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KB","deleteTooltip":"You must be signed in to make or propose changes","editTooltip":"You must be signed in to make or propose changes","ghDesktopPath":"https://desktop.github.com","isGitLfs":false,"onBranch":true,"shortPath":"7ffe690","siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fdotnet%2Fdocs%2Fblob%2Fmain%2Fdocs%2Fcsharp%2Flinq%2Findex.md","isCSV":false,"isRichtext":true,"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"Language Integrated Query (LINQ)","anchor":"language-integrated-query-linq","htmlText":"Language Integrated Query (LINQ)"},{"level":2,"text":"Query expression overview","anchor":"query-expression-overview","htmlText":"Query expression overview"},{"level":2,"text":"How to enable LINQ querying of your data source","anchor":"how-to-enable-linq-querying-of-your-data-source","htmlText":"How to enable LINQ querying of your data source"},{"level":3,"text":"In-memory data","anchor":"in-memory-data","htmlText":"In-memory data"},{"level":3,"text":"Remote data","anchor":"remote-data","htmlText":"Remote data"},{"level":2,"text":"IQueryable LINQ providers","anchor":"iqueryable-linq-providers","htmlText":"IQueryable LINQ providers"}],"lineInfo":{"truncatedLoc":"48","truncatedSloc":"30"},"mode":"file"},"image":false,"isCodeownersFile":null,"isPlain":false,"isValidLegacyIssueTemplate":false,"issueTemplate":null,"discussionTemplate":null,"language":"Markdown","languageID":222,"large":false,"planSupportInfo":{"repoIsFork":null,"repoOwnedByCurrentUser":null,"requestFullPath":"/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/csharp/linq/index.md","showFreeOrgGatedFeatureMessage":null,"showPlanSupportBanner":null,"upgradeDataAttributes":null,"upgradePath":null},"publishBannersInfo":{"dismissActionNoticePath":"/settings/dismiss-notice/publish_action_from_dockerfile","releasePath":"/dotnet/docs/releases/new?marketplace=true","showPublishActionBanner":false},"rawBlobUrl":"https://github.com/dotnet/docs/raw/refs/heads/main/docs/csharp/linq/index.md","renderImageOrRaw":false,"richText":"\u003carticle class=\"markdown-body entry-content container-lg\" itemprop=\"text\"\u003e\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth\u003etitle\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth\u003edescription\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth\u003ems.topic\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth\u003ems.date\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003eLanguage Integrated Query (LINQ)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003eIntroduces Language Integrated Query (LINQ) in C#.\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003econceptual\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e12/14/2023\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLanguage Integrated Query (LINQ)\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-language-integrated-query-linq\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Language Integrated Query (LINQ)\" href=\"#language-integrated-query-linq\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLanguage-Integrated Query (LINQ) is the name for a set of technologies based on the integration of query capabilities directly into the C# language. Traditionally, queries against data are expressed as simple strings without type checking at compile time or IntelliSense support. Furthermore, you have to learn a different query language for each type of data source: SQL databases, XML documents, various Web services, and so on. With LINQ, a query is a first-class language construct, just like classes, methods, and events.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen you write queries, the most visible \"language-integrated\" part of LINQ is the query expression. Query expressions are written in a declarative \u003cem\u003equery syntax\u003c/em\u003e. By using query syntax, you perform filtering, ordering, and grouping operations on data sources with a minimum of code. You use the same query expression patterns to query and transform data from any type of data source.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe following example shows a complete query operation. The complete operation includes creating a data source, defining the query expression, and executing the query in a \u003ca href=\"/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/csharp/language-reference/statements/iteration-statements.md#the-foreach-statement\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eforeach\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e statement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e:::code language=\"csharp\" source=\"./snippets/linq-index/Index.cs\" id=\"intro\":::\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou might need to add a \u003ca href=\"/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/csharp/language-reference/keywords/using-directive.md\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eusing\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e directive, \u003ccode\u003eusing System.Linq;\u003c/code\u003e, for the preceding example to compile. The most recent versions of .NET make use of \u003ca href=\"/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/core/project-sdk/overview.md#implicit-using-directives\"\u003eimplicit usings\u003c/a\u003e to add this directive as a \u003ca href=\"/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/csharp/language-reference/keywords/using-directive.md#the-global-modifier\"\u003eglobal using\u003c/a\u003e. Older versions require you to add it in your source.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eQuery expression overview\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-query-expression-overview\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Query expression overview\" href=\"#query-expression-overview\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuery expressions query and transform data from any LINQ-enabled data source. For example, a single query can retrieve data from an SQL database and produce an XML stream as output.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuery expressions use many familiar C# language constructs, which make them easy to read.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe variables in a query expression are all strongly typed.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA query isn't executed until you iterate over the query variable, for example in a \u003ccode\u003eforeach\u003c/code\u003e statement.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAt compile time, query expressions are converted to standard query operator method calls according to the rules defined in the C# specification. Any query that can be expressed by using query syntax can also be expressed by using method syntax. In some cases, query syntax is more readable and concise. In others, method syntax is more readable. There's no semantic or performance difference between the two different forms. For more information, see \u003ca href=\"/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/csharp/linq/~/_csharpstandard/standard/expressions.md#1220-query-expressions\"\u003eC# language specification\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/csharp/linq/standard-query-operators/index.md\"\u003eStandard query operators overview\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSome query operations, such as xref:System.Linq.Enumerable.Count%2A or xref:System.Linq.Enumerable.Max%2A, have no equivalent query expression clause and must therefore be expressed as a method call. Method syntax can be combined with query syntax in various ways.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuery expressions can be compiled to expression trees or to delegates, depending on the type that the query is applied to. xref:System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable%601 queries are compiled to delegates. xref:System.Linq.IQueryable and xref:System.Linq.IQueryable%601 queries are compiled to expression trees. For more information, see \u003ca href=\"/dotnet/docs/blob/main/dotnet/csharp/advanced-topics/expression-trees\"\u003eExpression trees\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow to enable LINQ querying of your data source\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-to-enable-linq-querying-of-your-data-source\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How to enable LINQ querying of your data source\" href=\"#how-to-enable-linq-querying-of-your-data-source\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn-memory data\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-in-memory-data\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: In-memory data\" href=\"#in-memory-data\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are two ways you enable LINQ querying of in-memory data. If the data is of a type that implements xref:System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable%601, you query the data by using LINQ to Objects. If it doesn't make sense to enable enumeration by implementing the xref:System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable%601 interface, you define LINQ standard query operator methods, either in that type or as \u003ca href=\"/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/extension-methods.md\"\u003eextension methods\u003c/a\u003e for that type. Custom implementations of the standard query operators should use deferred execution to return the results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRemote data\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-remote-data\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Remote data\" href=\"#remote-data\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe best option for enabling LINQ querying of a remote data source is to implement the xref:System.Linq.IQueryable%601 interface.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIQueryable LINQ providers\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-iqueryable-linq-providers\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: IQueryable LINQ providers\" href=\"#iqueryable-linq-providers\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLINQ providers that implement xref:System.Linq.IQueryable%601 can vary widely in their complexity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA less complex \u003ccode\u003eIQueryable\u003c/code\u003e provider might access a single method from a Web service. This type of provider is very specific because it expects specific information in the queries that it handles. It has a closed type system, perhaps exposing a single result type. Most of the execution of the query occurs locally, for example by using the xref:System.Linq.Enumerable implementations of the standard query operators. A less complex provider might examine only one method call expression in the expression tree that represents the query, and let the remaining logic of the query be handled elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn \u003ccode\u003eIQueryable\u003c/code\u003e provider of medium complexity might target a data source that has a partially expressive query language. If it targets a Web service, it might access more than one method of the Web service and select which method to call based on the information that the query seeks. A provider of medium complexity would have a richer type system than a simple provider, but it would still be a fixed type system. For example, the provider might expose types that have one-to-many relationships that can be traversed, but it wouldn't provide mapping technology for user-defined types.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA complex \u003ccode\u003eIQueryable\u003c/code\u003e provider, such as the \u003ca href=\"/dotnet/docs/blob/main/ef/core\"\u003eEntity Framework Core\u003c/a\u003e provider, might translate complete LINQ queries to an expressive query language, such as SQL. A complex provider is more general because it can handle a wider variety of questions in the query. It also has an open type system and therefore must contain extensive infrastructure to map user-defined types. Developing a complex provider requires a significant amount of effort.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","renderedFileInfo":null,"shortPath":null,"symbolsEnabled":true,"tabSize":4,"topBannersInfo":{"overridingGlobalFundingFile":false,"globalPreferredFundingPath":null,"showInvalidCitationWarning":false,"citationHelpUrl":"https://docs.github.com/github/creating-cloning-and-archiving-repositories/creating-a-repository-on-github/about-citation-files","actionsOnboardingTip":null},"truncated":false,"viewable":true,"workflowRedirectUrl":null,"symbols":{"timed_out":false,"not_analyzed":false,"symbols":[{"name":"Language Integrated Query (LINQ)","kind":"section_1","ident_start":155,"ident_end":187,"extent_start":153,"extent_end":6335,"fully_qualified_name":"Language Integrated Query 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</thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><div dir="auto">Language Integrated Query (LINQ)</div></td> <td><div dir="auto">Introduces Language Integrated Query (LINQ) in C#.</div></td> <td><div dir="auto">conceptual</div></td> <td><div dir="auto">12/14/2023</div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Language Integrated Query (LINQ)</h1><a id="user-content-language-integrated-query-linq" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Language Integrated Query (LINQ)" href="#language-integrated-query-linq"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Language-Integrated Query (LINQ) is the name for a set of technologies based on the integration of query capabilities directly into the C# language. Traditionally, queries against data are expressed as simple strings without type checking at compile time or IntelliSense support. Furthermore, you have to learn a different query language for each type of data source: SQL databases, XML documents, various Web services, and so on. With LINQ, a query is a first-class language construct, just like classes, methods, and events.</p> <p dir="auto">When you write queries, the most visible "language-integrated" part of LINQ is the query expression. Query expressions are written in a declarative <em>query syntax</em>. By using query syntax, you perform filtering, ordering, and grouping operations on data sources with a minimum of code. You use the same query expression patterns to query and transform data from any type of data source.</p> <p dir="auto">The following example shows a complete query operation. The complete operation includes creating a data source, defining the query expression, and executing the query in a <a href="/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/csharp/language-reference/statements/iteration-statements.md#the-foreach-statement"><code>foreach</code></a> statement.</p> <p dir="auto">:::code language="csharp" source="./snippets/linq-index/Index.cs" id="intro":::</p> <p dir="auto">You might need to add a <a href="/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/csharp/language-reference/keywords/using-directive.md"><code>using</code></a> directive, <code>using System.Linq;</code>, for the preceding example to compile. The most recent versions of .NET make use of <a href="/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/core/project-sdk/overview.md#implicit-using-directives">implicit usings</a> to add this directive as a <a href="/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/csharp/language-reference/keywords/using-directive.md#the-global-modifier">global using</a>. Older versions require you to add it in your source.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Query expression overview</h2><a id="user-content-query-expression-overview" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Query expression overview" href="#query-expression-overview"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Query expressions query and transform data from any LINQ-enabled data source. For example, a single query can retrieve data from an SQL database and produce an XML stream as output.</li> <li>Query expressions use many familiar C# language constructs, which make them easy to read.</li> <li>The variables in a query expression are all strongly typed.</li> <li>A query isn't executed until you iterate over the query variable, for example in a <code>foreach</code> statement.</li> <li>At compile time, query expressions are converted to standard query operator method calls according to the rules defined in the C# specification. Any query that can be expressed by using query syntax can also be expressed by using method syntax. In some cases, query syntax is more readable and concise. In others, method syntax is more readable. There's no semantic or performance difference between the two different forms. For more information, see <a href="/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/csharp/linq/~/_csharpstandard/standard/expressions.md#1220-query-expressions">C# language specification</a> and <a href="/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/csharp/linq/standard-query-operators/index.md">Standard query operators overview</a>.</li> <li>Some query operations, such as xref:System.Linq.Enumerable.Count%2A or xref:System.Linq.Enumerable.Max%2A, have no equivalent query expression clause and must therefore be expressed as a method call. Method syntax can be combined with query syntax in various ways.</li> <li>Query expressions can be compiled to expression trees or to delegates, depending on the type that the query is applied to. xref:System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable%601 queries are compiled to delegates. xref:System.Linq.IQueryable and xref:System.Linq.IQueryable%601 queries are compiled to expression trees. For more information, see <a href="/dotnet/docs/blob/main/dotnet/csharp/advanced-topics/expression-trees">Expression trees</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How to enable LINQ querying of your data source</h2><a id="user-content-how-to-enable-linq-querying-of-your-data-source" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How to enable LINQ querying of your data source" href="#how-to-enable-linq-querying-of-your-data-source"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">In-memory data</h3><a id="user-content-in-memory-data" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: In-memory data" href="#in-memory-data"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">There are two ways you enable LINQ querying of in-memory data. If the data is of a type that implements xref:System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable%601, you query the data by using LINQ to Objects. If it doesn't make sense to enable enumeration by implementing the xref:System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable%601 interface, you define LINQ standard query operator methods, either in that type or as <a href="/dotnet/docs/blob/main/docs/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/extension-methods.md">extension methods</a> for that type. Custom implementations of the standard query operators should use deferred execution to return the results.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Remote data</h3><a id="user-content-remote-data" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Remote data" href="#remote-data"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The best option for enabling LINQ querying of a remote data source is to implement the xref:System.Linq.IQueryable%601 interface.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">IQueryable LINQ providers</h2><a id="user-content-iqueryable-linq-providers" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: IQueryable LINQ providers" href="#iqueryable-linq-providers"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">LINQ providers that implement xref:System.Linq.IQueryable%601 can vary widely in their complexity.</p> <p dir="auto">A less complex <code>IQueryable</code> provider might access a single method from a Web service. This type of provider is very specific because it expects specific information in the queries that it handles. It has a closed type system, perhaps exposing a single result type. Most of the execution of the query occurs locally, for example by using the xref:System.Linq.Enumerable implementations of the standard query operators. A less complex provider might examine only one method call expression in the expression tree that represents the query, and let the remaining logic of the query be handled elsewhere.</p> <p dir="auto">An <code>IQueryable</code> provider of medium complexity might target a data source that has a partially expressive query language. If it targets a Web service, it might access more than one method of the Web service and select which method to call based on the information that the query seeks. A provider of medium complexity would have a richer type system than a simple provider, but it would still be a fixed type system. For example, the provider might expose types that have one-to-many relationships that can be traversed, but it wouldn't provide mapping technology for user-defined types.</p> <p dir="auto">A complex <code>IQueryable</code> provider, such as the <a href="/dotnet/docs/blob/main/ef/core">Entity Framework Core</a> provider, might translate complete LINQ queries to an expressive query language, such as SQL. A complex provider is more general because it can handle a wider variety of questions in the query. It also has an open type system and therefore must contain extensive infrastructure to map user-defined types. 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14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path> </svg> <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </button> You can’t perform that action at this time. </div> <template id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details> </template> <div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div> </div> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> </div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" ></div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice-assertive" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div> 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