class Str | Raku Documentation

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Exit this popup by pressing <Escape>, or clicking on X or on the background. </div> </div> <button class="modal-close is-large" aria-label="close"></button> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="tile is-ancestor section"> <div class="page-edit"> <a class="button page-edit-button" href="https://github.com/Raku/doc/edit/main/doc/Type/Str.rakudoc" title="Edit this page.Commit: 8206e3aca 2024-09-13"> </a> </div> <div id="left-column" class="tile is-parent is-2 is-hidden"> <div id="left-col-inner"> <div class="tabs" id="tabs"> <ul> <li class="is-active" id="toc-tab"> <a>Table of Contents</a> </li> <li id="index-tab"> <a>Index</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="field"> <div class="control has-icons-right"> <input id="toc-filter" class="input" type="text" placeholder="Filter"> </div> </div> <div class="raku-sidebar"> <aside id="toc-menu" class="menu"> <ul class="menu-list"> <li><a href="#Methods">Methods</a></li> <ul> <li><a href="#routine_chop">routine chop</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_chomp">routine chomp</a></li> <li><a href="#method_contains">method contains</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_lc">routine lc</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_uc">routine uc</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_fc">routine fc</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_tc">routine tc</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_tclc">routine tclc</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_wordcase">routine wordcase</a></li> <li><a href="#method_unival">method unival</a></li> <li><a href="#method_univals">method univals</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_chars">routine chars</a></li> <li><a href="#method_encode">method encode</a></li> <li><a href="#method_index">method index</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_rindex">routine rindex</a></li> <li><a href="#method_indices">method indices</a></li> <li><a href="#method_match">method match</a></li> <li><a href="#method_Numeric">method Numeric</a></li> <li><a href="#method_Num">method Num</a></li> <li><a href="#method_Int">method Int</a></li> <li><a href="#method_Rat">method Rat</a></li> <li><a href="#method_Bool">method Bool</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_parse-base">routine parse-base</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_parse-names">routine parse-names</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_uniparse">routine uniparse</a></li> <li><a href="#method_samecase">method samecase</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_split">routine split</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_comb">routine comb</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_lines">routine lines</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_words">routine words</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_flip">routine flip</a></li> <li><a href="#method_starts-with">method starts-with</a></li> <li><a href="#method_ends-with">method ends-with</a></li> <li><a href="#method_subst">method subst</a></li> <ul> <li><a href="#Literal_replacement_substitution">Literal replacement substitution</a></li> <li><a href="#Callable">Callable</a></li> <li><a href="#Adverbs">Adverbs</a></li> <li><a href="#More_Examples">More Examples</a></li> </ul> <li><a href="#method_subst-mutate">method subst-mutate</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_substr">routine substr</a></li> <li><a href="#method_substr-eq">method substr-eq</a></li> <li><a href="#method_substr-rw">method substr-rw</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_samemark">routine samemark</a></li> <li><a href="#method_succ">method succ</a></li> <li><a href="#method_pred">method pred</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_ord">routine ord</a></li> <li><a href="#method_ords">method ords</a></li> <li><a href="#method_trans">method trans</a></li> <li><a href="#method_indent">method indent</a></li> <li><a href="#method_trim">method trim</a></li> <li><a href="#method_trim-trailing">method trim-trailing</a></li> <li><a href="#method_trim-leading">method trim-leading</a></li> <li><a href="#method_NFC">method NFC</a></li> <li><a href="#method_NFD">method NFD</a></li> <li><a href="#method_NFKC">method NFKC</a></li> <li><a href="#method_NFKD">method NFKD</a></li> <li><a href="#method_ACCEPTS">method ACCEPTS</a></li> <li><a href="#method_Capture">method Capture</a></li> <li><a href="#routine_val">routine val</a></li> <li><a href="#method_Version">method Version</a></li> <li><a href="#method_Date">method Date</a></li> <li><a href="#method_DateTime">method DateTime</a></li> </ul> </aside> <aside id="index-menu" class="menu is-hidden"> </aside> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-column" class="tile is-parent" style="overflow-x: hidden;"> <div id="main-col-inner"> <section class="raku page-header"> <div class="container px-4"> <div class="raku page-title has-text-centered"> class Str </div> <div class="raku page-subtitle has-text-centered"> String of characters </div> </div> </section> <section class="raku page-content"><div class="container px-4"><div class="columns one-col"> <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">class Str is Cool does Stringy { }</pre> </div> </div> Built-in class for strings. Objects of type <code>Str</code> are <a href="/language/faq#If_Str_is_immutable,_how_does_s///_work?_If_Int_is_immutable,_how_does_$i%2B%2B_work?">immutable</a>. <h1 id="Methods" class="raku-h1"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">Methods<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#Methods">§</a></a></h1> <h2 id="routine_chop" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine chop<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_chop">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method chop(Str:D:) multi method chop(Str:D: Int() $chopping)</pre> </div> </div> Returns the string with <code>$chopping</code> characters removed from the end. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "Whateverable".chop(3.6); # OUTPUT: «Whatevera␤» my $string= "Whateverable"; say $string.chop("3"); # OUTPUT: «Whatevera␤»</pre> </div> </div> The <code>$chopping</code> positional is converted to <a href="/type/Int"><code>Int</code></a> before being applied to the string. <h2 id="routine_chomp" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine chomp<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_chomp">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi chomp(Str:D --> Str:D) multi method chomp(Str:D: --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns the string with a logical newline (any codepoint that has the <code>NEWLINE</code> property) removed from the end.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say chomp("abc\n"); # OUTPUT: «abc␤» say "def\r\n".chomp; # OUTPUT: «def␤» NOTE: \r\n is a single grapheme! say "foo\r".chomp; # OUTPUT: «foo␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_contains" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method contains<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_contains">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method contains(Str:D: Cool:D $needle, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Bool:D) multi method contains(Str:D: Str:D $needle, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Bool:D) multi method contains(Str:D: Regex:D $needle --> Bool:D) multi method contains(Str:D: Cool:D $needle, Int(Cool:D) $pos, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Bool:D) multi method contains(Str:D: Str:D $needle, Int:D $pos, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Bool:D) multi method contains(Str:D: Regex:D $needle, Int:D $pos --> Bool:D) multi method contains(Str:D: Regex:D $needle, Cool:D $pos --> Bool:D)</pre> </div> </div> Given a <code>Str</code> invocant (known as the haystack) and a first argument (known as the <code>$needle</code>), it searches for the <code>$needle</code> in the haystack from the beginning of the string and returns <code>True</code> if <code>$needle</code> is found. If the optional parameter <code>$pos</code> is provided, then <code>contains</code> will search the haystack starting from <code>$pos</code> characters into the string. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "Hello, World".contains('Hello'); # OUTPUT: «True␤» say "Hello, World".contains('hello'); # OUTPUT: «False␤» say "Hello, World".contains('Hello', 1); # OUTPUT: «False␤» say "Hello, World".contains(','); # OUTPUT: «True␤» say "Hello, World".contains(',', 3); # OUTPUT: «True␤» say "Hello, World".contains(',', 10); # OUTPUT: «False␤»</pre> </div> </div> In the first case, <code>contains</code> searches for the <code>'Hello'</code> string on the invocant right from the start of the invocant string and returns <code>True</code>. In the third case, the <code>'Hello'</code> string is not found since we have started looking from the second position (index 1) in <code>'Hello, World'</code>.Since Rakudo version 2020.02, the <code>$needle</code> can also be a <a href="/type/Regex"><code>Regex</code></a> in which case the <code>contains</code> method quickly returns whether the regex matches the string at least once. No <a href="/type/Match"><code>Match</code></a> objects are created, so this is relatively fast. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say 'Hello, World'.contains(/\w <?before ','>/); # OUTPUT: «True␤» say 'Hello, World'.contains(/\w <?before ','>/, 5); # OUTPUT: «False␤»</pre> </div> </div> Since Rakudo version 2020.02, if the optional named parameter <code>:ignorecase</code>, or <code>:i</code>, is specified, the search for <code>$needle</code> ignores the distinction between uppercase, lowercase, and titlecase letters. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "Hello, World".contains("world"); # OUTPUT: «False␤» say "Hello, World".contains("world", :ignorecase); # OUTPUT: «True␤»</pre> </div> </div> Since Rakudo version 2020.02, if the optional named parameter <code>:ignoremark</code>, or <code>:m</code>, is specified, the search for <code>$needle</code> only considers base characters, and ignores additional marks such as combining accents. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "abc".contains("ä"); # OUTPUT: «False␤» say "abc".contains("ä", :ignoremark); # OUTPUT: «True␤»</pre> </div> </div> Note that because of how a <a href="/type/List"><code>List</code></a> or <a href="/type/Array"><code>Array</code></a> is <a href="/type/List#method_Str">coerced</a> into a <code>Str</code>, the results may sometimes be surprising. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say <Hello, World>.contains('Hello'); # OUTPUT: «True␤» say <Hello, World>.contains('Hello', 0); # OUTPUT: «True␤» say <Hello, World>.contains('Hello', 1); # OUTPUT: «False␤»</pre> </div> </div> See <a href="/language/traps#Lists_become_strings,_so_beware_.contains()">traps</a>. <h2 id="routine_lc" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine lc<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_lc">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi lc(Str:D --> Str:D) multi method lc(Str:D: --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns a lowercase version of the string.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">lc("A"); # OUTPUT: «"a"» "A".lc; # OUTPUT: «"a"»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="routine_uc" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine uc<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_uc">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi uc(Str:D --> Str:D) multi method uc(Str:D: --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns an uppercase version of the string. <h2 id="routine_fc" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine fc<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_fc">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi fc(Str:D --> Str:D) multi method fc(Str:D: --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> Does a Unicode "fold case" operation suitable for doing caseless string comparisons. (In general, the returned string is unlikely to be useful for any purpose other than comparison.) <h2 id="routine_tc" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine tc<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_tc">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi tc(Str:D --> Str:D) multi method tc(Str:D: --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> Does a Unicode "titlecase" operation, that is changes the first character in the string to titlecase, or to uppercase if the character has no titlecase mapping. <h2 id="routine_tclc" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine tclc<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_tclc">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi tclc(Str:D --> Str:D) multi method tclc(Str:D: --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> Turns the first character to titlecase, and all other characters to lowercase. <h2 id="routine_wordcase" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine wordcase<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_wordcase">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi wordcase(Cool $x --> Str) multi wordcase(Str:D $x --> Str) multi method wordcase(Str:D: :&filter = &tclc, Mu :$where = True --> Str) </pre> </div> </div> Returns a string in which <code>&filter</code> has been applied to all the words that match <code>$where</code>. By default, this means that the first letter of every word is capitalized, and all the other letters lowercased. <h2 id="method_unival" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method unival<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_unival">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method unival(Str:D: --> Numeric)</pre> </div> </div> Returns the numeric value that the first codepoint in the invocant represents, or <code>NaN</code> if it's not numeric. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say '4'.unival; # OUTPUT: «4␤» say '¾'.unival; # OUTPUT: «0.75␤» say 'a'.unival; # OUTPUT: «NaN␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_univals" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method univals<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_univals">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method univals(Str:D: --> List)</pre> </div> </div> Returns a list of numeric values represented by each codepoint in the invocant string, and <code>NaN</code> for non-numeric characters. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "4a¾".univals; # OUTPUT: «(4 NaN 0.75)␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="routine_chars" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine chars<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_chars">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi chars(Cool $x --> Int:D) multi chars(Str:D $x --> Int:D) multi chars(str $x --> int) multi method chars(Str:D: --> Int:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns the number of characters in the string in graphemes. On the JVM, this currently erroneously returns the number of codepoints instead. <h2 id="method_encode" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method encode<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_encode">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method encode(Str:D $encoding = 'utf8', :$replacement, Bool() :$translate-nl = False, :$strict)</pre> </div> </div> Returns a <a href="/type/Blob"><code>Blob</code></a> which represents the original string in the given encoding and normal form. The actual return type is as specific as possible, so <code>$str.encode('UTF-8')</code> returns a <a href="/type/utf8"><code>utf8</code></a> object, <code>$str.encode('ISO-8859-1')</code> a <code>buf8</code>. If <code>:translate-nl</code> is set to <code>True</code>, it will translate newlines from <code>\n</code> to <code>\r\n</code>, but only in Windows. <code>$replacement</code> indicates how characters are going to be replaced in the case they are not available in the current encoding, while <code>$strict</code> indicates whether unmapped codepoints will still decode; for instance, codepoint 129 which does not exist in <code>windows-1252</code>. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $str = "Þor is mighty"; say $str.encode("ascii", :replacement( 'Th') ).decode("ascii"); # OUTPUT: «Thor is mighty␤»</pre> </div> </div> In this case, any unknown character is going to be substituted by <code>Th</code>. We know in advance that the character that is not known in the <code>ascii</code> encoding is <code>Þ</code>, so we substitute it by its latin equivalent, <code>Th</code>. In the absence of any replacement set of characters, <code>:replacement</code> is understood as a <a href="/type/Bool"><code>Bool</code></a>: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say $str.encode("ascii", :replacement).decode("ascii"); # OUTPUT: «?or is mighty␤» </pre> </div> </div> If <code>:replacement</code> is not set or assigned a value, the error <code>Error encoding ASCII string: could not encode codepoint 222</code> will be issued (in this case, since þ is codepoint 222).Since the <a href="/type/Blob"><code>Blob</code></a> returned by <code>encode</code> is the original string in normal form, and every element of a <a href="/type/Blob"><code>Blob</code></a> is a byte, you can obtain the length in bytes of a string by calling a method that returns the size of the <a href="/type/Blob"><code>Blob</code></a> on it: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "þor".encode.bytes; # OUTPUT: «4␤» say "þor".encode.elems; # OUTPUT: «4␤» </pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_index" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method index<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_index">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method index(Str:D: Cool:D $needle, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Int:D) multi method index(Str:D: Str:D $needle, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Int:D) multi method index(Str:D: Cool:D $needle, Cool:D $pos, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Int:D) multi method index(Str:D: Str:D $needle, Int:D $pos, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Int:D) multi method index(Str:D: @needles --> Int:D) multi method index(Str:D: @needles, :m(:$ignoremark)! --> Int:D) multi method index(Str:D: @needles, :i(:$ignorecase)!, :m(:$ignoremark) --> Int:D)</pre> </div> </div> Searches for <code>$needle</code> in the string starting from <code>$pos</code> (if present). It returns the offset into the string where <code>$needle</code> was found, and <a href="/type/Nil"><code>Nil</code></a> if it was not found.Since Rakudo version 2020.02, if the optional named parameter <code>:ignorecase</code>, or <code>:i</code>, is specified, the search for <code>$needle</code> ignores the distinction between uppercase, lowercase and titlecase letters. In addition, if the optional named parameter <code>:ignoremark</code>, or <code>:m</code>, is specified, the search for <code>$needle</code> only considers base characters, and ignores additional marks such as combining accents.Since Rakudo version 2020.05, <code>index</code> accepts a list of needles to search the string with, and return the lowest index found or <a href="/type/Nil"><code>Nil</code></a>.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "Camelia is a butterfly".index("a"); # OUTPUT: «1␤» say "Camelia is a butterfly".index("a", 2); # OUTPUT: «6␤» say "Camelia is a butterfly".index("er"); # OUTPUT: «17␤» say "Camelia is a butterfly".index("Camel"); # OUTPUT: «0␤» say "Camelia is a butterfly".index("Onion"); # OUTPUT: «Nil␤» say "Camelia is a butterfly".index(<a e i u>); # OUTPUT: «1␤» say "Camelia is a butterfly".index(<a c>, :i); # OUTPUT: «0␤» say "Camelia is a butterfly".index(('w', 'x')); # OUTPUT: «Nil␤» say "Hello, World".index("world"); # OUTPUT: «Nil␤» say "Hello, World".index("world", :ignorecase); # OUTPUT: «7␤» say "abc".index("ä"); # OUTPUT: «Nil␤» say "abc".index("ä", :ignoremark); # OUTPUT: «0␤» say "abc".index("x").defined ?? 'OK' !! 'NOT'; # OUTPUT: «NOT␤»</pre> </div> </div> Other forms of <code>index</code>, including subs, are <a href="/type/Cool#routine_index">inherited from <code>Cool</code></a>. <h2 id="routine_rindex" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine rindex<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_rindex">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method rindex(Str:D: Str:D $needle --> Int:D) multi method rindex(Str:D: Str:D $needle, Int:D $pos --> Int:D) multi method rindex(Str:D: @needles --> Int:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns the last position of <code>$needle</code> in the string not after <code>$pos</code>. Returns <a href="/type/Nil"><code>Nil</code></a> if <code>$needle</code> wasn't found.Since Rakudo version 2020.05, <code>rindex</code> accepts a list of needles to search the string with, and return the highest index found or <a href="/type/Nil"><code>Nil</code></a>.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "aardvark".rindex: "a"; # OUTPUT: «5␤» say "aardvark".rindex: "a", 0; # OUTPUT: «0␤ say "aardvark".rindex: "t"; # OUTPUT: «Nil␤» say "aardvark".rindex: <d v k>; # OUTPUT: «7␤»</pre> </div> </div> Other forms of <code>rindex</code>, including subs, are <a href="/type/Cool#routine_rindex">inherited from <code>Cool</code></a>. <h2 id="method_indices" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method indices<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_indices">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method indices(Str:D: Str:D $needle, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark), :$overlap --> List:D) multi method indices(Str:D: Str:D $needle, Int:D $start, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark), :$overlap --> List:D)</pre> </div> </div> Searches for all occurrences of <code>$needle</code> in the string starting from position <code>$start</code>, or zero if it is not specified, and returns a <a href="/type/List"><code>List</code></a> with all offsets in the string where <code>$needle</code> was found, or an empty list if it was not found.If the optional parameter <code>:overlap</code> is specified the search continues from the index directly following the previous match, otherwise the search will continue after the previous match. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "banana".indices("a"); # OUTPUT: «(1 3 5)␤» say "banana".indices("ana"); # OUTPUT: «(1)␤» say "banana".indices("ana", :overlap); # OUTPUT: «(1 3)␤» say "banana".indices("ana", 2); # OUTPUT: «(3)␤»</pre> </div> </div> Since Rakudo version 2020.02, if the optional named parameter <code>:ignorecase</code>, or <code>:i</code>, is specified, the search for <code>$needle</code> ignores the distinction between uppercase, lowercase and titlecase letters. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "banAna".indices("a"); # OUTPUT:«(1 5)␤» say "banAna".indices("a", :ignorecase); # OUTPUT:«(1 3 5)␤»</pre> </div> </div> Since Rakudo 2020.02, if the optional named parameter <code>:ignoremark</code>, or <code>:m</code>, is specified, the search for <code>$needle</code> only considers base characters, and ignores additional marks such as combining accents. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "tête-à-tête".indices("te"); # OUTPUT:«(2 9)␤» say "tête-à-tête".indices("te", :ignoremark); # OUTPUT:«(0 2 7 9)␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_match" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method match<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_match">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method match($pat, :continue(:$c), :pos(:$p), :global(:$g), :overlap(:$ov), :exhaustive(:$ex), :st(:$nd), :rd(:$th), :$nth, :$x --> Match)</pre> </div> </div> Performs a match of the string against <code>$pat</code> and returns a <a href="/type/Match"><code>Match</code></a> object if there is a successful match; it returns <code>(Any)</code> otherwise. Matches are stored in the <a href="/language/variables#index-entry-match_variable">default match variable <code>$/</code></a>. If <code>$pat</code> is not a <a href="/type/Regex"><code>Regex</code></a> object, match will coerce the argument to a Str and then perform a literal match against <code>$pat</code>.A number of optional named parameters can be specified, which alter how the match is performed. <ul class="rakudoc-item"> <li>:continue</li> </ul> The <code>:continue</code> adverb takes as an argument the position where the regex should start to search. If no position is specified for <code>:c</code> it will default to 0 unless <code>$/</code> is set, in which case it defaults to <code>$/.to</code>. <ul class="rakudoc-item"> <li>:pos</li> </ul> Takes a position as an argument. Fails if regex cannot be matched from that position, unlike <code>:continue</code>. <ul class="rakudoc-item"> <li>:global</li> </ul> Instead of searching for just one match and returning a <a href="/type/Match"><code>Match</code></a> object, search for every non-overlapping match and return them in a <a href="/type/List"><code>List</code></a>. <ul class="rakudoc-item"> <li>:overlap</li> </ul> Finds all matches including overlapping matches, but only returns one match from each starting position. <ul class="rakudoc-item"> <li>:exhaustive</li> </ul> Finds all possible matches of a regex, including overlapping matches and matches that start at the same position. <ul class="rakudoc-item"> <li>:st, :nd, :rd, :nth</li> </ul> Returns the nth match in the string. The argument can be a <a href="/type/Numeric"><code>Numeric</code></a> or an <a href="/type/Iterable"><code>Iterable</code></a> producing monotonically increasing numbers (that is, the next produced number must be larger than the previous one). The <a href="/type/Iterable"><code>Iterable</code></a> will be lazily <a href="/language/glossary#Reify">reified</a> and if non-monotonic sequence is encountered an exception will be thrown.If <a href="/type/Iterable"><code>Iterable</code></a> argument is provided the return value and <code>$/</code> variable will be set to a possibly-empty <a href="/type/List"><code>List</code></a> of <a href="/type/Match"><code>Match</code></a> objects. <ul class="rakudoc-item"> <li>:x</li> </ul> Takes as an argument the number of matches to return, stopping once the specified number of matches has been reached. The value must be a <a href="/type/Numeric"><code>Numeric</code></a> or a <a href="/type/Range"><code>Range</code></a>; other values will cause <code>.match</code> to return a <a href="/type/Failure"><code>Failure</code></a> containing an <a href="/type/X/Str/Match/x"><code>X::Str::Match::x</code></a> exception.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "properly".match('perl'); # OUTPUT: «｢perl｣␤» say "properly".match(/p.../); # OUTPUT: «｢prop｣␤» say "1 2 3".match([1,2,3]); # OUTPUT: «｢1 2 3｣␤» say "a1xa2".match(/a./, :continue(2)); # OUTPUT: «｢a2｣␤» say "abracadabra".match(/ a .* a /, :exhaustive); # OUTPUT: «(｢abracadabra｣｢abracada｣｢abraca｣｢abra｣｢acadabra｣｢acada｣｢aca｣｢adabra｣｢ada｣｢abra｣)␤» say 'several words here'.match(/\w+/,:global); # OUTPUT: «(｢several｣｢words｣｢here｣)␤» say 'abcdef'.match(/.*/, :pos(2)); # OUTPUT: «｢cdef｣␤» say "foo[bar][baz]".match(/../, :1st); # OUTPUT: «｢fo｣␤» say "foo[bar][baz]".match(/../, :2nd); # OUTPUT: «｢o[｣␤» say "foo[bar][baz]".match(/../, :3rd); # OUTPUT: «｢ba｣␤» say "foo[bar][baz]".match(/../, :4th); # OUTPUT: «｢r]｣␤» say "foo[bar][baz]bada".match('ba', :x(2)); # OUTPUT: «(｢ba｣｢ba｣)␤» </pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_Numeric" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method Numeric<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_Numeric">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method Numeric(Str:D: --> Numeric:D)</pre> </div> </div> Coerces the string to <a href="/type/Numeric"><code>Numeric</code></a> using semantics equivalent to <a href="/routine/val">val</a> routine. <a href="/routine/fail">Fails</a> with <a href="/type/X/Str/Numeric"><code>X::Str::Numeric</code></a> if the coercion to a number cannot be done.Only Unicode characters with property <code>Nd</code>, as well as leading and trailing whitespace are allowed, with the special case of the empty string being coerced to <code>0</code>. Synthetic codepoints (e.g. <code>"7\x[308]"</code>) are forbidden.While <code>Nl</code> and <code>No</code> characters can be used as numeric literals in the language, their conversion via <code>Str.Numeric</code> will fail, by design; the same will happen with synthetic numerics (composed of numbers and diacritic marks). See <a href="/routine/unival">unival</a> if you need to coerce such characters to <a href="/type/Numeric"><code>Numeric</code></a>. +, - and the Unicode MINUS SIGN − are all allowed. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">" −33".Numeric; # OUTPUT: «-33␤» </pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_Num" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method Num<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_Num">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method Num(Str:D: --> Num:D)</pre> </div> </div> Coerces the string to <a href="/type/Num"><code>Num</code></a>, using the same rules as <a href="/type/Str#method_Numeric"><code>Str.Numeric</code></a> and handling negative zero, <code>-0e0</code>, and positive zero, <code>0e0</code>. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my Str $s = "-0/5"; say (.self, .^name) given $s.Numeric; # OUTPUT: «(0 Rat)␤» say (.self, .^name) given $s.Num; # OUTPUT: «(-0 Num)␤» </pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_Int" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method Int<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_Int">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method Int(Str:D: --> Int:D)</pre> </div> </div> Coerces the string to <a href="/type/Int"><code>Int</code></a>, using the same rules as <a href="/type/Str#method_Numeric"><code>Str.Numeric</code></a>. <h2 id="method_Rat" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method Rat<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_Rat">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method Rat(Str:D: --> Rational:D)</pre> </div> </div> Coerces the string to a <a href="/type/Rat"><code>Rat</code></a> object, using the same rules as <a href="/type/Str#method_Numeric"><code>Str.Numeric</code></a>. If the denominator is larger than 64-bits is it still kept and no degradation to <a href="/type/Num"><code>Num</code></a> occurs. <h2 id="method_Bool" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method Bool<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_Bool">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method Bool(Str:D: --> Bool:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns <code>False</code> if the string is empty, <code>True</code> otherwise. <h2 id="routine_parse-base" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine parse-base<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_parse-base">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi parse-base(Str:D $num, Int:D $radix --> Numeric) multi method parse-base(Str:D $num: Int:D $radix --> Numeric)</pre> </div> </div> Performs the reverse of <a href="/routine/base"><code>base</code></a> by converting a string with a base-<code>$radix</code> number to its <a href="/type/Numeric"><code>Numeric</code></a> equivalent. Will <a href="/routine/fail"><code>fail</code></a> if radix is not in range <code>2..36</code> or if the string being parsed contains characters that are not valid for the specified base. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">1337.base(32).parse-base(32).say; # OUTPUT: «1337␤» 'Raku'.parse-base(36).say; # OUTPUT: «1273422␤» 'FF.DD'.parse-base(16).say; # OUTPUT: «255.863281␤»</pre> </div> </div> See also: <a href="/syntax/Number%20literals">syntax for number literals</a> <h2 id="routine_parse-names" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine parse-names<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_parse-names">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">sub parse-names(Str:D $names --> Str:D) method parse-names(Str:D $names: --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> DEPRECATED. Use <a href="/routine/uniparse">uniparse</a> instead. Existed in Rakudo implementation as a proof of viability implementation before being renamed and will be removed when 6.e language is released. <h2 id="routine_uniparse" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine uniparse<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_uniparse">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">sub uniparse(Str:D $names --> Str:D) method uniparse(Str:D $names: --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> Takes string with comma-separated Unicode names of characters and returns a string composed of those characters. Will <a href="/routine/fail"><code>fail</code></a> if any of the characters' names are empty or not recognized. Whitespace around character names is ignored. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "I {uniparse 'TWO HEARTS'} Raku"; # OUTPUT: «I 💕 Raku␤» 'TWO HEARTS, BUTTERFLY'.uniparse.say; # OUTPUT: «💕🦋␤»</pre> </div> </div> See <a href="/routine/uniname">uniname</a> and <a href="/routine/uninames">uninames</a> for routines that work in the opposite direction with a single codepoint and multiple codepoints respectively.Note that unlike <code>\c[...]</code> construct available in string interpolation, <code>uniparse</code> does not accept decimal numerical values. Use <a href="/routine/chr">chr</a> routine to convert those: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "\c[1337]"; # OUTPUT: «Թ␤» say '1337'.chr; # OUTPUT: «Թ␤»</pre> </div> </div> Note: before being standardized in 2017.12, this routine was known under its working name of <a href="/routine/parse-names">parse-names</a>. This denomination will be removed in the 6.e version. <h2 id="method_samecase" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method samecase<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_samecase">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method samecase(Str:D: Str:D $pattern --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns a copy of the invocant with case information for each individual character changed according to <code>$pattern</code>.Note: The pattern string can contain three types of characters, i.e. uppercase, lowercase and caseless. For a given character in <code>$pattern</code> its case information determines the case of the corresponding character in the result.If the invocant is longer than <code>$pattern</code>, the case information from the last character of <code>$pattern</code> is applied to the remaining characters of the invocant. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "raKu".samecase("A_a_"); # OUTPUT: «Raku␤» say "rAKU".samecase("Ab"); # OUTPUT: «Raku␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="routine_split" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine split<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_split">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi split( Str:D $delimiter, Str:D $input, $limit = Inf, :$skip-empty, :$v, :$k, :$kv, :$p) </pre> </div> </div> <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi split(Regex:D $delimiter, Str:D $input, $limit = Inf, :$skip-empty, :$v, :$k, :$kv, :$p) </pre> </div> </div> <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi split(List:D $delimiters, Str:D $input, $limit = Inf, :$skip-empty, :$v, :$k, :$kv, :$p) </pre> </div> </div> <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method split(Str:D: Str:D $delimiter, $limit = Inf, :$skip-empty, :$v, :$k, :$kv, :$p) </pre> </div> </div> <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method split(Str:D: Regex:D $delimiter, $limit = Inf, :$skip-empty, :$v, :$k, :$kv, :$p) </pre> </div> </div> <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method split(Str:D: List:D $delimiters, $limit = Inf, :$skip-empty, :$v, :$k, :$kv, :$p) </pre> </div> </div> Splits a string up into pieces based on delimiters found in the string.If <code>DELIMITER</code> is a string, it is searched for literally and not treated as a regex. If <code>DELIMITER</code> is the empty string, it effectively returns all characters of the string separately (plus an empty string at the begin and at the end). If <code>PATTERN</code> is a regular expression, then that will be used to split up the string. If <code>DELIMITERS</code> is a list, then all of its elements will be considered a delimiter (either a string or a regular expression) to split the string on.The optional <code>LIMIT</code> indicates in how many segments the string should be split, if possible. It defaults to Inf (or *, whichever way you look at it), which means "as many as possible". Note that specifying negative limits will not produce any meaningful results.A number of optional named parameters can be specified, which alter the result being returned. The <code>:v</code>, <code>:k</code>, <code>:kv</code> and <code>:p</code> named parameters all perform a special action with regards to the delimiter found. <ul class="rakudoc-item"> <li>:skip-empty</li> </ul> If specified, do not return empty strings before or after a delimiter. <ul class="rakudoc-item"> <li>:v</li> </ul> Also return the delimiter. If the delimiter was a regular expression, then this will be the associated <a href="/type/Match"><code>Match</code></a> object. Since this stringifies as the delimiter string found, you can always assume it is the delimiter string if you're not interested in further information about that particular match. <ul class="rakudoc-item"> <li>:k</li> </ul> Also return the index of the delimiter. Only makes sense if a list of delimiters was specified: in all other cases, this will be 0. <ul class="rakudoc-item"> <li>:kv</li> </ul> Also return both the index of the delimiter, as well as the delimiter. <ul class="rakudoc-item"> <li>:p</li> </ul> Also return the index of the delimiter and the delimiter as a <a href="/type/Pair"><code>Pair</code></a>.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say split(";", "a;b;c").raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", "b", "c").Seq␤» say split(";", "a;b;c", :v).raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", ";", "b", ";", "c").Seq␤» say split(";", "a;b;c", 2).raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", "b;c").Seq␤» say split(";", "a;b;c", 2, :v).raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", ";", "b;c").Seq␤» say split(";", "a;b;c,d").raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", "b", "c,d").Seq␤» say split(/\;/, "a;b;c,d").raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", "b", "c,d").Seq␤» say split(<; ,>, "a;b;c,d").raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", "b", "c", "d").Seq␤» say split(/<[;,]>/, "a;b;c,d").raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", "b", "c", "d").Seq␤» say split(<; ,>, "a;b;c,d", :k).raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", 0, "b", 0, "c", 1, "d").Seq␤» say split(<; ,>, "a;b;c,d", :kv).raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", 0, ";", "b", 0, ";", "c", 1, ",", "d").Seq␤» say "".split("x").raku; # OUTPUT: «("",).Seq␤» say "".split("x", :skip-empty).raku; # OUTPUT: «().Seq␤» say "abcde".split("").raku; # OUTPUT: «("", "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "").Seq␤» say "abcde".split("",:skip-empty).raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", "b", "c", "d", "e").Seq␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="routine_comb" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine comb<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_comb">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi comb(Str:D $matcher, Str:D $input, $limit = Inf) multi comb(Regex:D $matcher, Str:D $input, $limit = Inf, Bool :$match) multi comb(Int:D $size, Str:D $input, $limit = Inf) multi method comb(Str:D $input:) multi method comb(Str:D $input: Str:D $matcher, $limit = Inf) multi method comb(Str:D $input: Regex:D $matcher, $limit = Inf, Bool :$match) multi method comb(Str:D $input: Int:D $size, $limit = Inf)</pre> </div> </div> Searches for <code>$matcher</code> in <code>$input</code> and returns a <a href="/type/Seq"><code>Seq</code></a> of non-overlapping matches limited to at most <code>$limit</code> matches.If <code>$matcher</code> is a Regex, each <a href="/type/Match"><code>Match</code></a> object is converted to a <code>Str</code>, unless <code>$match</code> is set (available as of the 2020.01 release of the Rakudo compiler).If no matcher is supplied, a Seq of characters in the string is returned, as if the matcher was <code>rx/./</code>.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "abc".comb.raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", "b", "c").Seq␤» say "abc".comb(:match).raku; # OUTPUT: «(｢a｣｢b｣｢c｣)␤» say 'abcdefghijk'.comb(3).raku; # OUTPUT: «("abc", "def", "ghi", "jk").Seq␤» say 'abcdefghijk'.comb(3, 2).raku; # OUTPUT: «("abc", "def").Seq␤» say comb(/\w/, "a;b;c").raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", "b", "c").Seq␤» say comb(/\N/, "a;b;c").raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", ";", "b", ";", "c").Seq␤» say comb(/\w/, "a;b;c", 2).raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", "b").Seq␤» say comb(/\w\;\w/, "a;b;c", 2).raku; # OUTPUT: «("a;b",).Seq␤» say comb(/.<(.)>/, "<>[]()").raku; # OUTPUT: «(">", "]", ")").Seq␤»</pre> </div> </div> If the matcher is an integer value, <code>comb</code> behaves as if the matcher was <code>rx/ . ** {1..$matcher} /</code>, but which is optimized to be much faster.Note that a Regex matcher may control which portion of the matched text is returned by using features which explicitly set the top-level capture. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi comb(Pair:D $rotor, Str:D $input, $limit = Inf, Bool :$partial) multi method comb(Str:D $input: Pair:D $rotor, $limit = Inf, Bool :$partial)</pre> </div> </div> Available as of 6.e language version (early implementation exists in Rakudo compiler 2022.12+). The <code>rotor</code> pair indicates the number of characters to fetch as the key (the "size"), and the number of "steps" forward to take afterwards. Its main intended use is to provide a way to create <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-gram">N-grams</a> from strings in an efficient manner. By default only strings of the specified size will be produced. This can be overridden by specifying the named argument <code>:partial</code> with a true value.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "abcde".comb(3 => -2); # OUTPUT: «(abc bcd cde)␤» say "abcde".comb(3 => -2, :partial); # OUTPUT: «(abc bcd cde de e)␤» say "abcdefg".comb(3 => -2, 2); # OUTPUT: «(abc bcd)␤» say comb(3 => -2, "abcde"); # OUTPUT: «(abc bcd cde)␤» say comb(5 => -2, "abcde", :partial); # OUTPUT: «(abc bcd cde de e)␤» say comb(5 => -2, "abcdefg", 2); # OUTPUT: «(abc bcd)␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="routine_lines" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine lines<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_lines">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method lines(Str:D: $limit, :$chomp = True) multi method lines(Str:D: :$chomp = True)</pre> </div> </div> Returns a list of lines. By default, it chomps line endings the same as a call to <code>$input.comb( / ^^ \N* /, $limit )</code> would. To keep line endings, set the optional named parameter <code>$chomp</code> to <code>False</code>.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say lines("a\nb").raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", "b").Seq␤» say lines("a\nb").elems; # OUTPUT: «2␤» say "a\nb".lines.elems; # OUTPUT: «2␤» say "a\n".lines.elems; # OUTPUT: «1␤» # Keep line endings say lines(:!chomp, "a\nb").raku; # OUTPUT: «("a\n", "b").Seq␤» say "a\n".lines(:!chomp).elems; # OUTPUT: «1␤»</pre> </div> </div> You can limit the number of lines returned by setting the <code>$limit</code> variable to a non-zero, non-<code>Infinity</code> value: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say <not there yet>.join("\n").lines( 2 ); # OUTPUT: «(not there)␤»</pre> </div> </div> DEPRECATED as of <code>6.d</code> language, the <code>:count</code> argument was used to return the total number of lines: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say <not there yet>.join("\n").lines( :count ); # OUTPUT: «3␤»</pre> </div> </div> Use <a href="/routine/elems">elems</a> call on the returned <a href="/type/Seq"><code>Seq</code></a> instead: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say <not there yet>.join("\n").lines.elems; # OUTPUT: «3␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="routine_words" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine words<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_words">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method words(Str:D: $limit) multi method words(Str:D:)</pre> </div> </div> Returns a list of non-whitespace bits, i.e. the same as a call to <code>$input.comb( / \S+ /, $limit )</code> would.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "a\nb\n".words.raku; # OUTPUT: «("a", "b").Seq␤» say "hello world".words.raku; # OUTPUT: «("hello", "world").Seq␤» say "foo:bar".words.raku; # OUTPUT: «("foo:bar",).Seq␤» say "foo:bar\tbaz".words.raku; # OUTPUT: «("foo:bar", "baz").Seq␤»</pre> </div> </div> It can also be used as a subroutine, turning the first argument into the invocant. <code>$limit</code> is optional, but if it is provided (and not equal to <code>Inf</code>), it will return only the first <code>$limit</code> words. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say words("I will be very brief here", 2); # OUTPUT: «(I will)␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="routine_flip" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine flip<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_flip">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi flip(Str:D --> Str:D) multi method flip(Str:D: --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns the string reversed character by character.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">"Raku".flip; # OUTPUT: «ukaR» "ABBA".flip; # OUTPUT: «ABBA»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_starts-with" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method starts-with<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_starts-with">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method starts-with(Str:D: Str(Cool) $needle, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Bool:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns <code>True</code> if the invocant is identical to or starts with <code>$needle</code>. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "Hello, World".starts-with("Hello"); # OUTPUT: «True␤» say "https://raku.org/".starts-with('ftp'); # OUTPUT: «False␤»</pre> </div> </div> Since Rakudo version 2020.02, if the optional named parameter <code>:ignorecase</code>, or <code>:i</code>, is specified, the comparison of the invocant and <code>$needle</code> ignores the distinction between uppercase, lowercase and titlecase letters. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "Hello, World".starts-with("hello"); # OUTPUT: «False␤» say "Hello, World".starts-with("hello", :ignorecase); # OUTPUT: «True␤»</pre> </div> </div> Since Rakudo 2020.02, if the optional named parameter <code>:ignoremark</code>, or <code>:m</code>, is specified, the comparison of the invocant and <code>$needle</code> only considers base characters, and ignores additional marks such as combining accents. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "abc".starts-with("ä"); # OUTPUT: «False␤» say "abc".starts-with("ä", :ignoremark); # OUTPUT: «True␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_ends-with" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method ends-with<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_ends-with">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method ends-with(Str:D: Str(Cool) $needle, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Bool:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns <code>True</code> if the invocant is identical to or ends with <code>$needle</code>. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "Hello, World".ends-with('Hello'); # OUTPUT: «False␤» say "Hello, World".ends-with('ld'); # OUTPUT: «True␤»</pre> </div> </div> Since Rakudo version 2020.02, if the optional named parameter <code>:ignorecase</code>, or <code>:i</code>, is specified, the comparison of the invocant and <code>$needle</code> ignores the distinction between uppercase, lowercase and titlecase letters. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "Hello, World".ends-with("world"); # OUTPUT: «False␤» say "Hello, World".ends-with("world", :ignorecase); # OUTPUT: «True␤»</pre> </div> </div> Since Rakudo 2020.02, if the optional named parameter <code>:ignoremark</code>, or <code>:m</code>, is specified, the comparison of the invocant and <code>$needle</code> only considers base characters, and ignores additional marks such as combining accents. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "abc".ends-with("ç"); # OUTPUT: «False␤» say "abc".ends-with("ç", :ignoremark); # OUTPUT: «True␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_subst" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method subst<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_subst">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method subst(Str:D: $matcher, $replacement = "", *%options)</pre> </div> </div> Returns the invocant string where <code>$matcher</code> is replaced by <code>$replacement</code> (or the original string, if no match was found). If no <code>$replacement</code> is provided, the empty string is used (i.e., matched string(s) are removed).There is an in-place syntactic variant of <code>subst</code> spelled <code>s/matcher/replacement/</code> and with adverb following the <code>s</code> or inside the matcher.<code>$matcher</code> can be a <a href="/type/Regex"><code>Regex</code></a>, or a literal <code>Str</code>. Non-Str matcher arguments of type <a href="/type/Cool"><code>Cool</code></a> are coerced to <code>Str</code> for literal matching. If a <a href="/type/Regex"><code>Regex</code></a> <code>$matcher</code> is used, the <a href="/syntax/$$SOLIDUS"><code>$/</code> special variable</a> will be set to <a href="/type/Nil"><code>Nil</code></a> (if no matches occurred), a <a href="/type/Match"><code>Match</code></a> object, or a <a href="/type/List"><code>List</code></a> of <a href="/type/Match"><code>Match</code></a> objects (if multi-match options like <code>:g</code> are used). <h3 id="Literal_replacement_substitution" class="raku-h3"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">Literal replacement substitution<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#Literal_replacement_substitution">§</a></a></h3> <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $some-string = "Some foo"; my $another-string = $some-string.subst(/foo/, "string"); # gives 'Some string' $some-string.=subst(/foo/, "string"); # in-place substitution. $some-string is now 'Some string' say "multi-hyphenate".subst("-"); # OUTPUT: «multihyphenate␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h3 id="Callable" class="raku-h3"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">Callable<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#Callable">§</a></a></h3> The replacement can be a <a href="/type/Callable"><code>Callable</code></a> in which the current <a href="/type/Match"><code>Match</code></a> object will be placed in the <code>$/</code> variable, as well as the <code>$_</code> topic variable. Using a <a href="/type/Callable"><code>Callable</code></a> as replacement is how you can refer to any of the captures created in the regex: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights"># Using capture from $/ variable (the $0 is the first positional capture) say 'abc123defg'.subst(/(\d+)/, { " before $0 after " }); # OUTPUT: «abc before 123 after defg␤» # Using capture from $/ variable (the $<foo> is a named capture) say 'abc123defg'.subst(/$<foo>=\d+/, { " before $<foo> after " }); # OUTPUT: «abc before 123 after defg␤» # Using WhateverCode to operate on the Match given in $_: say 'abc123defg'.subst(/(\d+)/, "[ " ~ *.flip ~ " ]"); # OUTPUT: «abc[ 321 ]defg␤» # Using a Callable to generate substitution without involving current Match: my $i = 41; my $str = "The answer is secret."; say $str.subst(/secret/, {++$i}); # The answer to everything # OUTPUT: «The answer is 42.␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h3 id="Adverbs" class="raku-h3"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">Adverbs<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#Adverbs">§</a></a></h3> The following adverbs are supported<table class="table is-bordered centered pod-table"> <thead> <tr><th>short</th><th>long</th><th>meaning</th></tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr><td>:g</td><td>:global</td><td>tries to match as often as possible</td></tr> <tr><td>:nth(Int|Callable|Whatever)</td><td></td><td>only substitute the nth match; aliases: :st, :nd, :rd, and :th</td></tr> <tr><td>:ss</td><td>:samespace</td><td>preserves whitespace on substitution</td></tr> <tr><td>:ii</td><td>:samecase</td><td>preserves case on substitution</td></tr> <tr><td>:mm</td><td>:samemark</td><td>preserves character marks (e.g. 'ü' replaced with 'o' will result in 'ö')</td></tr> <tr><td>:x(Int|Range|Whatever)</td><td></td><td>substitute exactly $x matches</td></tr> </tbody> </table> Note that only in the <code>s///</code> form <code>:ii</code> implies <code>:i</code> and <code>:ss</code> implies <code>:s</code>. In the method form, the <code>:s</code> and <code>:i</code> modifiers must be added to the regex, not the <code>subst</code> method call. <h3 id="More_Examples" class="raku-h3"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">More Examples<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#More_Examples">§</a></a></h3> Here are other examples of usage: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $str = "Hey foo foo foo"; say $str.subst(/foo/, "bar", :g); # OUTPUT: «Hey bar bar bar␤» say $str.subst(/\s+/, :g); # OUTPUT: «Heyfoofoofoo␤» say $str.subst(/foo/, "bar", :x(0)); # OUTPUT: «Hey foo foo foo␤» say $str.subst(/foo/, "bar", :x(1)); # OUTPUT: «Hey bar foo foo␤» # Can not match 4 times, so no substitutions made say $str.subst(/foo/, "bar", :x(4)); # OUTPUT: «Hey foo foo foo␤» say $str.subst(/foo/, "bar", :x(2..4)); # OUTPUT: «Hey bar bar bar␤» # Replace all of them, identical to :g say $str.subst(/foo/, "bar", :x(*)); # OUTPUT: «Hey bar bar bar␤» say $str.subst(/foo/, "bar", :nth(3)); # OUTPUT: «Hey foo foo bar␤» # Replace last match say $str.subst(/foo/, "bar", :nth(*)); # OUTPUT: «Hey foo foo bar␤» # Replace next-to-last last match say $str.subst(/foo/, "bar", :nth(*-1)); # OUTPUT: «Hey foo bar foo␤»</pre> </div> </div> The <code>:nth</code> adverb has readable English-looking variants: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say 'ooooo'.subst: 'o', 'x', :1st; # OUTPUT: «xoooo␤» say 'ooooo'.subst: 'o', 'x', :2nd; # OUTPUT: «oxooo␤» say 'ooooo'.subst: 'o', 'x', :3rd; # OUTPUT: «ooxoo␤» say 'ooooo'.subst: 'o', 'x', :4th; # OUTPUT: «oooxo␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_subst-mutate" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method subst-mutate<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_subst-mutate">§</a></a></h2>  NOTE: <code>.subst-mutate</code> is deprecated in the 6.d version, and will be removed in future ones. You can use <a href="/routine/subst">subst</a> with <a href="/routine/.="><code>.=</code> method call assignment operator</a> or <a href="/language/operators#s///_in-place_substitution"><code>s///</code> substitution operator</a> instead. Where <a href="/routine/subst">subst</a> returns the modified string and leaves the original unchanged, it is possible to mutate the original string by using <code>subst-mutate</code>. If the match is successful, the method returns a <a href="/type/Match"><code>Match</code></a> object representing the successful match, otherwise returns <a href="/type/Nil"><code>Nil</code></a>. If <code>:nth</code> (or one of its aliases) with <a href="/type/Iterable"><code>Iterable</code></a> value, <code>:g</code>, <code>:global</code>, or <code>:x</code> arguments are used, returns a <a href="/type/List"><code>List</code></a> of <a href="/type/Match"><code>Match</code></a> objects, or an empty <a href="/type/List"><code>List</code></a> if no matches occurred. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $some-string = "Some foo"; my $match = $some-string.subst-mutate(/foo/, "string"); say $some-string; # OUTPUT: «Some string␤» say $match; # OUTPUT: «｢foo｣␤» $some-string.subst-mutate(/<[oe]>/, '', :g); # remove every o and e, notice the :g named argument from .subst</pre> </div> </div> If a <a href="/type/Regex"><code>Regex</code></a> <code>$matcher</code> is used, the <a href="/syntax/$$SOLIDUS"><code>$/</code> special variable</a> will be set to <a href="/type/Nil"><code>Nil</code></a> (if no matches occurred), a <a href="/type/Match"><code>Match</code></a> object, or a <a href="/type/List"><code>List</code></a> of <a href="/type/Match"><code>Match</code></a> objects (if multi-match options like <code>:g</code> are used). <h2 id="routine_substr" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine substr<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_substr">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi substr(Str:D $s, $from, $chars? --> Str:D) multi substr(Str:D $s, Range $from-to --> Str:D) multi method substr(Str:D $s: $from, $chars? --> Str:D) multi method substr(Str:D $s: Range $from-to --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns a substring of the original string, between the indices specified by <code>$from-to</code>'s endpoints (coerced to <a href="/type/Int"><code>Int</code></a>) or from index <code>$from</code> and of length <code>$chars</code>.Both <code>$from</code> and <code>$chars</code> can be specified as <a href="/type/Callable"><code>Callable</code></a>, which will be invoked with the <a href="/routine/chars">length</a> of the original string and the returned value will be used as the value for the argument. If <code>$from</code> or <code>$chars</code> are not <a href="/type/Callable"><code>Callable</code></a>, they'll be coerced to <a href="/type/Int"><code>Int</code></a>.If <code>$chars</code> is omitted or is larger than the available characters, the string from <code>$from</code> until the end of the string is returned. If <code>$from-to</code>'s starting index or <code>$from</code> is less than zero, <a href="/type/X/OutOfRange"><code>X::OutOfRange</code></a> exception is thrown. The <code>$from-to</code>'s ending index is permitted to extend past the end of string, in which case it will be equivalent to the index of the last character. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say substr("Long string", 3..6); # OUTPUT: «g st␤» say substr("Long string", 6, 3); # OUTPUT: «tri␤» say substr("Long string", 6); # OUTPUT: «tring␤» say substr("Long string", 6, *-1); # OUTPUT: «trin␤» say substr("Long string", *-3, *-1); # OUTPUT: «in␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_substr-eq" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method substr-eq<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_substr-eq">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method substr-eq(Str:D: Str(Cool) $test-string, Int(Cool) $from, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Bool) multi method substr-eq(Cool:D: Str(Cool) $test-string, Int(Cool) $from, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Bool)</pre> </div> </div> Returns <code>True</code> if the <code>$test-string</code> exactly matches the <code>String</code> object, starting from the given initial index <code>$from</code>. For example, beginning with the string <code>"foobar"</code>, the substring <code>"bar"</code> will match from index 3: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $string = "foobar"; say $string.substr-eq("bar", 3); # OUTPUT: «True␤»</pre> </div> </div> However, the substring <code>"barz"</code> starting from index 3 won't match even though the first three letters of the substring do match: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $string = "foobar"; say $string.substr-eq("barz", 3); # OUTPUT: «False␤»</pre> </div> </div> Naturally, to match the entire string, one merely matches from index 0: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $string = "foobar"; say $string.substr-eq("foobar", 0); # OUTPUT: «True␤»</pre> </div> </div> Since Rakudo version 2020.02, if the optional named parameter <code>:ignorecase</code>, or <code>:i</code>, is specified, the comparison of the invocant and <code>$test-string</code> ignores the distinction between uppercase, lowercase and titlecase letters. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "foobar".substr-eq("Bar", 3); # OUTPUT: «False␤» say "foobar".substr-eq("Bar", 3, :ignorecase); # OUTPUT: «True␤»</pre> </div> </div> Since Rakudo version 2020.02, if the optional named parameter <code>:ignoremark</code>, or <code>:m</code>, is specified, the comparison of the invocant and <code>$test-string</code> only considers base characters, and ignores additional marks such as combining accents. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "cliché".substr-eq("che", 3); # OUTPUT: «False␤» say "cliché".substr-eq("che", 3, :ignoremark); # OUTPUT: «True␤»</pre> </div> </div> Since this method is inherited from the <a href="/type/Cool"><code>Cool</code></a> type, it also works on integers. Thus the integer <code>42</code> will match the value <code>342</code> starting from index 1: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $integer = 342; say $integer.substr-eq(42, 1); # OUTPUT: «True␤»</pre> </div> </div> As expected, one can match the entire value by starting at index 0: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $integer = 342; say $integer.substr-eq(342, 0); # OUTPUT: «True␤»</pre> </div> </div> Also using a different value or an incorrect starting index won't match: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $integer = 342; say $integer.substr-eq(42, 3); # OUTPUT: «False␤» say $integer.substr-eq(7342, 0); # OUTPUT: «False␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_substr-rw" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method substr-rw<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_substr-rw">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method substr-rw($from, $length = *)</pre> </div> </div> A version of <code>substr</code> that returns a <a href="/type/Proxy"><code>Proxy</code></a> functioning as a writable reference to a part of a string variable. Its first argument, <code>$from</code> specifies the index in the string from which a substitution should occur, and its last argument, <code>$length</code> specifies how many characters are to be replaced. If not specified, <code>$length</code> defaults to the length of the string.For example, in its method form, if one wants to take the string <code>"abc"</code> and replace the second character (at index 1) with the letter <code>"z"</code>, then one does this: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $string = "abc"; $string.substr-rw(1, 1) = "z"; $string.say; # OUTPUT: «azc␤»</pre> </div> </div> Note that new characters can be inserted as well: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $string = 'azc'; $string.substr-rw(2, 0) = "-Zorro-"; # insert new characters BEFORE the character at index 2 $string.say; # OUTPUT: «az-Zorro-c␤»</pre> </div> </div> <code>substr-rw</code> also has a function form, so the above examples can also be written like so: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $string = "abc"; substr-rw($string, 1, 1) = "z"; $string.say; # OUTPUT: «azc␤» substr-rw($string, 2, 0) = "-Zorro-"; $string.say; # OUTPUT: «az-Zorro-c␤»</pre> </div> </div> It is also possible to alias the writable reference returned by <code>substr-rw</code> for repeated operations: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $string = "A character in the 'Flintstones' is: barney"; $string ~~ /(barney)/; my $ref := substr-rw($string, $0.from, $0.to-$0.from); $string.say; # OUTPUT: «A character in the 'Flintstones' is: barney␤» $ref = "fred"; $string.say; # OUTPUT: «A character in the 'Flintstones' is: fred␤» $ref = "wilma"; $string.say; # OUTPUT: «A character in the 'Flintstones' is: wilma␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="routine_samemark" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine samemark<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_samemark">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi samemark(Str:D $string, Str:D $pattern --> Str:D) method samemark(Str:D: Str:D $pattern --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns a copy of <code>$string</code> with the mark/accent information for each character changed such that it matches the mark/accent of the corresponding character in <code>$pattern</code>. If <code>$string</code> is longer than <code>$pattern</code>, the remaining characters in <code>$string</code> receive the same mark/accent as the last character in <code>$pattern</code>. If <code>$pattern</code> is empty no changes will be made.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say 'åäö'.samemark('aäo'); # OUTPUT: «aäo␤» say 'åäö'.samemark('a'); # OUTPUT: «aao␤» say samemark('Räku', 'a'); # OUTPUT: «Raku␤» say samemark('aöä', ''); # OUTPUT: «aöä␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_succ" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method succ<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_succ">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method succ(Str:D: --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns the string incremented by one.String increment is "magical". It searches for the last alphanumeric sequence that is not preceded by a dot, and increments it. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">'12.34'.succ; # OUTPUT: «13.34» 'img001.png'.succ; # OUTPUT: «img002.png»</pre> </div> </div> The actual increment step works by mapping the last alphanumeric character to a character range it belongs to, and choosing the next character in that range, carrying to the previous letter on overflow. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">'aa'.succ; # OUTPUT: «ab» 'az'.succ; # OUTPUT: «ba» '109'.succ; # OUTPUT: «110» 'α'.succ; # OUTPUT: «β» 'a9'.succ; # OUTPUT: «b0»</pre> </div> </div> String increment is Unicode-aware, and generally works for scripts where a character can be uniquely classified as belonging to one range of characters. <h2 id="method_pred" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method pred<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_pred">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method pred(Str:D: --> Str:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns the string decremented by one.String decrementing is "magical" just like string increment (see <a href="/routine/succ">succ</a>). It fails on underflow <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">'b0'.pred; # OUTPUT: «a9» 'a0'.pred; # OUTPUT: Failure 'img002.png'.pred; # OUTPUT: «img001.png» </pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="routine_ord" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine ord<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_ord">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi ord(Str:D --> Int:D) multi method ord(Str:D: --> Int:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns the codepoint number of the base characters of the first grapheme in the string.Example: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">ord("A"); # 65 "«".ord; # 171</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_ords" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method ords<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_ords">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method ords(Str:D: --> Seq)</pre> </div> </div> Returns a list of Unicode codepoint numbers that describe the codepoints making up the string.Example: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">"aå«".ords; # (97 229 171)</pre> </div> </div> Strings are represented as graphemes. If a character in the string is represented by multiple codepoints, then all of those codepoints will appear in the result of <code>ords</code>. Therefore, the number of elements in the result may not always be equal to <a href="/routine/chars">chars</a>, but will be equal to <a href="/routine/codes">codes</a>; <a href="/routine/codes">codes</a> computes the codepoints in a different way, so the result might be faster.The codepoints returned will represent the string in <a href="/type/NFC"><code>NFC</code></a>. See the <a href="/type/NFD"><code>NFD</code></a>, <a href="/type/NFKC"><code>NFKC</code></a>, and <a href="/type/NFKD"><code>NFKD</code></a> methods if other forms are required. <h2 id="method_trans" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method trans<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_trans">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method trans(Str:D: Pair:D \what, *%n --> Str) multi method trans(Str:D: *@changes, :complement(:$c), :squash(:$s), :delete(:$d) --> Str)</pre> </div> </div> Replaces one or many characters with one or many characters. Ranges are supported, both for keys and values. Regexes work as keys. In case a list of keys and values is used, substrings can be replaced as well. When called with <code>:complement</code> anything but the matched value or range is replaced with a single value; with <code>:delete</code> the matched characters without corresponding replacement are removed. Combining <code>:complement</code> and <code>:delete</code> will remove anything but the matched values, unless replacement characters have been specified, in which case, <code>:delete</code> would be ignored. The adverb <code>:squash</code> will reduce repeated matched characters to a single character.Example: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $str = 'say $x && $y<a>'; $str.=trans( '<' => '«' ); $str.=trans( '<' => '«', '>' => '»' ); $str.=trans( [ '<' , '>' , '&' ] => [ '&lt;', '&gt;', '&amp;' ]); $str.=trans( ['a'..'y'] => ['A'..'z'] ); "abcdefghij".trans(/<[aeiou]> \w/ => ''); # OUTPUT: «cdgh» "a123b123c".trans(['a'..'z'] => 'x', :complement); # OUTPUT: «axxxbxxxc» "aaa1123bb123c".trans('a'..'z' => 'A'..'Z', :squash); # OUTPUT: «A1123B123C» "aaa1123bb123c".trans('a'..'z' => 'x', :complement, :squash); # OUTPUT: «aaaxbbxc»</pre> </div> </div> In general, the strings will have the same length after the substitution: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "a123b123c".trans('23' => '4'); # OUTPUT: «a144b144c␤» say "a123b123c".trans('123' => 'þð'); # OUTPUT: «aþðþbþðþc␤»</pre> </div> </div> <code>:squash</code> and <code>:delete</code> will have the same effect in this case making it a strict substitution: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "a123b123c".trans('123' => 'þð', :squash); # OUTPUT: «aþðbþðc␤» say "a123b123c".trans('123' => 'þð', :delete); # OUTPUT: «aþðbþðc␤»</pre> </div> </div> <code>:delete</code> will also remove non-matched characters from the original string: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "abc".trans("abc".comb => 1..2, :delete); # OUTPUT: «12␤»</pre> </div> </div> Please note that the behavior of the two versions of the multi method is slightly different. The first form will transpose only one character if the origin is also one character: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "abcd".trans( "a" => "zz" ); # OUTPUT: «zbcd␤» say "abcd".trans( "ba" => "yz" ); # OUTPUT: «zycd␤» </pre> </div> </div> In the second case, behavior is as expected, since the origin is more than one char long. However, if the <a href="/type/Pair"><code>Pair</code></a> in the multi method does not have a <code>Str</code> as an origin or target, it is handled to the second multi method, and behavior changes: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "abcd".trans: ["a"] => ["zz"]; # OUTPUT: «zzbcd␤»</pre> </div> </div> In this case, neither origin nor target in the <a href="/type/Pair"><code>Pair</code></a> are <code>Str</code>; the method with the <a href="/type/Pair"><code>Pair</code></a> signature then calls the second, making this call above equivalent to <code>"abcd".trans: ["a"] => ["zz"],</code> (with the comma behind, making it a <a href="/type/Positional"><code>Positional</code></a>, instead of a <a href="/type/Pair"><code>Pair</code></a>), resulting in the behavior shown as output. <h2 id="method_indent" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method indent<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_indent">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method indent(Int $steps where { $_ == 0 } ) multi method indent(Int $steps where { $_ > 0 } ) multi method indent($steps where { .isa(Whatever) || .isa(Int) && $_ < 0 } )</pre> </div> </div> Indents each line of the string by <code>$steps</code>. If <code>$steps</code> is negative, it outdents instead. If <code>$steps</code> is <a href="/routine/*"><code>*</code></a>, then the string is outdented to the margin: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">" indented by 2 spaces\n indented even more".indent(*) eq "indented by 2 spaces\n indented even more"</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_trim" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method trim<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_trim">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method trim(Str:D: --> Str)</pre> </div> </div> Remove leading and trailing whitespace. It can be used both as a method on strings and as a function. When used as a method it will return the trimmed string. In order to do in-place trimming, one needs to write <code>.=trim</code> <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">my $line = ' hello world '; say '<' ~ $line.trim ~ '>'; # OUTPUT: «<hello world>␤» say '<' ~ trim($line) ~ '>'; # OUTPUT: «<hello world>␤» $line.trim; say '<' ~ $line ~ '>'; # OUTPUT: «< hello world >␤» $line.=trim; say '<' ~ $line ~ '>'; # OUTPUT: «<hello world>␤»</pre> </div> </div> See also <a href="/routine/trim-trailing">trim-trailing</a> and <a href="/routine/trim-leading">trim-leading</a>. <h2 id="method_trim-trailing" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method trim-trailing<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_trim-trailing">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method trim-trailing(Str:D: --> Str)</pre> </div> </div> Removes the whitespace characters from the end of a string. See also <a href="/routine/trim">trim</a>. <h2 id="method_trim-leading" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method trim-leading<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_trim-leading">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method trim-leading(Str:D: --> Str)</pre> </div> </div> Removes the whitespace characters from the beginning of a string. See also <a href="/routine/trim">trim</a>. <h2 id="method_NFC" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method NFC<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_NFC">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method NFC(Str:D: --> NFC:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns a codepoint string in <a href="/type/NFC"><code>NFC</code></a> format (Unicode Normalization Form C / Composed). <h2 id="method_NFD" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method NFD<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_NFD">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method NFD(Str:D: --> NFD:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns a codepoint string in <a href="/type/NFD"><code>NFD</code></a> format (Unicode Normalization Form D / Decomposed). <h2 id="method_NFKC" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method NFKC<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_NFKC">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method NFKC(Str:D: --> NFKC:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns a codepoint string in <a href="/type/NFKC"><code>NFKC</code></a> format (Unicode Normalization Form KC / Compatibility Composed). <h2 id="method_NFKD" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method NFKD<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_NFKD">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method NFKD(Str:D: --> NFKD:D)</pre> </div> </div> Returns a codepoint string in <a href="/type/NFKD"><code>NFKD</code></a> format (Unicode Normalization Form KD / Compatibility Decomposed). <h2 id="method_ACCEPTS" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method ACCEPTS<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_ACCEPTS">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi method ACCEPTS(Str:D: $other)</pre> </div> </div> Returns <code>True</code> if the string is <a href="/routine/eq">the same as</a> <code>$other</code>. <h2 id="method_Capture" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method Capture<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_Capture">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method Capture()</pre> </div> </div> Throws <code>X::Cannot::Capture</code>. <h2 id="routine_val" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">routine val<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#routine_val">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">multi val(*@maybevals) multi val(Slip:D \maybevals) multi val(List:D \maybevals) multi val(Pair:D \ww-thing) multi val(\one-thing) multi val(Str:D $MAYBEVAL, :$val-or-fail)</pre> </div> </div> Given a <code>Str</code> that may be parsable as a numeric value, it will attempt to construct the appropriate <a href="/language/glossary#Allomorph">allomorph</a>, returning one of <a href="/type/IntStr"><code>IntStr</code></a>, <a href="/type/NumStr"><code>NumStr</code></a>, <a href="/type/RatStr"><code>RatStr</code></a> or <a href="/type/ComplexStr"><code>ComplexStr</code></a> or a plain <code>Str</code> if a numeric value cannot be parsed. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say val("42").^name; # OUTPUT: «IntStr␤» say val("42e0").^name; # OUTPUT: «NumStr␤» say val("42.0").^name; # OUTPUT: «RatStr␤» say val("42+0i").^name; # OUTPUT: «ComplexStr␤»</pre> </div> </div> You can use the plus and minus sign, as well as the Unicode "Minus Sign" as part of the String <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say val("−42"); # OUTPUT: «−42␤»</pre> </div> </div> While characters belonging to the Unicode categories <code>Nl</code> (number letters) and <code>No</code> (other numbers) can be used as numeric literals in the language, they will not be converted to a number by <code>val</code>, by design, and using <code>val</code> on them will produce a failure. The same will happen with synthetic numerics (such as 7̈ ). See <a href="/routine/unival">unival</a> if you need to convert such characters to <a href="/type/Numeric"><code>Numeric</code></a>. <h2 id="method_Version" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method Version<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_Version">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method Version(Str:D: --> Version:D)</pre> </div> </div> Available as of the 2020.01 release of the Rakudo compiler.Coerces the string to <a href="/type/Version"><code>Version</code></a>.This could be used for <a href="/language/signatures#Coercion_type">type coercion in signature</a>, as for example: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">sub f(Version(Str) $want-version) { say $want-version.^name }; f "1.2.3"; # OUTPUT: «Version␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_Date" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method Date<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_Date">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method Date(Str:D:)</pre> </div> </div> Available as of the 2020.05 release of the Rakudo compiler.Coerces a <code>Str</code> to a <a href="/type/Date"><code>Date</code></a> object, provided the string is properly formatted. <code>Date(Str)</code> also works.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say '2015-11-24'.Date.year; # OUTPUT: «2015␤» say Date('2015-11-24').year; # OUTPUT: «2015␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h2 id="method_DateTime" class="raku-h2"><a href="#class_Str" title="go to top of document">method DateTime<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#method_DateTime">§</a></a></h2>  <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">method DateTime(Str:D:)</pre> </div> </div> Available as of the 2020.05 release of the Rakudo compiler.Coerces a <code>Str</code> to a <a href="/type/DateTime"><code>DateTime</code></a> object, provided the string is properly formatted. <code>DateTime(Str)</code> also works.Examples: <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say ('2012-02-29T12:34:56Z').DateTime.hour; # OUTPUT: «12␤» say DateTime('2012-02-29T12:34:56Z').hour; # OUTPUT: «12␤»</pre> </div> </div> Since Rakudo release 2022.07, it is also possible to just specify a "YYYY-MM-DD" string to indicate midnight on the given date. <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights">say "2023-03-04".DateTime; # OUTPUT: «2023-03-04T00:00:00Z␤»</pre> </div> </div> <h1 id="typegraphrelations" class="raku-h1"><a href="#" title="go to top of document">Typegraph<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#typegraphrelations">§</a></a></h1> <figure class="typegraph" > <figcaption>Type relations for <code>Str</code></figcaption> <svg width="492pt" height="404pt" viewBox="0.00 0.00 492.19 404.00" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 400)"> <title>raku-type-graph</title> <polygon fill="#ffffff" stroke="transparent" points="-4,4 -4,-400 488.19,-400 488.19,4 -4,4"/>  <g id="node1" class="node"> <title>Str</title> <g id="a_node1"><a xlink:href="/type/Str" xlink:title="Str"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#000000" cx="332.5" cy="-162" rx="27" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="332.5" y="-158.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#000000">Str</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="node4" class="node"> <title>Cool</title> <g id="a_node4"><a xlink:href="/type/Cool" xlink:title="Cool"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#000000" cx="246.5" cy="-234" rx="30.59" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="246.5" y="-230.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#000000">Cool</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge1" class="edge"> <title>Str->Cool</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M315.92,-176.5C303.35,-186.73 285.87,-200.96 271.59,-212.58"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="269.16,-210.04 263.62,-219.07 273.58,-215.47 269.16,-210.04"/> </g>  <g id="node5" class="node"> <title>Stringy</title> <g id="a_node5"><a xlink:href="/type/Stringy" xlink:title="Stringy"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#6666ff" cx="338.5" cy="-234" rx="43.59" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="338.5" y="-230.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#6666ff">Stringy</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge17" class="edge"> <title>Str->Stringy</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#6666ff" d="M333.98,-180.3C334.64,-188.02 335.44,-197.29 336.17,-205.89"/> <polygon fill="#6666ff" stroke="#6666ff" points="332.69,-206.23 337.03,-215.9 339.66,-205.63 332.69,-206.23"/> </g>  <g id="node2" class="node"> <title>Mu</title> <g id="a_node2"><a xlink:href="/type/Mu" xlink:title="Mu"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#000000" cx="246.5" cy="-378" rx="27" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="246.5" y="-374.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#000000">Mu</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="node3" class="node"> <title>Any</title> <g id="a_node3"><a xlink:href="/type/Any" xlink:title="Any"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#000000" cx="246.5" cy="-306" rx="28.7" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="246.5" y="-302.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#000000">Any</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge2" class="edge"> <title>Any->Mu</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M246.5,-324.3C246.5,-332.02 246.5,-341.29 246.5,-349.89"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="243,-349.9 246.5,-359.9 250,-349.9 243,-349.9"/> </g>  <g id="edge3" class="edge"> <title>Cool->Any</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M246.5,-252.3C246.5,-260.02 246.5,-269.29 246.5,-277.89"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="243,-277.9 246.5,-287.9 250,-277.9 243,-277.9"/> </g>  <g id="node6" class="node"> <title>Allomorph</title> <g id="a_node6"><a xlink:href="/type/Allomorph" xlink:title="Allomorph"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#000000" cx="334.5" cy="-90" rx="57.39" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="334.5" y="-86.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#000000">Allomorph</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge4" class="edge"> <title>Allomorph->Str</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M334,-108.3C333.78,-116.02 333.52,-125.29 333.27,-133.89"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="329.77,-133.8 332.99,-143.9 336.77,-134 329.77,-133.8"/> </g>  <g id="node7" class="node"> <title>Numeric</title> <g id="a_node7"><a xlink:href="/type/Numeric" xlink:title="Numeric"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#6666ff" cx="381.5" cy="-306" rx="48.99" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="381.5" y="-302.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#6666ff">Numeric</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="node8" class="node"> <title>Complex</title> <g id="a_node8"><a xlink:href="/type/Complex" xlink:title="Complex"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#000000" cx="427.5" cy="-162" rx="50.09" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="427.5" y="-158.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#000000">Complex</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge5" class="edge"> <title>Complex->Cool</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M393.85,-175.56C351.85,-191.23 285.5,-216 285.5,-216 285.5,-216 283.3,-216.96 279.95,-218.42"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="278.3,-215.32 270.53,-222.52 281.1,-221.74 278.3,-215.32"/> </g>  <g id="edge18" class="edge"> <title>Complex->Numeric</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#6666ff" d="M421.95,-180.13C414.07,-204.44 399.58,-249.18 390.25,-277.99"/> <polygon fill="#6666ff" stroke="#6666ff" points="386.82,-277.22 387.07,-287.81 393.48,-279.38 386.82,-277.22"/> </g>  <g id="node9" class="node"> <title>ComplexStr</title> <g id="a_node9"><a xlink:href="/type/ComplexStr" xlink:title="ComplexStr"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#000000" cx="420.5" cy="-18" rx="63.89" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="420.5" y="-14.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#000000">ComplexStr</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge6" class="edge"> <title>ComplexStr->Allomorph</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M400.55,-35.24C389.15,-44.51 374.69,-56.29 362.2,-66.45"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="359.88,-63.83 354.34,-72.85 364.3,-69.25 359.88,-63.83"/> </g>  <g id="edge7" class="edge"> <title>ComplexStr->Complex</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M421.34,-36.13C422.53,-60.33 424.73,-104.79 426.15,-133.61"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="422.66,-134 426.65,-143.81 429.65,-133.65 422.66,-134"/> </g>  <g id="node10" class="node"> <title>Real</title> <g id="a_node10"><a xlink:href="/type/Real" xlink:title="Real"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#6666ff" cx="152.5" cy="-234" rx="29.8" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="152.5" y="-230.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#6666ff">Real</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge19" class="edge"> <title>Real->Numeric</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#6666ff" d="M178.55,-243.2C192.36,-247.55 206.5,-252 206.5,-252 206.5,-252 283.28,-275.25 335.13,-290.96"/> <polygon fill="#6666ff" stroke="#6666ff" points="334.23,-294.34 344.81,-293.89 336.26,-287.64 334.23,-294.34"/> </g>  <g id="node11" class="node"> <title>Num</title> <g id="a_node11"><a xlink:href="/type/Num" xlink:title="Num"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#000000" cx="32.5" cy="-162" rx="32.49" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="32.5" y="-158.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#000000">Num</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge8" class="edge"> <title>Num->Cool</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M57.9,-173.28C66.74,-176.86 74.5,-180 74.5,-180 74.5,-180 191.5,-216 191.5,-216 191.5,-216 199.94,-218.61 210.21,-221.78"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="209.38,-225.19 219.96,-224.8 211.44,-218.5 209.38,-225.19"/> </g>  <g id="edge20" class="edge"> <title>Num->Real</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#6666ff" d="M54.23,-175.68C73.49,-186.91 101.79,-203.42 123.08,-215.84"/> <polygon fill="#6666ff" stroke="#6666ff" points="121.33,-218.87 131.73,-220.89 124.86,-212.82 121.33,-218.87"/> </g>  <g id="node12" class="node"> <title>NumStr</title> <g id="a_node12"><a xlink:href="/type/NumStr" xlink:title="NumStr"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#000000" cx="79.5" cy="-18" rx="45.49" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="79.5" y="-14.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#000000">NumStr</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge9" class="edge"> <title>NumStr->Allomorph</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M115.76,-28.95C159.5,-40.96 233.32,-61.22 282.96,-74.85"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="282.29,-78.3 292.85,-77.57 284.14,-71.55 282.29,-78.3"/> </g>  <g id="edge10" class="edge"> <title>NumStr->Num</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M73.83,-36.13C65.74,-60.57 50.81,-105.67 41.28,-134.45"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="37.86,-133.66 38.04,-144.25 44.51,-135.86 37.86,-133.66"/> </g>  <g id="node13" class="node"> <title>Int</title> <g id="a_node13"><a xlink:href="/type/Int" xlink:title="Int"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#000000" cx="260.5" cy="-162" rx="27" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="260.5" y="-158.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#000000">Int</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge11" class="edge"> <title>Int->Cool</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M257.11,-179.95C255.57,-187.65 253.7,-196.97 251.97,-205.64"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="248.48,-205.23 249.95,-215.72 255.35,-206.61 248.48,-205.23"/> </g>  <g id="edge21" class="edge"> <title>Int->Real</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#6666ff" d="M241.68,-175.19C224.89,-186.08 200.04,-202.19 180.83,-214.63"/> <polygon fill="#6666ff" stroke="#6666ff" points="178.68,-211.86 172.19,-220.24 182.48,-217.74 178.68,-211.86"/> </g>  <g id="node14" class="node"> <title>IntStr</title> <g id="a_node14"><a xlink:href="/type/IntStr" xlink:title="IntStr"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#000000" cx="299.5" cy="-18" rx="36.29" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="299.5" y="-14.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#000000">IntStr</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge12" class="edge"> <title>IntStr->Allomorph</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M307.79,-35.59C311.87,-43.75 316.89,-53.78 321.46,-62.93"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="318.42,-64.66 326.02,-72.04 324.68,-61.53 318.42,-64.66"/> </g>  <g id="edge13" class="edge"> <title>IntStr->Int</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M289.86,-35.48C280.76,-51.04 268.5,-72 268.5,-72 268.5,-72 265.3,-107.52 262.95,-133.68"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="259.45,-133.57 262.04,-143.84 266.42,-134.19 259.45,-133.57"/> </g>  <g id="node15" class="node"> <title>Rational</title> <g id="a_node15"><a xlink:href="/type/Rational" xlink:title="Rational"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#6666ff" cx="130.5" cy="-162" rx="47.39" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="130.5" y="-158.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#6666ff">Rational</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge22" class="edge"> <title>Rational->Real</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#6666ff" d="M135.82,-179.95C138.34,-187.94 141.39,-197.67 144.2,-206.6"/> <polygon fill="#6666ff" stroke="#6666ff" points="140.88,-207.72 147.22,-216.21 147.56,-205.62 140.88,-207.72"/> </g>  <g id="node16" class="node"> <title>Rat</title> <g id="a_node16"><a xlink:href="/type/Rat" xlink:title="Rat"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#000000" cx="194.5" cy="-90" rx="27" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="194.5" y="-86.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#000000">Rat</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge14" class="edge"> <title>Rat->Cool</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M200.14,-107.74C208.83,-133.52 224.5,-180 224.5,-180 224.5,-180 230.06,-193.41 235.59,-206.73"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="232.47,-208.34 239.54,-216.23 238.93,-205.65 232.47,-208.34"/> </g>  <g id="edge23" class="edge"> <title>Rat->Rational</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#6666ff" d="M180.92,-105.85C172.62,-114.93 161.8,-126.76 152.32,-137.13"/> <polygon fill="#6666ff" stroke="#6666ff" points="149.56,-134.97 145.39,-144.71 154.72,-139.69 149.56,-134.97"/> </g>  <g id="node17" class="node"> <title>RatStr</title> <g id="a_node17"><a xlink:href="/type/RatStr" xlink:title="RatStr"> <ellipse fill="none" stroke="#000000" cx="199.5" cy="-18" rx="38.99" ry="18"/> <text text-anchor="middle" x="199.5" y="-14.3" font-family="FreeSans" font-size="14.00" fill="#000000">RatStr</text> </a> </g> </g>  <g id="edge15" class="edge"> <title>RatStr->Allomorph</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M224.57,-32C244.81,-42.5 273.61,-57.43 296.65,-69.38"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="295.32,-72.63 305.81,-74.13 298.55,-66.42 295.32,-72.63"/> </g>  <g id="edge16" class="edge"> <title>RatStr->Rat</title> <path fill="none" stroke="#000000" d="M198.26,-36.3C197.71,-44.02 197.05,-53.29 196.43,-61.89"/> <polygon fill="#000000" stroke="#000000" points="192.94,-61.67 195.72,-71.9 199.92,-62.17 192.94,-61.67"/> </g> </g> </svg> <a rel="alternate" href="/assets/typegraphs/Str.svg"> Expand chart above </a> </figure> 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