered more frequently from colds during the winter. On January 12, 1862, after complaining of chills and dizziness, he vomited and collapsed. Despite treatment, his health failed to improve, and he made plans to return to Sherwood Forest by the 18th. As he lay in bed the night before, he began suffocating, and Julia summoned his doctor. Just after midnight, Tyler took a sip of <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>, and told his doctor, "Doctor, I am going", to which the doctor replied, "I hope not, Sir."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler then said, "Perhaps it is best."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler died in his room at the Exchange Hotel in Richmond shortly thereafter, most likely due to a stroke. He was 71.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002150_176-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002150-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler's death was the only one in presidential history not to be officially recognized in Washington, because of his allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. He had requested a simple burial, but Confederate President <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> devised a grand, politically pointed funeral, painting Tyler as a hero to the new nation. Accordingly, at his funeral, the coffin of the tenth president of the United States was draped with a <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Confederate flag</a>; he remains the only U.S. president ever laid to rest under a flag not of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Seager_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seager-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler had been more loyal to Virginia and his own principles than to the Union of which he had been president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002150_176-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002150-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler was buried in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Cemetery_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)">Hollywood Cemetery</a> in Richmond, Virginia, nearby the <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Tomb" title="James Monroe Tomb">gravesite</a> of President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seager_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seager-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has since been the namesake of several U.S. locations, including the city of <a href="/wiki/Tyler,_Texas" title="Tyler, Texas">Tyler, Texas</a>, named for him because of his role in the annexation of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-cityoftyler_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cityoftyler-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_reputation_and_legacy">Historical reputation and legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_John_Tyler" title="List of memorials to John Tyler">List of memorials to John Tyler</a></div> <p>Tyler's presidency has provoked highly divided responses among political commentators. It is generally held in low esteem by historians; Edward P. Crapol began his biography <i>John Tyler, the Accidental President</i> (2006) by noting: "Other biographers and historians have argued that John Tyler was a hapless and inept chief executive whose presidency was seriously flawed."<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Republican Vision of John Tyler</i> (2003), Dan Monroe observed that the Tyler presidency "is generally ranked as one of the least successful".<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seager wrote that Tyler "was neither a great president nor a great intellectual", adding that despite a few achievements, "his administration has been and must be counted an unsuccessful one by any modern measure of accomplishment".<sup id="cite_ref-legacy_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legacy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey of historians conducted by <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> in 2021 ranked Tyler as 39th of 44 men to hold the office.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, bucking the trend of historically poor evaluations of Tyler's presidency, historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_P._McCormick" title="Richard P. McCormick">Richard P. McCormick</a> said "[contrary] to accepted opinion, John Tyler was a strong President. He established the precedent that the vice president, on succeeding to the presidential office, should be president. He had firm ideas on public policy, and he was disposed to use the full authority of his office." McCormick said that Tyler "conducted his administration with considerable dignity and effectiveness."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002149_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002149-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Tyler_1938_Issue-10c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Historical ten-cent stamp with Tyler's profile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_Tyler_1938_Issue-10c.jpg/170px-John_Tyler_1938_Issue-10c.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_Tyler_1938_Issue-10c.jpg/255px-John_Tyler_1938_Issue-10c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_Tyler_1938_Issue-10c.jpg/340px-John_Tyler_1938_Issue-10c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Tyler on a U.S. postage stamp, <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Issue of 1938</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tyler's assumption of complete presidential powers "set a hugely important precedent", according to a biographical sketch by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-legacy_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legacy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler's successful insistence that he was president, and not a caretaker or acting president, was a model for the succession of seven other vice presidents (Millard Fillmore, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>) to the presidency over the 19th and 20th centuries upon the death of the president. The propriety of Tyler's action in assuming both the title of the presidency and its full powers was legally affirmed in 1967, when it was codified in the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have praised Tyler's foreign policy. Monroe credits him with "achievements like the Webster–Ashburton treaty which heralded the prospect of improved relations with Great Britain, and the annexation of Texas, which added millions of acres to the national domain". Crapol argued that Tyler "was a stronger and more effective president than generally remembered", while Seager wrote, "I find him to be a courageous, principled man, a fair and honest fighter for his beliefs. He was a president without a party."<sup id="cite_ref-legacy_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legacy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Eland" title="Ivan Eland">Ivan Eland</a>, in an update of his 2008 book <i><a href="/wiki/Recarving_Rushmore" title="Recarving Rushmore">Recarving Rushmore</a></i>, rated all 44 US presidents by the criteria of peace, prosperity, and liberty; with the finished ratings, John Tyler was ranked the best president of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i> article, Louis Kleber wrote that Tyler brought integrity to the White House at a time when many in politics lacked it, and refused to compromise his principles to avoid the anger of his opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-kleber703_180-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleber703-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crapol argues that Tyler's allegiance to the Confederacy overshadows much of the good he did as president: "Tyler's historical reputation has yet to fully recover from that tragic decision to betray his loyalty and commitment to what he had once defined as 'the first great American interest'—the preservation of the Union."<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her book on Tyler's presidency, Norma Lois Peterson suggests that Tyler's general lack of success as president was due to external factors that would have affected whoever was in the White House. Chief among them was Henry Clay, who brooked no opposition to his <a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">grand economic vision for America</a>. In the aftermath of Jackson's determined use of the powers of the executive branch, the Whigs wanted the president to be dominated by Congress, and Clay treated Tyler as a subordinate. Tyler resented this, leading to the conflict between the branches that dominated his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pointing to Tyler's advances in foreign policy, she deemed Tyler's presidency "flawed ... but ... not a failure".<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While academics have both praised and criticized Tyler, the general American public has little awareness of him. Several writers have portrayed Tyler as among the nation's most obscure presidents. As Seager remarked: "His countrymen generally remember him, if they have heard of him at all, as the <a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_and_Tyler_Too" title="Tippecanoe and Tyler Too">rhyming end of a catchy campaign slogan</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-legacy_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legacy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family,_personal_life,_slavery"><span id="Family.2C_personal_life.2C_slavery"></span>Family, personal life, slavery</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letitia_Tyler2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Letitia Christian Tyler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Letitia_Tyler2.jpg/200px-Letitia_Tyler2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Letitia_Tyler2.jpg/300px-Letitia_Tyler2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Letitia_Tyler2.jpg/400px-Letitia_Tyler2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>An oil portrait of Tyler's first wife, <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Christian_Tyler" title="Letitia Christian Tyler">Letitia Christian Tyler</a>, by an unknown artist</figcaption></figure> <p>Tyler fathered more children than any other American president.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first wife was <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Christian_Tyler" title="Letitia Christian Tyler">Letitia Christian</a> (November 12, 1790 – September 10, 1842), with whom he had eight children: Mary (1815–1847), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tyler_(Confederate_Register_of_the_Treasury)" title="Robert Tyler (Confederate Register of the Treasury)">Robert</a> (1816–1877), <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Jr." title="John Tyler Jr.">John</a> (1819–1896), <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Semple" title="Letitia Semple">Letitia</a> (1821–1907), Elizabeth (1823–1850), Anne (1825–1825), Alice (1827–1854), and Tazewell (1830–1874).<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Tyler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Julia Gardiner Tyler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Julia_Tyler.jpg/200px-Julia_Tyler.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Julia_Tyler.jpg/300px-Julia_Tyler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Julia_Tyler.jpg/400px-Julia_Tyler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An oil portrait of Tyler's second wife, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Julia Gardiner Tyler">Julia Gardiner Tyler</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Anelli" title="Francesco Anelli">Francesco Anelli</a></figcaption></figure><p> Letitia died of a stroke in the White House in September 1842. On June 26, 1844, Tyler married <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Julia Gardiner Tyler">Julia Gardiner</a> (July 23, 1820 – July 10, 1889), with whom he had seven children: <a href="/wiki/David_Gardiner_Tyler" title="David Gardiner Tyler">David</a> (1846–1927), <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Tyler" title="John Alexander Tyler">John Alexander</a> (1848–1883), Julia (1849–1871), Lachlan (1851–1902), <a href="/wiki/Lyon_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Lyon Gardiner Tyler">Lyon</a> (1853–1935), Robert Fitzwalter (1856–1927), and Margaret Pearl (1860–1947).<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Tyler's family was dear to him, during his political rise he was often away from home for extended periods. When he chose not to seek reelection to the House of Representatives in 1821 because of illness, he wrote that he would soon be called upon to educate his growing family. It was difficult to practice law while away in Washington for part of the year and his plantation was more profitable when Tyler was available to manage it himself.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time he entered the Senate in 1827, he had resigned himself to spending part of the year away from his family. Still, he sought to remain close to his children through letters.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler was a <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaveholder</a>, at one point keeping 40 slaves at Greenway.<sup id="cite_ref-may22seager300_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may22seager300-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he regarded slavery as an evil and did not attempt to justify it, he never freed any of his slaves. Tyler considered slavery a part of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>, and that therefore the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federal_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Federal Government">federal government</a> lacked the authority to abolish it. The living conditions of his slaves are not well documented, but historians surmise that he cared for their well-being and abstained from physical violence against them.<sup id="cite_ref-may22seager300_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may22seager300-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1841, Tyler was attacked by the abolitionist publisher <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Leavitt" title="Joshua Leavitt">Joshua Leavitt</a>, with the unsubstantiated allegation that Tyler had fathered several sons with his slaves, and later sold them. A number of black families today maintain a belief in their descent from Tyler, but there is no evidence of such genealogy.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least four of his sons served in the government or military forces of the Confederacy; Robert Tyler Jones, his grandson by his daughter Mary, joined Company K of the <a href="/wiki/53rd_Virginia_Infantry_Regiment" title="53rd Virginia Infantry Regiment">53rd Virginia Infantry Regiment</a> on 25 June 1861, and was wounded on 3 July 1863 while taking part in <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Standard-bearer" title="Standard-bearer">color-bearer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler's personal <a href="/wiki/Net_worth" title="Net worth">net worth</a> is estimated to have exceeded $50 million when adjusting for inflation by modern standards (according to peak valuation circa 2020), but he became indebted during the Civil War, and died with a greatly reduced fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyler and his son Lyon remarried much younger women and fathered children at advanced ages, such that Tyler's daughter Pearl did not die until the 157th year after her father's birth. As of January 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Tyler&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Tyler still has one living grandson (234 years after John Tyler's birth) through Lyon, making him the earliest former president with a living grandchild. This grandson, <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ruffin_Tyler" title="Harrison Ruffin Tyler">Harrison Ruffin Tyler</a> was born in 1928 and maintains the family home, <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Forest_Plantation" title="Sherwood Forest Plantation">Sherwood Forest Plantation</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Charles_City_County,_Virginia" title="Charles City County, Virginia">Charles City County, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genealogy_of_John_Tyler_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogy_of_John_Tyler-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyler was vice president under President <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> and became president upon Harrison's death on April 4, 1841. This was before the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> in 1967, and a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formally, only the house was named Greenway.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Senators were elected by state legislatures until 1913, and some legislatures sought to instruct their senators on certain issues. Some senators treated these instructions as binding, while others did not.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contemporaries generally called this the <i>Republican Party</i>, but modern political writers use <i>Democratic-Republican</i> to distinguish it from the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the end of the speech, Tyler briefly lauded President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> of Massachusetts, who had died the same day.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyler's name does not appear in the Senate voting records until late January of the following year, likely due to illness.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyler had vetoed a total of ten Congressional bills, six regular and two pocket vetoes. By comparison, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, whom the Whigs detested, vetoed a total of twelve Congressional bills, five regular and seven pocket vetoes. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> only had one Congressional pocket veto of a bill.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frémont, in uniform, with his wife Jessie, had met Tyler at the New Year's Day 1842 White House reception.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaffin201495–97_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaffin201495–97-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frémont's two expeditions (1842 and 1843-1844), including a geographic map of the West, were first published in 1845 for use by the 28th Congress. Unofficial copies of the report (some abridged), were soon printed in American and German editions.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCaleb was assigned as the judge for both the Eastern and Western Districts of Louisiana, a common practice at the time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On February 13, 1845, the two districts of Louisiana were combined into one; McCaleb was a judge of that court by <a href="/wiki/Operation_of_law" title="Operation of law">operation of law</a>; on March 3, 1849, the district was again split, and McCaleb was assigned to the Eastern District only.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-legacy-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-legacy_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-legacy_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-legacy_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-legacy_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-legacy_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 2–3: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>John Tyler is not one of the famous or better-known American presidents. ... Other biographers and historians have argued that John Tyler was a hapless and inept chief executive whose presidency was seriously flawed. Although acknowledging that Tyler was not a great president, I believe he was a stronger and more effective President than generally remembered. </p><p>  <a href="#Freehling">Miller Center</a>, U. Va., "Impact and Legacy": </p> <dl><dd>"By claiming the right to a fully functioning and empowered presidency instead of relinquishing the office or accepting limits on his powers, Tyler set a hugely important precedent. ... Unfortunately, Tyler proved much better at taking over the presidency than at actually being President."</dd></dl> <p>  <a href="#Freehling">Miller Center</a>, U. Va., "Foreign affairs": </p> <dl><dd>"In sharp contrast to his domestic policies, John Tyler's foreign policy decision making went much more smoothly. ... Overall, Tyler could claim an ambitious, successful foreign policy presidency, due largely to the efforts of Secretary of State Webster, who served from 1841 to 1843."</dd></dl> <p>  <a href="#Monroe">Monroe</a>, p. 3: </p> <dl><dd>"The vicious political infighting that characterized his term probably accounts for the low regard with which the Tyler presidency has been held by historians. His presidency is generally ranked as one of the least successful, despite achievements like the Webster–Ashburton treaty which heralded the prospect of improved relations with Great Britain, and the annexation of Texas, which added millions of acres to the national domain."</dd></dl> <p>  <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. xiii: </p> <dl><dd>"Yet John Tyler has become one of America's most obscure Chief Executives. His countrymen generally remember him, if they have heard of him at all, as the rhyming end of a catchy campaign slogan."</dd></dl> <p>  <i>ibid</i>, p. xvi: </p> <dl><dd>"Yet I find him to be a courageous, principled man, a fair and honest fighter for his beliefs. He was a President without a party."</dd> <dd>"True, he was neither a great President nor a great intellectual. ... Save for the success of his Texas policy and his Maine Boundary treaty with Great Britain, his administration has been and must be counted an unsuccessful one by any modern measure of accomplishment."</dd></dl></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Affairs of State: The Untold History of Presidential Love, Sex, and Scandal, 1789–1900 by Robert P. Watson, Lynn University, 2012. Pg. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHI3AAAAMAAJ"><i>The World Almanac & Book of Facts</i></a>. Newspaper Enterprise Association. 1949. p. 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Almanac+%26+Book+of+Facts&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Newspaper+Enterprise+Association&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHI3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 4–7, 12; <a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 10–11; <a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Leahy">Leahy</a>, pp. 325–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 14–18; <a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 31–34; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-admission-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-admission_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-admission_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 20–21; <a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1810 U.S. Federal Census for Richmond (independent city), Virginia p. 70 of 71, though header missing, and p. 63 appears "Jno. Taylor"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1810 U.S. Federal Census for Henrico County, Virginia, name on p. 23 of 44 appears nonresident on ancestry.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1810 U.S. Federal Census for Charles City County, Virginia, name does not appear on damaged p. 1 of 24 linked on ancestry.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VAnom-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VAnom_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Historic_Landmarks_Commission_Staff1977" class="citation web cs1">Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff (April 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012012614/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/CharlesCity/018-0052_Woodburn_1978_Final_Nomination.pdf">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Woodburn"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/CharlesCity/018-0052_Woodburn_1978_Final_Nomination.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory%2FNomination%3A+Woodburn&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1977-04&rft.au=Virginia+Historic+Landmarks+Commission+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhr.virginia.gov%2Fregisters%2FCounties%2FCharlesCity%2F018-0052_Woodburn_1978_Final_Nomination.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-enslaved-households-of-president-john-tyler">"The Enslaved Households of President John Tyler"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Enslaved+Households+of+President+John+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fthe-enslaved-households-of-president-john-tyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1820 U.S. Federal Census for Charles City County p. 5 of 13 at ancestry.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cynthia Miller Leonard, The Virginia General Assembly 1619–1978 (Richmond: Virginia State Library 1978), pp. 265, 269, 273, 277, 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bybee">Bybee</a>, pp. 517–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chitwood_26-30-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chitwood_26-30_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chitwood_26-30_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 26–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2008" class="citation book cs1">May, Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZ34p-mE_TUC&pg=PA17"><i>The American Presidents Series: John Tyler, The 10th President, 1841–1845</i></a>. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8238-8"><bdi>978-0-8050-8238-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Presidents+Series%3A+John+Tyler%2C+The+10th+President%2C+1841%E2%80%931845&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8238-8&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZ34p-mE_TUC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 26–30; <a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2008" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Lyle Emerson (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CfzdJBmCWIsC&pg=PA13"><i>John Tyler: A Rare Career</i></a>. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-961-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-961-0"><bdi>978-1-60021-961-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Tyler%3A+A+Rare+Career&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60021-961-0&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Lyle+Emerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCfzdJBmCWIsC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chitwood_31-34-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chitwood_31-34_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chitwood_31-34_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 31–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 35–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-missouricomp-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-missouricomp_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-missouricomp_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-missouricomp_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 47–50; <a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 58–59; <a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Leahy">Leahy</a>, pp. 339–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 60–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 64–67; <a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 67–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDealDictionary_of_Virginia_Biography2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Deal, John; Dictionary of Virginia Biography (July 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/tyler-john-1790-1862">"Tyler, John (1790–1862)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tyler%2C+John+%281790%E2%80%931862%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.date=2021-07-28&rft.aulast=Deal&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Dictionary+of+Virginia+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Ftyler-john-1790-1862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#pulliam">Pulliam 1901</a>, pp. 67, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 73–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 83–84; <a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 86–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kleber698-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kleber698_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kleber">Kleber</a>, p. 698.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 86–87, 99–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 99–100; <a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 105–06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 124–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 112–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 120–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chitwood125plus-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chitwood125plus_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 125–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Senate" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Senate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htm">"President pro tempore"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+pro+tempore&rft.au=U.S.+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2FPresident_Pro_Tempore.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chitwood134-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chitwood134_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chitwood147plus-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chitwood147plus_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chitwood147plus_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 147–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seager119plus-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seager119plus_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seager119plus_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 119–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hatch">Hatch</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 88–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 152–53.</span> 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class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 200–02; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 144–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 201–02; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 142–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crapol_8-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crapol_8_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crapol_8_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hopkins,_John_Tyler_and_the_Presidential_Succession">Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii">"U.S. Constitution: Article II"</a>. 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Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/biography/tyler-life-in-brief">the original</a> on January 31, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lessons+from+the+Political+Gridlock+of+1842&rft.pub=PBS+Newshour%2C+February+28%2C+2013&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fmaking-sense%2Flessons-from-the-political-gri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 293–97; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 166–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 297–300; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Peterson">Peterson</a>, pp. 103–08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt197462–63-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt197462–63_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolt1974">Holt 1974</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Presidents: A Reference History</i>, edited by Henry F. Graff, 2nd edition (1996), g. 115 (essay by Richard B. Latner).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Vetoes,_1789_to_Present_United_States_Senate">Vetoes, 1789 to Present United States Senate</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_2021-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_2021_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_2021_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Holt_(February/March_2021)">Holt (February/March 2021)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, p. 303; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 300–01; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 167–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200735–36-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200735–36_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkinMillerChernyGormly2011" class="citation book cs1">Berkin, Carol; Miller, Christopher; Cherny, Robert; Gormly, James (2011). <i>Making America: A History of the United States</i>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90979-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90979-8"><bdi>978-0-495-90979-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+America%3A+A+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-495-90979-8&rft.aulast=Berkin&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Miller%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Cherny%2C+Robert&rft.au=Gormly%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 330–32; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 210–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UoVTwo-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UoVTwo_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoVTwo_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler/essays/biography/5">John Tyler: Foreign Affairs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207180531/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler/essays/biography/5">Archived</a> December 7, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="#Freehling">Freehling</a>, <i>American President</i>. Retrieved June 1, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSexton2011" class="citation book cs1">Sexton, Jay (March 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4GVKXN8SWYC&pg=PA112"><i>The Monroe Doctrine</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-2928-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-2928-8"><bdi>978-1-4299-2928-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monroe+Doctrine&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-2928-8&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4GVKXN8SWYC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 332–34; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002145-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002145_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002145_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2002">McCormick 2002</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 305–16; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002145–146-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002145–146_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2002">McCormick 2002</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146_128-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146_128-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002146_128-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2002">McCormick 2002</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 335–36; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120–21-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120–21_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200746–47-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200746–47_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaffin201495–97-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaffin201495–97_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaffin2014">Chaffin 2014</a>, pp. 95–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_135-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaffin2014249-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaffin2014249_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaffin2014">Chaffin 2014</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Report_of_the_Exploring_Expedition_to_the_Rocky_Mountains_(1845)">Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1845)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/keyevents/tyler">Key Events in the Presidency of John Tyler</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811193533/http://millercenter.org/president/keyevents/tyler">Archived</a> August 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" in <a href="#Miller_Center">Miller Center</a>, <i>American President</i>. Retrieved June 1, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 326–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt197463–64-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt197463–64_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolt1974">Holt 1974</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Miller_Center">Miller Center</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate.gov-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senate.gov_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senate.gov_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Nominations.htm">"Powers and Procedures: Nominations"</a>. <i>Origins & Development of the United States Senate</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Origins+%26+Development+of+the+United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=Powers+and+Procedures%3A+Nominations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2FNominations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1953" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Joseph Pratt (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNlAIYDH5ZcC"><i>The Advice and Consent of the Senate: A Study of the Confirmation of Appointments by the United States Senate</i></a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 48, 66. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/499448">499448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advice+and+Consent+of+the+Senate%3A+A+Study+of+the+Confirmation+of+Appointments+by+the+United+States+Senate&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=48%2C+66&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F499448&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Pratt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuNlAIYDH5ZcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCOTUSnom-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSnom_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSnom_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSnom_146-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm">"Supreme Court Nominations, present–1789"</a>. <i>United States Senate Reference</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate+Reference&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations%2C+present%E2%80%931789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fpagelayout%2Freference%2Fnominations%2FNominations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FedJudges-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FedJudges_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FedJudges_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/judges.html">"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges"</a>. <i>History of the Federal Judiciary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+Federal+Judiciary&rft.atitle=Biographical+Directory+of+Federal+Judges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhome.nsf%2Fpage%2Fjudges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002147-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002147_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2002">McCormick 2002</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 176–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crapol, 2006, p. 5: "Tyler's solution was a further expansion of slavery and the admission of Missouri as a slave state. He saw territorial expansion as a way to thin out and diffuse the slave population."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freehling, 1991, p. 398: "Tyler and [Secretary of State] Upshur opted for annexation only after a public parliamentary exchange confirmed...that England had 'earnestly' pressed Mexico to pressure Texas towards abolition [of slavery]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 180–83, 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 183–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 185–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 194–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crapolpp-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crapolpp_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crapolpp_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 202–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 207–09; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 204–06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UoVThree-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UoVThree_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler/essays/biography/4">John Tyler: Domestic Affairs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127000903/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler/essays/biography/4">Archived</a> November 27, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" in <a href="#Miller_Center">Miller Center</a>, <i>American President</i>. Retrieved June 1, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 212–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201653-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201653_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2016">White 2016</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148_165-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2002">McCormick 2002</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, p. 218; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 228–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148–149-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002148–149_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2002">McCormick 2002</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200135-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200135_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2001">Smith 2001</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands201217-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands201217_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands2012">Brands 2012</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 218–20; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 236–41, 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201739-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow201739_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow201739_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChernow2017">Chernow 2017</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, p. 220; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 282–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200138-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200138_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200138_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2001">Smith 2001</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Presidents: A Reference History, edited by Henry F. Graff, 2nd edition (1996)</i>, p. 160–61 (essay by David M. Pletcher).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/texan04.asp">"Joint Resolution of the Congress of the United States, December 29, 1845"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Resolution+of+the+Congress+of+the+United+States%2C+December+29%2C+1845&rft.pub=Yale+Law+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F19th_century%2Ftexan04.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002150-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002150_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002150_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002150_176-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002150_176-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2002">McCormick 2002</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 408–10, uses "the Grove" as the original name; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 179–80, uses "Walnut Grove".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 414–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, p. 413; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 390–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kleber703-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kleber703_180-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kleber703_180-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kleber703_180-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kleber">Kleber</a>, p. 703.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 423–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRose2014" class="citation book cs1">DeRose, Chris (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxy7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT92"><i>The Presidents' War: Six American Presidents and the Civil War That Divided Them</i></a>. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. pp. 98–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-1086-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-1086-8"><bdi>978-1-4930-1086-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidents%27+War%3A+Six+American+Presidents+and+the+Civil+War+That+Divided+Them&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4930-1086-8&rft.aulast=DeRose&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbxy7AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 435–47; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 449–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865 Volume 1</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1904. pp. 303, 658.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Congress+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America%2C+1861%E2%80%931865+Volume+1&rft.pages=303%2C+658&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, pp. 460–64; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 469–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesJones" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Jeffrey M.; Jones, Joni L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsspectrums.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=605">"Presidential Stroke: United States Presidents and Cerebrovascular Disease (John Tyler)"</a>. <i>Journal CMEs</i>. CNS Spectrums (The International Journal of Neuropsychiatric Medicine)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+CMEs&rft.atitle=Presidential+Stroke%3A+United+States+Presidents+and+Cerebrovascular+Disease+%28John+Tyler%29&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Joni+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnsspectrums.com%2Faspx%2Farticledetail.aspx%3Farticleid%3D605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/38575">"John Tyler, 10th United States President, dies in his hotel room in Richmond, Virginia, aged 71 | House Divided"</a>. <i>hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu&rft.atitle=John+Tyler%2C+10th+United+States+President%2C+dies+in+his+hotel+room+in+Richmond%2C+Virginia%2C+aged+71+%7C+House+Divided&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhd.housedivided.dickinson.edu%2Fnode%2F38575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seager-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seager_189-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seager_189-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, p. 472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cityoftyler-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cityoftyler_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427233545/http://www.cityoftyler.org/Mobile/AboutTyler/TylerTexasHistory.aspx">"Tyler Texas – History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tyler,_Texas" title="Tyler, Texas">City of Tyler, Texas</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityoftyler.org/Mobile/AboutTyler/TylerTexasHistory.aspx">the original</a> on April 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tyler+Texas+%E2%80%93+History&rft.pub=City+of+Tyler%2C+Texas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityoftyler.org%2FMobile%2FAboutTyler%2FTylerTexasHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Monroe">Monroe</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/?page=overall">Presidential Historians Survey 2021: Total Scores/Overall Rankings</a>, C-SPAN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002149-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002149_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2002">McCormick 2002</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEland2009" class="citation book cs1">Eland, Ivan (2009). <i>Recarving Rushmore</i>. Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute. pp. 14, 77–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59813-022-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59813-022-5"><bdi>978-1-59813-022-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recarving+Rushmore&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pages=14%2C+77-82&rft.pub=The+Independent+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59813-022-5&rft.aulast=Eland&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Peterson">Peterson</a>, pp. 263–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Peterson">Peterson</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, p. 478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, p. 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Leahy">Leahy</a>, pp. 323–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Leahy">Leahy</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-may22seager300-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-may22seager300_205-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-may22seager300_205-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#May">May</a>, pp. 22–24; <a href="#Seager">Seager</a>, pp. 300–01; <a href="#Chitwood">Chitwood</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crapol">Crapol</a>, pp. 62–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWert2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffry_D._Wert" title="Jeffry D. Wert">Wert, Jeffry D.</a> (2002). <i>Gettysburg, Day Three</i>. New York: Touchstone. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-85915-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-85915-7"><bdi>0-684-85915-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gettysburg%2C+Day+Three&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-684-85915-7&rft.aulast=Wert&rft.aufirst=Jeffry+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#The_Net_Worth_of_the_American_Presidents:_Washington_to_Trump">The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genealogy_of_John_Tyler-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Genealogy_of_John_Tyler_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sherwoodforest.org/Genealogy.html">"Genealogy of John Tyler at Sherwood Forest Plantation"</a>. <i>Home of President John Tyler</i>. January 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Home+of+President+John+Tyler&rft.atitle=Genealogy+of+John+Tyler+at+Sherwood+Forest+Plantation&rft.date=2009-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sherwoodforest.org%2FGenealogy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stategazette.com/story/2022587.html">"A living history: Grandson of 10th US President John Tyler speaks to DAR"</a>. <i>Dyersburg State Gazette</i>. November 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dyersburg+State+Gazette&rft.atitle=A+living+history%3A+Grandson+of+10th+US+President+John+Tyler+speaks+to+DAR&rft.date=2013-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stategazette.com%2Fstory%2F2022587.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmira2012" class="citation web cs1">Amira, Dan (January 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2012/01/president-tyler-grandson-alive.html">"President John Tyler's Grandson, Harrison Tyler, on Still Being Alive"</a>. <i>New York Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Magazine&rft.atitle=President+John+Tyler%27s+Grandson%2C+Harrison+Tyler%2C+on+Still+Being+Alive&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft.aulast=Amira&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fdaily%2Fintelligencer%2F2012%2F01%2Fpresident-tyler-grandson-alive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H.W._Brands" class="mw-redirect" title="H.W. Brands">Brands, H. W.</a> (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGn2t-tuQBMC"><i>The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace</i></a></span>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53241-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53241-9"><bdi>978-0-385-53241-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Saved+the+Union%3A+Ulysses+S.+Grant+in+War+and+Peace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53241-9&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfGn2t-tuQBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunting_III2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bunting_III" title="Josiah Bunting III">Bunting III, Josiah</a> (2004). <i>Ulysses S. Grant</i>. New York City: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6949-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6949-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-6949-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulysses+S.+Grant&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6949-5&rft.aulast=Bunting+III&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaffin2014" class="citation book cs1">Chaffin, John (2014). <i>Pathfinder John Charles Frémont and the Course of American Empire</i> (ebook). <a href="/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma" title="Norman, Oklahoma">Norman, Oklahoma</a>: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4607-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4607-2"><bdi>978-0-8061-4607-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathfinder+John+Charles+Fr%C3%A9mont+and+the+Course+of+American+Empire&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-4607-2&rft.aulast=Chaffin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Chernow, Ron</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRYcDgAAQBAJ"><i>Grant</i></a>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-487-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-487-6"><bdi>978-1-59420-487-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-487-6&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRYcDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Chitwood" class="citation book cs1">Chitwood, Oliver Perry (1964) [Orig. 1939, Appleton-Century]. <i>John Tyler, Champion of the Old South</i>. Russell & Russell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/424864">424864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Tyler%2C+Champion+of+the+Old+South&rft.pub=Russell+%26+Russell&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F424864&rft.aulast=Chitwood&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Crapol" class="citation book cs1">Crapol, Edward P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johntyleracciden00edwa"><i>John Tyler, the Accidental President</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3041-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3041-3"><bdi>978-0-8078-3041-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Tyler%2C+the+Accidental+President&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3041-3&rft.aulast=Crapol&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohntyleracciden00edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Freehling" class="citation book cs1">Freehling, William W. (1991). <i>The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay. 1776–1854</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507259-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507259-4"><bdi>978-0-19-507259-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Disunion%3A+Volume+I%3A+Secessionists+at+Bay.+1776%E2%80%931854&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507259-4&rft.aulast=Freehling&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gunderson" class="citation book cs1">Gunderson, Robert Gray (1957). <i>The Log Cabin Campaign</i>. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/964644">964644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Log+Cabin+Campaign&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F964644&rft.aulast=Gunderson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hatch" class="citation book cs1">Hatch, Louis C. (1970) [Orig. 1934, The New York Historical Society]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofvicepre0000hatc"><i>A History of the Vice-Presidency of the United States</i></a></span>. Greenwood Press Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-4234-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-4234-0"><bdi>978-0-8371-4234-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vice-Presidency+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-4234-0&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Louis+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofvicepre0000hatc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1974" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Michael F. (1974). <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">Woodward C. Vann</a> (ed.). <i>Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct</i>. New York: Delacorte Press. pp. 61–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-440-05923-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-440-05923-3"><bdi>978-0-440-05923-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Responses+of+the+Presidents+to+Charges+of+Misconduct&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=61-71&rft.pub=Delacorte+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-440-05923-3&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Leahy, Christopher J. <i>President Without a Party: The Life of John Tyler</i> (LSU, 2020), a scholarly biography; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/President-without-Party-Life-Tyler/dp/0807172545/">excerpt</a> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/two-on-john-tyler-tippecanoe-and-tyler-too-11591368355?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=1">online book review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="May" class="citation book cs1">May, Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nEg8IW8NBnMC"><i>John Tyler: The American Presidents Series: The 10th President, 1841–1845</i></a>. Times Books (Henry Holt and Company). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8238-8"><bdi>978-0-8050-8238-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Tyler%3A+The+American+Presidents+Series%3A+The+10th+President%2C+1841%E2%80%931845&rft.pub=Times+Books+%28Henry+Holt+and+Company%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8238-8&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnEg8IW8NBnMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span>; also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bestpresidentialbios.com/2013/12/29/review-of-john-tyler-by-gary-may/">online book review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2002" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, Richard P. (2002). Henry F. Graff (ed.). <i>The Presidents A Reference History William Henry Harrison and John Tyler</i> (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 139–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-31226-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-31226-3"><bdi>0-684-31226-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidents+A+Reference+History+William+Henry+Harrison+and+John+Tyler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=139-151&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-684-31226-3&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Monroe" class="citation book cs1">Monroe, Dan (2003). <i>The Republican Vision of John Tyler</i>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-216-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-216-4"><bdi>978-1-58544-216-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+Vision+of+John+Tyler&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-216-4&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morgan, Robert J. <i>A Whig embattled; the Presidency under John Tyler</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 1954) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whigembattledpre0000morg/page/n7/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a> (1931). Allen Johnson; Dumas Malone (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer07ilamer#page/19/mode/1up"><i>Dictionary of American Biography Frémont, John Charles</i></a>. Vol. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 19–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Biography+Fr%C3%A9mont%2C+John+Charles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19-23&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofamer07ilamer%23page%2F19%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Peterson" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Norma Lois (1989). <i>The Presidencies of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0400-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0400-5"><bdi>978-0-7006-0400-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidencies+of+William+Henry+Harrison+and+John+Tyler&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0400-5&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Norma+Lois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidenciesofwi0000pete">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pulliam" class="citation book cs1">Pulliam, David Loyd (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tAQAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Constitutional Conventions of Virginia from the foundation of the Commonwealth to the present time</i></a>. John T. West, Richmond. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-2879-2059-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-2879-2059-5"><bdi>978-1-2879-2059-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Conventions+of+Virginia+from+the+foundation+of+the+Commonwealth+to+the+present+time&rft.pub=John+T.+West%2C+Richmond&rft.date=1901&rft.isbn=978-1-2879-2059-5&rft.aulast=Pulliam&rft.aufirst=David+Loyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3tAQAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2007" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Leonard L. (2007). <i>The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War</i>. New York: Vintage Books Random House Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27757-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27757-2"><bdi>978-0-307-27757-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+California+Gold+Rush+and+the+Coming+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books+Random+House+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27757-2&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Leonard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Roseboom" class="citation book cs1">Roseboom, Eugene H. (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpreside04rose"><i>A History of Presidential Elections</i></a></span>. Macmillan Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-604890-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-604890-3"><bdi>978-0-02-604890-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Presidential+Elections&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-02-604890-3&rft.aulast=Roseboom&rft.aufirst=Eugene+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofpreside04rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Seager" class="citation book cs1">Seager, Robert II (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andtylertooabiog013722mbp"><i>And Tyler Too: A Biography of John and Julia Gardiner Tyler</i></a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/424866">424866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+Tyler+Too%3A+A+Biography+of+John+and+Julia+Gardiner+Tyler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F424866&rft.aulast=Seager&rft.aufirst=Robert+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandtylertooabiog013722mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Smith, Jean Edward</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grant00smit"><i>Grant</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84927-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84927-0"><bdi>978-0-684-84927-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-84927-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrant00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._White" title="Ronald C. White">White, Ronald C.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPNRCwAAQBAJ"><i>American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant</i></a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-992-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-992-5"><bdi>978-1-58836-992-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Ulysses%3A+A+Life+of+Ulysses+S.+Grant&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-58836-992-5&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ronald+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPNRCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bybee" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Bybee" title="Jay Bybee">Bybee, Jay S.</a> (Winter 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/350">"Ulysses at the Mast: Democracy, Federalism, and the Sirens' Song of the Seventeenth Amendment"</a>. <i>Northwestern University Law Review</i>. <b>91</b> (2): 500–572<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northwestern+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Ulysses+at+the+Mast%3A+Democracy%2C+Federalism%2C+and+the+Sirens%27+Song+of+the+Seventeenth+Amendment&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=500-572&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bybee&rft.aufirst=Jay+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholars.law.unlv.edu%2Ffacpub%2F350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cash, Jordan T. "The isolated presidency: John Tyler and unilateral presidential power." <i>American Political Thought</i> 7.1 (2018): 26–56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jordan-Cash/publication/322606308_The_Isolated_Presidency_John_Tyler_and_Unilateral_Presidential_Power/links/5a85bafd0f7e9b1a95485d5c/The-Isolated-Presidency-John-Tyler-and-Unilateral-Presidential-Power.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Crapol, Edward P. "President John Tyler, Henry Clay, and the Whig Party." in <i>A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861</i> (2014): 173–194.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrapol1997" class="citation journal cs1">Crapol, Edward P. (1997). "John Tyler and the Pursuit of National Destiny". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Early_Republic" title="Journal of the Early Republic">Journal of the Early Republic</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3): 467–491. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3123944">10.2307/3123944</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-1275">0275-1275</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3123944">3123944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=John+Tyler+and+the+Pursuit+of+National+Destiny&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=467-491&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0275-1275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3123944%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3123944&rft.aulast=Crapol&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dinnerstein" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Dinnerstein" title="Leonard Dinnerstein">Dinnerstein, Leonard</a> (October 1962). "The Accession of John Tyler to the Presidency". <i>The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>70</b> (4): 447–458. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4246893">4246893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=The+Accession+of+John+Tyler+to+the+Presidency&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=447-458&rft.date=1962-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4246893%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dinnerstein&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Miller_Center" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Freehling" title="William W. Freehling">Freehling, William W.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/tyler">"American President: John Tyler"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a> (University of Virginia)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+President%3A+John+Tyler&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs+%28University+of+Virginia%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ftyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Holt_(February/March_2021)" class="citation journal cs1">Holt, Michael F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanheritage.com/attempts-impeach-john-tyler">"Attempts to Impeach John Tyler"</a>. <i>americanheritage.com</i>. <b>66</b> (2). American Heritage (February/March 2021)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=americanheritage.com&rft.atitle=Attempts+to+Impeach+John+Tyler&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fattempts-impeach-john-tyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hopkins,_John_Tyler_and_the_Presidential_Succession" class="citation web cs1">Hopkins, Callie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/john-tyler-and-presidential-succession">"John Tyler and the Presidential Succession"</a>. <i>whitehousehistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehousehistory.org&rft.atitle=John+Tyler+and+the+Presidential+Succession&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Callie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fjohn-tyler-and-presidential-succession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kesilman, Sylvan H. "John Tyler as President: An Old School Republican in Search of Vindication", in <i>The Moment of Decision: Biographical Essays on American Character and Regional Identity</i>, R. M. Miller and J. R. McGivigan, eds. Westport. CT: Greenwood Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0084-9219">0084-9219</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kleber" class="citation journal cs1">Kleber, Louis C. (October 1975). "John Tyler". <i>History Today</i>. <b>25</b> (10): 697–703.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=John+Tyler&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=697-703&rft.date=1975-10&rft.aulast=Kleber&rft.aufirst=Louis+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Leahy" class="citation journal cs1">Leahy, Christopher (2006). "Torn Between Family and Politics: John Tyler's Struggle for Balance". <i>The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>114</b> (3): 323–355.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=Torn+Between+Family+and+Politics%3A+John+Tyler%27s+Struggle+for+Balance&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-355&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Leahy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McCormick, Richard P. "William Henry Harrison and John Tyler" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/Harrison-William-Henry-and-Tyler-John.html">Henry Graff, <i>The Presidents: A Reference History</i> 2d ed. (1996) pp 143–154. </a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Encyclopedia_Virginia" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/presidents-of-the-united-states-from-virginia/">"Presidents of the United States from Virginia"</a>. <i>encyclopediavirginia.org</i>. Encyclopedia Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopediavirginia.org&rft.atitle=Presidents+of+the+United+States+from+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Fpresidents-of-the-united-states-from-virginia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="The_Net_Worth_of_the_American_Presidents:_Washington_to_Trump" class="citation web cs1">Sauter, Michael B.; Suneson, Grant (March 20, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://247wallst.com/special-report/2019/02/26/the-net-worth-of-the-american-presidents-washington-to-trump-2/3/">"The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump"</a>. <i>247wallst.com</i>. 24/7 Wall St<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=247wallst.com&rft.atitle=The+Net+Worth+of+the+American+Presidents%3A+Washington+to+Trump&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft.aulast=Sauter&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rft.au=Suneson%2C+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F247wallst.com%2Fspecial-report%2F2019%2F02%2F26%2Fthe-net-worth-of-the-american-presidents-washington-to-trump-2%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tyler, Lyon G. "President John Tyler and the Ashburton Treaty." <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> 25.1 (1916): 1–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-1915096">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Varon" class="citation journal cs1">Varon, Elizabeth R. (September 1995). "Tippecanoe and the Ladies, Too: White Women and Party Politics in Antebellum Virginia". <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>82</b> (2): 494–521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2082184">10.2307/2082184</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2082184">2082184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Tippecanoe+and+the+Ladies%2C+Too%3A+White+Women+and+Party+Politics+in+Antebellum+Virginia&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=494-521&rft.date=1995-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2082184&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2082184%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Varon&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Report_of_the_Exploring_Expedition_to_the_Rocky_Mountains_(1845)" class="citation book cs1">Frémont, John C.; Torrey, John (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGJ5AAAAMAAJ&q=Report+of+the+exploring+expedition+to+the+rocky+mountains"><i>Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains</i></a>. Ann Arbor University of Microfilms. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-598-18981-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-598-18981-3"><bdi>978-0-598-18981-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Exploring+Expedition+to+the+Rocky+Mountains&rft.pub=Ann+Arbor+University+of+Microfilms&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-598-18981-3&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9mont&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.au=Torrey%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGJ5AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DReport%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bexploring%2Bexpedition%2Bto%2Bthe%2Brocky%2Bmountains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lyon Gardiner Tyler, ed. <i>The Letters and Times of the Tylers</i> (3 vols. 1884–1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%27The%20Letters%20and%20Times%20of%20the%20Tylers%27%27%20%29">online</a></li> <li>The personal papers of the Tyler family, including John Tyler, can be found at the <a href="/wiki/Special_Collections_Research_Center_(Earl_Gregg_Swem_Library)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Collections Research Center (Earl Gregg Swem Library)">Special Collections Research Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The executive papers of John Tyler while he was <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> can be found at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Virginia" title="Library of Virginia">Library of Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Vetoes,_1789_to_Present_United_States_Senate" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/vetoes/vetoCounts.htm">"Vetoes, 1789 to Present"</a>. <i>senate.gov</i>. United States Senate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=senate.gov&rft.atitle=Vetoes%2C+1789+to+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Flegislative%2Fvetoes%2FvetoCounts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>John Tyler</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tylerism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Tylerism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" class="extiw" title="c:John Tyler">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Tyler" class="extiw" title="q:John Tyler">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Tyler" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Tyler">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Tyler" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/John Tyler">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11881" class="extiw" title="d:Q11881">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/tyler">John Tyler at Miller Center, U Virginia</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressT000450" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000450">"John Tyler (id: T000450)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=John+Tyler+%28id%3A+T000450%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DT000450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/tyler/index.html">John Tyler: A Resource Guide</a> from the Library of Congress</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/john_tyler.pdf">U.S. Senate Historian's Office: Vice Presidents of the United States – John Tyler</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginiamemory.com/online_classroom/union_or_secession/people/john_tyler">John Tyler in Union or Secession: Virginians Decide</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Virginia" title="Library of Virginia">Library of Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Tyler_John_1790-1862">Biography</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Virginia">Encyclopedia Virginia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Library_of_Virginia" title="Library of Virginia">Library of Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1643">Works by John Tyler</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11284">Works by John Tyler</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Tyler%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Tyler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tyler%2C%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Tyler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tyler%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Tyler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tyler%2C%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Tyler%22%29%20OR%20%28%221790-1862%22%20AND%20Tyler%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Tyler</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728052701/http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections%2Ffindingaid&id=6999">Finding aid of the Tyler Family Papers, Group A</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/lva/vi00885.xml.frame">A Guide to the Governor John Tyler Executive Papers, 1825–1827</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lva.virginia.gov/">The Library of Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?123380-1/life-portrait-john-tyler">"Life Portrait of John Tyler"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a></i>, May 17, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?306305-1/john-tyler-accidental-president">"John Tyler: The Accidental President"</a>, presentation by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Crapol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Crapol (page does not exist)">Edward Crapol</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Public_Library" title="Kansas City Public Library">Kansas City Public Library</a>, April 11, 2012</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g4051s.ct000909/?r=0.108,0.079,0.845,0.458,0">"Map of an exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842 and to Oregon & north California in the years 1843–44"</a>. <i>loc.gov</i>. Library of Congress. 1845<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=Map+of+an+exploring+expedition+to+the+Rocky+Mountains+in+the+year+1842+and+to+Oregon+%26+north+California+in+the+years+1843%E2%80%9344&rft.date=1845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fg4051s.ct000909%2F%3Fr%3D0.108%2C0.079%2C0.845%2C0.458%2C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChip2018" class="citation web cs1">Chip, Reid (March 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-two-of-president-john-tylers-grandsons-are-still-alive/">"How two of President John Tyler's grandsons are still alive, 174 years later"</a>. <i>cbsnew.com</i> (video). CBS News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbsnew.com&rft.atitle=How+two+of+President+John+Tyler%27s+grandsons+are+still+alive%2C+174+years+later&rft.date=2018-03-06&rft.aulast=Chip&rft.aufirst=Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-two-of-president-john-tylers-grandsons-are-still-alive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-selflink selflink">John Tyler</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">10th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1841–1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">10th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1841)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate</a> (1836)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">U.S. Senator from Virginia</a> (1827–1836)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">23rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1825–1827)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from Virginia">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_23rd_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 23rd congressional district">VA–23</a> (1816–1821)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenway_Plantation" title="Greenway Plantation">Greenway Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodburn_(Charles_City,_Virginia)" title="Woodburn (Charles City, Virginia)">Woodburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1829%E2%80%931830" title="Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830">Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 Whig National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_1840_presidential_campaign" title="William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign">William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_and_Tyler_Too" title="Tippecanoe and Tyler Too">Tippecanoe and Tyler Too</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Forest_Plantation" title="Sherwood Forest Plantation">Sherwood Forest Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Conference_of_1861" title="Peace Conference of 1861">Peace Conference of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Secession_Convention_of_1861" title="Virginia Secession Convention of 1861">Virginia Secession Convention of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Provisional Congress of the Confederate States">Provisional Congress of the Confederate States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Cemetery_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)">Hollywood Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Tyler_(cropped_3x4).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Tyler_%28cropped_3x4%29.png/100px-John_Tyler_%28cropped_3x4%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Tyler_%28cropped_3x4%29.png/150px-John_Tyler_%28cropped_3x4%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Tyler_%28cropped_3x4%29.png/200px-John_Tyler_%28cropped_3x4%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1594" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Tyler" title="Inauguration of John Tyler">Inauguration of John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1842" title="Tariff of 1842">Tariff of 1842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Tyler" title="List of federal judges appointed by John Tyler">List of federal judges appointed by John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cooper_Tyler" title="Priscilla Cooper Tyler">Priscilla Cooper Tyler</a> (acting first lady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Princeton_(1843)" title="USS Princeton (1843)">USS <i>Princeton</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_John_Tyler" title="List of memorials to John Tyler">List of memorials to John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Recarving_Rushmore" title="Recarving Rushmore">Recarving Rushmore</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Christian_Tyler" title="Letitia Christian Tyler">Letitia Christian Tyler</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Julia Gardiner Tyler">Julia Gardiner Tyler</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tyler_(Confederate_Register_of_the_Treasury)" title="Robert Tyler (Confederate Register of the Treasury)">Robert Tyler</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Semple" title="Letitia Semple">Letitia Semple</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gardiner_Tyler" title="David Gardiner Tyler">David Gardiner Tyler</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Tyler" title="John Alexander Tyler">John Alexander Tyler</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Lyon Gardiner Tyler">Lyon Gardiner Tyler</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ruffin_Tyler" title="Harrison Ruffin Tyler">Harrison Ruffin Tyler</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Sr." title="John Tyler Sr.">John Tyler Sr.</a> (father)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_and_slavery" title="John Tyler and slavery">John Tyler and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_General_(horse)" title="The General (horse)">The General (horse)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">← William Henry Harrison</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">← Richard Mentor Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_Tyler" title="Category:John Tyler">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Clopton" title="John Clopton">John Clopton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from Virginia">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_23rd_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 23rd congressional district">Virginia's 23rd congressional district</a> </b><br />1816–1821 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">Andrew Stevenson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Wilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Henry Wilde">Richard Wilde</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">Baby of the House</a> </b><br />1816–1817 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Robertson_(congressman)" title="George Robertson (congressman)">George Robertson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">James Pleasants</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> </b><br />1825–1827 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">William Branch Giles</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Poindexter" title="George Poindexter">George Poindexter</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate</a> </b><br />1835 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard Mentor Johnson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> </b><br />1841 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br />1841–1845 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Virginia</a> </b><br />1827–1836 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Littleton Tazewell</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William Cabell Rives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Leigh" title="Benjamin W. Leigh">Benjamin W. Leigh</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William Cabell Rives</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> nominee for Vice President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>,¹ <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Theodore Frelinghuysen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_(economist)" title="Henry Lee (economist)">Henry Lee</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Endorsed</span> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Party dissolved </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (1799)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="Chancellor of the College of William & Mary">Chancellor of the College of William & Mary</a> </b><br />1859–1862 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair_Grigsby" title="Hugh Blair Grigsby">Hugh Blair Grigsby</a> (1871)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;"><small><b>Notes and references</b></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><small>1. The Whig Party ran regional candidates in 1836. Tyler ran in the Southern states, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a> ran in the Northern states.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_John_Tyler" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_John_Tyler" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to John Tyler</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="Template:United States senators from Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="Template talk:United States senators from Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">United States senators from Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Grayson" title="William Grayson">Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Walker_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Walker (Virginia politician)">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Thomson_Mason_(senator)" title="Stevens Thomson Mason (senator)">S. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_B._Venable" title="Abraham B. Venable">Venable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moore_(politician)" title="Andrew Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brent_(politician)" title="Richard Brent (politician)">Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">J. Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_S._Pennybacker" title="Isaac S. Pennybacker">Pennybacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">J. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitman_T._Willey" title="Waitman T. Willey">Willey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_J._Bowden" title="Lemuel J. Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Lewis" title="John F. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Withers" title="Robert E. Withers">Withers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">Mahone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Daniel" title="John W. Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Byrd Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Trible" title="Paul Trible">Trible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(American_politician)" title="George Allen (American politician)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Tazewell" title="Henry Tazewell">H. Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas" title="Wilson Cary Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moore_(politician)" title="Andrew Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistead_Thomson_Mason" title="Armistead Thomson Mason">A. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">L. Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Leigh" title="Benjamin W. Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Parker" title="Richard E. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Roane" title="William H. Roane">Roane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Archer" title="William S. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Carlile" title="John S. Carlile">Carlile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Johnston" title="John W. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_H._Riddleberger" title="Harrison H. Riddleberger">Riddleberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Barbour_Jr." title="John S. Barbour Jr.">J. S. Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Hunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Burch" title="Thomas G. Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Willis_Robertson" title="A. Willis Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Spong_Jr." title="William Spong Jr.">Spong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Scott" title="William L. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">J. Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">M. Warner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Virginia" title="Template:Governors of Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Virginia" title="Template talk:Governors of Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governors of Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Governor%27s_Council" title="Virginia Governor's Council">Virginia Governor's Council</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia"><img alt="Colony of Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/68px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/90px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Colony of Virginia</figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London" title="Virginia Company of London">Virginia Company</a><br /> proprietary colony</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maria_Wingfield" title="Edward Maria Wingfield">Wingfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(governor)" title="John Ratcliffe (governor)">Ratcliffe</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Scrivener" title="Matthew Scrivener">Scrivener</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Percy_(governor)" title="George Percy (governor)">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gates_(governor)" title="Thomas Gates (governor)">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_West,_3rd_Baron_De_La_Warr" title="Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr">T. West (De La Warr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dale" title="Thomas Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yeardley" title="George Yeardley">Yeardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Argall" title="Samuel Argall">Argall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wyatt" title="Francis Wyatt">Wyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_West" title="Francis West">F. West</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/John_Pott" title="John Pott">Pott</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown colony</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(Virginia_governor)" title="John Harvey (Virginia governor)">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_West_(governor)" title="John West (governor)">J. West</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/George_Reade_(colonial_governor)" title="George Reade (colonial governor)">Reade</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)" title="William Berkeley (governor)">Berkeley</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jeffreys_(colonial_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Jeffreys (colonial governor)">Jeffreys</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kemp_(governor)" title="Richard Kemp (governor)">Kemp</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bennett_(governor)" title="Richard Bennett (governor)">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Digges" title="Edward Digges">Digges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Matthews_(captain)" title="Samuel Matthews (captain)">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Colepeper,_2nd_Baron_Colepeper" title="Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chicheley" title="Henry Chicheley">Chicheley</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Howard,_5th_Baron_Howard_of_Effingham" title="Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham">Howard of Effingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nott" title="Edward Nott">Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Jenings_(governor)" title="Edmund Jenings (governor)">Jenings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hunter_(colonial_administrator)" title="Robert Hunter (colonial administrator)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton,_1st_Earl_of_Orkney" title="George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney">Orkney</a> (absentee)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood" title="Alexander Spotswood">Spotswood</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Drysdale" title="Hugh Drysdale">Drysdale</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_I" title="Robert Carter I">"King" Carter</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet">Gooch</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Keppel,_2nd_Earl_of_Albemarle" title="Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle">Albemarle</a> (absentee)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet">Gooch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lee_(Virginia_colonist)" title="Thomas Lee (Virginia colonist)">Lee</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Burwell_family_of_Virginia#Lewis_Burwell_I/II_(1711–1756)" title="Burwell family of Virginia">Burwell</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dinwiddie" title="Robert Dinwiddie">Dinwiddie</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Loudoun" title="John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun">Loudoun</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fauquier" title="Francis Fauquier">Fauquier</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a> (absentee)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fauquier" title="Francis Fauquier">Fauquier</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norborne_Berkeley,_4th_Baron_Botetourt" title="Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt">Botetourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nelson_(governor)" title="William Nelson (governor)">W. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore" title="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore">Dunmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/75px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/113px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/150px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia"><img alt="Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Virginia</figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fleming_(governor)" title="William Fleming (governor)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Jr." title="Thomas Nelson Jr.">T. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">B. Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">E. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverley_Randolph" title="Beverley Randolph">B. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_III" title="Henry Lee III">H. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brooke_(Virginia_governor)" title="Robert Brooke (Virginia governor)">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(governor)" title="James Wood (governor)">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Page (Virginia politician)">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Cabell" title="William H. Cabell">Cabell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Sr." title="John Tyler Sr.">Tyler Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Smith_(politician)" title="George William Smith (politician)">G. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Smith_(politician)" title="George William Smith (politician)">G. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph_(governor)" title="Peyton Randolph (governor)">P. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas" title="Wilson Cary Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Patton_Preston" title="James Patton Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann_Randolph_Jr." title="Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.">T. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">Pleasants</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tyler Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Floyd_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Floyd (Virginia politician)">J. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Robertson" title="Wyndham Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Campbell_(Virginia_politician)" title="David Campbell (Virginia politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Gilmer" title="Thomas Walker Gilmer">Gilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Patton" title="John M. Patton">Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutherfoord" title="John Rutherfoord">Rutherfoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Munford_Gregory" title="John Munford Gregory">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McDowell" title="James McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">W. "EB" Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">J. B. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(Virginia_politician)" title="Joseph Johnson (Virginia politician)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Letcher" title="John Letcher">Letcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">W. "EB" Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Harrison_Pierpont" title="Francis Harrison Pierpont">Pierpont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Wells" title="Henry H. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Carlton_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Carlton Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._M._Holliday" title="Frederick W. M. Holliday">Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Cameron" title="William E. Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">F. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_W._McKinney" title="Philip W. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Triplett_O%27Ferrall" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Triplett O'Ferrall">O'Ferrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hoge_Tyler" title="James Hoge Tyler">J. H. Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Montague" title="Andrew Jackson Montague">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hodges_Mann" title="William Hodges Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Stuart" title="Henry Carter Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_Davis" title="Westmoreland Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Lee_Trinkle" title="Elbert Lee Trinkle">Trinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garland_Pollard" title="John Garland Pollard">Pollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Peery" title="George C. Peery">Peery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hubert_Price" title="James Hubert Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Darden" title="Colgate Darden">Darden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Tuck" title="William M. Tuck">Tuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Battle" title="John S. Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Stanley" title="Thomas B. Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lindsay_Almond" title="J. Lindsay Almond">Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertis_Harrison" title="Albertis Harrison">A. Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_Godwin" title="Mills Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linwood_Holton" title="Linwood Holton">Holton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_Godwin" title="Mills Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Dalton" title="John N. Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Baliles" title="Gerald Baliles">Baliles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(American_politician)" title="George Allen (American politician)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonnell" title="Bob McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Northam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin" title="Glenn Youngkin">Youngkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_VPOTUS_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party VPOTUS candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_VPOTUS_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party VPOTUS candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_VPOTUS_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party VPOTUS candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Thomas Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">John E. Howard</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Nathan Sanford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">John Sergeant</a> (<a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Theodore Frelinghuysen</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">William O. Butler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">Herschel V. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Francis P. Blair Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">B. Gratz Brown</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">William H. English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Whitelaw Reid</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Arthur Sewall</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson I</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">Henry G. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">John W. Kern</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">Charles W. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Joseph T. Robinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">Charles L. McNary</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">John W. Bricker</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a> (<a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">William E. Miller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_vice-presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States vice-presidential candidates by year">All vice presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">Vice presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Republican_and_Whig_Parties" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Whig Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Whig Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Whig Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Republican_and_Whig_Parties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Parties</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_American_National_Convention" title="1856 American National Convention">1856 American National Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_Constitutional_Union_Convention" title="1860 Constitutional Union Convention">1860 Constitutional Union Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Northern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)">Opposition Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">Presidency of John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">Presidency of William Henry Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">Presidency of John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">Presidency of Zachary Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">Presidency of Millard Fillmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_National_Republican_and_Whig_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States National Republican and Whig Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_National_Republican_National_Convention" title="1831 National Republican National Convention">1831 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">Sergeant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 (Harrisburg)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">1848 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Z. Taylor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Whig_National_Convention" title="1856 Whig National Convention">1856 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Donelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />Speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">J. Taylor</a> (1825–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1839–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John White (Kentucky politician)">White</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a> (1847–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a> (1856–1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">John M. Clayton</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a> (1852–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Walter Forward</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John C. Spencer</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">George M. Bibb</a> (1844–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">William M. Meredith</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Thomas Corwin</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">James Barbour</a> (1825–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">Peter B. Porter</a> (1828–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John C. Spencer</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">James M. Porter</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Crawford" title="George W. Crawford">George W. Crawford</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad" title="Charles Magill Conrad">Charles M. Conrad</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(attorney_general)" title="William Wirt (attorney general)">William Wirt</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_(lawyer)" title="John Nelson (lawyer)">John Nelson</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Reverdy Johnson</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Badger" title="George Edmund Badger">George E. Badger</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ballard_Preston" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ballard Preston">William B. Preston</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Kennedy" title="John P. Kennedy">John P. Kennedy</a> (1852–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean_Thompson_McKennan" title="Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan">Thomas M. T. McKennan</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hugh_Holmes_Stuart" title="Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart">Alexander H. H. Stuart</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_presidents_pro_tempore" title="Template:US Senate presidents pro tempore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_presidents_pro_tempore" title="Template talk:US Senate presidents pro tempore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_presidents_pro_tempore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate presidents pro tempore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">Langdon</a> (1789)</li> <li><span style="color:#CCFF66;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Lee</a> (1792)</li> <li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">Langdon</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Izard" title="Ralph Izard">Izard</a> (1794)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tazewell" title="Henry Tazewell">H. Tazewell</a> (1795)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Livermore" title="Samuel Livermore">Livermore</a> (1796)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">Bingham</a> (1797)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="William Bradford (Rhode Island politician)">Bradford</a> (1979)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Read" title="Jacob Read">Read</a> (1797)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a> (1798)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Laurance" title="John Laurance">Laurance</a> (1798)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">Ross</a> (1799)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Livermore" title="Samuel Livermore">Livermore</a> (1799)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Tracy" title="Uriah Tracy">Tracy</a> (1800)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">Howard</a> (1800)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Hillhouse" title="James Hillhouse">Hillhouse</a> (1801)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Baldwin</a> (1801–1802)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1802–1803)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Kentucky_politician,_born_1757)" title="John Brown (Kentucky politician, born 1757)">Brown</a> (1803–1804)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Franklin" title="Jesse Franklin">Franklin</a> (1804)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)">Anderson</a> (1805)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a> (1805–1808)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1808–1809)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Milledge" title="John Milledge">Milledge</a> (1809)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg" title="Andrew Gregg">Gregg</a> (1809)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (1810)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John Pope (Kentucky politician)">Pope</a> (1811)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a> (1812–1813)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (1814–1819)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a> (1819)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (1820–1825)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a> (1826–1827)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a> (1828–1831)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">L. Tazewell</a> (1832)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a> (1832–1833)</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/George_Poindexter" title="George Poindexter">Poindexter</a> (1834)</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tyler</a> (1835)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. R. King</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Southard</a> (1841–1842)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a> (1842–1845)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a> (1845)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a> (1846–1849)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. R. King</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a> (1852–1854)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a> (1854)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a> (1854–1856)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">Stuart</a> (1856)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a> (1856–1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">Mason</a> (1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Rusk" title="Thomas Jefferson Rusk">Rusk</a> (1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a> (1857–1860)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a> (1860)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a> (1860)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Foot" title="Solomon Foot">Foot</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Clark_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Daniel Clark (New Hampshire politician)">Clark</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_S._Foster" title="Lafayette S. Foster">Foster</a> (1865–1867)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a> (1867–1869)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_H._Carpenter" title="Matthew H. Carpenter">Carpenter</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1875)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a> (1875–1879)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a> (1879–1880)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a> (1881)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a> (1883–1885)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1885–1887)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Ingalls" title="John J. Ingalls">Ingalls</a> (1887–1891)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Manderson" title="Charles F. Manderson">Manderson</a> (1891–1893)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Matt_W._Ransom" title="Matt W. Ransom">Ransom</a> (1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a> (1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1896–1911)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_O._Bacon" title="Augustus O. Bacon">Bacon</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Brandegee" title="Frank B. Brandegee">Brandegee</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_P._Clarke" title="James P. Clarke">Clarke</a> (1913–1916)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Willard_Saulsbury_Jr." title="Willard Saulsbury Jr.">Saulsbury</a> (1916–1919)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/George_H._Moses" title="George H. Moses">Moses</a> (1925–1933)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Pittman</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_H._King" title="William H. King">W. H. King</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Harrison</a> (1941)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a> (1955–1957)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Hayden</a> (1957–1969)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Ellender</a> (1971–1972)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a> (1972–1978)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Young" title="Milton Young">Young</a> (1980)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a> (1980–1981)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">Stennis</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a> (1995–2001)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (2001)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a> (2001)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a> (2010–2012)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a> (2012–2015)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate President Pro Tempore"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate President Pro Tempore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/90px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/135px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/180px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> Pro-Administration</li> <li><span style="color:#CCFF66;">▌</span> Anti-Administration</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> Federalist</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> Democratic-Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> Jacksonian</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> National Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> Whig</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> Democratic</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span> Independent</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_John_Tyler_(1841–1845)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tyler_cabinet" title="Template:Tyler cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tyler_cabinet" title="Template talk:Tyler cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tyler_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tyler cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_John_Tyler_(1841–1845)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Tyler</a> (1841–1845)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1844–1845)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Tyler.png/100px-John_Tyler.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Tyler.png/150px-John_Tyler.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Tyler.png/200px-John_Tyler.png 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Walter Forward</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John Canfield Spencer</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">George M. Bibb</a> (1844–1845)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John Canfield Spencer</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">James Madison Porter</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">William Wilkins</a> (1844–1845)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Legar%C3%A9" title="Hugh S. Legaré">Hugh S. Legaré</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_(lawyer)" title="John Nelson (lawyer)">John Nelson</a> (1843–1845)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Wickliffe" title="Charles A. Wickliffe">Charles A. Wickliffe</a> (1841–1845)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Badger" title="George Edmund Badger">George Edmund Badger</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Henshaw_(American_politician)" title="David Henshaw (American politician)">David Henshaw</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Gilmer" title="Thomas Walker Gilmer">Thomas Walker Gilmer</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">John Y. Mason</a> (1844–1845)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_College_of_William_&amp;_Mary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #115740; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B9975B, inset -2px -2px 0 #B9975B;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:College_of_William_%26_Mary_chancellors" title="Template:College of William & Mary chancellors"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:College_of_William_%26_Mary_chancellors" title="Template talk:College of William & Mary chancellors"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:College_of_William_%26_Mary_chancellors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:College of William & Mary chancellors"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_College_of_William_&amp;_Mary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="Chancellor of the College of William & Mary"><span style="color:white">Chancellors of the College of William & Mary</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton</a> (1693–1700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tenison" title="Thomas Tenison">Thomas Tenison</a> (1700–1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton</a> (1707–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(bishop_of_London)" title="John Robinson (bishop of London)">John Robinson</a> (1714–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a> (1721–1729)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Edmund Gibson</a> (1729–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a> (1736–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Edmund Gibson</a> (1737–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sherlock" title="Thomas Sherlock">Thomas Sherlock</a> (1749–1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hayter" title="Thomas Hayter">Thomas Hayter</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wyndham,_2nd_Earl_of_Egremont" title="Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont">Charles Wyndham</a> (1762–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Yorke,_1st_Earl_of_Hardwicke" title="Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke">Philip Yorke</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Terrick" title="Richard Terrick">Richard Terrick</a> (1764–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (1788–1799)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1800–1858)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Tyler</a> (1859–1862)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1863–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair_Grigsby" title="Hugh Blair Grigsby">Hugh Blair Grigsby</a> (1871–1881)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1882–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bryan" title="John Stewart Bryan">John Stewart Bryan</a> (1942–1944)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Darden" title="Colgate Darden">Colgate Darden</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1948–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Duke_Chandler" title="Alvin Duke Chandler">Alvin Duke Chandler</a> (1962–1974)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1975–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (1986–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> (1993–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (2000–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> (2005–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2012–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1832)_1836_United_States_presidential_election_(1840_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1836 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1836 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1836 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1832)_1836_United_States_presidential_election_(1840_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">← 1832</a>) <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">VP nominee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh L. White</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Willie P. Mangum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">VP nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Tyler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1836 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1836%E2%80%9337_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1836–37 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836%E2%80%9337_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1836–37 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1836)_1840_United_States_presidential_election_(1844_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1840 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1840 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1840 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1836)_1840_United_States_presidential_election_(1844_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">← 1836</a>) <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_1840_presidential_campaign" title="William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Tyler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></b> (incumbent)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President:</b> <i>none</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1840 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1840_and_1841_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_and_1841_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Template:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Template talk:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">History of slavery in Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">History of Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enslaved people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela (slave)">Angela</a> (fl. 1619–1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Driggus" title="Emanuel Driggus">Emanuel Driggus</a> (c. 1620s-d. 1673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry Box Brown</a> (c. 1815–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Casor" title="John Casor">John Casor</a> (living 1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (c. 1745–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Gibbons" title="Isabella Gibbons">Isabella Gibbons</a> (c. 1836–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Gibbons" title="William D. Gibbons">William D. Gibbons</a> (1825–1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graweere" title="John Graweere">John Graweere</a> (living 1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Key_Grinstead" title="Elizabeth Key Grinstead">Elizabeth Key Grinstead</a> (Greenstead) (1630–1665)</li> <li>Left, husband of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Webb_(Northampton,_Virginia)" title="Jane Webb (Northampton, Virginia)">Jane Webb</a> (fl. 1704–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Johnson_(colonist)" title="Anthony Johnson (colonist)">Mary and Anthony Johnson</a> (1600–1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerfield_Newby" title="Dangerfield Newby">Dangerfield Newby</a> (c. 1820–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)" title="John Punch (slave)">John Punch</a> (fl. 1630s, living 1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a> (1776–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tucker_(Virginia_colony)" title="William Tucker (Virginia colony)">William Tucker</a> (born 1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a> (1800–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> (1856–1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slave owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidents of the United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tyler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armfield" title="John Armfield">John Armfield</a> (1797–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landon_Carter" title="Landon Carter">Landon Carter</a> (1710–1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_I" title="Robert Carter I">Robert "King" Carter</a> (1663–1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_III" title="Robert Carter III">Robert Carter III</a> (1728–1804), freed 450 slaves</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roderick_Dew" title="Thomas Roderick Dew">Thomas Roderick Dew</a> (1802–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Andrew Hunter</a> (1804–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a> (1809–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Eppa Hunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland_Lee" title="Richard Bland Lee">Richard Bland Lee</a> (1761–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a> (1826–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a> (1725–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a> (1798–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(Middle_Plantation)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Page (Middle Plantation)">John Page</a> (1628–1692)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prosser_(burgess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Prosser (burgess)">Thomas Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_family_of_Virginia" title="Randolph family of Virginia">Randolph family of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a> (1804–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tucker_(Jamestown_immigrant)" title="William Tucker (Jamestown immigrant)">William Tucker</a> (died 1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles" title="John Wayles">John Wayles</a> (1715–1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a> (1806–1876)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">Plantations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beall-Air" title="Beall-Air">Beall-Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Hill_Plantation" title="Berry Hill Plantation">Berry Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookfield_(plantation)" title="Brookfield (plantation)">Brookfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmore_(Fredericksburg,_Virginia)" title="Kenmore (Fredericksburg, Virginia)">Kenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy_Plantation" title="Mount Airy Plantation">Mount Airy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_enslaved_people_of_Mount_Vernon" title="List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon">enslaved people</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatlands_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oatlands Plantation">Oatlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Plantation" title="Shirley Plantation">Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Hall_(plantation)" title="Stratford Hall (plantation)">Stratford Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckahoe_(plantation)" title="Tuckahoe (plantation)">Tuckahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westover_Plantation" title="Westover Plantation">Westover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)">Woodlawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">List of plantations in Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Virginia laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_act_concerning_Servants_and_Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="An act concerning Servants and Slaves">An act concerning Servants and Slaves</a>, 1705</li></ul></li> <li>Federal laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1793" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1793">Fugitive Slave Act of 1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a>, 1808</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slave_pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave pen">Slave pens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_and_Armfield_Office" title="Franklin and Armfield Office">Franklin and Armfield Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpkin%27s_Jail" title="Lumpkin's Jail">Lumpkin's Jail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_1619_Project" title="The 1619 Project">The 1619 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_Burial_Ground" title="African American Burial Ground">African American Burial Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Creole" title="Atlantic Creole">Atlantic Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Winchester_Medical_College" title="Burning of Winchester Medical College">Burning of Winchester Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastwise_slave_trade" title="Coastwise slave trade">Coastwise slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia" title="First Africans in Virginia">First Africans in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia" title="Indentured servitude in Virginia">Indentured servitude in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_retrocession" title="District of Columbia retrocession">District of Columbia retrocession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Rebellion" title="Gabriel's Rebellion">Gabriel's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Virginia" title="Human trafficking in Virginia">Human trafficking in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day">Liberation and Freedom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Enslaved_Laborers" title="Memorial to Enslaved Laborers">Memorial to Enslaved Laborers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_of_the_Confederacy" title="White House of the Confederacy">White House of the Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Virginia" title="Portal:Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11881#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11881#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11881#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080984900">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19722306">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19597/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWMbQtRGMQx67rdTHcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118803034">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tyler, John, 1790-1862"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50081085">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121844877">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121844877">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2007404523&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5301975">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p088688666">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1483107587914">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810620557705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279070305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14152338">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000450">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/902649">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118803034.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118803034">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/076003574">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580347">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sv8cp4">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6833rjr">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728052645/http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections%2Fcontrolcard&id=6999">"Tyler Family Papers, Group A"</a>. Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=6999">the original</a> on July 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tyler+Family+Papers%2C+Group+A&rft.pub=Special+Collections+Research+Center%2C+Earl+Gregg+Swem+Library%2C+College+of+William+and+Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscrc.swem.wm.edu%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dcollections%2Fcontrolcard%26id%3D6999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi00885.xml">"A Guide to the Governor John Tyler Executive Papers, 1825–1827"</a>. Virginia Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Governor+John+Tyler+Executive+Papers%2C+1825%E2%80%931827&rft.pub=Virginia+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fead.lib.virginia.edu%2Fvivaxtf%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dlva%2Fvi00885.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Tyler&oldid=1259458967">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Tyler&oldid=1259458967</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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