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sample</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The aim of the current study was to determine the impact and interaction of important influencing factors on the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). FeNO was measured in a population-based sample of 1250 middle-aged subjects from the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47717971" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The aim of the current study was to determine the impact and interaction of important influencing factors on the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). FeNO was measured in a population-based sample of 1250 middle-aged subjects from the KORA F4 cohort (Augsburg, Germany). Analysis of covariance models was performed including the factors age, height, FVC, FEV(1), sex, current smoking status, recent respiratory tract infection, and respiratory allergy. Geometric mean (SD as factor; 95% confidence interval as factor) FeNO was 13.9 (1.9; 1.033) ppb. FeNO significantly depended on age, height, smoking, infection and allergy. Smoking reduced FeNO by 21%, while infection and allergy led to increases by 9 and 11%, respectively. Increases in age by 10 years and in height by 10 cm were associated with increases of FeNO by 15 and 10%, respectively. Non-smokers demonstrated independent multiplicative superposition of factors affecting FeNO while the effect of allergy was virtually eliminated ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47717971" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5ff5fcbf66e3828f54a58d90e79c1471" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66668376,"asset_id":47717971,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66668376/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46355303" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RudolfHuber">Rudolf Huber</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46355303" type="text/json">{"id":46355303,"first_name":"Rudolf","last_name":"Huber","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RudolfHuber","display_name":"Rudolf Huber","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RudolfHuber?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46355303/24958443/23777110/s65_rudolf.huber.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47717971 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47717971"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47717971, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47717971", }); 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FeNO was measured in a population-based sample of 1250 middle-aged subjects from the KORA F4 cohort (Augsburg, Germany). Analysis of covariance models was performed including the factors age, height, FVC, FEV(1), sex, current smoking status, recent respiratory tract infection, and respiratory allergy. Geometric mean (SD as factor; 95% confidence interval as factor) FeNO was 13.9 (1.9; 1.033) ppb. FeNO significantly depended on age, height, smoking, infection and allergy. Smoking reduced FeNO by 21%, while infection and allergy led to increases by 9 and 11%, respectively. Increases in age by 10 years and in height by 10 cm were associated with increases of FeNO by 15 and 10%, respectively. Non-smokers demonstrated independent multiplicative superposition of factors affecting FeNO while the effect of allergy was virtually eliminated ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66668376,"asset_id":47717971,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46355303,"first_name":"Rudolf","last_name":"Huber","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RudolfHuber","display_name":"Rudolf Huber","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RudolfHuber?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46355303/24958443/23777110/s65_rudolf.huber.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory 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data-work_id="49413485" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49413485/ROLE_OF_PHYSIOTHERAPY_IN_COVID_19_PATIENTS">ROLE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY IN COVID-19 PATIENTS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a new corona virus that was first identified in Wuhan city of China in December 2019. In the wake of COVID 19 affecting India, the worst affected is the state of Maharashtra... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49413485" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a new corona virus that was first identified in Wuhan city of China in December 2019. In the wake of COVID 19 affecting India, the worst affected is the state of Maharashtra accounting for one third of all cases in the country. Physiotherapy is beneficial in the treatment and physical rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19. Patient presenting with productive cough and with underlying respiratory conditions benefit from the Physiotherapy. "Expert consensus and recommendation for Physiotherapy management for COVID 19 in Indian set up" guidelines approved by Maharashtra State Council for Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Mumbai will help physiotherapists in decision making and treatment planning.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49413485" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cf14a8f61c8383d6253001242add1400" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67771335,"asset_id":49413485,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67771335/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35260184" href="https://maharashtrahealthsciencesnashiku.academia.edu/abhijitdiwate">Dr. Abhijit Diwate, Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35260184" type="text/json">{"id":35260184,"first_name":"Dr. Abhijit","last_name":"Diwate, Ph.D.","domain_name":"maharashtrahealthsciencesnashiku","page_name":"abhijitdiwate","display_name":"Dr. Abhijit Diwate, Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://maharashtrahealthsciencesnashiku.academia.edu/abhijitdiwate?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35260184/29681563/56551372/s65_dr._abhijit.diwate_ph.d..jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49413485 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49413485"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49413485, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49413485", }); 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13490040/Chronic_Obstructive_Pulmonary_Disease_COPD_is_associated_with_pulmonary_artery_stiffness_the_MESA_COPD_study">Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is associated with pulmonary artery stiffness - the MESA COPD study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13490040" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a 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type="text/json">{"id":1085,"name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6697" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Australia">Australia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6697" type="text/json">{"id":6697,"name":"Australia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Australia?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7470" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_life">Quality of life</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7470" type="text/json">{"id":7470,"name":"Quality of life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_life?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13490040]'), work: {"id":13490040,"title":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is 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window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21400052"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21400052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21400052"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21400052; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21400052]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21400052").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21400052").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21400052"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="634" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/General_Practice">General Practice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="634" type="text/json">{"id":634,"name":"General Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/General_Practice?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25469" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Practice">Family Practice</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25469" type="text/json">{"id":25469,"name":"Family Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Practice?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21400052]'), work: {"id":21400052,"title":"Spirometry and smoking cessation advice in general practice: A randomised 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45186720" data-work_id="45186720" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45186720/Something_in_the_air_On_Air_and_Awareness_Birth_and_Death_Spirit_and_Respiration">Something 'in the air' On Air and Awareness, Birth and Death, Spirit and Respiration</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the wake of the putative Covid pandemic, a fear-based biotechnical approach to the body is the 'something in the air' that now holds sway - resulting in a social atmosphere of breathing which denies the innate spirituality of the flesh... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45186720" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the wake of the putative Covid pandemic, a fear-based biotechnical approach to the body is the 'something in the air' that now holds sway - resulting in a social atmosphere of breathing which denies the innate spirituality of the flesh - and the intimate relation of 'spirit' as such to breath, respiration and respiratory illness.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45186720" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6619b7e97faa193dd0d0a3a4646f7bec" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65774002,"asset_id":45186720,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65774002/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3126909" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterWilberg">Peter Wilberg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3126909" type="text/json">{"id":3126909,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Wilberg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PeterWilberg","display_name":"Peter Wilberg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeterWilberg?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3126909/1047964/1308915/s65_peter.wilberg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45186720 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45186720"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45186720, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45186720", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45186720 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: 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$(".js-view-count-work_45186720").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45186720").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45186720"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25616" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenomenology_of_the_Body_Philosophy_">Phenomenology of the Body (Philosophy)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25616" type="text/json">{"id":25616,"name":"Phenomenology of the Body (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenomenology_of_the_Body_Philosophy_?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="680174" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Existential_Medicine">Existential Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="680174" type="text/json">{"id":680174,"name":"Existential Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Existential_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2922796" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Philosophy">Respiratory Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2922796" type="text/json">{"id":2922796,"name":"Respiratory Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Philosophy?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45186720]'), work: {"id":45186720,"title":"Something 'in the air' On Air and Awareness, Birth and Death, Spirit and Respiration","created_at":"2021-02-24T23:52:07.364-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45186720/Something_in_the_air_On_Air_and_Awareness_Birth_and_Death_Spirit_and_Respiration?f_ri=642","dom_id":"work_45186720","summary":"In the wake of the putative Covid pandemic, a fear-based biotechnical approach to the body is the 'something in the air' that now holds sway - resulting in a social atmosphere of breathing which denies the innate spirituality of the flesh - and the intimate relation of 'spirit' as such to breath, respiration and respiratory illness. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65774002,"asset_id":45186720,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3126909,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Wilberg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PeterWilberg","display_name":"Peter Wilberg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeterWilberg?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3126909/1047964/1308915/s65_peter.wilberg.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":25616,"name":"Phenomenology of the Body (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenomenology_of_the_Body_Philosophy_?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":680174,"name":"Existential Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Existential_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":2922796,"name":"Respiratory Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Philosophy?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":3594697,"name":"COVID-19 PANDEMIC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/COVID-19_PANDEMIC?f_ri=642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41730431" data-work_id="41730431" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41730431/Clinical_Review_management_of_Lower_respiratory_tract_infection_in_pediatric_population">Clinical Review: management of Lower respiratory tract infection in pediatric population</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objective: The aim of this clinical review was to have an in-depth knowledge of the antibiotics being used to treat lower respiratory tract infections which are most likely to occur in the pediatric population of different age groups.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41730431" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objective: The aim of this clinical review was to have an in-depth knowledge of the antibiotics being used to treat lower respiratory tract infections which are most likely to occur in the pediatric population of different age groups. Methods: This study analyzed 43 articles which were studied and identified according to the research criteria. The required data has been searched using research gate, ncbi, Medscape, Mayo Clinic, WebMD. Results: The findings included different levels of effectiveness in the 5 generations of cephalosporin's as some killed certain bacteria's better than others and are relatively short acting with half-life of about 30-120 minutes when compared to penicillin. For example, first generation cephalosporin's were quite active against gram positive bacteria when compared to gram negative bacteria however, the efficacy was reduced due to resistance. It was discussed regarding second generations that they are effective against both gram negative and gram-positive bacteria and are resistant to B-lactamase more than the first generations, therefore have a high anti-bacterial activity. As far as the third and fourth generations were concerned, they were able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and were frequently designed for bacterial meningitis which were caused by susceptible pathogens. Fifth generations have a similar mechanism of action as that of the 3 rd generations and can treat resistant staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus species which are resistant to penicillin antibiotics. On the other hand, Carbapenems (penetrates bacterial cell wall of microorganisms and inhibits cell wall synthesis) and aminoglycosides (inhibits protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inducing misreading of the of the genetic code) are one of the most highly efficacious as they prevent severe and high risk bacterial infections although, rare incidents of toxicity and life threatening side effects have been reported when taken aminoglycosides. Conclusion: Penicillin is the safest to treat and prevent the lower respiratory tract infections in the pediatric population as they have minor side effects such as headache, nausea compared to other antibiotics.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41730431" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="82785b97336ce9887ecc12a7b55a7141" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61888571,"asset_id":41730431,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61888571/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="93233013" href="https://independent.academia.edu/editorrphs">Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="93233013" type="text/json">{"id":93233013,"first_name":"Research in Pharmacy","last_name":"and Health Sciences","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"editorrphs","display_name":"Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/editorrphs?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/93233013/20546835/20173586/s65_research_in_pharmacy.and_health_sciences.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41730431 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41730431"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41730431, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41730431", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41730431]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41730431").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41730431").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41730431"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="656" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="656" type="text/json">{"id":656,"name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="110001" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Diseases">Respiratory Diseases</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="110001" type="text/json">{"id":110001,"name":"Respiratory Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Diseases?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41730431]'), work: {"id":41730431,"title":"Clinical Review: management of Lower respiratory tract infection in pediatric population","created_at":"2020-01-24T23:01:41.476-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41730431/Clinical_Review_management_of_Lower_respiratory_tract_infection_in_pediatric_population?f_ri=642","dom_id":"work_41730431","summary":"Objective: The aim of this clinical review was to have an in-depth knowledge of the antibiotics being used to treat lower respiratory tract infections which are most likely to occur in the pediatric population of different age groups. Methods: This study analyzed 43 articles which were studied and identified according to the research criteria. The required data has been searched using research gate, ncbi, Medscape, Mayo Clinic, WebMD. Results: The findings included different levels of effectiveness in the 5 generations of cephalosporin's as some killed certain bacteria's better than others and are relatively short acting with half-life of about 30-120 minutes when compared to penicillin. For example, first generation cephalosporin's were quite active against gram positive bacteria when compared to gram negative bacteria however, the efficacy was reduced due to resistance. It was discussed regarding second generations that they are effective against both gram negative and gram-positive bacteria and are resistant to B-lactamase more than the first generations, therefore have a high anti-bacterial activity. As far as the third and fourth generations were concerned, they were able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and were frequently designed for bacterial meningitis which were caused by susceptible pathogens. Fifth generations have a similar mechanism of action as that of the 3 rd generations and can treat resistant staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus species which are resistant to penicillin antibiotics. On the other hand, Carbapenems (penetrates bacterial cell wall of microorganisms and inhibits cell wall synthesis) and aminoglycosides (inhibits protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inducing misreading of the of the genetic code) are one of the most highly efficacious as they prevent severe and high risk bacterial infections although, rare incidents of toxicity and life threatening side effects have been reported when taken aminoglycosides. Conclusion: Penicillin is the safest to treat and prevent the lower respiratory tract infections in the pediatric population as they have minor side effects such as headache, nausea compared to other antibiotics.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61888571,"asset_id":41730431,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":93233013,"first_name":"Research in Pharmacy","last_name":"and Health Sciences","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"editorrphs","display_name":"Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/editorrphs?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/93233013/20546835/20173586/s65_research_in_pharmacy.and_health_sciences.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":656,"name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":110001,"name":"Respiratory Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Diseases?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4563115" data-work_id="4563115" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4563115/Subacute_and_chronic_hypersensitivity_pneumonitis_Histopathological_patterns_and_survival">Subacute and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Histopathological patterns and survival</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul 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Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrospective_Studies?f_ri=642"},{"id":489727,"name":"Prognosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prognosis?f_ri=642"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=642"},{"id":959921,"name":"X ray Computed Tomography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_ray_Computed_Tomography?f_ri=642"},{"id":1015202,"name":"Hypersensitivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hypersensitivity?f_ri=642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_66970817 coauthored" data-work_id="66970817" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66970817/Target_Groups_for_a_Short_Dexamethasone_Course_among_Critically_Ill_COVID_19_Patients">Target Groups for a Short Dexamethasone Course among Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Introduction. Corticosteroids are one of the most promising therapeutic agents for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite emerging data, assessed populations and regimens vary, and there are patient... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_66970817" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Introduction. Corticosteroids are one of the most promising therapeutic agents for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite emerging data, assessed populations and regimens vary, and there are patient subgroups whose response to steroids remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and treated with a short dexamethasone course to determine which patient categories derive the highest bene t. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a prospectively collected single-center ICU database (April 1-October 1, 2020). Adult COVID-19 patients were assigned to dexamethasone (12 mg × 3 days) and usual care groups. Patient, management, and outcome data were extracted. e primary outcome was the 28-day ICU mortality. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess the impact of dexamethasone on mortality in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Results. Of 233 patients, 220 (median age: 65 years, 38% female) were included: 83 patients received dexamethasone and 137 received usual care. Overall, 28 (33.7%) and 54 (39.4%) patients in the dexamethasone and usual care groups, respectively, died within 28 days since ICU admission (rate ratio (RR) 0.86; 95% con dence interval (95% CI): 0.59-1.23; p 0.405). In the IMV cohort, dexamethasone did not decrease the 28-day mortality compared with usual care (47.5% vs. 62.0%; RR 0.78; 95% CI: 0.57-1.09; p 0.107). A subgroup analysis revealed signi cantly lower 28-day mortality in IMV patients <65 years receiving dexamethasone vs. usual care (22.6% vs. 48.5%; RR 0.47; 95% CI: 0.22-0.98; p 0.043), which was not seen in IMV patients ≥65 years (75.0% vs. 71.1%; RR 1.06; 95% CI: 0.79-1.42; p 0.719). Patients ≥65 years experienced hyperglycemia, bacterial infection, and septic shock signi cantly more often than younger patients who received dexamethasone (p 0.002, p 0.025, and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions. A 3-day dexamethasone course is not associated with lower 28-day mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients, either in the entire ICU cohort or in the IMV. Dexamethasone may signi cantly reduce the 28-day mortality in IMV patients <65 years, but not in the older IMV subgroup. Dexamethasone administration in patients ≥65 years is associated with a signi cantly higher rate of adverse events than that in younger patients</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/66970817" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cef47dda22d3ef572c7805ea50d39fde" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77967225,"asset_id":66970817,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77967225/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61114457" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KirillZykov">Kirill Zykov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61114457" type="text/json">{"id":61114457,"first_name":"Kirill","last_name":"Zykov","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KirillZykov","display_name":"Kirill Zykov","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KirillZykov?f_ri=642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-66970817">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-66970817"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArmenOganesyan1">Armen Oganesyan</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/YurySurovoy">Yury Surovoy</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-66970817'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-66970817').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_66970817 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="66970817"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66970817; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=66970817]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_66970817").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_66970817").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="66970817"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3594697" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/COVID-19_PANDEMIC">COVID-19 PANDEMIC</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3594697" type="text/json">{"id":3594697,"name":"COVID-19 PANDEMIC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/COVID-19_PANDEMIC?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=66970817]'), work: {"id":66970817,"title":"Target Groups for a Short Dexamethasone Course among Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients","created_at":"2022-01-03T11:15:12.719-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/66970817/Target_Groups_for_a_Short_Dexamethasone_Course_among_Critically_Ill_COVID_19_Patients?f_ri=642","dom_id":"work_66970817","summary":"Introduction. Corticosteroids are one of the most promising therapeutic agents for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite emerging data, assessed populations and regimens vary, and there are patient subgroups whose response to steroids remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and treated with a short dexamethasone course to determine which patient categories derive the highest bene t. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a prospectively collected single-center ICU database (April 1-October 1, 2020). Adult COVID-19 patients were assigned to dexamethasone (12 mg × 3 days) and usual care groups. Patient, management, and outcome data were extracted. e primary outcome was the 28-day ICU mortality. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess the impact of dexamethasone on mortality in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Results. Of 233 patients, 220 (median age: 65 years, 38% female) were included: 83 patients received dexamethasone and 137 received usual care. Overall, 28 (33.7%) and 54 (39.4%) patients in the dexamethasone and usual care groups, respectively, died within 28 days since ICU admission (rate ratio (RR) 0.86; 95% con dence interval (95% CI): 0.59-1.23; p 0.405). In the IMV cohort, dexamethasone did not decrease the 28-day mortality compared with usual care (47.5% vs. 62.0%; RR 0.78; 95% CI: 0.57-1.09; p 0.107). A subgroup analysis revealed signi cantly lower 28-day mortality in IMV patients \u003c65 years receiving dexamethasone vs. usual care (22.6% vs. 48.5%; RR 0.47; 95% CI: 0.22-0.98; p 0.043), which was not seen in IMV patients ≥65 years (75.0% vs. 71.1%; RR 1.06; 95% CI: 0.79-1.42; p 0.719). Patients ≥65 years experienced hyperglycemia, bacterial infection, and septic shock signi cantly more often than younger patients who received dexamethasone (p 0.002, p 0.025, and p \u003c 0.001, respectively). Conclusions. A 3-day dexamethasone course is not associated with lower 28-day mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients, either in the entire ICU cohort or in the IMV. Dexamethasone may signi cantly reduce the 28-day mortality in IMV patients \u003c65 years, but not in the older IMV subgroup. Dexamethasone administration in patients ≥65 years is associated with a signi cantly higher rate of adverse events than that in younger patients","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77967225,"asset_id":66970817,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61114457,"first_name":"Kirill","last_name":"Zykov","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KirillZykov","display_name":"Kirill Zykov","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KirillZykov?f_ri=642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":212206942,"first_name":"Armen","last_name":"Oganesyan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArmenOganesyan1","display_name":"Armen Oganesyan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArmenOganesyan1?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/212206942/71376235/59819375/s65_armen.oganesyan.jpeg"},{"id":199568546,"first_name":"Yury","last_name":"Surovoy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YurySurovoy","display_name":"Yury Surovoy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YurySurovoy?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/199568546/79721814/68290836/s65_yury.surovoy.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":3594697,"name":"COVID-19 PANDEMIC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/COVID-19_PANDEMIC?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38418878" data-work_id="38418878" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/13133995/Incidence_and_risk_factors_for_ventilator_associated_pneumonia_after_major_heart_surgery">Incidence and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia after major heart surgery</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13133995" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c9d58e37053cd9f139bc9dc0e8a5e8f4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45643912,"asset_id":13133995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1184705" data-work_id="1184705" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1184705/Are_crackles_an_appropriate_outcome_measure_for_airway_clearance_therapy">Are crackles an appropriate outcome measure for airway clearance therapy?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background: There is an urgent need to develop new outcome measures for respiratory therapy to evaluate its effectiveness. Added sounds generated from the lungs (crackles and wheezes), can now be quantified and characterized objectively... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1184705" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background: There is an urgent need to develop new outcome measures for respiratory therapy to evaluate its effectiveness. Added sounds generated from the lungs (crackles and wheezes), can now be quantified and characterized objectively with computer technology. This is the first reported study designed to assess any change in lung crackles before and after a single session of airway clearance therapy. <br />Methods: Twenty-three stable bronchiectasis patients were recruited from UK out-patient clinics and treated with a single session of airway clearance therapy using the active cycle of breathing technique. Sound recordings were made before and after the session at seven anatomical chest locations. Computerized lung sound analysis was used to measure crackle parameters (two cycle deflection width (2CD), and crackle number per breath cycle (nBC)). Perceived breathlessness, lung function and oxygen saturation data were also recorded. <br />Results: Crackle mean 2CD and mean nBC increased post intervention. Sixteen participants (70%) showed a statistically significant difference in mean crackle 2CD before and after the session at ≥1 chest location. Thirteen (57%) participants had a difference between mean crackle 2CD before and after the intervention greater than one Smallest Real Difference (mean SRD = 2.23ms) at ≥1 chest location. Differences in mean crackle nBC before and after the intervention did not exceed the SRD (mean SRD =32 crackles per breath cycle) in any participant. Perceived breathlessness was significantly reduced post intervention; no significant changes were observed in either lung function or oxygen saturation. <br />Conclusions: Crackle duration (2CD) was found to change after a single session of airway clearance therapy and shows promise as a new outcome measure for respiratory therapy interventions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1184705" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e2bb4d0bec0e5a9be2d1c3d9697d138e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32096849,"asset_id":1184705,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32096849/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="271229" href="https://soton.academia.edu/AnneBruton">Anne Bruton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="271229" type="text/json">{"id":271229,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Bruton","domain_name":"soton","page_name":"AnneBruton","display_name":"Anne Bruton","profile_url":"https://soton.academia.edu/AnneBruton?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/271229/56409/57953/s65_anne.bruton.271229"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1184705 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1184705"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1184705, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1184705", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1184705]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1184705").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1184705").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1184705"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6945" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pulmonary_Research">Pulmonary Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6945" type="text/json">{"id":6945,"name":"Pulmonary Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pulmonary_Research?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29153" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Health">Respiratory Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29153" type="text/json">{"id":29153,"name":"Respiratory Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Health?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="81735" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Physiotherapy">Respiratory Physiotherapy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="81735" type="text/json">{"id":81735,"name":"Respiratory Physiotherapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Physiotherapy?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1184705]'), work: {"id":1184705,"title":"Are crackles an appropriate outcome measure for airway clearance therapy?","created_at":"2011-12-28T02:19:06.406-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1184705/Are_crackles_an_appropriate_outcome_measure_for_airway_clearance_therapy?f_ri=642","dom_id":"work_1184705","summary":"Background: There is an urgent need to develop new outcome measures for respiratory therapy to evaluate its effectiveness. Added sounds generated from the lungs (crackles and wheezes), can now be quantified and characterized objectively with computer technology. This is the first reported study designed to assess any change in lung crackles before and after a single session of airway clearance therapy. \r\nMethods: Twenty-three stable bronchiectasis patients were recruited from UK out-patient clinics and treated with a single session of airway clearance therapy using the active cycle of breathing technique. Sound recordings were made before and after the session at seven anatomical chest locations. Computerized lung sound analysis was used to measure crackle parameters (two cycle deflection width (2CD), and crackle number per breath cycle (nBC)). Perceived breathlessness, lung function and oxygen saturation data were also recorded.\r\nResults: Crackle mean 2CD and mean nBC increased post intervention. Sixteen participants (70%) showed a statistically significant difference in mean crackle 2CD before and after the session at ≥1 chest location. Thirteen (57%) participants had a difference between mean crackle 2CD before and after the intervention greater than one Smallest Real Difference (mean SRD = 2.23ms) at ≥1 chest location. Differences in mean crackle nBC before and after the intervention did not exceed the SRD (mean SRD =32 crackles per breath cycle) in any participant. Perceived breathlessness was significantly reduced post intervention; no significant changes were observed in either lung function or oxygen saturation.\r\nConclusions: Crackle duration (2CD) was found to change after a single session of airway clearance therapy and shows promise as a new outcome measure for respiratory therapy interventions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32096849,"asset_id":1184705,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":271229,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Bruton","domain_name":"soton","page_name":"AnneBruton","display_name":"Anne Bruton","profile_url":"https://soton.academia.edu/AnneBruton?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/271229/56409/57953/s65_anne.bruton.271229"}],"research_interests":[{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":6945,"name":"Pulmonary Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pulmonary_Research?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":29153,"name":"Respiratory Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Health?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":81735,"name":"Respiratory Physiotherapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Physiotherapy?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":631922,"name":"Lungs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lungs?f_ri=642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8807416" data-work_id="8807416" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8807416/The_St_Georges_Respiratory_Questionnaire">The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8807416" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="27a3b62c6d26721f7c0242c69aa8b1fb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47996000,"asset_id":8807416,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47996000/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19092263" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GeorgeSt">St George</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19092263" type="text/json">{"id":19092263,"first_name":"St","last_name":"George","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GeorgeSt","display_name":"St George","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GeorgeSt?f_ri=642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8807416 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8807416"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8807416, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8807416", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8807416]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8807416").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8807416").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8807416"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7470" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_life">Quality of life</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7470" type="text/json">{"id":7470,"name":"Quality of life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_life?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12426" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome">Treatment Outcome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12426" type="text/json">{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64568" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans">Humans</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="64568" type="text/json">{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8807416]'), work: {"id":8807416,"title":"The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire","created_at":"2014-10-15T23:36:37.493-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8807416/The_St_Georges_Respiratory_Questionnaire?f_ri=642","dom_id":"work_8807416","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47996000,"asset_id":8807416,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19092263,"first_name":"St","last_name":"George","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GeorgeSt","display_name":"St George","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GeorgeSt?f_ri=642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":7470,"name":"Quality of life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_life?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":97269,"name":"Chronic Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Disease?f_ri=642"},{"id":115488,"name":"Lung Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lung_Diseases?f_ri=642"},{"id":197297,"name":"Lung","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lung?f_ri=642"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=642"},{"id":327850,"name":"Questionnaires","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Questionnaires?f_ri=642"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results?f_ri=642"},{"id":2474752,"name":"Disability Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disability_Evaluation?f_ri=642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15555181 coauthored" data-work_id="15555181" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15555181/Noninvasive_Estimation_of_Respiratory_Mechanics_in_Spontaneously_Breathing_Ventilated_Patients_A_Constrained_Optimization_Approach">Noninvasive Estimation of Respiratory Mechanics in Spontaneously Breathing Ventilated Patients: A Constrained Optimization Approach</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper presents a method for breath-by-breath noninvasive estimation of respiratory resistance and elastance in mechanically ventilated patients. For passive patients, well-established approaches exist. However, when patients are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15555181" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper presents a method for breath-by-breath noninvasive estimation of respiratory resistance and elastance in mechanically ventilated patients. For passive patients, well-established approaches exist. However, when patients are breathing spontaneously, taking into account the diaphragmatic effort in the estimation process is still an open challenge. Mechanical ventilators require maneuvers to obtain reliable estimates for respiratory mechanics parameters. Such maneuvers interfere with the desired ventilation pattern to be delivered to the patient. Alternatively, invasive procedures are needed. The method presented in this paper is a noninvasive way requiring only measurements of airway pressure and flow that are routinely available for ventilated patients. It is based on a first-order single-compartment model of the respiratory system, from which a cost function is constructed as the sum of squared errors between model-based airway pressure predictions and actual measurements. Physiological considerations are translated into mathematical constraints that restrict the space of feasible solutions and make the resulting optimization problem strictly convex. Existing quadratic programming techniques are used to efficiently find the minimizing solution, which yields an estimate of the respiratory system resistance and elastance. The method is illustrated via numerical examples and experimental data from animal tests. Results show that taking into account the patient effort consistently improves the estimation of respiratory mechanics. The method is suitable for real-time patient monitoring, providing clinicians with noninvasive measurements that could be used for diagnosis and therapy optimization.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15555181" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="16a24eb1c89fb97e29fc50c367510a01" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38725318,"asset_id":15555181,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38725318/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26346406" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/AAlbanese">Antonio Albanese</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26346406" type="text/json">{"id":26346406,"first_name":"Antonio","last_name":"Albanese","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"AAlbanese","display_name":"Antonio Albanese","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/AAlbanese?f_ri=642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-15555181">+3</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-15555181"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://philips.academia.edu/FrancescoVicario">Francesco Vicario</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://columbia.academia.edu/Nikos">Nikolaos Karamolegkos</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/NicolasChbat">Nicolas W . Chbat</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-15555181'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-15555181').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15555181 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15555181"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15555181, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15555181", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15555181 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15555181; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15555181"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15555181 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15555181"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15555181; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15555181]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15555181").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15555181").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15555181"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39920" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parameter_estimation">Parameter estimation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39920" type="text/json">{"id":39920,"name":"Parameter estimation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parameter_estimation?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45372" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_modelling">Respiratory modelling</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="45372" type="text/json">{"id":45372,"name":"Respiratory modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_modelling?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="129388" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patient_Monitoring">Patient Monitoring</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="129388" type="text/json">{"id":129388,"name":"Patient Monitoring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patient_Monitoring?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15555181]'), work: {"id":15555181,"title":"Noninvasive Estimation of Respiratory Mechanics in Spontaneously Breathing Ventilated Patients: A Constrained Optimization Approach","created_at":"2015-09-09T15:36:57.735-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15555181/Noninvasive_Estimation_of_Respiratory_Mechanics_in_Spontaneously_Breathing_Ventilated_Patients_A_Constrained_Optimization_Approach?f_ri=642","dom_id":"work_15555181","summary":"This paper presents a method for breath-by-breath noninvasive estimation of respiratory resistance and elastance in mechanically ventilated patients. For passive patients, well-established approaches exist. However, when patients are breathing spontaneously, taking into account the diaphragmatic effort in the estimation process is still an open challenge. Mechanical ventilators require maneuvers to obtain reliable estimates for respiratory mechanics parameters. Such maneuvers interfere with the desired ventilation pattern to be delivered to the patient. Alternatively, invasive procedures are needed. The method presented in this paper is a noninvasive way requiring only measurements of airway pressure and flow that are routinely available for ventilated patients. It is based on a first-order single-compartment model of the respiratory system, from which a cost function is constructed as the sum of squared errors between model-based airway pressure predictions and actual measurements. Physiological considerations are translated into mathematical constraints that restrict the space of feasible solutions and make the resulting optimization problem strictly convex. Existing quadratic programming techniques are used to efficiently find the minimizing solution, which yields an estimate of the respiratory system resistance and elastance. The method is illustrated via numerical examples and experimental data from animal tests. Results show that taking into account the patient effort consistently improves the estimation of respiratory mechanics. The method is suitable for real-time patient monitoring, providing clinicians with noninvasive measurements that could be used for diagnosis and therapy optimization.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38725318,"asset_id":15555181,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26346406,"first_name":"Antonio","last_name":"Albanese","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"AAlbanese","display_name":"Antonio Albanese","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/AAlbanese?f_ri=642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":34714659,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Vicario","domain_name":"philips","page_name":"FrancescoVicario","display_name":"Francesco Vicario","profile_url":"https://philips.academia.edu/FrancescoVicario?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34714659/10134792/11308462/s65_francesco.vicario.jpg"},{"id":470776,"first_name":"Nikolaos","last_name":"Karamolegkos","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"Nikos","display_name":"Nikolaos Karamolegkos","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/Nikos?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/470776/157081/16580306/s65_nikolaos.karamolegkos.jpg"},{"id":62220633,"first_name":"Nicolas","last_name":"Chbat","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NicolasChbat","display_name":"Nicolas W . Chbat","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NicolasChbat?f_ri=642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":39920,"name":"Parameter estimation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parameter_estimation?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":45372,"name":"Respiratory modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_modelling?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":129388,"name":"Patient Monitoring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patient_Monitoring?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":397743,"name":"Non-Invasive Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Invasive_Methods?f_ri=642"},{"id":455975,"name":"Mechanical Ventilation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Ventilation?f_ri=642"},{"id":886559,"name":"Quadratic Programing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quadratic_Programing?f_ri=642"},{"id":1689234,"name":"Constrained Optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constrained_Optimization?f_ri=642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_181797" data-work_id="181797" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/181797/Weaning_patients_off_invasive_ventilation_Editorial_">Weaning patients off invasive ventilation (Editorial)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43167206/Case_Study_Challenges_of_Adopting_Low_Cost_Positive_Pressure_Mechanical_Ventilation">Case Study - Challenges of Adopting Low Cost Positive Pressure Mechanical Ventilation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A rudimentary, low-cost, positive pressure, pulmonary mechanical ventilator with minimal automation may adversely affect the prognosis and medical outcome while possibly giving rise to complications that increase morbidity and mortality... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43167206" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A rudimentary, low-cost, positive pressure, 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30393919]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30393919").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30393919").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30393919"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">23</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="154" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="154" type="text/json">{"id":154,"name":"Endocrinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="606" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiology">Cardiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="606" type="text/json">{"id":606,"name":"Cardiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine_General_Medicine_">Internal Medicine (General Medicine)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="620" type="text/json">{"id":620,"name":"Internal Medicine (General Medicine)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine_General_Medicine_?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30393919]'), work: {"id":30393919,"title":"Mock Papers for MRCPI part I, Second Edition (2017)","created_at":"2016-12-12T00:18:48.863-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30393919/Mock_Papers_for_MRCPI_part_I_Second_Edition_2017_?f_ri=642","dom_id":"work_30393919","summary":"NB: Out of Stock. The 3rd edition (4 mock tests with 400 questions + updates) was published in 2023 (URL: https://www.academia.edu/96500845/Mock_Papers_for_MRCPI_part_I_Third_Edition) \r\n----------\r\nIn this book, you will find 3 mock papers. Each one contains 100 questions in a Best of Five (BOF) format. Self-assess, try to complete each paper within 3 hours, check out your answers, read the explanation, and re-read accredited medicine textbooks to fill in the gap in your knowledge. Each question has an “objective”; try to review what the objective is about. \r\n\r\nThis is the only self-assessment book specifically written to imitate the MRCPI part I examination. Each mock paper in the first edition of this book contained 50 BOFs and 50 MCQ formats. \r\nThe Royal College of Physicians of Ireland states that the MRCPI General Medicine Part I examination consists of one paper with 100 Single Best Answer (i.e., best of five) questions. You have three hours to complete the exam. There is no negative marking and each question is equally weighted. Single Best Answer questions consist of a “vignette” (clinical scenario) followed by five possible answers. You must select the single best answer.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50841944,"asset_id":30393919,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3932292,"first_name":"Osama Shukir Muhammed","last_name":"Amin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OsamaShukirMuhammedAmin","display_name":"Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OsamaShukirMuhammedAmin?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3932292/3875011/99184948/s65_osama_shukir_muhammed.amin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":154,"name":"Endocrinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":606,"name":"Cardiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":620,"name":"Internal Medicine (General Medicine)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine_General_Medicine_?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":623,"name":"Neurology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurology?f_ri=642"},{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=642"},{"id":635,"name":"Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatry?f_ri=642"},{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642"},{"id":892,"name":"Statistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistics?f_ri=642"},{"id":1085,"name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology?f_ri=642"},{"id":3274,"name":"Gastroenterology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastroenterology?f_ri=642"},{"id":4553,"name":"Toxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicology?f_ri=642"},{"id":17960,"name":"Infectious Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Diseases?f_ri=642"},{"id":29842,"name":"Ireland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ireland?f_ri=642"},{"id":37773,"name":"Hepatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatology?f_ri=642"},{"id":61529,"name":"Therapeutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Therapeutics?f_ri=642"},{"id":65390,"name":"Internal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine?f_ri=642"},{"id":344588,"name":"Self Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Assessment?f_ri=642"},{"id":365417,"name":"Examination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Examination?f_ri=642"},{"id":1717087,"name":"MRCP(UK)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MRCP_UK_?f_ri=642"},{"id":1717088,"name":"MRCPI","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MRCPI?f_ri=642"},{"id":1717089,"name":"Royal Colleges of Physicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Royal_Colleges_of_Physicians?f_ri=642"},{"id":1717090,"name":"MRCP part 1","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MRCP_part_1?f_ri=642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39721942" data-work_id="39721942" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39721942/Evidence_based_synthesis_for_prevention_of_noninvasive_ventilation_related_facial_pressure_ulcers">Evidence based synthesis for prevention of noninvasive ventilation related facial pressure ulcers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The last 2 decades have seen a growing trend towards the use of noninvasive ventilation)NIV(therapy in the management of many conditions that cause acute respiratory failure. However, there is a serious side effect that results in using... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39721942" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The last 2 decades have seen a growing trend towards the use of noninvasive ventilation)NIV(therapy in the management of many conditions that cause acute respiratory failure. However, there is a serious side effect that results in using these devices; the development of facial skin pressure damage, specifically pressure ulcers. This skin damage has a considerable effect on patients' quality of life, treatment adherence and patients' comfort in addition to the therapy challenges of wound care. The aim of this clinical review is to discuss the different characteristics of NIV interfaces and to provide evidence based recommendations to facilitate the selection and application of such interfaces to reduce NIV interfaces related pressure ulcers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39721942" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f22c4cf746298118acd78a28b160e91f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59897534,"asset_id":39721942,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59897534/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42075368" href="https://psmchs.academia.edu/JaberSAlqahtani">Jaber S. Alqahtani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42075368" type="text/json">{"id":42075368,"first_name":"Jaber S.","last_name":"Alqahtani","domain_name":"psmchs","page_name":"JaberSAlqahtani","display_name":"Jaber S. Alqahtani","profile_url":"https://psmchs.academia.edu/JaberSAlqahtani?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42075368/18480539/18443215/s65__._.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39721942 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39721942"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39721942, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39721942", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39721942 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39721942; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39721942"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39721942 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39721942"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39721942; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39721942]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39721942").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39721942").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39721942"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32538" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Care">Critical Care</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32538" type="text/json">{"id":32538,"name":"Critical Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Care?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47379" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_therapy">Respiratory therapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47379" type="text/json">{"id":47379,"name":"Respiratory therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_therapy?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56769" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pressure_ulcers">Pressure ulcers</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="56769" type="text/json">{"id":56769,"name":"Pressure ulcers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pressure_ulcers?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39721942]'), work: {"id":39721942,"title":"Evidence based synthesis for prevention of noninvasive ventilation related facial pressure ulcers","created_at":"2019-06-29T20:08:42.222-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39721942/Evidence_based_synthesis_for_prevention_of_noninvasive_ventilation_related_facial_pressure_ulcers?f_ri=642","dom_id":"work_39721942","summary":"The last 2 decades have seen a growing trend towards the use of noninvasive ventilation)NIV(therapy in the management of many conditions that cause acute respiratory failure. However, there is a serious side effect that results in using these devices; the development of facial skin pressure damage, specifically pressure ulcers. This skin damage has a considerable effect on patients' quality of life, treatment adherence and patients' comfort in addition to the therapy challenges of wound care. The aim of this clinical review is to discuss the different characteristics of NIV interfaces and to provide evidence based recommendations to facilitate the selection and application of such interfaces to reduce NIV interfaces related pressure ulcers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59897534,"asset_id":39721942,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42075368,"first_name":"Jaber S.","last_name":"Alqahtani","domain_name":"psmchs","page_name":"JaberSAlqahtani","display_name":"Jaber S. Alqahtani","profile_url":"https://psmchs.academia.edu/JaberSAlqahtani?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42075368/18480539/18443215/s65__._.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":32538,"name":"Critical Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Care?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":47379,"name":"Respiratory therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_therapy?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":56769,"name":"Pressure ulcers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pressure_ulcers?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":455975,"name":"Mechanical Ventilation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Ventilation?f_ri=642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37015535" data-work_id="37015535" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37015535/Women_using_bleach_for_home_cleaning_are_at_increased_risk_of_non_allergic_asthma">Women using bleach for home cleaning are at increased risk of non-allergic asthma</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Bleach is widely used for household cleaning. Although it is recognized that occupational use of bleach may have adverse respiratory health effects, it is unknown whether common domestic use of bleach may be a risk factor for asthma. To... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37015535" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bleach is widely used for household cleaning. Although it is recognized that occupational use of bleach may have adverse respiratory health effects, it is unknown whether common domestic use of bleach may be a risk factor for asthma. To assess whether the domestic use of bleach for home cleaning is associated with asthma and other respiratory outcomes. Questionnaire-based information on respiratory symptoms and cleaning habits and data from skin prick-tests, bronchial responsiveness challenge and white blood cells were analyzed in 607 women participating in the follow-up of the Epidemiological Study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma (EGEA). Bleach use was evaluated in 3 categories (&lt;1 day/week; 1-3 days/week; 4-7 days/week &quot;frequent&quot;). Overall, 37% of the women reported using bleach weekly. Women using bleach frequently (11%) were more likely to have current asthma as compared to non-users (adjusted Odds-Ratio (aOR) = 1.7; 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) 1.0-3.0...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37015535" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9c5a6b399d3514f827a41319ee117159" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57694494,"asset_id":37015535,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57694494/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="86970460" href="https://campus-paris-saclay.academia.edu/BobetteMatulonga">Bobette Matulonga</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="86970460" type="text/json">{"id":86970460,"first_name":"Bobette","last_name":"Matulonga","domain_name":"campus-paris-saclay","page_name":"BobetteMatulonga","display_name":"Bobette Matulonga","profile_url":"https://campus-paris-saclay.academia.edu/BobetteMatulonga?f_ri=642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37015535 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37015535"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37015535, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37015535", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37015535]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37015535").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37015535").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37015535"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9968" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asthma">Asthma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9968" type="text/json">{"id":9968,"name":"Asthma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asthma?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64568" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans">Humans</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="64568" type="text/json">{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="98925" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Female">Female</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="98925" type="text/json">{"id":98925,"name":"Female","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Female?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37015535]'), work: {"id":37015535,"title":"Women using bleach for home cleaning are at increased risk of non-allergic asthma","created_at":"2018-07-10T00:40:09.053-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37015535/Women_using_bleach_for_home_cleaning_are_at_increased_risk_of_non_allergic_asthma?f_ri=642","dom_id":"work_37015535","summary":"Bleach is widely used for household cleaning. Although it is recognized that occupational use of bleach may have adverse respiratory health effects, it is unknown whether common domestic use of bleach may be a risk factor for asthma. To assess whether the domestic use of bleach for home cleaning is associated with asthma and other respiratory outcomes. Questionnaire-based information on respiratory symptoms and cleaning habits and data from skin prick-tests, bronchial responsiveness challenge and white blood cells were analyzed in 607 women participating in the follow-up of the Epidemiological Study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma (EGEA). Bleach use was evaluated in 3 categories (\u0026lt;1 day/week; 1-3 days/week; 4-7 days/week \u0026quot;frequent\u0026quot;). Overall, 37% of the women reported using bleach weekly. Women using bleach frequently (11%) were more likely to have current asthma as compared to non-users (adjusted Odds-Ratio (aOR) = 1.7; 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) 1.0-3.0...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57694494,"asset_id":37015535,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":86970460,"first_name":"Bobette","last_name":"Matulonga","domain_name":"campus-paris-saclay","page_name":"BobetteMatulonga","display_name":"Bobette Matulonga","profile_url":"https://campus-paris-saclay.academia.edu/BobetteMatulonga?f_ri=642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":9968,"name":"Asthma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asthma?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":98925,"name":"Female","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Female?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=642"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=642"},{"id":295155,"name":"Middle Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Aged?f_ri=642"},{"id":295260,"name":"Neutrophils","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neutrophils?f_ri=642"},{"id":382075,"name":"Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adult?f_ri=642"},{"id":393958,"name":"Respiratory System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_System?f_ri=642"},{"id":396914,"name":"Occupational Exposure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Exposure?f_ri=642"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=642"},{"id":856226,"name":"Housekeeping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housekeeping?f_ri=642"},{"id":962276,"name":"Occupational Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Diseases?f_ri=642"},{"id":1015202,"name":"Hypersensitivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hypersensitivity?f_ri=642"},{"id":1635839,"name":"bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/bronchial_hyperreactivity_BHR_?f_ri=642"},{"id":1760846,"name":"Household products","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Household_products?f_ri=642"},{"id":1819399,"name":"Case Control Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Studies?f_ri=642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16551652" data-work_id="16551652" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16551652/FLUORESCENCE_MICROSCOPE_Lx400">FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE Lx400</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE Lx400</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16551652" data-share-source="work_strip" 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itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21972122" href="https://kau.academia.edu/HMustafa">Prof. Hesham N Mustafa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21972122" type="text/json">{"id":21972122,"first_name":"Prof. Hesham","last_name":"Mustafa","domain_name":"kau","page_name":"HMustafa","display_name":"Prof. Hesham N Mustafa","profile_url":"https://kau.academia.edu/HMustafa?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21972122/6015802/7471085/s65_hesham.mustafa.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16551652 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16551652"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16551652, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16551652", }); });</script></li><li 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Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emergency_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine_General_Medicine_">Internal Medicine (General Medicine)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="620" type="text/json">{"id":620,"name":"Internal Medicine (General Medicine)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine_General_Medicine_?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="646" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sports_Medicine">Sports Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="646" type="text/json">{"id":646,"name":"Sports Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sports_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16551652]'), work: {"id":16551652,"title":"FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE Lx400","created_at":"2015-10-07T15:01:55.666-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16551652/FLUORESCENCE_MICROSCOPE_Lx400?f_ri=642","dom_id":"work_16551652","summary":"FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE Lx400","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39046229,"asset_id":16551652,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21972122,"first_name":"Prof. Hesham","last_name":"Mustafa","domain_name":"kau","page_name":"HMustafa","display_name":"Prof. Hesham N 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Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evidence_Based_Medicine?f_ri=642"},{"id":3699,"name":"Stem cell and Regenerative medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_cell_and_Regenerative_medicine?f_ri=642"},{"id":4083,"name":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine?f_ri=642"},{"id":4086,"name":"Traditional Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Traditional_Medicine?f_ri=642"},{"id":4376,"name":"Family Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Medicine?f_ri=642"},{"id":4440,"name":"Philosophy of Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Medicine?f_ri=642"},{"id":5072,"name":"Molecular Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Medicine?f_ri=642"},{"id":8241,"name":"Tropical Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tropical_Medicine?f_ri=642"},{"id":10035,"name":"Nuclear 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class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82154" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicina">Medicina</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="82154" type="text/json">{"id":82154,"name":"Medicina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicina?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="603393" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neumologia">Neumología</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="603393" type="text/json">{"id":603393,"name":"Neumología","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neumologia?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new 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class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_689663" data-work_id="689663" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/689663/Respiratory_Management_in_Neurological_Rehabilitation">Respiratory Management in Neurological Rehabilitation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/689663" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1f1135aa12f604cc47ace0c95f46dee5" rel="nofollow" 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$(".js-view-count-work_689663").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="689663"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="593" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiotherapy">Physiotherapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="593" type="text/json">{"id":593,"name":"Physiotherapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiotherapy?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2256" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2256" type="text/json">{"id":2256,"name":"Rehabilitation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rehabilitation?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29153" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Health">Respiratory Health</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29153" type="text/json">{"id":29153,"name":"Respiratory Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Health?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=689663]'), work: {"id":689663,"title":"Respiratory Management in Neurological 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href="https://www.academia.edu/25399661/Body_plethysmography_its_principles_and_clinical_use">Body plethysmography--its principles and clinical use</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Body plethysmography allows to assess functional residual capacity (FRC(pleth)) and specific airway resistance (sRaw) as primary measures. In combination with deep expirations and inspirations, total lung capacity (TLC) and residual... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25399661" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Body plethysmography allows to assess functional residual capacity (FRC(pleth)) and specific airway resistance (sRaw) as primary measures. In combination with deep expirations and inspirations, total lung capacity (TLC) and residual volume (RV) can be determined. Airway resistance (Raw) is calculated as the ratio of sRaw to FRC(pleth). Raw is a measure of airway obstruction and indicates the alveolar pressure needed to establish a flow rate of 1 L s(-1). In contrast, sRaw can be interpreted as the work to be performed by volume displacement to establish this flow rate. These measures represent different functional aspects and should both be considered. The measurement relies on the fact that generation of airflow needs generation of pressure. Pressure generation means that a mass of air is compressed or decompressed relative to its equilibrium volume. This difference is called &quot;shift volume&quot;. As the body box is sealed and has rigid walls, its free volume experiences the sa...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25399661" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="01d8291e80409654bb5c4ff1b1e0abbc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45713720,"asset_id":25399661,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45713720/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48630869" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KurtRasche">Kurt Rasche</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48630869" type="text/json">{"id":48630869,"first_name":"Kurt","last_name":"Rasche","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KurtRasche","display_name":"Kurt Rasche","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KurtRasche?f_ri=642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25399661 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25399661"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25399661, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25399661", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25399661]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25399661").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25399661").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25399661"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64568" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans">Humans</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="64568" type="text/json">{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences">Clinical Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="244814" type="text/json">{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="378984" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirometry">Spirometry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="378984" type="text/json">{"id":378984,"name":"Spirometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirometry?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25399661]'), work: {"id":25399661,"title":"Body plethysmography--its principles and clinical use","created_at":"2016-05-17T08:35:05.541-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25399661/Body_plethysmography_its_principles_and_clinical_use?f_ri=642","dom_id":"work_25399661","summary":"Body plethysmography allows to assess functional residual capacity (FRC(pleth)) and specific airway resistance (sRaw) as primary measures. In combination with deep expirations and inspirations, total lung capacity (TLC) and residual volume (RV) can be determined. Airway resistance (Raw) is calculated as the ratio of sRaw to FRC(pleth). Raw is a measure of airway obstruction and indicates the alveolar pressure needed to establish a flow rate of 1 L s(-1). In contrast, sRaw can be interpreted as the work to be performed by volume displacement to establish this flow rate. These measures represent different functional aspects and should both be considered. The measurement relies on the fact that generation of airflow needs generation of pressure. Pressure generation means that a mass of air is compressed or decompressed relative to its equilibrium volume. This difference is called \u0026quot;shift volume\u0026quot;. As the body box is sealed and has rigid walls, its free volume experiences the sa...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45713720,"asset_id":25399661,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48630869,"first_name":"Kurt","last_name":"Rasche","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KurtRasche","display_name":"Kurt Rasche","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KurtRasche?f_ri=642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":378984,"name":"Spirometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirometry?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":587539,"name":"Airway Obstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Airway_Obstruction?f_ri=642"},{"id":1281407,"name":"Whole Body","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Whole_Body?f_ri=642"},{"id":2444844,"name":"Functional residual capacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_residual_capacity?f_ri=642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39170152" data-work_id="39170152" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39170152/Disentangling_respiratory_sinus_arrhythmia_in_heart_rate_variability_records">Disentangling respiratory sinus arrhythmia in heart rate variability records</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objective: Several different measures of heart rate variability, and particularly of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, are widely used in research and clinical applications. For many purposes it is important to know which features of heart... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39170152" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objective: Several different measures of heart rate variability, and particularly of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, are widely used in research and clinical applications. For many purposes it is important to know which features of heart rate variability are directly related to respiration and which are caused by other aspects of cardiac dynamics.<br />Approach: Inspired by ideas from the theory of coupled oscillators, we use simultaneous measurements of respiratory and cardiac activity to perform a nonlinear disentanglement of the heart rate variability into the respiratory-related component and the rest. <br />Main results: The theoretical consideration is illustrated by the analysis of 25 data sets from healthy subjects. In all cases we show how the disentanglement is manifested in the different measures of heart rate variability. <br />Significance: The suggested technique can be exploited as a universal preprocessing tool, both for the analysis of respiratory influence on the heart rate and in cases when effects of other factors on the heart rate variability are in focus.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39170152" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="665f8a5019e9a79c5fc18f76a17f9ed9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59295853,"asset_id":39170152,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59295853/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7800024" href="https://mayoclinic.academia.edu/cagdastopcu">Cagdas Topcu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7800024" type="text/json">{"id":7800024,"first_name":"Cagdas","last_name":"Topcu","domain_name":"mayoclinic","page_name":"cagdastopcu","display_name":"Cagdas Topcu","profile_url":"https://mayoclinic.academia.edu/cagdastopcu?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7800024/7248598/12221258/s65_cagdas.topcu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39170152 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39170152"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39170152, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39170152", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39170152]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39170152").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39170152").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39170152"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="150" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="150" type="text/json">{"id":150,"name":"Chronobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronobiology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="167" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology">Physiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="167" type="text/json">{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="498" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="498" type="text/json">{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39170152]'), work: {"id":39170152,"title":"Disentangling respiratory sinus arrhythmia in heart rate variability records","created_at":"2019-05-17T20:42:38.140-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39170152/Disentangling_respiratory_sinus_arrhythmia_in_heart_rate_variability_records?f_ri=642","dom_id":"work_39170152","summary":"Objective: Several different measures of heart rate variability, and particularly of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, are widely used in research and clinical applications. For many purposes it is important to know which features of heart rate variability are directly related to respiration and which are caused by other aspects of cardiac dynamics.\nApproach: Inspired by ideas from the theory of coupled oscillators, we use simultaneous measurements of respiratory and cardiac activity to perform a nonlinear disentanglement of the heart rate variability into the respiratory-related component and the rest. \nMain results: The theoretical consideration is illustrated by the analysis of 25 data sets from healthy subjects. In all cases we show how the disentanglement is manifested in the different measures of heart rate variability. \nSignificance: The suggested technique can be exploited as a universal preprocessing tool, both for the analysis of respiratory influence on the heart rate and in cases when effects of other factors on the heart rate variability are in focus.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59295853,"asset_id":39170152,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7800024,"first_name":"Cagdas","last_name":"Topcu","domain_name":"mayoclinic","page_name":"cagdastopcu","display_name":"Cagdas Topcu","profile_url":"https://mayoclinic.academia.edu/cagdastopcu?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7800024/7248598/12221258/s65_cagdas.topcu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":150,"name":"Chronobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronobiology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=642"},{"id":4371,"name":"Spectral Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectral_Methods?f_ri=642"},{"id":8218,"name":"Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Networks?f_ri=642"},{"id":9038,"name":"Digital Signal Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Signal_Processing?f_ri=642"},{"id":15250,"name":"Synchronization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synchronization?f_ri=642"},{"id":36265,"name":"Entropy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entropy?f_ri=642"},{"id":41726,"name":"Coupled Oscillator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coupled_Oscillator?f_ri=642"},{"id":49198,"name":"Heart rate variability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heart_rate_variability?f_ri=642"},{"id":103206,"name":"Non-Linear Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Linear_Dynamics?f_ri=642"},{"id":118318,"name":"Hilbert transform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hilbert_transform?f_ri=642"},{"id":131298,"name":"Heart rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heart_rate?f_ri=642"},{"id":152880,"name":"ECG Signal processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ECG_Signal_processing?f_ri=642"},{"id":174781,"name":"Oscillations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oscillations?f_ri=642"},{"id":202428,"name":"Respiration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiration?f_ri=642"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=642"},{"id":448523,"name":"Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Sinus_Arrhythmia?f_ri=642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5298907" data-work_id="5298907" itemscope="itemscope" 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type="text/json">{"id":7298865,"first_name":"sourabh","last_name":"sharma","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"sourabhsharma4","display_name":"sourabh sharma","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/sourabhsharma4?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7298865/18157561/18144198/s65_sourabh.sharma.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5298907 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5298907"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5298907, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5298907", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5298907 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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review</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A lack of good outcome measures has been a barrier to the development of an evidence base for all areas of respiratory physiotherapy. Many of the clinically available outcome measures are not specifically related to the physiotherapy... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_441672" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A lack of good outcome measures has been a barrier to the development of an evidence base for all areas of respiratory physiotherapy. Many of the clinically available outcome measures are not specifically related to the physiotherapy intervention employed and may be affected by other factors. In this paper, the outcome measures currently clinically available to UK NHS physiotherapists to assess the response to alveolar recruitment and airway clearance interventions have been reviewed. It is clear that there is an urgent need to increase the accuracy, reliability, and sensitivity of the outcome measures employed, or to develop new measures to assess the effectiveness of respiratory physiotherapy. Lung sounds provide useful, specific information, but standard auscultation is too subjective to allow them to be used as an outcome measure. Computer Aided Lung Sound Analysis (CALSA) is proposed as a new objective, non-invasive, bedside clinical measure with the potential to monitor and assess the effects of airway clearance therapy. <br /> <br />Keywords: Lung sounds, outcome measures, physiotherapy</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/441672" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d4fb56254871fd600c84371b0660fa02" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":2104180,"asset_id":441672,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/2104180/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="271229" href="https://soton.academia.edu/AnneBruton">Anne Bruton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="271229" type="text/json">{"id":271229,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Bruton","domain_name":"soton","page_name":"AnneBruton","display_name":"Anne Bruton","profile_url":"https://soton.academia.edu/AnneBruton?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/271229/56409/57953/s65_anne.bruton.271229"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_441672 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="441672"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 441672, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_441672", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=441672]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_441672").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_441672").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="441672"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="593" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiotherapy">Physiotherapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="593" type="text/json">{"id":593,"name":"Physiotherapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiotherapy?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine">Respiratory Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="642" type="text/json">{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5409" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Outcomes">Health Outcomes</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5409" type="text/json">{"id":5409,"name":"Health Outcomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Outcomes?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29153" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Health">Respiratory Health</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29153" type="text/json">{"id":29153,"name":"Respiratory Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Health?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=441672]'), work: {"id":441672,"title":"Clinically useful outcome measures for physiotherapy airway clearance techniques: a review","created_at":"2011-02-13T20:23:59.734-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/441672/Clinically_useful_outcome_measures_for_physiotherapy_airway_clearance_techniques_a_review?f_ri=642","dom_id":"work_441672","summary":"A lack of good outcome measures has been a barrier to the development of an evidence base for all areas of respiratory physiotherapy. Many of the clinically available outcome measures are not specifically related to the physiotherapy intervention employed and may be affected by other factors. In this paper, the outcome measures currently clinically available to UK NHS physiotherapists to assess the response to alveolar recruitment and airway clearance interventions have been reviewed. It is clear that there is an urgent need to increase the accuracy, reliability, and sensitivity of the outcome measures employed, or to develop new measures to assess the effectiveness of respiratory physiotherapy. Lung sounds provide useful, specific information, but standard auscultation is too subjective to allow them to be used as an outcome measure. Computer Aided Lung Sound Analysis (CALSA) is proposed as a new objective, non-invasive, bedside clinical measure with the potential to monitor and assess the effects of airway clearance therapy.\r\n\r\nKeywords: Lung sounds, outcome measures, physiotherapy","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":2104180,"asset_id":441672,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":271229,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Bruton","domain_name":"soton","page_name":"AnneBruton","display_name":"Anne Bruton","profile_url":"https://soton.academia.edu/AnneBruton?f_ri=642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/271229/56409/57953/s65_anne.bruton.271229"}],"research_interests":[{"id":593,"name":"Physiotherapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiotherapy?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":642,"name":"Respiratory Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Medicine?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":5409,"name":"Health Outcomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Outcomes?f_ri=642","nofollow":false},{"id":29153,"name":"Respiratory Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_Health?f_ri=642","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_60775701" data-work_id="60775701" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60775701/Airway_clearance_techniques_in_neuromuscular_disorders_A_state_of_the_art_review">Airway clearance techniques in neuromuscular disorders: A state of the art review</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is a unique state of the art review written by a group of 21 international recognized experts in the field that gathered during a meeting organized by the European Neuromuscular Centre (ENMC) in Naarden, March 2017. It systematically... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_60775701" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is a unique state of the art review written by a group of 21 international recognized experts in the field that gathered during a meeting organized by the European Neuromuscular Centre (ENMC) in Naarden, March 2017. It systematically reports the entire evidence base for airway clearance techniques (ACTs) in both adults and children with neuromuscular disorders (NMD). We not only report randomised controlled trials, which in other systematic reviews conclude that there is a lack of evidence base to give an opinion, but also include case series and retrospective reviews of practice. For this review, we have classified ACTs as either proximal (cough augmentation) or peripheral (secretion mobilization). The review presents descriptions; standard definitions; the supporting evidence for and limitations of proximal and peripheral ACTs that are used in patients with NMD; as well as providing recommendations for objective measurements of efficacy, specifically for proximal ACTs. This s...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/60775701" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="60ebcf0a1ea636a181ece915991ae6b9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74069420,"asset_id":60775701,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74069420/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37460849" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrendaMorrow">Brenda Morrow</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37460849" type="text/json">{"id":37460849,"first_name":"Brenda","last_name":"Morrow","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrendaMorrow","display_name":"Brenda Morrow","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrendaMorrow?f_ri=642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_60775701 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="60775701"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60775701, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_60775701", }); 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Upper respiratory tract infections including nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and otitis media constitute... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5113752" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Acute respiratory infections accounts for 20–40% of outpatient and 12–35% of inpatient attendance in a general hospital. Upper respiratory tract infections including nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and otitis media constitute 87.5% of the total episodes of respiratory infections. The vast majority of acute upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses. Common cold is caused by viruses in most circumstances and does not require antimicrobial agent unless it is complicated by acute otitis media with effusion, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract infection. Sinusitis is commonly associated with common cold. Most instances of rhinosinusitis are viral and therefore, resolve spontaneously without antimicrobial therapy. The most common bacterial agents causing sinusitis areS. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis,S. aureus andS. pyogenes. Amoxycillin is antibacterial of choice. The alternative drugs are cefaclor or cephalexin. The latter becomes first line if sinusitis is recurrent or chronic. Acute pharyngitis is commonly caused by viruses and does not need antibiotics. About 15% of the episodes may be due to Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus (GABS). Early initiation of antibiotics in pharyngitis due to GABS can prevent complications such as acute rheumatic fever. The drug of choice is penicillin for 10–14 days. The alternative medications include oral cephalosporins (cefaclor, cephalexin), amoxicillin or macrolides.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5113752" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dc7e3ed75bc96ead5d27f43c3a707758" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49443869,"asset_id":5113752,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49443869/download_file?st=MTczMjM5MjU2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6870056" href="https://aiims1.academia.edu/RakeshLodha">Rakesh Lodha</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6870056" type="text/json">{"id":6870056,"first_name":"Rakesh","last_name":"Lodha","domain_name":"aiims1","page_name":"RakeshLodha","display_name":"Rakesh Lodha","profile_url":"https://aiims1.academia.edu/RakeshLodha?f_ri=642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5113752 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5113752"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5113752, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5113752", }); 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