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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-RM_158" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RM_158"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>RM 158</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RM_158-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts_from_the_Biblioteca_Real_de_Palacio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts_from_the_Biblioteca_Real_de_Palacio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Manuscripts from the Biblioteca Real de Palacio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts_from_the_Biblioteca_Real_de_Palacio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manuscript_II/2922" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscript_II/2922"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Manuscript II/2922</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscript_II/2922-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscript_II/2923_and_Manuscript_II/2924" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscript_II/2923_and_Manuscript_II/2924"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Manuscript II/2923 and Manuscript II/2924</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscript_II/2923_and_Manuscript_II/2924-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lugo_Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lugo_Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lugo Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lugo_Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bodleian_Library_pamphlets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bodleian_Library_pamphlets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The Bodleian Library pamphlets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bodleian_Library_pamphlets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposal_by_Adolfo_Constenla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposal_by_Adolfo_Constenla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Proposal by Adolfo Constenla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposal_by_Adolfo_Constenla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposal_by_Adelaar_&_Muysken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposal_by_Adelaar_&_Muysken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Proposal by Adelaar & Muysken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposal_by_Adelaar_&_Muysken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposal_by_González" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposal_by_González"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Proposal by González</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposal_by_González-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet_and_rough_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet_and_rough_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Alphabet and rough pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet_and_rough_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greetings_in_Muysc_cubun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greetings_in_Muysc_cubun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Greetings in Muysc cubun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greetings_in_Muysc_cubun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Adjective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection_of_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_of_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Selection of words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_of_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_Chibchan_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_Chibchan_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Comparison to other Chibchan languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_Chibchan_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surviving_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Surviving words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surviving_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Toponyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Modern uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Myska_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Myska_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>The Myska language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Myska_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Structure and grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subject" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subject"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Subject</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subject-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_pronoun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronoun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.2</span> <span>Personal pronoun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronoun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_pronoun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_pronoun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.3</span> <span>Possessive pronoun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_pronoun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conjugations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjugations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.4.1</span> <span>Conjugations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjugations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.4.2</span> <span>Imperatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_from_the_chibcha_cabildos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_from_the_chibcha_cabildos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Criticism from the chibcha cabildos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_from_the_chibcha_cabildos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_from_academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_from_academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Criticism from academia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_from_academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chibcha language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chibcha" title="Idioma chibcha – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma chibcha" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_muisca" title="Idioma muisca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma muisca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muisca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cib%C4%8Da_(jazyk)" title="Čibča (jazyk) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čibča (jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_muisca" title="Idioma muisca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma muisca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_(langue)" title="Muisca (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muisca (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_muisca" title="Lingua muisca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua muisca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EB%B8%8C%EC%B0%A8%EC%96%B4" title="치브차어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치브차어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cib%C4%8Da_jezik" title="Čibča jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čibča jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Chibcha" title="Bahasa Chibcha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Chibcha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_chibcha" title="Lingua chibcha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua chibcha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txibtxa" title="Txibtxa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Txibtxa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibcha_(taal)" title="Chibcha (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chibcha (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%96%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="チブチャ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チブチャ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Muisca (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muisca (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5ket_muisca" title="Språket muisca – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Språket muisca" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_chibcha" title="Lenga chibcha – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga chibcha" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_chibcha" title="Língua chibcha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua chibcha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyiska_simi" title="Muyiska simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muyiska simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chibcha language (disambiguation)">Chibcha language (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language of Colombia, spoken by the Muisca</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Chibcha</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Muisca or Muysca</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;"><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">Muysc cubun</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">mʷɨsk kuβun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano Cundiboyacense</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muisca people">Muisca</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">18th century<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linglist_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linglist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Kuna-Colombian<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Chibcha</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Duit_language" title="Duit language">Duit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">only <a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">numerals</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=80">chb</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/chb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:chb">chb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chib1270">chib1270</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chibcha_lang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chibcha_lang.png/320px-Chibcha_lang.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chibcha_lang.png/480px-Chibcha_lang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chibcha_lang.png/640px-Chibcha_lang.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="582" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Chibchan languages. Chibcha itself is spoken in the southernmost area, in central Colombia</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Chibcha</b>, <b>Mosca</b>, <b>Muisca</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUricoechea1854_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUricoechea1854-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Muysca</b> (*/ˈmɨska/ *[ˈmʷɨska]<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_Pérez200663_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_Pérez200663-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or <b>Muysca de Bogotá</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGómez2020_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a>, one of the many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">cultures of the Americas</a>. The Muisca inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano Cundiboyacense</a> of what today is the country of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. </p><p>The name of the language <i><b>Muysc cubun</b></i> in its own language means "language of the people", from <i>muysca</i> ("people") and <i>cubun</i> ("language" or "word"). Despite the disappearance of the language in the 17th century (approximately), several language revitalization processes are underway within the current Muisca communities. The Muisca people remain ethnically distinct and their communities are recognized by the Colombian state.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muisca scholars">scholars</a> who have contributed to the knowledge of the Chibcha language include <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castellanos" title="Juan de Castellanos">Juan de Castellanos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_Lugo" title="Bernardo de Lugo">Bernardo de Lugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Duquesne" title="José Domingo Duquesne">José Domingo Duquesne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Uricoechea" title="Ezequiel Uricoechea">Ezequiel Uricoechea</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan languages</a></div> <p>The Muysca language is part of the <a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibcha linguistic family</a>, which in turn belongs to the macro-Chibchan group. The Chibcha linguistic family includes several indigenous languages of Central America and Northwestern South America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chibchan_languages_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chibchan_languages_distribution.png/500px-Chibchan_languages_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chibchan_languages_distribution.png/750px-Chibchan_languages_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Chibchan_languages_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Chibchan languages across southern Central and northwestern South America</figcaption></figure> <p>In prehistorical times, in the <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean civilization">Andean civilizations</a> called <a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">preceramic</a>, the population of northwestern South America migrated through the <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">isthmus of Panama</a> and Colombia. Other <a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan languages</a> are spoken in southern Central America and the Muisca and related indigenous groups took their language with them into the heart of Colombia where they comprised the <a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a>, a cultural grouping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_colonization">Spanish colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spanish colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest of the Muisca</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations</a></div> <p>As early as 1580 the authorities in Charcas, <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Santa Fe de Bogotá</a> mandated the establishment of schools in native languages and required that priests study these languages before ordination. In 1606 the entire clergy was ordered to provide religious instruction in Chibcha. The Chibcha language declined in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-wdl_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1770, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> officially banned use of the language in the region <sup id="cite_ref-wdl_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of a <a href="/wiki/De-Indigenization" class="mw-redirect" title="De-Indigenization">de-indigenization</a> project. The ban remained in law until Colombia passed its <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1991" title="Colombian Constitution of 1991">constitution of 1991</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muisca scholars">Muisca scholars</a> as Diego Gómez<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGómez2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have claimed that the variety of languages was much larger than previously thought and that in fact there was a Chibcha <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> that extended throughout the Cordillera Oriental from the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_del_Cocuy" title="Sierra Nevada del Cocuy">Sierra Nevada del Cocuy</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sumapaz_P%C3%A1ramo" title="Sumapaz Páramo">Sumapaz Páramo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGómez2013_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quick colonization of the Spanish and the improvised use of traveling translators reduced the differences between the versions of Chibcha over time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2008 a Spanish–Muysc cubun dictionary containing more than 3000 words has been published online. The project was partly financed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">University of Bergen</a>, Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGómez2008–2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez2008–2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_sources">Language sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sources of the Muysca language are seven documents prepared in the first decade of the 17th century and are considered a legitimate and reliable documentary set of the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RM_158">RM 158</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: RM 158"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manuscript 158 of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Colombia" title="National Library of Colombia">National Library of Colombia</a> has a Grammar, an annex called "Modos de hablar en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha"  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], a Spanish-Muysca vocabulary and a "Catheçismo en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha"  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]. It was transcribed by María Stella González and published by the <a href="/wiki/Caro_y_Cuervo_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Caro y Cuervo Institute">Caro y Cuervo Institute</a> in 1987. According to the researcher, this manuscript "was written at times when the language was still spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" González's transcription has been one of the most consulted works by modern linguists interested in the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts_from_the_Biblioteca_Real_de_Palacio">Manuscripts from the Biblioteca Real de Palacio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Manuscripts from the Biblioteca Real de Palacio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three documents from the Biblioteca Real de Palacio are compendiums of the Muysca language and are part of the so-called Mutis Collection, a set of linguistic-missionary documents of several indigenous languages of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Kingdom of Granada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General of Venezuela</a>, collected by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celestino_Mutis" title="José Celestino Mutis">Mutis</a>, due to the initial wishes of the Tsarina of Russia <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, who wanted to create a dictionary of all the languages of the world<sup id="cite_ref-giraldo&gomez_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giraldo&gomez-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manuscript_II/2922"><span id="Manuscript_II.2F2922"></span>Manuscript II/2922</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Manuscript II/2922"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This manuscript is made up of three books: the first titled "De la gramática breve de la lengua Mosca"; the second contains three titles: "Confesionarios en la Lengua Mosca chibcha"  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], "Oraciones en Lengua Mosca chibcha"  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] and "Catecismo breve en Lengua Mosca chibcha"  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]; The third book is titled "Bocabulario de la Lengua Chibcha o Mosca"  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]. It was transcribed by Diego Gómez and Diana Girlado between 2012 and 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manuscript_II/2923_and_Manuscript_II/2924"><span id="Manuscript_II.2F2923_and_Manuscript_II.2F2924"></span>Manuscript II/2923 and Manuscript II/2924</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Manuscript II/2923 and Manuscript II/2924"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These manuscripts are actually a single vocabulary, one copies the other. The first was transcribed by Quesada Pacheco in 1991 and the second by Gómez y Giraldo between 2012 and 2013<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lugo_Grammar">Lugo Grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lugo Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gramatica_de_lugo_pag_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lugo grammar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gramatica_de_lugo_pag_9.jpg/220px-Gramatica_de_lugo_pag_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gramatica_de_lugo_pag_9.jpg/330px-Gramatica_de_lugo_pag_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gramatica_de_lugo_pag_9.jpg/440px-Gramatica_de_lugo_pag_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption>Folio 9 recto of <i>Gramática en la lengua general del Nuevo Reino, llamada Mosca</i>, by fray Bernardo de Lugo, printed in Madrid, Spain, in 1619.</figcaption></figure> <p>It was published in Madrid, Spain, in the year 1619. It consists of a grammar, a confessional in Spanish and a confessional in Muysca. For the elaboration of his work, Lugo devised a sort or type in order to express a vowel that was not part of the phonetic inventory of Spanish and that was necessary to capture if a correct pronunciation was wanted, he called it "Inverse Ipsilon" and today we know it as "The Lugo's y". In other sources it appears simply expressed with the grapheme <i>y</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bodleian_Library_pamphlets">The Bodleian Library pamphlets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Bodleian Library pamphlets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently, a couple of doctrinal texts of the Muysca language were discovered in the Bodleian Library, which were sewn into the final part of an anonymous grammar of the Quechua language, published in Seville in 1603. The first of them is a brief Grammar, and the second a brief Christian Doctrine. These pamphlets are considered the earliest known texts of the General Language of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Kingdom of Granada</a> and although their orthography is inconsistent and a little different from the known ones, these pamphlets are associated with the variety spoken in <a href="/wiki/Santaf%C3%A9_de_Bogot%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Santafé de Bogotá">Santafé</a> and its surroundings<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology_2">Phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because Muysc Cubun is an extinct language, various scholars as <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Constenla_Uma%C3%B1a" title="Adolfo Constenla Umaña">Adolfo Constenla</a> (1984), González de Pérez (2006) and <a href="/wiki/Willem_Adelaar" title="Willem Adelaar">Willem Adelaar</a> with the collaboration of Pieter Muysken (2007) have formulated different phonological systems taking into account linguistic documents from the 17th century and comparative linguistics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposal_by_Adolfo_Constenla">Proposal by Adolfo Constenla</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Proposal by Adolfo Constenla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The proposal of <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Constenla" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolfo Constenla">Adolfo Constenla</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstenla_Umaña198465–111_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstenla_Umaña198465–111-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Costa Rican teacher of the Chibcha languages, has been the basis of the other proposals and his appreciations are still valid, even more so because they were the result of the use of the comparative method with other Chibcha languages and lexicostatistics. In fact, Constenla's classification of the Chibcha languages remains the most accepted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Consonants">Consonants</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">Labiovelar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">pkʷ</a></span> / <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vibrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrant">Vibrant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vowels">Vowels</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposal_by_Adelaar_&_Muysken"><span id="Proposal_by_Adelaar_.26_Muysken"></span>Proposal by Adelaar & Muysken</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Proposal by Adelaar & Muysken"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>The languages of the Andes</i> they present a phonologic chart based on the orthography developed during the colonial period, which diverges in some aspects from that used in Spanish according to the needs of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdelaar_&_Muysken200783–90_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaar_&_Muysken200783–90-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Consonants_2">Consonants</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">Labiovelar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">pkʷ</a></span> / <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vibrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrant">Vibrant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vowels_2">Vowels</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposal_by_González"><span id="Proposal_by_Gonz.C3.A1lez"></span>Proposal by González</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Proposal by González"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his book <i>Aproximación al sistema fonológico de la lengua muisca</i>, González presents the following phonological table (González, 2006:57, 65, 122). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Consonants_3">Consonants</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>González does not present approximants, although she considers [w] as a semivocalic extension of bilabial consonants, as Adolfo Constenla presented it at the time, for example in <span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">cusmuy</i></span> *[kusmʷɨ], */kusmɨ/, she considers it a phonetic characteristic and not a phonological one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vowels_3">Vowels</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet_and_rough_pronunciation">Alphabet and rough pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Alphabet and rough pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="132" data-mwtitle="Homenaje_a_María_Stella_González_en_lengua_muisca_por_Pukem_Swa_Saravia_Castillo.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Homenaje_a_Mar%C3%ADa_Stella_Gonz%C3%A1lez_en_lengua_muisca_por_Pukem_Swa_Saravia_Castillo.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/Homenaje_a_Mar%C3%ADa_Stella_Gonz%C3%A1lez_en_lengua_muisca_por_Pukem_Swa_Saravia_Castillo.webm/Homenaje_a_Mar%C3%ADa_Stella_Gonz%C3%A1lez_en_lengua_muisca_por_Pukem_Swa_Saravia_Castillo.webm.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Homenaje_a_Mar%C3%ADa_Stella_Gonz%C3%A1lez_en_lengua_muisca_por_Pukem_Swa_Saravia_Castillo.webm" type="audio/webm; codecs="opus"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/Homenaje_a_Mar%C3%ADa_Stella_Gonz%C3%A1lez_en_lengua_muisca_por_Pukem_Swa_Saravia_Castillo.webm/Homenaje_a_Mar%C3%ADa_Stella_Gonz%C3%A1lez_en_lengua_muisca_por_Pukem_Swa_Saravia_Castillo.webm.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Saravia's son speaking <b>Myska</b>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Self-published plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-self-published" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain excessive or inappropriate references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing references to unreliable <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">sources</a> where they are used inappropriately.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phoneme</th> <th>Letter </th></tr> <tr> <td>/i/</td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɨ/</td> <td>y </td></tr> <tr> <td>/u/</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td>/e/</td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <td>/o/</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>/a/</td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <td>/p/</td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <td>/t/</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>/k/</td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <td>/b~β/</td> <td>b </td></tr> <tr> <td>/g~ɣ/</td> <td>g </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɸ/</td> <td>f </td></tr> <tr> <td>/s/</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʂ/</td> <td>ch </td></tr> <tr> <td>/h/</td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <td>/tʂ/</td> <td>zh </td></tr> <tr> <td>/m/</td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <td>/n/</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>/w/</td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr> <td>/j/</td> <td>ï </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The Myska alphabet consists of around 20 letters. Myska didn't have an "L" in their language. The letters are pronounced more or less as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Saravia_2015_p10_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saravia_2015_p10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saravia_2015_p11_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saravia_2015_p11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_Pérez200657–100_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_Pérez200657–100-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>a</b> – as in Spanish "casa"; <b>ka</b> – "enclosure" or "fence"<br /> <b>e</b> – as in "<i><b>a</b></i>ction"; <b>izhe</b> – "street"<br /> <b>i</b> – open "i" as in "'<i><b>i</b></i>nca" – <b>sié</b> – "water" or "river"<br /> <b>o</b> – short "o" as in "b<i><b>o</b></i>x" – <b>to</b> – "dog"<br /> <b>u</b> – "ou" as in "y<i><b>ou</b></i>" – <b>uba</b> – "face"<br /> <b>y</b> – between "i" and "e"; "a" in action – <b>ty</b> – "singing"<br /> <b>b</b> – as in "<i><b>b</b></i>ed", or as in Spanish "ha<i><b>b</b></i>a"; – <b>bohozhá</b> – "with"<br /> </p> <dl><dd>between the vowels "y" it is pronounced [βw] – <b>kyby</b> – "to sleep"</dd></dl> <p><b>ch</b> – "sh" as in "<i><b>sh</b></i>ine", but with the tongue pushed backwards – <b>chuta</b> – "son" or "daughter"<br /> <b>f</b> – between a "b" and "w" using both lips without producing sound, a short whistle – <b>foï</b> – "mantle"<br /> </p> <dl><dd>before a "y" it's pronounced [ɸw] – <b>fyzha</b> – "everything"</dd></dl> <p><b>g</b> – "gh" as in "<i><b>g</b></i>ood", or as in Spanish "abo<i><b>g</b></i>ado"; – <b>gata</b> – "fire"<br /> <b>h</b> – as in "<i><b>h</b></i>ello" – <b>huïá</b> – "inwards"<br /> <b>ï</b> – "i-e" as in Beelzebub – <b>ïe</b> – "road" or "prayer"<br /> <b>k</b> – "c" as in "<i><b>c</b></i>old" – <b>kony</b> – "wheel"<br /> <b>m</b> – "m" as in "<i><b>m</b></i>an" – <b>mika</b> – "three"<br /> </p> <dl><dd>before "y" it's pronounced [mw], as in "Muisca" – <b>myska</b> – "person" or "people"</dd> <dd>in first position before a consonant it's pronounced [im] – <b>mpkwaká</b> – "thanks to"</dd></dl> <p><b>n</b> – "n" as in "<i><b>n</b></i>ice" – <b>nyky</b> – "brother" or "sister"<br /> </p> <dl><dd>in first position followed by a consonant it's pronounced [in] – <b>ngá</b> – "and"</dd></dl> <p><b>p</b> – "p" as in "<i><b>p</b></i>eople" – <b>paba</b> – "father"<br /> </p> <dl><dd>before "y" it's pronounced [pw] as in Spanish "<i><b>pue</b></i>nte" – <b><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="chb-Latn">pyky</span></span></b> – "heart"</dd></dl> <p><b>s</b> – "s" as in "<i><b>s</b></i>orry" – <b>sahawá</b> – "husband"<br /> </p> <dl><dd>before "i" changes a little to "sh"; [ʃ] – <b>sié</b> – "water" or "river"</dd></dl> <p><b>t</b> – "t" as in "<i><b>t</b></i>ext" – <b>yta</b> – "hand"<br /> <b>w</b> – "w" as in "<i><b>w</b></i>ow!" – <b>we</b> – "house"<br /> <b>zh</b> – as in "<i><b>ch</b></i>orizo", but with the tongue to the back – <b>zhysky</b> – "head" </p><p>The accentuation of the words is like in Spanish on the second-last syllable except when an accent is shown: <i><b>Bacata</b></i> is Ba-CA-ta and <i><b>Bacatá</b></i> is Ba-ca-TA. </p><p>In case of repetition of the same vowel, the word can be shortened: <b>fuhuchá</b> ~ <b>fuchá</b> – "woman".<sup id="cite_ref-Saravia_2015_p11_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saravia_2015_p11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chibcha, words are made of combinations where sometimes vowels are in front of the word. When this happens in front of another vowel, the vowel changes as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Saravia_2015_p12_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saravia_2015_p12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>a</b>-<b>uba</b> becomes <b>oba</b> – "his (or her, its) face"<br /> <b>a</b>-<b>ita</b> becomes <b>eta</b> – "his base"<br /> <b>a</b>-<b>yta</b> becomes <b>ata</b> – "his hand" (note: <b>ata</b> also means "one") </p><p>Sometimes this combination is not performed and the words are written with the prefix plus the new vowel: <b>a-ita</b> would become <b>eta</b> but can be written as <b>aeta</b>, <b>a-uba</b> as <b>aoba</b> and <b>a-yta</b> as <b>ayta</b> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muysca is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a>, characterized by roots that are usually monosyllabic or bisyllabic (to a lesser extent longer), which combine to form extensive expressions. Typologically, it is a final core language. In addition, it is an <a href="/wiki/Inflectional_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflectional language">inflectional language</a>, which means that the roots receive prefixes and suffixes. The closest living language to Muysca is <a href="/wiki/Uwa_language" title="Uwa language">Uwa</a>. Compared to other northern Chibcha languages, Muysca presents more recent innovations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greetings_in_Muysc_cubun">Greetings in Muysc cubun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Greetings in Muysc cubun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following greetings have been taken directly from written sources from the 17th century when the language was alive. </p> <ul><li><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">choâ</i></span> - Hello, <span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">choâ mzone</i></span> – how are you?</li> <li><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">choâ mibizine</i></span> - To greet several people</li> <li><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">chogue</i></span> – Fine!</li> <li><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">mua,z, choa umzone</i></span> – What about you? (And you are well?)</li> <li><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">haspqua sihipquaco</i></span> – Greetings!</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Muysca, the noun lacks morphemes of gender, number and case. In nouns denoting sex, it is necessary to add the corresponding name "fucha~fuhucha" or "cha". </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1a)</div><div>(Lugo, 1619:3r)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-size:120%;font-style: italic;">fulano</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fulano</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-size:120%;font-style: italic;">muysca</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-size:120%;font-style: italic;">cha</p><p style="margin: 0px;">male</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-size:120%;font-style: italic;">cho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">good</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-size:120%;font-style: italic;">guy</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="copula" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COP</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">fulano muysca cha cho guy</p><p style="display: none;">fulano person male good COP</p><p style="clear: left;">So-and-so is a good male</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1b)</div><div>(Lugo, 1619:3r)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-size:120%;font-style: italic;">muysca</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-size:120%;font-style: italic;">fuhucha</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-size:120%;font-style: italic;">cho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">good</p></div><p style="display: none;">muysca fuhucha cho</p><p style="display: none;">person woman good</p><p style="clear: left;">Good woman</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjective">Adjective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Adjective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adjective muysca does not agree in gender or number with the noun. According to its form, it can be basic, derived or periphrastic. </p><p>The periphrastic form uses the <i>3rd person + verbal root/name (+n) + ma-gue</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(2)</div><div>(Ms. II/2923; fol. 29v)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-size:120%;font-style: italic;">a-taba-n</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>-meanness-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-size:120%;font-style: italic;">ma-gue</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="copula" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COP</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">a-taba-n ma-gue</p><p style="display: none;">3-meanness-FOC 2-COP</p><p style="clear: left;">he/she/it is stingy</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugaci%C3%B3n_de_verbos_muiscas" class="extiw" title="es:Conjugación de verbos muiscas">Muysca verbs (In Spanish)</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Numeracion_Muisca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Numeracion_Muisca.jpg/120px-Numeracion_Muisca.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Numeracion_Muisca.jpg/180px-Numeracion_Muisca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Numeracion_Muisca.jpg/240px-Numeracion_Muisca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Numbers 1-10 and 20 in Chibcha</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca numerals</a></div> <p>Counting 1 to 10 in Chibcha is <span title="Chibcha-language text"><i lang="chb">ata</i></span>, <span title="Chibcha-language text"><i lang="chb">boza</i></span>, <span title="Chibcha-language text"><i lang="chb">mica</i></span>, <span title="Chibcha-language text"><i lang="chb">muyhyca</i></span>, <span title="Chibcha-language text"><i lang="chb">hyzca</i></span>, <span title="Chibcha-language text"><i lang="chb">taa</i></span>, <span title="Chibcha-language text"><i lang="chb">cuhupqua</i></span>, <span title="Chibcha-language text"><i lang="chb">suhuza</i></span>, <span title="Chibcha-language text"><i lang="chb">aca</i></span>, <span title="Chibcha-language text"><i lang="chb">hubchihica</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGómez2008–2022_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez2008–2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muisca only had numbers one to ten and the number 20: <span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">gueta</i></span>, used extensively in their complex <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca calendar</a>. For numbers higher than 10 they used additions; <span title="Chibcha-language text"><i lang="chb">quihicha ata</i></span> ("ten plus one") for eleven. Higher numbers were multiplications of twenty; <span title="Chibcha-language text"><i lang="chb">guehyzca</i></span> would be "five times twenty"; 100. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_of_words">Selection of words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Selection of words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This list is a selection from the online dictionary and is sortable. Note the different <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> and types of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and their meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGómez2008–2022_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez2008–2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Muysccubun</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">aba</i></span></td> <td>"maize" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">aso</i></span></td> <td>"parrot" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">ba</i></span></td> <td>"finger" or "finger tip" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">bhosioiomy</i></span></td> <td>"potato [black inside]" (<i>species unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">chihiza</i></span></td> <td>"vein" (of blood) or "root" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">cho</i></span></td> <td>"good" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">chyscamuy</i></span></td> <td>"maize [dark]" (<i>species unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">chysquyco</i></span></td> <td>"green" or "blue" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">coca</i></span></td> <td>"finger nail" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">fo</i></span></td> <td>"fox" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">foaba</i></span></td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phytolacca_bogotensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phytolacca bogotensis (page does not exist)">Phytolacca bogotensis</a></i>, plant used as soap </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">fun</i></span></td> <td>"bread" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">funzaiomy</i></span></td> <td>"potato [black]" (<i>species unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">fusuamuy</i></span></td> <td>"maize [not very coloured]" (<i>species unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">gaca</i></span></td> <td>"feather" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">gaxie</i></span></td> <td>"small" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">gazaiomy</i></span></td> <td>"potato [wide]" (<i>species unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">guahaia</i></span></td> <td>"dead body" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">guexica</i></span></td> <td>"grandfather" and "grandmother" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">guia</i></span></td> <td>"bear" or "older brother/sister" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">hichuamuy</i></span></td> <td>"maize [of rice]" (<i>species and meaning unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">hosca</i></span></td> <td>"tobacco" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">iome</i></span></td> <td>"potato" (<i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" class="mw-redirect" title="Solanum tuberosum">Solanum tuberosum</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">iomgy</i></span></td> <td>"flower of potato plant" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">iomza</i></span></td> <td>"potato" (<i>species unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">iomzaga</i></span></td> <td>"potato [small]" (<i>species unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">muyhyza</i></span></td> <td>"flea" (<i><a href="/wiki/Tunga_penetrans" title="Tunga penetrans">Tunga penetrans</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">muyhyzyso</i></span></td> <td>"lizard" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">nygua</i></span></td> <td>"salt" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">nyia</i></span></td> <td>"gold" or "money" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">phochuba</i></span></td> <td>"maize [soft and red]" (<i>species and meaning unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">pquaca</i></span></td> <td>"arm" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">pquihiza</i></span></td> <td>"lightning" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">quye</i></span></td> <td>"tree" or "leaf" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">quyecho</i></span></td> <td>"arrow" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">quyhysaiomy</i></span></td> <td>"potato [floury]" (<i>species unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">quyiomy</i></span></td> <td>"potato [long]" (<i>species unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">saca</i></span></td> <td>"nose" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">sasamuy</i></span></td> <td>"maize [reddish]" (<i>species unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">simte</i></span></td> <td>"owl [white]" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">soche</i></span></td> <td>"white-tailed deer" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">suque</i></span></td> <td>"soup" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">tyba</i></span></td> <td>"hi!" (to a friend) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">tybaiomy</i></span></td> <td>"potato [yellow]" (<i>species unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">xiua</i></span></td> <td>"rain" or "lake" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">usua</i></span></td> <td>"white river clay" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">uamuyhyca</i></span></td> <td>"fish"; <i><a href="/wiki/Eremophilus_mutisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Eremophilus mutisii">Eremophilus mutisii</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">xieiomy</i></span></td> <td>"potato [white]" (<i>species unknown</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">xui</i></span></td> <td>"broth" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">ysy</i></span></td> <td>"that", "those" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">zihita</i></span></td> <td>"frog" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">zoia</i></span></td> <td>"pot" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">zysquy</i></span></td> <td>"head" or "skull" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_other_Chibchan_languages">Comparison to other Chibchan languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Comparison to other Chibchan languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">Muysc cubun</i></span> </th> <th scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Duit_language" title="Duit language">Duit</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a></small> </th> <th scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Uwa_language" title="Uwa language">Uwa</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Norte_de_Santander" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte de Santander">N. de Santander</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" title="Arauca Department">Arauca</a></small> </th> <th scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%AD_language" title="Barí language">Barí</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Norte_de_Santander" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte de Santander">N. de Santander</a></small> </th> <th scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Chimila_language" title="Chimila language">Chimila</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Department" title="Cesar Department">Cesar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Department" title="Magdalena Department">Magdalena</a></small> </th> <th scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Kogi_language" title="Kogi language">Kogui</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">S.N. de<br />Santa Marta</a></small> </th> <th scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Kuna_language" title="Kuna language">Kuna</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a></small> </th> <th scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Guaym%C3%AD_language" title="Guaymí language">Guaymí</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></small> </th> <th scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Boruca_language" title="Boruca language">Boruca</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></small> </th> <th scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9ku_language" title="Maléku language">Maléku</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></small> </th> <th scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Rama_language" title="Rama language">Rama</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></small> </th> <th scope="col" style="vertical-align:top">English </th> <th scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"><span style="font-size:85%;">Notes</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">chie</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">tia </td> <td style="text-align:center">siʔ </td> <td style="text-align:center">chibai </td> <td style="text-align:center">má </td> <td style="text-align:center">saka </td> <td style="text-align:center">sö </td> <td style="text-align:center">sö </td> <td style="text-align:center">tebej </td> <td style="text-align:center">tlijii </td> <td style="text-align:center">tukan </td> <td style="text-align:center">Moon </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">ata</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">atia </td> <td style="text-align:center">úbistia </td> <td style="text-align:center">intok </td> <td style="text-align:center">ti-tasu/nyé </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">kwati </td> <td style="text-align:center">éˇxi </td> <td style="text-align:center">dooka </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">one </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">muysca</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">dary </td> <td style="text-align:center">tsá </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">ngäbe </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">ochápaká </td> <td style="text-align:center">nkiikna </td> <td style="text-align:center">person<br />man<br />people </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">aba</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">eba </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">á </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">maize </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">pquyquy</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">tò </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">heart </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">bcasqua</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">yút </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">purkwe </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">to die </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reichel-Dolmatoff,_1947,_p._36_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichel-Dolmatoff,_1947,_p._36-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">uê</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">háta </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">ju </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">uu </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">house </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">cho</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">mex </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">morén </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">good </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">zihita</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">yén </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">pek-pen </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">frog </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-Reichel-Dolmatoff,_1947,_p._36_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichel-Dolmatoff,_1947,_p._36-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surviving_words">Surviving words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Surviving words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Words of <span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">Muysc cubun</i></span> origin are still used in the department of <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">Cundinamarca</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> is the capital, and the department of <a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a>, with capital <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a>. These include <i>curuba</i> (Colombian fruit <a href="/wiki/Banana_passionfruit" title="Banana passionfruit">banana passionfruit</a>), <i>toche</i> (<a href="/wiki/Yellow_oriole" title="Yellow oriole">yellow oriole</a>), <i>guadua</i> (a large bamboo used in construction) and <i>tatacoa</i> ("snake"). The Muisca descendants continue many traditional ways, such as the use of certain foods, use of <i><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a></i> for teas and healing rituals, and other aspects of natural ways, which are a respected part of culture in Colombia. </p><p>As the Muisca did not have words for imported technology or items in early colonial times, they borrowed them from Spanish, such as "shoe"; <i>çapato</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "sword"; <i>espada</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "knife"; <i>cuchillo</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponyms">Toponyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Toponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_toponyms" title="List of Muisca toponyms">List of Muisca toponyms</a></div> <p>Most of the original Muisca names of the villages, rivers and national parks and some of the provinces in the central highlands of the Colombian <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> are kept or slightly altered. Usually the names refer to farmfields (<span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">ta</i></span>), the Moon goddess <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa_(goddess)" title="Chía (goddess)">Chía</a>, her husband <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A9" title="Sué">Sué</a>, names of <i><a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">caciques</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of the region, built enclosures (<span title="Chibcha-language romanization"><i lang="chb-Latn">ca<i></i></i></span><i lang="chb-Latn">) and animals of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-excelsio_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excelsio-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_uses">Modern uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Modern uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only public school in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> currently teaching Chibcha (to about 150 children) is in the town of <a href="/wiki/Cota,_Cundinamarca" title="Cota, Cundinamarca">Cota</a>, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) by road from Bogotá. The school is named <i>Jizcamox</i> (healing with the hands) in Chibcha.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a></b> into a new article titled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myska_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myska language (page does not exist)">Myska language</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Chibcha_language" title="Talk:Chibcha language">discuss</a>) <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Myska_language">The Myska language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: The Myska language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Myska</b> language is a <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed language</a> based on colonial <a href="/wiki/Chibcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chibcha">Chibcha</a>, created by the Argentine Facundo Saravia. The pronunciation is based on the phonological proposal by María González for chibcha, although it has several innovations. Its spelling is also based on the <i>Aproximación al sistema fonético-fonológico de la lengua muisca</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_Pérez2006_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_Pérez2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a free adaptation of the spelling of Fray Bernardo de Lugo. </p><p>This language has received several criticisms from the chibcha cabildos and sectors of academia. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_grammar">Structure and grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Structure and grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subject">Subject</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Subject"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subjects in Chibcha do not have genders or plurals. <b>to</b> thus can mean "male dog", "male dogs", "female dog" or "female dogs". To solve this, the Myska used the numbers and the word for "man", <b>cha</b>, and "woman", <b>fuhuchá</b>, to specify gender and plural:<sup id="cite_ref-Saravia_2015_p14_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saravia_2015_p14-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>to cha ata</i> – "one male dog" (literally: "dog" "male" "one")</li> <li><i>to cha mika</i> – "three male dogs" ("dog male three")</li> <li><i>to fuhuchá myhyká</i> – "four female dogs"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronoun">Personal pronoun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Personal pronoun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Myska</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>hycha</i></td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mwe</i></td> <td>thou / you (singular) – informal and formal use </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>asy</i></td> <td>he / she / it / they </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>chié</i></td> <td>we </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mié</i></td> <td>you (plural) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possessive_pronoun">Possessive pronoun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Possessive pronoun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">possessive</a> pronoun is placed before the word it refers to. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Myska<sup id="cite_ref-Saravia_2015_p14_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saravia_2015_p14-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saravia_2015_p15_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saravia_2015_p15-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>zhy-</i> / <i>i-</i></td> <td>my </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>um-</i></td> <td>your </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>a-</i></td> <td>his / her / its / their </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>chi-</i></td> <td>our </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mi-</i></td> <td>your (plural) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><i><b>i-</b></i> is only used in combination with <b>ch</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>s</b>, <b>t</b> or <b>zh</b>; <i><b>i-to</b></i> = <b>ito</b> ("my dog")</li> <li><i><b>zh-</b></i> becomes <i><b>zhy-</b></i> when followed by a consonant (except <b>ï</b>); <i><b>zh-paba</b></i> = <b>zhypaba</b> ("my father")</li> <li>in case of a <b>ï</b>, the letter is lost: <i><b>zh-ïohozhá</b></i> = <b>zhohozhá</b> ("my buttocks")</li> <li><i><b>m-</b></i> becomes <i><b>um-</b></i> when followed by a consonant; <i><b>m-ïoky</b></i> = <b>umïoky</b> ("your book")</li> <li><i><b>zhy-</b></i> and <i><b>um-</b></i> are shortened when the word starts with <b>w</b>; <i><b>zhy-waïá</b></i> & <i><b>um-waïá</b></i> = <b>zhwaïá</b> & <b>mwaïá</b> ("mi mother" & "your mother")</li> <li>when the word starts with <b>h</b>, <i><b>zhy-</b></i> and <i><b>um-</b></i> are shortened and the vowel following <b>h</b> repeated; <i><b>zhy-hué</b></i> & <i><b>um-hué</b></i> = <b>zhuhué</b> & <b>muhué</b> ("my sir" & "your sir")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs_2">Verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Myska used two types of verbs, ending on <b>-skwá</b> and <b>-suká</b>; <b>bkyskwá</b> ("to do") and <b>guitysuká</b> ("to whip") which have different forms in their <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">grammatical conjugations</a>. <b>bkyskwá</b> is shown below, for verbs ending on <b>-suká</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Conjugations">Conjugations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Conjugations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Myska</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>kyka</i></td> <td>to do </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present tense</a> or <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a></dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Myska</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>zhybkyskwá</i></td> <td>I do or did </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>umbkyskwá</i></td> <td>you (singular) do or did </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>abkyskwá</i></td> <td>he / she / it does or did </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>chibkyskwá</i></td> <td>we do/did </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mibkyskwá</i></td> <td>you do/did </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>abkyskwá</i></td> <td>they do/did </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">Perfect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a></dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Myska</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>zhybky</i></td> <td>I did or have done </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>umbky</i></td> <td>you (singular) did or " " </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>abky</i></td> <td>he / she / it did or has done </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>chibky</i></td> <td>we did or have done </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mibky</i></td> <td>you did or " " </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>abky</i></td> <td>they did or " " </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future tense</a></dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Myska</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>zhybkyngá</i></td> <td>I shall do </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>umbkyngá</i></td> <td>you will do </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>abkyngá</i></td> <td>he / she / it " " </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>chibkyngá</i></td> <td>we shall do </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mibkyngá</i></td> <td>you will do </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>abkyngá</i></td> <td>they " " </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Imperatives"><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperatives</a></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Imperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Myska</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>kyû</i></td> <td>do (singular) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kyuua</i></td> <td>do (plural) </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Volitive_modality" title="Volitive modality">Volitive modality</a></dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Myska</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>chakyia</i></td> <td>may I do </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>makyia</i></td> <td>may you do </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kyia</i></td> <td>may he / she / it do </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>chikyia</i></td> <td>may we do </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mikyia</i></td> <td>may you do </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kyia</i></td> <td>may they do </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_from_the_chibcha_cabildos">Criticism from the chibcha cabildos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Criticism from the chibcha cabildos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This constructed language has raised several concerns on the part of the Chibcha groups recognized by the Colombian State due to accusations of cultural appropriation and for displaying itself as a living native language despite the fact that the Chibchas lost their language perhaps since the 18th century, so that there are no native speakers today. Another concern of the Chibcha councils is the commercialization of their linguistic heritage through courses or talks at public events, schools, squares and other places, whose members present themselves as legitimate representatives of the current Chibchas, or as their direct descendants. With these and other activities they raise money, including from national institutions and international organizations on behalf of the Chibcha and their revitalization, using the constructed language as an instrument to demonstrate their progress and legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the use of Mysca in social networks and public events has generated the feeling that Chibcha has been a language that has survived uninterruptedly since pre-Hispanic times, ignoring the historical process of acculturation and the struggle ancestral of the cabildos for the communal ownership of their lands, for the recognition of their identity by the State and against the exclusion and poverty to which the members and ancestors of the Chibcha cabildos have been subject. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_from_academia">Criticism from academia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Criticism from academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This neo-language has also been involved in different academic controversies because on many occasions Myska is presented to the public as a natural language or, in the best of cases, as the closest approximation to the language spoken by the Chibchas, despite that its phonology, spelling, grammar, and even vocabulary, have not developed naturally but rather based on ancient writings, which is why its consistency and distance from the spelling of known linguistic sources is questioned. The presentation of this reconstructed language as an almost faithful approximation to the original or equivalent to the colony's Chibcha has aroused the following criticism: </p> <ul><li>The creation of alternative vocabularies and grammars to the colonial sources distances the unsuspecting public from the true colonial linguistic sources, the main source of chibcha.</li> <li>It is a personalist proposal that does not allow criticism and from which other positions have been denigrated.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The new spelling reveals an obvious contradiction, how can a spelling be created if it cannot be contrasted or verified with native speakers or audio records that support it.</li> <li>One of the biggest controversies is the prosody of the language. Academics such as Diego Gómez have stated that the pronunciation of several Myska words do not correspond in almost any case to the reconstructions carried out by him and his team based on the comparative method. Furthermore, the muisquisms, words of Chibcha origin that were adapted to the Spanish of the area, are reinterpreted and pronounced differently than they have been traditionally pronounced. For example, the Muisquism 'cuba' (youngest son), is written kuhubá and pronounced [kuhu'baa], even though the inhabitants of Cundinamarca and Boyacá have traditionally pronounced it ['kuba].</li> <li>The use of this artificial language is part of a political agenda that seeks to highlight the relationship between oppressor and oppressed, although its disseminators are mostly privileged white-mestizo people with a high level of education, who have undertaken a process of re-ethnicization, ignoring the traditional authorities and organizations of the indigenous cabildos recognized by the Colombian State.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colombia" title="Portal:Colombia">Colombia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca numerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">calendar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ardila, Olga (2016) <i>El muysca y la muerte de las lenguas</i>, en 'Muysca: Memoria y presencia'. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. <dl><dd>"Finally, in the 18th century, a new linguistic policy prohibited the use of indigenous languages and imposed the use of Spanish, according to a royal decree of 1770 from Charles III. This policy sought to achieve "that the different languages used in all domains become extinct and only Spanish is spoken. <b>By this time, Muysca was already considered an extinct language</b>" (Ardila, 2016:264)</dd> <dd>"...the languages with a higher level of contact and greater recognition are more vulnerable, as was the case of the Muysca language, with a significant population at the arrival of the Spanish, and <b>which has been extinct since the 18th century</b>, despite having been recognized and taught as a general language." (Ardila, 2016: 274-275) (Original text in Spanish).</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chib1270">According to Glotolog it is an extinct language.</a> Linguists Adolfo Constenla (1984), María González (1987, 2006) and Adelaar (2007) also consider it an extinct language.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linglist-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linglist_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/chb">Chibcha</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/MultiTree" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiTree">MultiTree</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/The_Linguist_List" class="mw-redirect" title="The Linguist List">the Linguist List</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUricoechea1854-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUricoechea1854_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUricoechea1854">Uricoechea 1854</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_Pérez200663-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_Pérez200663_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_de_Pérez2006">González de Pérez 2006</a>, pp. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez2020-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGómez2020_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGómez2020">Gómez 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radionacional.co/cultura/las-raices-muiscas-que-sobreviven-en-suba">Las raíces muiscas que sobreviven en Suba</a>. Radio Nacional de Colombia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wdl-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wdl_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdl_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8988/">"Chibcha Dictionary and Grammar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2016) El cacicazgo muisca en los años posteriores a la Conquista: del psihipqua al cacique colonial. instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez2008–2022-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGómez2008–2022_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGómez2008–2022_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGómez2008–2022_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGómez2008–2022">Gómez 2008–2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">González de Pérez, María Stella. <i>Trayectoria de los estudios sobre la lengua chibcha o muisca</i>. Bogotá 1980. Instituto Caro y Cuervo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giraldo&gomez-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-giraldo&gomez_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gómez & Giraldo. Transcription of the Moscow Vocabulary of 1612. Manuscript II/2924 from the Royal Library of the Royal Palace of Madrid. ICANH. 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gómez & Giraldo (2012-2013). Gramática, confesionario, catecismo breve y vocabulario de la lengua mosca-chibcha. Anonymous. ICANH.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gómez & Giraldo (2012-2013). Vocabulario mosco - 1612. Anonymous. ICANH.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gómez, Diego F. <i>Los folletos muyscas de la Biblioteca Bodleiana (1603): los textos más tempranos de la lengua general del Nuevo Reino de Granada.</i> en Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana: 36, 2, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstenla_Umaña198465–111-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstenla_Umaña198465–111_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstenla_Umaña1984">Constenla Umaña 1984</a>, pp. 65–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaar_&_Muysken200783–90-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdelaar_&_Muysken200783–90_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdelaar_&_Muysken2007">Adelaar & Muysken 2007</a>, pp. 83–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saravia_2015_p10-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saravia_2015_p10_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saravia, 2015, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saravia_2015_p11-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saravia_2015_p11_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saravia_2015_p11_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saravia, 2015, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_Pérez200657–100-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_Pérez200657–100_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_de_Pérez2006">González de Pérez 2006</a>, pp. 57–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saravia_2015_p12-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saravia_2015_p12_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saravia, 2015, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <i>Diccionario muysca – español</i>. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/chie(2)">Muysccubun: <i>chie</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casimilas Rojas, 2005, p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quesada & Rojas, 1999, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <i>Diccionario muysca – español</i>. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/ata">Muysccubun: <i>ata</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <i>Diccionario muysca – español</i>. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/muysca">Muysccubun: <i>muysca</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <i>Diccionario muysca – español</i>. Gómez, Diego F. 2009-2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/aba">Muysccubun: <i>aba</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <i>Diccionario muysca – español</i>. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/pquyquy">Muysccubun: <i>pquyquy</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <i>Diccionario muysca – español</i>. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/bcasqua">Muysccubun: <i>bcasqua</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reichel-Dolmatoff,_1947,_p._36-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reichel-Dolmatoff,_1947,_p._36_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichel-Dolmatoff,_1947,_p._36_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <i>Diccionario muysca – español</i>. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/u%C3%AA">Muysccubun: <i>uê</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <i>Diccionario muysca – español</i>. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/cho">Muysccubun: <i>cho</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <i>Diccionario muysca – español</i>. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/zihita">Muysccubun: <i>zihita</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <i>Diccionario muysca – español</i>. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/zapato">"Shoe" in <i>muysccubun</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/espada">"Sword" in <i>muysccubun</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <i>Diccionario muysca – español</i>. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/cuchillo">"Knife" in <i>muysccubun</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-excelsio-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-excelsio_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.excelsio.net/2011/11/sabe-el-origen-del-nombre-de-su.html">Etymology Municipalities Boyacá</a> – Excelsio.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10554/52000/Proceso%20de%20revitalización%20lingüística%20de%20la%20Lengua%20Muisca%20de%20la%20comunidad%20de%20Cota%20%281%29.pdf?sequence=1">"Proceso de revitalización lingüística de la Lengua Muisca de la comunidad de Cota"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>repository.javeriana.edu.co</i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambriage University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+the+Andes&rft.pub=Cambriage+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Adelaar+%26+Muysken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasilimas_Rojas2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Casilimas Rojas, Clara Inés (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vjf.cnrs.fr/sedyl/amerindia/articles/pdf/A_29-30_13.pdf">"Expresión de la modalidad en la lengua uwa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Amerindia</i> (in Spanish). 29/30: 247–262<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amerindia&rft.atitle=Expresi%C3%B3n+de+la+modalidad+en+la+lengua+uwa&rft.volume=29%2F30&rft.pages=247-262&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Casilimas+Rojas&rft.aufirst=Clara+In%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vjf.cnrs.fr%2Fsedyl%2Famerindia%2Farticles%2Fpdf%2FA_29-30_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstenla_Umaña1984" class="citation journal cs1">Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (1984). "Los fonemas del muisca". <i>Estudios de lingüística chibcha</i>. <b>3</b>: 65–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+de+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+chibcha&rft.atitle=Los+fonemas+del+muisca&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=65-111&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Constenla+Uma%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Adolfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamboa_Mendoza2016" class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gamboa_Mendoza" title="Jorge Gamboa Mendoza">Gamboa Mendoza</a>, Jorge (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAJ-EM5h4N0"><i>Los muiscas, grupos indígenas del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Una nueva propuesta sobre su organizacíon socio-política y su evolucíon en el siglo XVI</i></a> [<i>The Muisca, indigenous groups of the New Kingdom of Granada. A new proposal on their social-political organization and their evolution in the 16th century</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Gold_Museum,_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Gold Museum, Bogotá">Museo del Oro</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/NAJ-EM5h4N0">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+muiscas%2C+grupos+ind%C3%ADgenas+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada.+Una+nueva+propuesta+sobre+su+organizac%C3%ADon+socio-pol%C3%ADtica+y+su+evoluc%C3%ADon+en+el+siglo+XVI&rft.pub=Museo+del+Oro&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Gamboa+Mendoza&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DNAJ-EM5h4N0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamboa_Mendoza2013" class="citation book cs1">Gamboa Mendoza, Gamboa (2013). <i>El cacicazgo muisca en los años posteriores a la Conquista: del psihipqua al cacique colonial</i>. Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+cacicazgo+muisca+en+los+a%C3%B1os+posteriores+a+la+Conquista%3A+del+psihipqua+al+cacique+colonial&rft.pub=Instituto+Colombiano+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Historia&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gamboa+Mendoza&rft.aufirst=Gamboa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez2008–2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gómez, Diego F (2008–2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/Categor%C3%ADa:Diccionario">"Diccionario muysca – español"</a> (in Spanish). muysca.cubun.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diccionario+muysca+%E2%80%93+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.pub=muysca.cubun.org&rft.date=2008%2F2022&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Diego+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuysca.cubun.org%2FCategor%25C3%25ADa%3ADiccionario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gómez, Diego F (2013). <i>Comparación léxica entre el muysca de Bogotá y el uwa central. Muysca: memoria y presencia. Bogotá</i> (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Colombia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparaci%C3%B3n+l%C3%A9xica+entre+el+muysca+de+Bogot%C3%A1+y+el+uwa+central.+Muysca%3A+memoria+y+presencia.+Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+de+Colombia&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Diego+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gómez, Diego F (2020). "Los folletos muyscas de la Biblioteca Bodleiana (1603): los textos más tempranos de la lengua general del Nuevo Reino de Granada". <i>Revista internacional de lingüística iberoamericana</i> (in Spanish). <b>18</b> (36). Iberoamericana Editorial Vervuert: 195–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31819%2Frili-2020-183610">10.31819/rili-2020-183610</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256616900">256616900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+internacional+de+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+iberoamericana&rft.atitle=Los+folletos+muyscas+de+la+Biblioteca+Bodleiana+%281603%29%3A+los+textos+m%C3%A1s+tempranos+de+la+lengua+general+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=195-216&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31819%2Frili-2020-183610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256616900%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Diego+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_de_Pérez2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González de Pérez, María Stella (2006). <i>Aproximación al sistema fonético-fonológico de la lengua muisca</i> (in Spanish). Bogotá Instituto Caro y Cuervo. pp. 53–119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aproximaci%C3%B3n+al+sistema+fon%C3%A9tico-fonol%C3%B3gico+de+la+lengua+muisca&rft.pages=53-119&rft.pub=Bogot%C3%A1+Instituto+Caro+y+Cuervo&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+de+P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuesada_PachecoRojas_Chaves1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quesada Pacheco, Miguel Ángel; Rojas Chaves, Carmen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xOuCfzqoX-0C&q=boruca++idioma+luna"><i>Diccionario boruca – español, español – boruca</i></a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Costa Rica">Universidad de Costa Rica</a>. pp. 1–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789977675480" title="Special:BookSources/9789977675480"><bdi>9789977675480</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+boruca+%E2%80%93+espa%C3%B1ol%2C+espa%C3%B1ol+%E2%80%93+boruca&rft.pages=1-207&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Costa+Rica&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789977675480&rft.aulast=Quesada+Pacheco&rft.aufirst=Miguel+%C3%81ngel&rft.au=Rojas+Chaves%2C+Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxOuCfzqoX-0C%26q%3Dboruca%2B%2Bidioma%2Bluna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichel-Dolmatoff1947" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Reichel-Dolmatoff" title="Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff">Reichel-Dolmatoff</a>, Gerardo (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1947_num_36_1_2358">"La lengua chimila"</a> [The Chimila language]. <i>Journal de la Société des Américanistes</i> (in Spanish). <b>36</b>: 15–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fjsa.1947.2358">10.3406/jsa.1947.2358</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Am%C3%A9ricanistes&rft.atitle=La+lengua+chimila&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=15-50&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fjsa.1947.2358&rft.aulast=Reichel-Dolmatoff&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fjsa_0037-9174_1947_num_36_1_2358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUricoechea1854" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Uricoechea, Ezequiel (1854). <i>Memoria sobre las antigüedades neo granadinas</i> (in Spanish). Librería de F. Schneider.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoria+sobre+las+antig%C3%BCedades+neo+granadinas&rft.pub=Librer%C3%ADa+de+F.+Schneider&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Uricoechea&rft.aufirst=Ezequiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaravia2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saravia, Facundo Manuel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zaquenzipa.org/ewExternalFiles/06%20Nivel%20I.pdf"><i>Curso de aproximación a la lengua chibcha o muisca - Nivel 1</i></a> [<i>Introduction course to the Chibcha or Muisca language - Level 1</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Fundación Zaquenzipa. pp. 1–81<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curso+de+aproximaci%C3%B3n+a+la+lengua+chibcha+o+muisca+-+Nivel+1&rft.pages=1-81&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Zaquenzipa&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Saravia&rft.aufirst=Facundo+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaquenzipa.org%2FewExternalFiles%2F06%2520Nivel%2520I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArango1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arango, Teresa (1954). <i>Precolombia: Introducción al estudio del indígena colombiano</i> [<i>PreColombia: Introduction to the Study of Colombian Indigenous People</i>] (in Spanish). Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolombia%3A+Introducci%C3%B3n+al+estudio+del+ind%C3%ADgena+colombiano&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Sucesores+de+Rivadeneyra&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Arango&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotiva_ContrerasHerreraGrootMora1989" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Botiva Contreras, Álvaro; Herrera, Leonor; <a href="/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Groot" title="Ana María Groot">Groot, Ana Maria</a>; Mora, Santiago (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/arqueologia/prehisp/apendice.htm">"Colombia prehispánica: regiones arqueológicas"</a> [Pre-Hispanic Colombia: Archeological Regions] (in Spanish). Instituto colombiano de Antropología <a href="/wiki/Colcultura" class="mw-redirect" title="Colcultura">Colcultura</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colombia+prehisp%C3%A1nica%3A+regiones+arqueol%C3%B3gicas&rft.pub=Instituto+colombiano+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+Colcultura&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Botiva+Contreras&rft.aufirst=%C3%81lvaro&rft.au=Herrera%2C+Leonor&rft.au=Groot%2C+Ana+Maria&rft.au=Mora%2C+Santiago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrepcultural.org%2Fblaavirtual%2Farqueologia%2Fprehisp%2Fapendice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínPuentes2008" class="citation book cs1">Martín, Rafael; Puentes, José (2008). <i>Culturas indígenas colombianas</i> [<i>Indigenous Cultures of Colombia</i>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culturas+ind%C3%ADgenas+colombianas&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft.au=Puentes%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriana1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Triana" title="Miguel Triana">Triana, Miguel</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-uVlAAAAMAAJ"><i>La civilización Chibcha</i></a> (in Spanish). pp. 1–222<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+civilizaci%C3%B3n+Chibcha&rft.pages=1-222&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Triana&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-uVlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesner_García2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiesner García, Luis Eduardo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/geografia/geohum2/muisca1.htm">"Etnografía muisca"</a> [Muisca Ethnography]. <i>Central Andean Region</i> (in Spanish). <b>IV</b>. Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica: 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Andean+Region&rft.atitle=Etnograf%C3%ADa+muisca&rft.volume=IV&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Wiesner+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Luis+Eduardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrepcultural.org%2Fblaavirtual%2Fgeografia%2Fgeohum2%2Fmuisca1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibcha+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibcha_language&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/chb" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/chb">Chibcha language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8988/"><i>Diccionario y gramática chibcha</i></a> – <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org">Muysc cubun Project</a> – with Muysc cubun–Spanish dictionary</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Chibcha">Archives and sources on the Chibcha language</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Project" title="Rosetta Project">Rosetta Project</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDdtcYz_ME8">Animated video about the last Muisca rulers</a> – <i><b>Muysccubun</b></i> is spoken with Spanish subtitles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ids.clld.org/contributions/243">Muisca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Dictionary_Series" title="Intercontinental Dictionary Series">Intercontinental Dictionary Series</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chibchan_languages" title="Template:Chibchan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chibchan_languages" title="Template talk:Chibchan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chibchan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chibchan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chibchan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waimí (Guaymi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugle_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugle language">Buglere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaym%C3%AD_language" title="Guaymí language">Ngäbere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Talamanca_languages" title="Talamanca languages">Talamanca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bribri_language" title="Bribri language">Bribri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab%C3%A9car_language" title="Cabécar language">Cabécar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huetar_language" title="Huetar language">Huetar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teribe_language" title="Teribe language">Teribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Votic_languages" title="Votic languages">Votic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Corobic%C3%AD_language" title="Corobicí language">Corobicí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9ku_language" title="Maléku language">Maléku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_language" title="Rama language">Rama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voto_language" title="Voto language">Voto</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kuna–Colombian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%AD_language" title="Barí language">Barí</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chibcha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duit_language" title="Duit language">Duit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuna_language" title="Kuna language">Kuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwa_language" title="Uwa language">Uwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arwako–Chimila</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arhuaco_language" title="Arhuaco language">Arhuaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimila_language" title="Chimila language">Chimila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankuamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankuamo language">Kankuamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogi_language" title="Kogi language">Kogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiwa_language" title="Wiwa language">Wiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boruca_language" title="Boruca language">Borũca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorasque_language" title="Dorasque language">Dorasque</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paya_language" title="Paya language">Pech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_civilizations_and_cultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;background: #FFDEAD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_civilizations_and_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">Cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_culture" title="Plum Bayou culture">Plum Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerican chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acolhua" title="Acolhua">Acolhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacha" title="Capacha">Capacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcatzingo" title="Chalcatzingo">Chalcatzingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chup%C3%ADcuaro" title="Chupícuaro">Chupícuaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Gran Coclé">Coclé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicuilco" title="Cuicuilco">Cuicuilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquis" title="Diquis">Diquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">Epi-Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_civilization" title="Huastec civilization">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcala_culture" title="Mezcala culture">Mezcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_Empire" title="Purépecha Empire">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelepa" title="Quelepa">Quelepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition" title="Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition">Shaft tomb tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepanec" title="Tepanec">Tepanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuchitl%C3%A1n_culture" title="Teuchitlán culture">Teuchitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlatilco_culture" title="Tlatilco culture">Tlatilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraguas_culture" title="Veraguas culture">Veraguas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochipala" title="Xochipala">Xochipala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Cabraline_history_of_Brazil" title="Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil">Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Bolivia" title="Pre-Columbian Bolivia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehispanic_history_of_Chile" title="Prehispanic history of Chile">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Chile" title="List of archaeological sites in Chile">Archaeological sites in Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Colombia" title="List of archaeological sites in Colombia">Archaeological sites in Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Cultural periods of Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Peru" title="List of archaeological sites in Peru">Archaeological sites in Peru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_period_in_Venezuela" title="Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amotape_complex" title="Amotape complex">Amotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_people" title="Atacama people">Atacameño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calima_culture" title="Calima culture">Calima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture" title="Capulí culture">Capulí</a>/<a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture#Nariño" title="Capulí culture">Nariño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Caral–Supe civilization">Caral–Supe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casma%E2%80%93Sechin_culture" title="Casma–Sechin culture">Casma–Sechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoya_culture" title="Chachapoya culture">Chachapoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancay_culture" title="Chancay culture">Chancay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chango_people" title="Chango people">Chango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_culture" title="Chinchorro culture">Chinchorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiripa_culture" title="Chiripa culture">Chiripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorrera_culture" title="Chorrera culture">Chorrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupisnique" title="Cupisnique">Cupisnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco_people" title="Gran Chaco people">Gran Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huetar_people" title="Huetar people">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhikugu" title="Kuhikugu">Kuhikugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumaco-La_Tolita_culture" title="Tumaco-La Tolita culture">La Tolita (Tumaco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_culture_(archaeology)" title="Las Vegas culture (archaeology)">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauricocha_culture" title="Lauricocha culture">Lauricocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology)" title="Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)">Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokono" title="Lokono">Lokono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">Lupaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante%C3%B1o-Huancavilca_culture" title="Manteño-Huancavilca culture">Manteño-Huancavilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollo_culture" title="Mollo culture">Mollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_people" title="Omagua people">Omagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paij%C3%A1n_culture" title="Paiján culture">Paiján</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa_people" title="Piaroa people">Piaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukara_culture" title="Pukara culture">Pucará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucar%C3%A1_de_Tilcara" title="Pucará de Tilcara">Pucará de Tilcara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebrada_de_Humahuaca" title="Quebrada de Humahuaca">Quebrada de Humahuaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbaya" title="Quimbaya">Quimbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn_culture" title="San Agustín culture">San Agustín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuar" title="Shuar">Shuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sican_culture" title="Sican culture">Sican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">Tairona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierradentro" title="Tierradentro">Tierradentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoto%E2%80%93Cuica_people" title="Timoto–Cuica people">Timoto–Cuica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyop%C3%A1n" title="Toyopán">Toyopán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuncahu%C3%A1n" title="Tuncahuán">Tuncahuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upano_Valley_sites" title="Upano Valley sites">Upano Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdivia_culture" title="Valdivia culture">Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankarani_culture" title="Wankarani culture">Wankarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;padding:0; background:transparent;"><div><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;;background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Capital</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Multiple</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Hunza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Bacatá</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Language</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan Languages</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muysc Cubun</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Writing</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Script</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Numerals</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Numerals</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Religion</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Religion</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Aztec_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Aztec culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Religion</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Religion</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Mythology</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Calendar</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Calendar</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Calendar</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Muisca_astronomy" title="Muisca astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Society</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_society" title="Aztec society">Society</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Economy</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Society</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_warfare" title="Aztec warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Army</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Women</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Aztec_civilization" title="Women in Aztec civilization">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Gender_roles" title="Inca Empire">Gender Roles</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Architecture</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Road System</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Art</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Art_and_cultural_production" title="Aztecs">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Arts_and_technology" title="Inca Empire">Art</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Music</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Music_and_song" title="Aztecs">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andean Music</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Chinampas</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_agriculture" title="Inca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> History</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Muisca" title="Template:History of the Muisca">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca history</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Mayans</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Notable Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_I" title="Moctezuma I">Moctezuma I</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac" title="Cuitláhuac">Cuitláhuac</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Jasaw_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil_I" title="Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I">Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">Nemequene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">Quemuenchatocha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">Tisquesusa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">Zoratama</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">Pachacuti</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Manco Inca Yupanqui">Manco Inca Yupanqui</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru" title="Túpac Amaru">Túpac Amaru</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Conquest</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish Conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish Conquest</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish Conquest of Yucatán</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a>) <br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish Conquest of Guatemala</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish Conquest</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">List of Conquistadors</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish Conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div id="See_also"><b>See also</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Archaeological sites in the Americas">Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Portal:Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous cuisine of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Mesoamerican writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting in the Americas before European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/32px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/48px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/64px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civilizations" title="Portal:Civilizations">Civilizations portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muisca" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muisca_navbox" title="Template:Muisca navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muisca_navbox" title="Template talk:Muisca navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muisca_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muisca navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muisca" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Muisca</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_astronomy" title="Muisca astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" title="Muisca mummification">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">Music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muysccubun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muisca_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muisca society (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Society</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_toponyms" title="List of Muisca toponyms">Toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombian_emeralds" title="Colombian emeralds"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Beryl-gem7-72b.jpg/100px-Beryl-gem7-72b.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Beryl-gem7-72b.jpg/150px-Beryl-gem7-72b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Beryl-gem7-72b.jpg/200px-Beryl-gem7-72b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pasca" title="Battle of Pasca">Battle of Pasca (~1470)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chocont%C3%A1" title="Battle of Chocontá">Battle of Chocontá (~1490)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duit_language" title="Duit language">Duit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_emeralds" title="Colombian emeralds">Emeralds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_raft" title="Muisca raft">Muisca raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruana" title="Ruana">Ruana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejo_(sport)" title="Tejo (sport)">Tejo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunjo" title="Tunjo">Tunjo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">Zoratama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy#Mining" title="Muisca economy">The Salt People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1" title="Zipaquirá">Zipaquirá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemoc%C3%B3n" title="Nemocón">Nemocón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausa" title="Tausa">Tausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquil%C3%A9" title="Sesquilé">Sesquilé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Geography_and_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography and history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano<br />Cundiboyacense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_River" title="Bogotá River">Bogotá River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Fr%C3%ADo,_Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Frío, Bogotá savanna">Frío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucha_River" title="Fucha River">Fucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Amarillo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Amarillo River">Juan Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soacha_River" title="Soacha River">Soacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teusac%C3%A1_River" title="Teusacá River">Teusacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torca_River" title="Torca River">Torca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjuelo_River" title="Tunjuelo River">Tunjuelo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" title="Bogotá savanna">Bogotá savanna</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suba_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suba Hills (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Suba Hills</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Wetlands of Bogotá">Wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hills,_Bogot%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hills, Bogotá">Eastern Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flora_and_fauna_named_after_the_Muisca" title="List of flora and fauna named after the Muisca">Flora & fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A1rez_River" title="Suárez River">Suárez River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubat%C3%A9-Chiquinquir%C3%A1_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Neighbouring areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocet%C3%A1_P%C3%A1ramo" title="Ocetá Páramo">Ocetá Páramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenza_Valley" title="Tenza Valley">Tenza Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_inhabitation_of_the_Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Template:Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Prehistory" title="Muisca Confederation">Prehistory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><10,000 BP</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Humboldt,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Humboldt, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Lake Humboldt</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibit%C3%B3" title="Tibitó">Tibitó</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sueva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sueva (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Sueva</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequendama" title="Tequendama">Tequendama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">Lithic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>10,000 - 2800 BP</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piedras_del_Tunjo_Archaeological_Park" title="Piedras del Tunjo Archaeological Park">Piedras del Tunjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checua" title="Checua">Checua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galindo,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galindo, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Galindo</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemoc%C3%B3n_rock_shelter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemocón rock shelter (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Nemocón</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1chica_rock_shelter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sáchica rock shelter (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Sáchica</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguazuque" title="Aguazuque">Aguazuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Herrera" title="Lake Herrera">Lake Herrera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Infiernito" title="El Infiernito">El Infiernito</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Ceramic <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>>800 BC</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrera_Period" title="Herrera Period">Herrera</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>800 BC - 800</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Early Muisca</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>800 - 1200</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>~1450 - 1540</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_Mayor_del_Pueblo_Muisca" title="Cabildo Mayor del Pueblo Muisca">Cabildo Mayor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>>2002</b>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Muisca_deities" title="Category:Muisca deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiminigagua" title="Chiminigagua">Chiminigagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachu%C3%A9" title="Bachué">Bachué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa_(goddess)" title="Chía (goddess)">Chía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A9" title="Sué">Sué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochica" title="Bochica">Bochica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huitaca_(goddess)" title="Huitaca (goddess)">Huitaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchacum" title="Chibchacum">Chibchacum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuchavira" title="Cuchavira">Cuchavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nencatacoa" title="Nencatacoa">Nencatacoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaqu%C3%A9n" title="Chaquén">Chaquén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibafruime" title="Chibafruime">Chibafruime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guahaioque" title="Guahaioque">Guahaioque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_sites" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites">Sacred sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture#Temples" title="Muisca architecture">Built</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Temple_(Sogamoso)" title="Sun Temple (Sogamoso)">Sun Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Temple_(Ch%C3%ADa)" title="Moon Temple (Chía)">Moon Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cojines_del_Zaque" title="Cojines del Zaque">Cojines del Zaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goranchacha_Temple" title="Goranchacha Temple">Goranchacha Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzah%C3%BAa_Well" title="Hunzahúa Well">Hunzahúa Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion#Sacred_sites" title="Muisca religion">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_F%C3%BAquene" title="Lake Fúquene">Fúquene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Guasca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Guasca (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Guasca</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Guatavita" title="Lake Guatavita">Guatavita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Iguaque" title="Lake Iguaque">Iguaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siecha_Lakes" title="Siecha Lakes">Siecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Suesca" title="Lake Suesca">Suesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tota" title="Lake Tota">Tota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Ubaque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Ubaque (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Ubaque</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequendama_Falls" title="Tequendama Falls">Tequendama Falls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Myths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_of_Lake_Tota" title="Monster of Lake Tota">Monster of Lake Tota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Mythological figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goranchacha" title="Goranchacha">Goranchacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idacans%C3%A1s" title="Idacansás">Idacansás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacanchique" title="Pacanchique">Pacanchique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomagata" title="Thomagata">Thomagata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Caciques_and_neighbours" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Caciques and neighbours</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Hunza" title="Muisca Confederation">Northern <i>caciques</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Zaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaque">zaque</a></i> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunza,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunza, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Hunza</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunzah%C3%BAa" title="Hunzahúa">Hunzahúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michu%C3%A1" title="Michuá">Michuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">Quemuenchatocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquiminzaque" title="Aquiminzaque">Aquiminzaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Iraca" title="Iraca">iraca</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Sogamoso" title="Sogamoso">Suamox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nompanim" title="Nompanim">Nompanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugamuxi" title="Sugamuxi">Sugamuxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i>cacique</i> of <a href="/wiki/Duitama" title="Duitama">Tundama </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Bacatá" title="Muisca Confederation">Southern <i>caciques</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Zipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zipa">zipa</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Bacatá</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meicuchuca" title="Meicuchuca">Meicuchuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguamanchica" title="Saguamanchica">Saguamanchica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">Nemequene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">Tisquesusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagipa" title="Sagipa">Sagipa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i>cacique</i> of <a href="/wiki/Turmequ%C3%A9" title="Turmequé">Turmequé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_y_Moyachoque" title="Diego de Torres y Moyachoque">Diego de Torres y Moyachoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Neighbouring_indigenous_groups" title="Muisca Confederation">Neighbours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chibcha-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%27wa_people" title="U'wa people">U'wa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutagao_people" title="Sutagao people">Sutagao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guane_people" title="Guane people">Guane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lache_people" title="Lache people">Lache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawakan language">Arawak-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achagua_people" title="Achagua people">Achagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegua_people" title="Tegua people">Tegua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayupe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayupe people">Guayupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Panche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzo_people" title="Muzo people">Muzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarigui_people" title="Yarigui people">Yarigui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Spanish_conquest" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Conquistadors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Maldonado" title="Baltasar Maldonado">Baltasar Maldonado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Su%C3%A1rez_Rend%C3%B3n" title="Gonzalo Suárez Rendón">Gonzalo Suárez Rendón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_C%C3%A9spedes_Ruiz" title="Juan de Céspedes Ruiz">Juan de Céspedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Sanct_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Sanct Martín">Juan de San Martín</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_D%C3%ADaz_de_Cardoso" title="Antonio Díaz de Cardoso">Antonio Díaz de Cardoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Lebrija_(conquistador)" title="Antonio de Lebrija (conquistador)">Antonio de Lebrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Camacho_Zambrano" title="Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano">Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Garc%C3%ADa_Zorro" title="Gonzalo García Zorro">Gonzalo García Zorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Mac%C3%ADas" title="Gonzalo Macías">Gonzalo Macías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Venegas_Carrillo" title="Hernán Venegas Carrillo">Hernán Venegas Carrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Albarrac%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Albarracín">Juan de Albarracín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_del_Junco" title="Juan del Junco">Juan del Junco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Tafur" title="Juan Tafur">Juan Tafur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1zaro_Fonte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lázaro Fonte (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Lázaro Fonte</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Lanchero" title="Luis Lanchero">Luis Lanchero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Galeano" title="Martín Galeano">Martín Galeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Ya%C3%B1%C3%A9z_Tafur" title="Martín Yañéz Tafur">Martín Yañéz Tafur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Holgu%C3%ADn_y_Figueroa" title="Miguel Holguín y Figueroa">Miguel Holguín y Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ort%C3%BAn_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Velasco" title="Ortún Velázquez de Velasco">Ortún Velázquez de Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Valenzuela_(conquistador)" title="Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela (conquistador)">Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Ru%C3%ADz_Corredor" title="Pedro Ruíz Corredor">Pedro Ruíz Corredor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Neighbouring conquests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Conquest of the Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzo_people" title="Muzo people">Conquest of the Muzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Conquest of the Panche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tocarema" title="Battle of Tocarema">Battle of Tocarema (1538)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Research_and_collections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and collections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_scholars" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Acosta" title="Joaquín Acosta">Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_Acosta" title="Soledad Acosta">Acosta Samper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Aguado" title="Pedro de Aguado">De Aguado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Arango_Cano" title="Jesús Arango Cano">Arango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_M._Broadbent" title="Sylvia M. Broadbent">Broadbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castellanos" title="Juan de Castellanos">De Castellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli%C3%A9cer_Silva_Celis" title="Eliécer Silva Celis">Celis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Correal_Urrego" title="Gonzalo Correal Urrego">Correal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Duquesne" title="José Domingo Duquesne">Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Freyle" title="Juan Rodríguez Freyle">Freyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Friede" title="Juan Friede">Friede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gamboa_Mendoza" title="Jorge Gamboa Mendoza">Gamboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Groot" title="Ana María Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_van_der_Hammen" title="Thomas van der Hammen">Hammen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Arturo_Izquierdo_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Arturo Izquierdo Peña">Izquierdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Henrik_Langebaek" title="Carl Henrik Langebaek">Langebaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_Lugo" title="Bernardo de Lugo">De Lugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Ocampo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Javier Ocampo López">Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Piedrahita" title="Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita">De Piedrahita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">De Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Reichel-Dolmatoff" title="Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff">Reichel-Dolmatoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cardale_de_Schrimpff" title="Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff">Schrimpff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sim%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Simón">Simón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Triana" title="Miguel Triana">Triana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Uricoechea" title="Ezequiel Uricoechea">Uricoechea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liborio_Zerda" title="Liborio Zerda">Zerda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eleg%C3%ADas_de_varones_ilustres_de_Indias" title="Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias">Elegías</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Carnero" title="El Carnero">El Carnero</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1638)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada" title="Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada">Epítome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_research_institutes" title="List of Muisca research institutes">Research institutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Institute_of_Anthropology_and_History" title="Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History">ICANH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia" title="National University of Colombia">Universidad Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Los_Andes_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Los Andes (Colombia)">Universidad de los Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Xavierian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Xavierian University">Universidad La Javeriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogical_and_Technological_University_of_Colombia" title="Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia">UPTC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_museum_collections" title="List of Muisca museum collections">Collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Museum,_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Gold Museum, Bogotá">Museo del Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_Museum,_Sogamoso" title="Archaeology Museum, Sogamoso">Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_Museum,_Pasca" title="Archaeology Museum, Pasca">Archaeology Museum of Pasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Muisca" title="Category:Muisca">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2356431#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007285524905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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