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id="toc-Escapement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escapement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Escapement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escapement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balance_wheel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balance_wheel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Balance wheel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balance_wheel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyless_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyless_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Keyless work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyless_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Center_seconds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Center_seconds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Center seconds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Center_seconds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watch_jewels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watch_jewels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Watch jewels</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Watch_jewels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Watch jewels subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Watch_jewels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Purposes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Where_they_are_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Where_they_are_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Where they are used</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Where_they_are_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Jewel_inflation'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Jewel_inflation'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>'Jewel inflation'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Jewel_inflation'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Механічны гадзіннік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Механічны гадзіннік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rellotge_mec%C3%A0nic" title="Rellotge mecànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rellotge mecànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4deruhr" title="Räderuhr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Räderuhr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reloj_mec%C3%A1nico" title="Reloj mecánico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reloj mecánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erloju_mekaniko" title="Erloju mekaniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erloju mekaniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ساعت مکانیکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساعت مکانیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montre_m%C3%A9canique" title="Montre mécanique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Montre mécanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_sat" title="Mehanički sat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mehanički sat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_tangan_mekanik" title="Jam tangan mekanik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jam tangan mekanik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Механикалық сағат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Механикалық сағат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rl%C3%B2j_m%C3%A9kanik" title="Òrlòj mékanik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Òrlòj mékanik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechaninis_laikrodis" title="Mechaninis laikrodis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mechaninis laikrodis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%BC%8F%E8%85%95%E6%99%82%E8%A8%88" title="機械式腕時計 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="機械式腕時計" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zegar_mechaniczny" title="Zegar mechaniczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zegar mechaniczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Механические часы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Механические часы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_sat" title="Mehanički sat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mehanički sat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Соатҳои механикӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соатҳои механикӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanik_saat" title="Mekanik saat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mekanik saat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Механічний годинник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Механічний годинник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E9%8C%B6" title="手動機械錶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="手動機械錶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3103207#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of watch which uses a clockwork mechanism to measure the passage of time</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_finished_watch_movement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Russian_finished_watch_movement.jpg/220px-Russian_finished_watch_movement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Russian_finished_watch_movement.jpg/330px-Russian_finished_watch_movement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Russian_finished_watch_movement.jpg/440px-Russian_finished_watch_movement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>The hand-winding <a href="/wiki/Movement_(clockwork)" title="Movement (clockwork)">movement</a> of a Russian watch</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mechanical watch</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> that uses a <a href="/wiki/Movement_(clockwork)" title="Movement (clockwork)">clockwork mechanism</a> to measure the passage of time, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Quartz_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz watch">quartz watches</a> which function using the <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a> modes of a <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric">piezoelectric</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuning_fork" title="Tuning fork">tuning fork</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">radio watches</a>, which are quartz watches synchronized to an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clock</a> via <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>. A mechanical watch is driven by a <a href="/wiki/Mainspring" title="Mainspring">mainspring</a> which must be wound either periodically by hand or via a <a href="/wiki/Automatic_watch" title="Automatic watch">self-winding</a> mechanism. Its force is transmitted through a series of gears to power the <a href="/wiki/Balance_wheel" title="Balance wheel">balance wheel</a>, a weighted wheel which oscillates back and forth at a constant rate. A device called an <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a> releases the watch's wheels to move forward a small amount with each swing of the balance wheel, moving the watch's hands forward at a constant rate. The escapement is what makes the 'ticking' sound which is heard in an operating mechanical watch. Mechanical watches evolved in Europe in the 17th century from spring powered <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clocks</a>, which appeared in the 15th century. </p><p>Mechanical watches are typically not as accurate as quartz watches,<sup id="cite_ref-Hahn15_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hahn15-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haines_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they eventually require periodic cleaning, lubrication and calibration by a skilled watchmaker.<sup id="cite_ref-Haines_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s and 1980s, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Quartz_crisis" title="Quartz crisis">quartz crisis</a>, quartz watches have taken over most of the watch market, and mechanical watches (especially <a href="/wiki/Swiss_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss watch">Swiss-made watches</a>) are now mostly marketed as <a href="/wiki/Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">luxury goods</a>, purchased for their <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> and luxury values, for appreciation of their fine craftsmanship,<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as a <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prim_mechanical_wrist_watch_disassembled_whole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Prim_mechanical_wrist_watch_disassembled_whole.jpg/220px-Prim_mechanical_wrist_watch_disassembled_whole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Prim_mechanical_wrist_watch_disassembled_whole.jpg/330px-Prim_mechanical_wrist_watch_disassembled_whole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Prim_mechanical_wrist_watch_disassembled_whole.jpg/440px-Prim_mechanical_wrist_watch_disassembled_whole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption>Mechanical wrist watch disassembled</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omega_Speedmaster_Schumacher_Edition10_36_22_158000.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Omega_Speedmaster_Schumacher_Edition10_36_22_158000.jpeg/220px-Omega_Speedmaster_Schumacher_Edition10_36_22_158000.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Omega_Speedmaster_Schumacher_Edition10_36_22_158000.jpeg/330px-Omega_Speedmaster_Schumacher_Edition10_36_22_158000.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Omega_Speedmaster_Schumacher_Edition10_36_22_158000.jpeg/440px-Omega_Speedmaster_Schumacher_Edition10_36_22_158000.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chronograph" title="Chronograph">chronograph</a> watch, with stopwatch functions</figcaption></figure> <p>The internal mechanism of a watch, excluding the face and hands, is called the <a href="/wiki/Movement_(clockwork)" title="Movement (clockwork)">movement</a>. All mechanical watches have these five parts: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Mainspring" title="Mainspring">mainspring</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which stores mechanical energy to power the watch.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Gear_train" title="Gear train">gear train</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Wheel_train" title="Wheel train">wheel train</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has the dual function of transmitting the force of the mainspring to the balance wheel and adding up the swings of the balance wheel to get units of <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">seconds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minutes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hours</a>. A separate part of the gear train, called the <a href="/wiki/Keyless_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyless work">keyless work</a>, allows the user to wind the mainspring and enables the hands to be moved to set the time.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Balance_wheel" title="Balance wheel">balance wheel</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">oscillates</a> back and forth. This is the timekeeping element in the watch. Its timekeeping accuracy is due to the fact that it is a <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator" title="Harmonic oscillator">harmonic oscillator</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">period of oscillation</a> which is very constant, dependent on the inertia of the wheel and the elasticity of the <a href="/wiki/Balance_spring" title="Balance spring">balance spring</a>.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a> mechanism, which has the dual function of keeping the balance wheel vibrating by giving it a push with each swing, and allowing the watch's gears to advance or 'escape' by a set amount with each swing. The periodic stopping of the gear train by the escapement makes the 'ticking' sound of the mechanical watch.</li> <li>An indicating dial, usually a traditional <a href="/wiki/Clock_face" title="Clock face">clock face</a> with rotating hands, to display the time in human-readable form.</li></ul> <p>Additional functions on a watch besides the basic timekeeping ones are traditionally called <i><a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">complications</a></i>. Mechanical watches may have these complications: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_watch" title="Automatic watch"><i>Automatic winding</i></a> or <i>self-winding</i>—in order to eliminate the need to wind the watch, this device winds the watch's mainspring automatically using the natural motions of the wrist, with a rotating-weight mechanism.</li> <li><i>Calendar</i>—displays the date, and often the weekday, month, and year. <i>Simple calendar</i> watches do not account for the different lengths of the months, requiring the user to reset the date five times a year, but <i>perpetual calendar</i> watches account for this, and even leap years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <i>annual calendar</i> does not make the leap year adjustment, and treats February as a 30-day month, so the date must be reset on March 1 every year when it incorrectly says February 29 or 30.</li> <li><i>Alarm</i>—a bell or buzzer that can be set to go on at a given time.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronograph" title="Chronograph">Chronograph</a></i>—a watch with additional <a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a> functions. Buttons on the case start and stop the second hand and reset it to zero, and usually several subdials display the elapsed time in larger units.</li> <li><i>Hacking</i> feature—found on military watches, a mechanism that stops the second hand while the watch is being set. This enables watches to be synchronized to the precise second. This is now a very common feature on many watches.</li> <li><i>Moon phase dial</i>—shows the phase of the moon with a moon face on a rotating disk.</li> <li><i>Wind indicator</i> or <i>power reserve indicator</i>—mostly found on automatic watches, a subdial that shows how much power is left in the mainspring, usually in terms of hours left to run.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Repeater_(horology)" title="Repeater (horology)">Repeater</a></i>—a watch that chimes the hours audibly at the press of a button. This rare complication was originally used before artificial lighting to check what time it was in the dark. These complex mechanisms are now only found as novelties in extremely expensive luxury watches.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tourbillon" title="Tourbillon">Tourbillon</a></i>—this expensive feature was designed to make the watch more accurate. It is a demonstration of watchmaking virtuosity.<sup id="cite_ref-Catellier_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catellier-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an ordinary watch the balance wheel oscillates at different rates, because of gravitational bias, when the watch is in different positions, causing inaccuracy. In a tourbillon, the balance wheel is mounted in a rotating cage so that it will experience all positions equally. The mechanism is usually exposed on the face to show it off. The FHH (Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie) definition is: "Any function other than the indication of hours, minutes and seconds, regardless of whether the mechanism is hand-wound or self-winding, mechanical or electronic, and of movement height . The tourbillon is considered complication even if it do not fall within the generic definition." Its function is not to provide additional information, but to adjust the timekeeping even more precisely. It is an adjustment device that is not essentially necessary for the operation of the watch.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pocketwatch_cutaway_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pocketwatch_cutaway_drawing.jpg/510px-Pocketwatch_cutaway_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="510" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pocketwatch_cutaway_drawing.jpg/765px-Pocketwatch_cutaway_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Pocketwatch_cutaway_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway drawing of <a href="/wiki/Pocketwatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocketwatch">pocketwatch</a>, with parts labeled</figcaption></figure> <p>The mechanical watch is a <a href="/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">mature technology</a>, and most ordinary watch <a href="/wiki/Movement_(clockwork)" title="Movement (clockwork)">movements</a> have the same parts and work the same way.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainspring_and_motion_work">Mainspring and motion work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mainspring and motion work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/HowaWatchWork1949.ogv/220px-seek%3D6-HowaWatchWork1949.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="1159" data-mwtitle="HowaWatchWork1949.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:HowaWatchWork1949.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/HowaWatchWork1949.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/HowaWatchWork1949.ogv/HowaWatchWork1949.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/HowaWatchWork1949.ogv/HowaWatchWork1949.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/HowaWatchWork1949.ogv/HowaWatchWork1949.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHowaWatchWork1949.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><i>How a watch works</i> (educational film from 1949)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Mainspring" title="Mainspring">mainspring</a></i> that powers the watch, a spiral ribbon of spring steel, is inside a cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(horology)" title="Barrel (horology)">barrel</a>, with the outer end of the mainspring attached to the barrel. The force of the mainspring turns the barrel. The barrel has gear teeth around the outside that turn the <i>center wheel</i> once per hour — this wheel has a shaft that goes through the dial. On the <a href="/wiki/Watch_dial" class="mw-redirect" title="Watch dial">dial</a> side the <i>cannon pinion</i> is attached with a friction fit (allowing it to slide when setting the hands) and the minute hand is attached to the cannon pinion. The cannon pinion drives a small 12-to-1 reduction gearing called the <a href="/wiki/Motion_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion work">motion work</a> that turns the hour wheel and hand once for every 12 revolutions of the minute hand. </p><p>For the same rate of oscillation, the duration of run, runtime or power reserve of a mechanical watch is mainly a question of what size of mainspring is used, which is, in turn, a question of how much power is needed and how much room is available. If the movement is dirty or worn, the power may not transfer from the mainspring efficiently to the escapement. Service can help restore a degraded runtime. Most mechanical watch movements have a duration of run between 36 and 72 hours. Some mechanical watch movements are able to run for a week. The exact duration of run for a mechanical movement is calculated with the formula<br /> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{2}={\frac {n_{1}\cdot z_{1}}{z_{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{2}={\frac {n_{1}\cdot z_{1}}{z_{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1bdd3822269c1afd267e54efb07c8b8253cb7a22" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:12.647ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{2}={\frac {n_{1}\cdot z_{1}}{z_{2}}}}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3621e468231ab352b7caa30bcf0ce9b452241a6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.135ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{1}}"></span> is the number of barrel teeth, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5abf655fa14f7ea44ad0ca781b59ff59c5f49117" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.135ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{2}}"></span> is the number of center pinion leaves, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee784b70e772f55ede5e6e0bdc929994bff63413" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"></span> is the number of revolutions of the barrel, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/840e456e3058bc0be28e5cf653b170cdbfcc3be4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"></span> is the number of revolutions of the center pinion — the run duration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wheel_train">Wheel train</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wheel train"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The center wheel drives the pinion of the third wheel, and the third wheel drives the pinion of the fourth wheel. In watches with the seconds hand in a subsidiary seconds dial, usually located above the 6 o'clock position, the fourth wheel is geared to rotate once per minute, and the second hand is attached directly to the arbour of this wheel. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Watch_Movement.ogv/350px--Watch_Movement.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="350" height="175" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Watch_Movement.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Watch_Movement.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Watch_Movement.ogv/Watch_Movement.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="428" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Watch_Movement.ogv/Watch_Movement.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="640" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Watch_Movement.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="2000" data-height="1000" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Watch_Movement.ogv/Watch_Movement.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="960" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Watch_Movement.ogv/Watch_Movement.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="214" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Watch_Movement.ogv/Watch_Movement.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="320" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Watch_Movement.ogv/Watch_Movement.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="320" /></video></span><figcaption>Animated watch movement. For clarity in this diagram the watch gears are arranged in a line, with the balance wheel on the left and the hands on separate wheels, rather than located concentrically as in an actual watch.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturejournal36londuoft_0523.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Naturejournal36londuoft_0523.jpg/220px-Naturejournal36londuoft_0523.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Naturejournal36londuoft_0523.jpg/330px-Naturejournal36londuoft_0523.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Naturejournal36londuoft_0523.jpg/440px-Naturejournal36londuoft_0523.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>The movement of a <a href="/wiki/Chronograph" title="Chronograph">chronograph</a> <a href="/wiki/Pocketwatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocketwatch">pocketwatch</a> from the 1880s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escapement">Escapement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Escapement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fourth wheel also drives the <i>escape wheel</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Lever_escapement" title="Lever escapement">lever escapement</a>. The escape wheel teeth alternately catch on two fingers called <i>pallets</i> on the arms of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pallet_lever" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallet lever">pallet lever</a></i>, which rocks back and forth. The other end of the lever has a fork which engages with an upright <i>impulse pin</i> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Balance_wheel" title="Balance wheel">balance wheel</a></i> shaft. Each time the balance wheel swings through its center position, it unlocks the lever, which releases one tooth of the escape wheel, allowing the watch's wheels to advance by a fixed amount, moving the hands forward. As the escape wheel turns, its tooth pushes against the lever, which gives the balance wheel a brief push, keeping it swinging back and forth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balance_wheel">Balance wheel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Balance wheel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Balance_wheel" title="Balance wheel">balance wheel</a> keeps time for the watch. It consists of a weighted wheel which rotates back and forth, which is returned toward its center position by a fine spiral spring, the <a href="/wiki/Balance_spring" title="Balance spring">balance spring or "hair spring"</a>. The wheel and spring together constitute a <i><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator" title="Harmonic oscillator">harmonic oscillator</a></i>. The mass of the balance wheel combines with the stiffness of the spring to precisely control the <a href="/wiki/Period_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Period of time">period</a> of each swing or 'beat' of the wheel. A balance wheel's <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">period of oscillation</a> <i>T</i> in seconds, the time required for one complete cycle (two beats), is </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {I}{\kappa }}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mi>I</mi> <mi>κ</mi> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {I}{\kappa }}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0fce7e4d4f233697a46e512f7532b38a27c978c5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.115ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {I}{\kappa }}}\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/988f6ada07675268dc7164f44f469dbec6e00b8a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.559ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I\,}"></span> is the wheel's <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia" title="Moment of inertia">moment of inertia</a> in kilogram-meter<sup>2</sup> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>κ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88c8b1ec8f7ab988d2caa957a2a7e8bbb828d5b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.726ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa \,}"></span> is the stiffness (<a href="/wiki/Spring_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring constant">spring constant</a>) of its <a href="/wiki/Balance_spring" title="Balance spring">balance spring</a> in newton-meters per radian. Most watch balance wheels oscillate at 5, 6, 8, or 10 beats per second. This translates into 2.5, 3, 4, and 5 Hz respectively, or 18000, 21,600, 28,800, and 36,000 beats per hour (BPH). In most watches there is a <i>regulator</i> lever on the balance spring which is used to adjust the rate of the watch. It has two <i>curb pins</i> which embrace the last turn of the spring, holding the part behind the pins motionless, so the position of the curb pins determines the length of the spring. Moving the regulator lever slides the curb pins up or down the spring to control its effective length. Sliding the pins up the spring, shortening the spring's length, makes it stiffer, increasing <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>κ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88c8b1ec8f7ab988d2caa957a2a7e8bbb828d5b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.726ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa \,}"></span> in the equation above, decreasing the wheel's period <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/476a8389064c06ab89963a2467aef525838da0cf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.023ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T\,}"></span> so it swings back and forth faster, causing the watch to run faster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyless_work">Keyless work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Keyless work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A separate set of gears called the <i><a href="/wiki/Keyless_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyless work">keyless work</a></i> winds the mainspring when the <i>crown</i> is rotated, and when the crown is pulled out a short distance allow the hands to be turned to set the watch. The stem attached to the crown has a gear called the <i>clutch</i> or <i>castle wheel</i>, with two rings of teeth that project axially from the ends. When the stem is pushed in, the outer teeth turn the <i><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_(device)" title="Ratchet (device)">ratchet</a> wheel</i> on top of the mainspring barrel, which turns the shaft that the inner end of the mainspring is attached to, winding the mainspring tighter around the shaft. A spring-loaded <a href="/wiki/Ratchet_(device)" title="Ratchet (device)">pawl</a> or <i>click</i> presses against the ratchet teeth, preventing the mainspring from unwinding. When the stem is pulled out, the inner teeth of the castle wheel engage with a gear which turns the minute wheel. When the crown is turned, the friction coupling of the cannon pinion allows the hands to be rotated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Center_seconds">Center seconds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Center seconds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the seconds hand is co-axial with the minute and hour hand, that is it is pivoted at the center of the dial, this arrangement is called "center seconds" or "sweep seconds", because the seconds hand sweeps around the minute track on the dial. </p><p>Initially center seconds hands were driven off the third wheel, sometimes via an intermediate wheel, with the gearing on the outside of the top plate. This method of driving the seconds hand is called indirect center seconds. Because the gearing was outside the plates, it added to the thickness of the movement, and because the rotation of the third wheel had to be geared up to turn the seconds hand once a minute, the seconds hand had a fluttering motion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948 Zenith introduced a watch with a redesigned gear train where the fourth wheel was at the center of the movement, and so could drive a center seconds hand directly. The minute wheel, which had previously been at the center of the movement, was moved off center and drove the minute hand indirectly. Any fluttering due to the indirect gearing is concealed by the relatively slow movement of the minute hand. This redesign brought all the train gearing between the plates and allowed a thinner movement.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Watch_jewels">Watch jewels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Watch jewels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewel_bearing" title="Jewel bearing">Jewel bearing</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watch_jewel_bearing_and_capstone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Watch_jewel_bearing_and_capstone.svg/250px-Watch_jewel_bearing_and_capstone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Watch_jewel_bearing_and_capstone.svg/375px-Watch_jewel_bearing_and_capstone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Watch_jewel_bearing_and_capstone.svg/500px-Watch_jewel_bearing_and_capstone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Jewel bearing and capstone used in balance wheel pivot</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watch_jewel_bearing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Watch_jewel_bearing.svg/250px-Watch_jewel_bearing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Watch_jewel_bearing.svg/375px-Watch_jewel_bearing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Watch_jewel_bearing.svg/500px-Watch_jewel_bearing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Ordinary 'hole jewel' bearing</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jewel_bearing" title="Jewel bearing">Jewel bearings</a> were invented and introduced in watches by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fatio_de_Duillier" title="Nicolas Fatio de Duillier">Nicolas Fatio (or Facio) de Duillier</a> and Pierre and Jacob Debaufre around 1702<sup id="cite_ref-Milham_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to reduce friction. They did not become widely used until the mid-19th century. Until the 20th century they were ground from tiny pieces of natural gems. Watches often had <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, or even glass jewels; only top quality watches used <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milham_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, a process to grow artificial sapphire crystals was invented, making jewels much cheaper. Jewels in modern watches are all synthetic sapphire or (usually) ruby, made of <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a> (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), one of the hardest substances known. The only difference between sapphire and ruby is that different impurities have been added to change the color; there is no difference in their properties as a bearing.<sup id="cite_ref-Hahn114_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hahn114-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advantage of using jewels is that their ultrahard slick surface has a lower <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of friction">coefficient of friction</a> with metal. The <a href="/wiki/Stiction" title="Stiction">static coefficient of friction</a> of steel-on-steel is 0.58, while that of sapphire-on-steel is 0.10-0.15.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purposes">Purposes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewels serve two purposes in a watch.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlitt_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlitt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, reduced <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> can increase accuracy. Friction in the <a href="/wiki/Wheel_train_(horology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheel train (horology)">wheel train</a> bearings and the <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a> causes slight variations in the impulses applied to the <a href="/wiki/Balance_wheel" title="Balance wheel">balance wheel</a>, causing variations in the rate of timekeeping. The low, predictable friction of jewel surfaces reduces these variations. Second, they can increase the life of the bearings. In unjeweled bearings, the pivots of the watch's wheels rotate in holes in the plates supporting the movement. The sideways force applied by the driving gear causes more pressure and friction on one side of the hole. In some of the wheels, the rotating shaft can wear away the hole until it is oval shaped, eventually causing the gear to jam, stopping the watch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a>, jewels are used for the parts that work by sliding friction:<sup id="cite_ref-Schlitt_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlitt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Pallets - These are the angled rectangular surfaces on the <a href="/wiki/Pallet_lever" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallet lever">lever</a> that are pushed against by the teeth of the escape wheel. They are the main source of friction in a watch movement, and were one of the first sites to which jewels were applied.</li> <li>Impulse pin - The off center pin on a disk on the balance staff which is pushed by the lever fork, to keep the balance wheel moving.</li></ul> <p>In bearings two different types are used: </p> <ul><li>Hole jewels - These are donut shaped sleeve bearings used to support the arbor (shaft) of most wheels.</li> <li>Capstones or cap jewels - When the arbor of a wheel is in the vertical position, the shoulder of the arbor bears against the side of the hole jewel, increasing friction. This causes the rate of the watch to change when it is in different positions. So in bearings where friction is critical, such as the balance wheel pivots, flat capstones are added at each end of the arbor. When the arbor is in a vertical position, its rounded end bears against the surface of the capstone, lowering friction.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Where_they_are_used">Where they are used</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Where they are used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table align="right" style="background:#EEEEEE; color:green"> <tbody><tr style="background:#DDDDDD"> <td><span style="color:black;">Where jewels are used in watches</span><sup id="cite_ref-Hahn113_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hahn113-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 jewel lever watch - has these jewels: </td></tr> <tr style="color:red"> <td> <ul><li>1 impulse pin</li> <li>2 pallets</li> <li>2 balance staff bearings</li> <li>2 balance staff capstones</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 jewel watch - adds: </td></tr> <tr style="color:red"> <td> <ul><li>2 lever bearings</li> <li>2 escape wheel bearings</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 jewel watch - adds: </td></tr> <tr style="color:red"> <td> <ul><li>2 fourth wheel bearings</li> <li>2 third wheel bearings</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 jewel watch - adds: </td></tr> <tr style="color:red"> <td> <ul><li>2 center wheel bearings</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 jewel watch - adds: </td></tr> <tr style="color:red"> <td> <ul><li>2 lever capstones</li> <li>2 escape wheel capstones</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 jewel watch - adds: </td></tr> <tr style="color:red"> <td> <ul><li>2 mainspring barrel bearings</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Self winding watches add 4 or more <p>in the winding mechanism, for a total of 25-27 </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The number of jewels used in watch movements increased over the last 150 years as jeweling grew less expensive and watches grew more accurate. The only bearings that really need to be jeweled in a watch are the ones in the <i><a href="/wiki/Going_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Going train">going train</a></i> - the <a href="/wiki/Gear_train" title="Gear train">gear train</a> that transmits force from the <a href="/wiki/Mainspring" title="Mainspring">mainspring</a> <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(horology)" title="Barrel (horology)">barrel</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Balance_wheel" title="Balance wheel">balance wheel</a> - since only they are constantly under force from the mainspring.<sup id="cite_ref-Hahn115_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hahn115-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wheels that turn the hands (the <a href="/wiki/Motion_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion work">motion work</a>) and the calendar wheels are not under load, while the ones that wind the mainspring (the <a href="/wiki/Keyless_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyless work">keyless work</a>) are used very seldom, so they do not wear significantly. Friction has the greatest effect in the wheels that move the fastest, so they benefit most from jewelling. So the first mechanism to be jeweled in watches was the balance wheel pivots, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a>. As more jeweled bearings were added, they were applied to slower moving wheels, and jewelling progressed up the going train toward the barrel. A 17 jewel watch has every bearing from the balance wheel to the center wheel pivot bearings jeweled, so it was considered a 'fully jeweled' watch.<sup id="cite_ref-Hahn113_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hahn113-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In quality watches, to minimize positional error, capstones were added to the lever and escape wheel bearings, making 21 jewels. Even the mainspring barrel arbor was sometimes jeweled, making the total 23. When self-winding watches were introduced in the 1950s, several wheels in the automatic winding mechanism were jeweled, increasing the count to 25–27. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Jewel_inflation'"><span id=".27Jewel_inflation.27"></span>'Jewel inflation'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 'Jewel inflation'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is doubtful whether adding jewels in addition to the ones listed above is really useful in a watch.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkavicius_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkavicius-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not increase accuracy, since the only wheels which have an effect on the balance wheel, those in the <a href="/wiki/Going_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Going train">going train</a>, are already jeweled. <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Marine chronometers</a>, the most accurate portable timepieces, often have only 7 jewels. Nor does jeweling additional wheel bearings increase the useful life of the movement; as mentioned above most of the other wheels do not get enough wear to need them. </p><p>However, by the early 20th century watch movements had been standardized to the point that there was little difference between their mechanisms, besides quality of workmanship. So watch manufacturers made the number of jewels, one of the few metrics differentiating quality watches, a major advertising point, listing it prominently on the watch's face. Consumers, with little else to go on, learned to equate more jewels with more quality in a watch. Although initially this was a good measure of quality, it gave manufacturers an incentive to increase the jewel count. </p><p>Around the 1960s this 'jewel craze' reached new heights, and manufacturers made watches with 41, 53, 75, or even 100 jewels.<sup id="cite_ref-Hahn115_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hahn115-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berkavicius_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkavicius-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these additional jewels were totally nonfunctional; they never contacted moving parts, and were included just to increase the jewel count. For example, the Waltham 100 jewel watch consisted of an ordinary 17 jewel movement, with 83 tiny pieces of ruby mounted around the automatic winding rotor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) in collaboration with the Swiss watch industry standards organization <a href="/w/index.php?title=Normes_de_l%27Industrie_Horlog%C3%A8re_Suisse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Normes de l'Industrie Horlogère Suisse (page does not exist)">Normes de l'Industrie Horlogère Suisse</a> (NIHS) published a standard, ISO 1112, which prohibited manufacturers from including such nonfunctional jewels in the jewel counts in advertising and sales literature. This stopped the use of totally nonfunctional jewels. However, some experts say manufacturers have continued to inflate the jewel count of their watches by 'upjeweling'; adding functional jeweled bearings to wheels that do not really need them, exploiting loopholes in ISO 1112.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkavicius_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkavicius-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples given include adding capstones to third and fourth wheel bearings, jeweling minute wheel bearings, and automatic winding <a href="/wiki/Ratchet_and_pawl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratchet and pawl">ratchet pawls</a>. Arguably none of these additions adds to the accuracy or longevity of the watch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_time">World time</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: World time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some fine mechanical watches will have a <i>world time</i> feature, which is a <i>city bezel</i> as well as an <i>hour bezel</i> which will rotate according to the city's relative time zone. </p><p>There are usually 27 cities (corresponding to 24 major time zones) on the city bezel, starting with <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT/UTC</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC±00:00">UTC±00:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B04:00" title="UTC+04:00">UTC+04:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B06:00" title="UTC+06:00">UTC+06:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Omsk_Oblast" title="Omsk Oblast">Omsk Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B07:00" title="UTC+07:00">UTC+07:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B08:00" title="UTC+08:00">UTC+08:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B09:00" title="UTC+09:00">UTC+09:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B10:00" title="UTC+10:00">UTC+10:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11:00" title="UTC+11:00">UTC+11:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a" title="Nouméa">Nouméa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B12:00" title="UTC+12:00">UTC+12:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B13:00" title="UTC+13:00">UTC+13:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa"><img alt="Samoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9210:00" title="UTC−10:00">UTC−10:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9209:00" title="UTC−09:00">UTC−09:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9208:00" title="UTC−08:00">UTC−08:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00" title="UTC−07:00">UTC−07:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC−06:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203:00" title="UTC−03:00">UTC−03:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9202:00" title="UTC−02:00">UTC−02:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9201:00" title="UTC−01:00">UTC−01:00</a> - <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_watches" title="History of watches">History of watches</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Henlein" title="Peter Henlein">Peter Henlein</a> has often been described as the inventor of the first <a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket watch</a>, the "Nuremberg egg", in 1510, but this claim appears to be a 19th-century invention and does not appear in older sources.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the <a href="/wiki/Quartz_crisis" title="Quartz crisis">quartz revolution</a> of the 1970s, all watches were mechanical. Early watches were terribly imprecise; a good one could vary as much as 15 minutes in a day. Modern precision (a few seconds per day) was not attained by any watch until 1760, when <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a> created his <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine chronometers</a>. Industrialization of the movement manufacturing process by the <a href="/wiki/Waltham_Watch_Company" title="Waltham Watch Company">Waltham Watch Company</a> in 1854 made additional precision possible; the company won a gold medal at the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition for their manufacturing quality.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mechanical watches are powered by a <a href="/wiki/Mainspring" title="Mainspring">mainspring</a>. Modern mechanical watches require of the order of 1 <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(power)#microwatt_.2810.E2.88.926_watt.29" title="Orders of magnitude (power)">microwatt of power</a> on average<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the mainspring provides an uneven source of power (its torque steadily decreases as the spring unwinds), watches from the early 16th century to the early 19th century featured a chain-driven <a href="/wiki/Fusee_(horology)" title="Fusee (horology)">fusee</a> which served to regulate the torque output of the mainspring throughout its winding. Unfortunately, the <a href="/wiki/Fusee_(horology)" title="Fusee (horology)">fusees</a> were very brittle, were very easy to break, and were the source of many problems, especially inaccuracy of timekeeping when the fusee chain became loose or lost its velocity after the lack of maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As new kinds of <a href="/wiki/Escapements" class="mw-redirect" title="Escapements">escapements</a> were created which served to better isolate the watch from its time source, the <a href="/wiki/Balance_spring" title="Balance spring">balance spring</a>, watches could be built without a <a href="/wiki/Fusee_(horology)" title="Fusee (horology)">fusee</a> and still be accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century the original <a href="/wiki/Verge_escapement" title="Verge escapement">verge escapement</a>, which required a fusee, was gradually replaced in better French watches with the <a href="/wiki/Escapement#Cylinder_escapement" title="Escapement">cylinder escapement</a>, and in British watches with the <a href="/wiki/Escapement#Duplex_escapement" title="Escapement">duplex escapement</a>. In the 19th century, both were superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Lever_escapement" title="Lever escapement">lever escapement</a> which has been used almost exclusively ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cheaper version of the lever, the <a href="/wiki/Pin_lever_escapement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin lever escapement">pin lever escapement</a>, patented in 1867 by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Frederic_Roskopf" title="Georges Frederic Roskopf">Georges Frederic Roskopf</a> was used in inexpensive watches until the 1970s. </p><p>As manual-wound mechanical watches became less popular and less favored in the 1970s, watch design and industrialists came out with the <a href="/wiki/Automatic_watch" title="Automatic watch">automatic watch</a>. Whereas a mechanically-wound watch must be wound with the <a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">pendant</a> or a levered setting, an automatic watch does not need to be wound by the pendant; simply rotating the watch winds the watch automatically. The interior of an automatic watch houses a swiveling metal or brass "plate" that swivels on its axis when the watch is shaken horizontally.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronograph" title="Chronograph">Chronograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_bearing" title="Jewel bearing">Jewel bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz watch">Quartz watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_chronometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad chronometers">Railroad chronometers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_watch" title="Skeleton watch">Skeleton watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourbillon" title="Tourbillon">Tourbillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Marine chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETA_SA" title="ETA SA">ETA SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemania" title="Lemania">Lemania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hahn15-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hahn15_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHahn2003" class="citation web cs1">Hahn, Ed; et al. (The TimeZone Community) (2003-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timezone.com/2003/10/04/mechanical-watch-faq/">"Question 1.5: Why should I get a mechanical watch when a quartz watch is so much cheaper and more accurate?"</a>. <i>Mechanical Watch FAQ V1.0</i>. TimeZone.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mechanical+Watch+FAQ+V1.0&rft.atitle=Question+1.5%3A+Why+should+I+get+a+mechanical+watch+when+a+quartz+watch+is+so+much+cheaper+and+more+accurate%3F&rft.date=2003-10-04&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timezone.com%2F2003%2F10%2F04%2Fmechanical-watch-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynch-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lynch_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynch_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynch_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchStrauss2007" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Annette; Strauss, Mitchell (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw4N7MAd8dYC&q=%22mechanical+watch%22+%22quartz+watch%22+accurate&pg=PA149"><i>Changing Fashion: A Critical Introduction to Trend Analysis and Cultural Meaning</i></a>. Berg. pp. <span class="nowrap">148–</span>149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845203900" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845203900"><bdi>978-1845203900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Fashion%3A+A+Critical+Introduction+to+Trend+Analysis+and+Cultural+Meaning&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1845203900&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft.au=Strauss%2C+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHw4N7MAd8dYC%26q%3D%2522mechanical%2Bwatch%2522%2B%2522quartz%2Bwatch%2522%2Baccurate%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haines-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haines_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haines_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2010" class="citation book cs1">Haines, Reyne (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62A7C-Lw3VQC&q=%22mechanical+watch%22+%22quartz+watch%22+accurate&pg=PA9"><i>Vintage Wristwatches</i></a>. Krause Publications. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440214790" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440214790"><bdi>978-1440214790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage+Wristwatches&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1440214790&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Reyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D62A7C-Lw3VQC%26q%3D%2522mechanical%2Bwatch%2522%2B%2522quartz%2Bwatch%2522%2Baccurate%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horologyzone.com/watch/watch-school/mainspring-disassembly.html">Hand-winding Mechanical Watch Movement Mainspring</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horologyzone.com/watch/watch-school/structure-theory.html">Mechanical Clock / Watch Movement Gear Train Photos</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolet2008" class="citation web cs1">Nicolet, J. C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031218045818/http://www.europastar.com/europastar/watch_tech/nicolet2.jsp">"What is a perpetual calendar watch?"</a>. <i>Questions in Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europastar.com/europastar/watch_tech/nicolet2.jsp">the original</a> on 2003-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Questions+in+Time&rft.atitle=What+is+a+perpetual+calendar+watch%3F&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Nicolet&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europastar.com%2Feuropastar%2Fwatch_tech%2Fnicolet2.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catellier-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catellier_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatellier2020" class="citation journal cs1">Catellier, Matthew (15 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewcatellier/2020/11/15/the-history-and-function-of-the-modern-tourbillon-explained/?sh=542e04c62f53">"The History And Function Of The Modern Tourbillon Explained"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+History+And+Function+Of+The+Modern+Tourbillon+Explained&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft.aulast=Catellier&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmatthewcatellier%2F2020%2F11%2F15%2Fthe-history-and-function-of-the-modern-tourbillon-explained%2F%3Fsh%3D542e04c62f53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanuary_10" class="citation web cs1">January 10, Jack Forster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/long-form-is-a-tourbillon-a-complication">"Hey, HODINKEE!: Long Form: Is A Tourbillon A 'Complication?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Hodinkee</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hodinkee&rft.atitle=Hey%2C+HODINKEE%21%3A+Long+Form%3A+Is+A+Tourbillon+A+%27Complication%3F%27&rft.aulast=January+10&rft.aufirst=Jack+Forster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hodinkee.com%2Farticles%2Flong-form-is-a-tourbillon-a-complication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The parts are shown in detail in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdets" class="citation web cs1">Odets, Walt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timezonewatchschool.com/WatchSchool/Glossary/glossary.shtml">"Illustrated Glossary of Watch Parts"</a>. <i>TimeZone Watch School</i>. TimeZone.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TimeZone+Watch+School&rft.atitle=Illustrated+Glossary+of+Watch+Parts&rft.aulast=Odets&rft.aufirst=Walt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timezonewatchschool.com%2FWatchSchool%2FGlossary%2Fglossary.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Theory of Horology", Charles-Andre Reymondin, et al., Swiss Federation of Technical Colleges, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2940025126" title="Special:BookSources/2940025126">2940025126</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">THE PURSUIT OF CENTER SECONDS BY WALT ODETS <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914134252/http://www.timezone.com/library/horologium/horologium631670098360080701">"The Pursuit of Center Seconds - Part 1 - TimeZone"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timezone.com/library/horologium/horologium631670098360080701">the original</a> on 2012-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Center+Seconds+-+Part+1+-+TimeZone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timezone.com%2Flibrary%2Fhorologium%2Fhorologium631670098360080701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">THE PURSUIT OF CENTER SECONDS Part 2 BY WALT ODETS <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112091345/http://www.timezone.com/library/horologium/horologium631670523058687082">"The Pursuit of Center Seconds - Part 2 - TimeZone"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timezone.com/library/horologium/horologium631670523058687082">the original</a> on 2012-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Center+Seconds+-+Part+2+-+TimeZone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timezone.com%2Flibrary%2Fhorologium%2Fhorologium631670523058687082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milham-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milham_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milham_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilham1945" class="citation book cs1">Milham, Willis I. (1945). <i>Time and Timekeepers</i>. New York, USA: MacMillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+and+Timekeepers&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Milham&rft.aufirst=Willis+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldandsold.com/articles02/clocks-j.shtml">"Jewel"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Antiques</i>. Old and Sold Antique Marketplace<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewel&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Antiques&rft.pub=Old+and+Sold+Antique+Marketplace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldandsold.com%2Farticles02%2Fclocks-j.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hahn114-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hahn114_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2003" class="citation web cs1">Hahn, Ed; et al. (The TimeZone Community) (2003-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timezone.com/2003/10/04/mechanical-watch-faq/">"Question 1.1.4: Why do they use synthetic ruby?"</a>. <i>Mechanical Watch FAQ V1.0</i>. TimeZone.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mechanical+Watch+FAQ+V1.0&rft.atitle=Question+1.1.4%3A+Why+do+they+use+synthetic+ruby%3F&rft.date=2003-10-04&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timezone.com%2F2003%2F10%2F04%2Fmechanical-watch-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2000" class="citation web cs1">Hahn, Ed (2000-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timezone.com/2002/09/28/coefficients-of-friction-for-various-horological-materials/">"Coefficients of friction for various horological materials"</a>. <i>TZ Classic Forum</i>. TimeZone.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TZ+Classic+Forum&rft.atitle=Coefficients+of+friction+for+various+horological+materials&rft.date=2000-01-31&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timezone.com%2F2002%2F09%2F28%2Fcoefficients-of-friction-for-various-horological-materials%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlitt-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlitt_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlitt_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlitt2004" class="citation web cs1">Schlitt, Wayne (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elginwatches.org/help/watch_jewels.html">"Why watches have jewels"</a>. <i>Help</i>. The Elgin Watch Collector's Site<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Help&rft.atitle=Why+watches+have+jewels&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Schlitt&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felginwatches.org%2Fhelp%2Fwatch_jewels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hahn113-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hahn113_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hahn113_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2003" class="citation web cs1">Hahn, Ed; et al. (The TimeZone Community) (2003-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timezone.com/2003/10/04/mechanical-watch-faq/">"Question 1.1.3: What does 17 jewels mean?"</a>. <i>Mechanical Watch FAQ V1.0</i>. TimeZone.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mechanical+Watch+FAQ+V1.0&rft.atitle=Question+1.1.3%3A+What+does+17+jewels+mean%3F&rft.date=2003-10-04&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timezone.com%2F2003%2F10%2F04%2Fmechanical-watch-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilham1945" class="citation book cs1">Milham, Willis I. (1945). <i>Time and Timekeepers</i>. New York, USA: MacMillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7808-0008-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7808-0008-7"><bdi>0-7808-0008-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+and+Timekeepers&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1945&rft.isbn=0-7808-0008-7&rft.aulast=Milham&rft.aufirst=Willis+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228093337/http://elginwatches.org/help/what_is_a_watch.html"><i>What is a Watch? Advertising pamphlet</i></a>. Illinois, USA: The Elgin Watch Co. 1950. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elginwatches.org/help/what_is_a_watch.html">the original</a> on 2021-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Watch%3F+Advertising+pamphlet&rft.place=Illinois%2C+USA&rft.pub=The+Elgin+Watch+Co.&rft.date=1950&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felginwatches.org%2Fhelp%2Fwhat_is_a_watch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span> on Wayne Schlitt's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elginwatches.org/index.html">The Elgin Watch Collector's Site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819101949/http://elginwatches.org/index.html">Archived</a> 2010-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved on 2008-07-02</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hahn115-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hahn115_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hahn115_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2003" class="citation web cs1">Hahn, Ed; et al. (The TimeZone Community) (2003-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timezone.com/2003/10/04/mechanical-watch-faq/">"Question 1.1.5: Are more jewels better?"</a>. <i>Mechanical Watch FAQ V1.0</i>. TimeZone.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mechanical+Watch+FAQ+V1.0&rft.atitle=Question+1.1.5%3A+Are+more+jewels+better%3F&rft.date=2003-10-04&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timezone.com%2F2003%2F10%2F04%2Fmechanical-watch-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkavicius-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berkavicius_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berkavicius_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berkavicius_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkavicius2002" class="citation web cs1">Berkavicius, Bob (September 25, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080702024820/http://www.timezone.com/library/workbench/workbench0025">"83 jewels too many?"</a>. <i>From the workbench</i>. TimeZone.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timezone.com/library/workbench/workbench0025">the original</a> on July 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=From+the+workbench&rft.atitle=83+jewels+too+many%3F&rft.date=2002-09-25&rft.aulast=Berkavicius&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timezone.com%2Flibrary%2Fworkbench%2Fworkbench0025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Photos of it can be seen in Berkavicius article</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 121 ff., <i>History of the hour: clocks and modern temporal orders</i>, Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum, University of Chicago Press, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-15510-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-15510-2">0-226-15510-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGlincy2022" class="citation web cs1">McGlincy (29 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibitcitynews.com/americas-first-tradeshow-the-centennial-exposition-of-1876/#:~:text=The%20Waltham%20Watch%20Company%20demonstrated,root%20beer%20and%20boxed%20chocolates).">"America's First Tradeshow: The Centennial Exposition of 1876"</a>. <i>Exhibit City News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matheu%27s+Fine+Watches&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Watchmaking&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmatheusfinewatches.com%2Fwatch-repair%2Fthe-history-of-watchmaking-insight-from-your-reliable-denver-co-watch-repair-company%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenakedwatchmaker.com/blog/2021/6/21/a-special-escapement">"A Special Duplex"</a>. <i>The Naked Watchmaker</i>. 22 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Naked+Watchmaker&rft.atitle=A+Special+Duplex&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenakedwatchmaker.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F6%2F21%2Fa-special-escapement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horologyzone.com/watch/watch-school/automatic-watch-disassembly.html">"What is Automatic Watch Movement Disassembly - Automatic Winding mechanism Date Mechanism"</a>. <i>horologyzone.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=horologyzone.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Automatic+Watch+Movement+Disassembly+-+Automatic+Winding+mechanism+Date+Mechanism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhorologyzone.com%2Fwatch%2Fwatch-school%2Fautomatic-watch-disassembly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanical+watch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_watch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animagraffs.com/mechanical-watch/">Animagraffs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707113429/http://hiro.alliancehorlogere.com/en/Under_the_Loupe/Rolex_3135">Video Assembly of a Rolex 3135 Mechanical Watch Movement, Alliance Horlogere</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horologyzone.com/watch/watch-school/watch-movement-disassembly.html">Hand-winding Mechanical Watch Movement Disassembly</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080324133019/http://www.horlogerie-suisse.com/Theoriehorlogerie/disassembling-mechanical-watch.html">Disassembling a mechanical wristwatch, Horlogerie-Suisse</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302113522/http://www.horlogerie-suisse.com/Theoriehorlogerie/reassembling-mechanical-watch.html">Reassembling a mechanical wristwatch, Horlogerie-Suisse</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225063804/http://www.horlogerie-suisse.com/Theoriehorlogerie/fonction-anglais.html">Working of a simple mechanical watch, Horlogerie-Suisse</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080701150436/http://www.timezone.com/library/wwatchfaq/wwatchfaq631668591017665598">Explanations Of The Mechanical Movements In A Watch, TimeZone.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/question285.htm">Automatic Movements Of A Mechanical Watch, How Stuff Works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.professionalwatches.com/caliber-guide/">Caliber Guide</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" 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