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</li> <li id="toc-In_medieval_texts_and_post-medieval_folk_belief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_medieval_texts_and_post-medieval_folk_belief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 In medieval texts and post-medieval folk belief </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_medieval_texts_and_post-medieval_folk_belief-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In medieval texts and post-medieval folk belief subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_medieval_texts_and_post-medieval_folk_belief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_English-language_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_English-language_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Medieval English-language sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_English-language_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_causes_of_illnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_causes_of_illnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 As causes of illnesses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_causes_of_illnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Elf-shot"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Elf-shot""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 "Elf-shot" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Elf-shot"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size,_appearance,_and_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size,_appearance,_and_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Size, appearance, and sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size,_appearance,_and_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_in_the_use_of_the_word_elf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_in_the_use_of_the_word_elf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Decline in the use of the word elf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_in_the_use_of_the_word_elf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Norse_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Norse_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Old Norse texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Norse_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mythological_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythological_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Mythological texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythological_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Other sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_German_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_early_modern_German_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Medieval and early modern German texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_German_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-medieval_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-medieval_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Post-medieval folklore </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-medieval_folklore-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-medieval folklore subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-medieval_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Scandinavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Terminology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_and_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_and_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Appearance and behaviour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_ballads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_ballads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 In ballads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_ballads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_causes_of_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_causes_of_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 As causes of illness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_causes_of_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_continuations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_continuations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Modern continuations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_continuations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-medieval_elite_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-medieval_elite_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Post-medieval elite culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-medieval_elite_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-medieval elite culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-medieval_elite_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_modern_elite_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_elite_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Early modern elite culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_elite_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Romantic_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Romantic_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 The Romantic movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Romantic_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christmas_elf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christmas_elf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Christmas elf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christmas_elf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fantasy_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fantasy_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Fantasy fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fantasy_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equivalents_in_non-Germanic_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equivalents_in_non-Germanic_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Equivalents in non-Germanic traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equivalents_in_non-Germanic_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Equivalents in non-Germanic traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Equivalents_in_non-Germanic_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Asia and Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_reality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_reality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Relationship with reality </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_reality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship with reality subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_reality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reality_and_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reality_and_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Reality and perception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reality_and_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_into_Christian_cosmologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_into_Christian_cosmologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Integration into Christian cosmologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_into_Christian_cosmologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demythologising_elves_as_indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demythologising_elves_as_indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Demythologising elves as indigenous peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demythologising_elves_as_indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demythologising_elves_as_people_with_illness_or_disability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demythologising_elves_as_people_with_illness_or_disability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Demythologising elves as people with illness or disability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demythologising_elves_as_people_with_illness_or_disability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Footnotes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Footnotes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Elf</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf_(mitologie)" title="Elf (mitologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elf (mitologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81_(%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%85)" title="ألف (قزم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألف (قزم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfo" title="Elfo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Elfo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfl%C9%99r" title="Elflər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elflər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%8B" title="Эльфы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эльфы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%8B" title="Эльфы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эльфы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Елфи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елфи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf" title="Elf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf" title="Elf – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elf" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elverfolk" title="Elverfolk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elverfolk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfen" title="Elfen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elfen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf_(m%C3%BCtoloogia)" title="Elf (mütoloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elf (mütoloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9E%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Ξωτικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ξωτικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfo" title="Elfo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elfo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfo" title="Elfo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elfo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfo" title="Elfo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elfo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_(%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C)" title="الف (نژاد افسانه‌ای) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الف (نژاد افسانه‌ای)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfe" title="Elfe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Elfe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf_(mytysk_w%C3%AAzen)" title="Elf (mytysk wêzen) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elf (mytysk wêzen)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfo" title="Elfo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elfo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%ED%94%84" title="엘프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Էլֆեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլֆեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilenjak" title="Vilenjak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vilenjak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfo" title="Elfo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elfo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri_(mitologi_Jermanik)" title="Peri (mitologi Jermanik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peri (mitologi Jermanik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lfar" title="Álfar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Álfar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfo" title="Elfo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elfo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A3_(%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94)" title="אלף (פנטזיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלף (פנטזיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ელფები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელფები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Эльфтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эльфтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfus" title="Alfus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alfus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfi" title="Alfi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alfi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfai" title="Elfai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elfai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfo" title="Elfo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Elfo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf" title="Elf – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Elf" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lfok" title="Álfok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Álfok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Виленик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виленик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfa" title="Elfa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Elfa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf_(mythisch_wezen)" title="Elf (mythisch wezen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elf (mythisch wezen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95" title="エルフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alv" title="Alv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alv" title="Alv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf" title="Elf – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elf" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf_(fantastyka)" title="Elf (fantastyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elf (fantastyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfo" title="Elfo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elfo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf" title="Elf – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%8B" title="Эльфы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эльфы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukudhi" title="Kukudhi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kukudhi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf" title="Elf – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elf" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf" title="Elf – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elf" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Вилењаци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилењаци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilenjaci" title="Vilenjaci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vilenjaci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfit" title="Alfit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alver" title="Alver – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alver" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="சிறு தேவதை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறு தேவதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎల్ఫ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎల్ఫ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%8C" title="เอลฟ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอลฟ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf" title="Elf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Ельфи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ельфи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salbane%C5%82o" title="Salbaneło – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Salbaneło" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf" title="Elf – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Elf" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efe_(tolu)" title="Efe (tolu) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Efe (tolu)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%81%B5" title="精灵 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="精灵" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E9%9D%88" title="精靈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="精靈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf" title="Elf – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Elf" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E9%9D%88" title="精靈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="精靈" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supernatural being in Germanic folklore</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mythical creature. For Tolkien's fictional version, see <a href="/wiki/Elf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf (Middle-earth)">Elf (Middle-earth)</a>. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Elf_(film)" title="Elf (film)">Elf (film)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Elf_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Elf (disambiguation)">Elf (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Elves" redirects here. For the lightning-related phenomenon, see <a href="/wiki/ELVES" class="mw-redirect" title="ELVES">ELVES</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84ngs%C3%A4lvor_-_Nils_Blomm%C3%A9r_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%C3%84ngs%C3%A4lvor_-_Nils_Blomm%C3%A9r_1850.jpg/330px-%C3%84ngs%C3%A4lvor_-_Nils_Blomm%C3%A9r_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%C3%84ngs%C3%A4lvor_-_Nils_Blomm%C3%A9r_1850.jpg/500px-%C3%84ngs%C3%A4lvor_-_Nils_Blomm%C3%A9r_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%C3%84ngs%C3%A4lvor_-_Nils_Blomm%C3%A9r_1850.jpg/600px-%C3%84ngs%C3%A4lvor_-_Nils_Blomm%C3%A9r_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Ängsälvor (Swedish "Meadow Elves") by <a href="/wiki/Nils_Blomm%C3%A9r" title="Nils Blommér">Nils Blommér</a> (1850)</figcaption></figure> An elf (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: elves) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">humanoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> being in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>. Elves appear especially in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">North Germanic mythology</a>, being mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelandic</a> <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a>. In medieval <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>-speaking cultures, elves were thought of as beings with magical powers and supernatural beauty, ambivalent towards everyday people and capable of either helping or hindering them.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Beliefs varied considerably over time and space and flourished in both pre-Christian and <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian cultures</a>. The word elf is found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>. It seems originally to have meant 'white being'. However, reconstructing the early concept depends largely on texts written by Christians, in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, medieval German, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. These associate elves variously with the gods of <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, with causing illness, with magic, and with beauty and seduction. After the medieval period, the word elf became less common throughout the Germanic languages, losing out to terms like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Zwerg" class="extiw" title="wikt:Zwerg">Zwerg</a> ('dwarf') in German and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hulder" class="extiw" title="wikt:hulder">huldra</a> ('hidden being') in <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a>, and to loan-words like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fairy" class="extiw" title="wikt:fairy">fairy</a> (borrowed from French). Still, belief in elves persisted in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, particularly in Scotland and Scandinavia, where elves were thought of as magically powerful people living, usually invisibly, alongside human communities. They continued to be associated with causing illnesses and with sexual threats. For example, several early modern ballads in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and Scandinavia, originating in the medieval period, describe elves attempting to seduce or abduct human characters. With modern urbanisation and industrialisation, belief in elves declined rapidly, though Iceland has some claim to continued popular belief. Elves started to be prominent in the literature and art of educated elites from the early modern period onwards. These literary elves were imagined as tiny, playful beings, with <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a> a key development of this idea. In the eighteenth century, German <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> writers were influenced by this notion of the elf, and re-imported the English word elf into the German language. From the Romantic notion came the elves of modern popular culture. <a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Christmas elves</a> are a relatively recent creation, popularized during the late 19th century in the United States. Elves entered the twentieth-century <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a> genre in the wake of <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s works; these re-popularised the idea of elves as human-sized and humanlike beings. Elves <a href="/wiki/Elves_in_fiction#Elves_in_modern_fantasy_literature" title="Elves in fiction">remain a prominent feature</a> of fantasy media today. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phonological_development_of_the_word_elf_in_English.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Phonological_development_of_the_word_elf_in_English.png/440px-Phonological_development_of_the_word_elf_in_English.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Phonological_development_of_the_word_elf_in_English.png/660px-Phonological_development_of_the_word_elf_in_English.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Phonological_development_of_the_word_elf_in_English.png/880px-Phonological_development_of_the_word_elf_in_English.png 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>A chart showing how the sound of the word elf has changed in the history of English<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007178_(fig._7)-3">[3]</a></figcaption></figure> The English word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elf" class="extiw" title="wikt:elf">elf</a> is from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word most often attested as ælf (whose plural would have been <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">*</a>ælfe). Although this word took a variety of forms in different Old English dialects, these converged on the form elf during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007176–81-4">[4]</a> During the Old English period, separate forms were used for female elves (such as ælfen, putatively from Proto-Germanic *ɑlβ(i)innjō), but during the Middle English period the word elf routinely came to include female beings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200775–88,_157–66-5">[5]</a> The Old English forms are <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> – having a common origin – with medieval Germanic terms such as Old Norse alfr ('elf'; plural alfar), Old High German alp ('evil spirit'; pl. alpî, elpî; feminine elbe), Burgundian *alfs ('elf'), and Middle Low German alf ('evil spirit').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200313-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20075-7">[7]</a> These words must come from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>, the ancestor-language of the attested <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>; the Proto-Germanic forms are reconstructed as *ɑlβi-z and *ɑlβɑ-z.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200313-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20075,_176–77-8">[8]</a> Germanic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/albiz" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/albiz">*ɑlβi-z~*ɑlβɑ-z</a> is generally agreed to be a cognate with Latin albus ('(matt) white'), Old Irish ailbhín ('flock'), Ancient Greek ἀλφός (alphós; 'whiteness, white leprosy'), and Albanian elb ('barley'); and the Germanic word for 'swan' reconstructed as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/albit" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/albit">*albit-</a> (compare Modern Icelandic álpt). These all come from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *h₂elbʰ-, and seem to be connected by the idea of whiteness. The Germanic word presumably originally meant 'white one', perhaps as a euphemism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200754–55-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Grimm" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Grimm">Jakob Grimm</a> thought whiteness implied positive moral connotations, and, noting Snorri Sturluson's <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">ljósálfar</a>, suggested that elves were divinities of light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200754–55-9">[9]</a> This is not necessarily the case, however. For example, because the cognates suggest matt white rather than shining white, and because in medieval Scandinavian texts whiteness is associated with beauty, <a href="/wiki/Alaric_Hall" title="Alaric Hall">Alaric Hall</a> has suggested that elves may have been called 'the white people' because whiteness was associated with (specifically feminine) beauty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200754–55-9">[9]</a> A completely different etymology, making elf a cognate with the <a href="/wiki/Ribhus" title="Ribhus">Ṛbhus</a>, semi-divine craftsmen in Indian mythology, was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Kuhn" class="mw-redirect" title="Adalbert Kuhn">Adalbert Kuhn</a> in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhn1855-p110-10">[10]</a> In this case, *ɑlβi-z would connote the meaning 'skilful, inventive, clever', and could be a cognate with Latin labor, in the sense of 'creative work'. While often mentioned, this etymology is not widely accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200754–55_fn._1-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_proper_names">In proper names</h3></div> Throughout the medieval Germanic languages, elf was one of the nouns used in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">personal names</a>, almost invariably as a first element. These names may have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> names beginning in Albio- such as <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)#Celtic_Mars" title="Mars (mythology)">Albiorix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200756-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alden_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_417197.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Alden_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_417197.jpg/250px-Alden_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_417197.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Alden_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_417197.jpg/330px-Alden_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_417197.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Alden_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_417197.jpg/500px-Alden_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_417197.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Alden Valley, Lancashire, a place possibly once associated with elves<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200764–66-13">[13]</a></figcaption></figure> Personal names provide the only evidence for elf in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, which must have had the word *albs (plural *albeis). The most famous name of this kind is <a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">Alboin</a>. Old English names in elf- include the cognate of Alboin <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine" title="Ælfwine">Ælfwine</a> (literally "elf-friend", m.), <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric" title="Ælfric">Ælfric</a> ("elf-powerful", m.), <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard" title="Ælfweard">Ælfweard</a> ("elf-guardian", m.), and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwaru" title="Ælfwaru">Ælfwaru</a> ("elf-care", f.). A widespread survivor of these in modern English is <a href="/wiki/Alfred_(name)" title="Alfred (name)">Alfred</a> (Old English Ælfrēd, "elf-advice"). Also surviving are the English surname <a href="/wiki/Elgar" class="mw-redirect" title="Elgar">Elgar</a> (Ælfgar, "elf-spear"), and the name of <a href="/wiki/St_Alphege" class="mw-redirect" title="St Alphege">St Alphege</a> (Ælfhēah, "elf-tall").<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> German examples are <a href="/wiki/Alberich" title="Alberich">Alberich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphart" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphart">Alphart</a> and Alphere (father of <a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Aquitaine" title="Walter of Aquitaine">Walter of Aquitaine</a>)<a href="#cite_note-paul-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and Icelandic examples include Álfhildur. These names suggest that elves were positively regarded in early Germanic culture. Of the many words for supernatural beings in Germanic languages, the only ones regularly used in personal names are elf and words denoting pagan gods, suggesting that elves were considered to be similar to gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200758–61-17">[17]</a> In later Old Icelandic, alfr ("elf") and the personal name which in Common Germanic had been *Aþa(l)wulfaz both coincidentally became álfr~Álfr.<a href="#cite_note-devreis-18">[18]</a> Elves appear in some place names, though it is difficult to be sure how many because other words, including personal names, can appear similar to elf, such as al- (from eald) meaning "old". The clearest appearances of elves in English examples are <a href="/wiki/Elveden" title="Elveden">Elveden</a> ("elves' hill", Suffolk) and <a href="/wiki/Elvendon" title="Elvendon">Elvendon</a> ("elves' valley", Oxfordshire);<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> other examples may be <a href="/wiki/Eldon_Hill" title="Eldon Hill">Eldon Hill</a> ("Elves'-hill hill", Derbyshire); and <a href="/wiki/Alden_Valley" title="Alden Valley">Alden Valley</a> ("elves' hill valley", Lancashire). These associate elves fairly consistently with woods and valleys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200764–66-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_medieval_texts_and_post-medieval_folk_belief">In medieval texts and post-medieval folk belief</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_English-language_sources">Medieval English-language sources</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_causes_of_illnesses">As causes of illnesses</h4></div> The earliest surviving manuscripts mentioning elves in any Germanic language are from <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a>. Medieval English evidence has, therefore, attracted quite extensive research and debate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1996-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2016-23">[23]</a> In Old English, elves are most often mentioned in medical texts which attest to the belief that elves might afflict humans and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> with illnesses: apparently mostly sharp, internal pains and mental disorders. The most famous of the medical texts is the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">metrical charm</a> <a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a> ("against a stabbing pain"), from the tenth-century compilation <a href="/wiki/Lacnunga" title="Lacnunga">Lacnunga</a>, but most of the attestations are in the tenth-century <a href="/wiki/Bald%27s_Leechbook" title="Bald's Leechbook">Bald's Leechbook and Leechbook III</a>. This tradition continues into later English-language traditions too: elves continue to appear in Middle English medical texts.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-24">[24]</a> Belief in elves as a cause of illnesses remained prominent in early modern Scotland, where elves were viewed as supernaturally powerful people who lived invisibly alongside everyday rural people.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Thus, elves were often mentioned in the early modern Scottish witchcraft trials: many witnesses in the trials believed themselves to have been given healing powers or to know of people or animals made sick by elves.<a href="#cite_note-purkiss-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007112–15-27">[27]</a> Throughout these sources, elves are sometimes associated with the <a href="/wiki/Succubus" title="Succubus">succubus</a>-like supernatural being called the <a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">mare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007124–26,_128–29,_136–37,_156-28">[28]</a> While they may have been thought to cause diseases with magical weapons, elves are more clearly associated in Old English with a kind of magic denoted by Old English sīden and sīdsa, a cognate with the Old Norse <a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">seiðr</a>, and paralleled in the Old Irish <a href="/wiki/Serglige_Con_Culainn" title="Serglige Con Culainn">Serglige Con Culainn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007119–156-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolley2009vol._I,_p._221-30">[30]</a> By the fourteenth century, they were also associated with the arcane practice of <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Elf-shot"">"Elf-shot"</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eadwine_Psalter_f_66r_detail_of_Christ_and_demons_attacking_psalmist.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eadwine_Psalter_f_66r_detail_of_Christ_and_demons_attacking_psalmist.png/250px-Eadwine_Psalter_f_66r_detail_of_Christ_and_demons_attacking_psalmist.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eadwine_Psalter_f_66r_detail_of_Christ_and_demons_attacking_psalmist.png/330px-Eadwine_Psalter_f_66r_detail_of_Christ_and_demons_attacking_psalmist.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eadwine_Psalter_f_66r_detail_of_Christ_and_demons_attacking_psalmist.png/500px-Eadwine_Psalter_f_66r_detail_of_Christ_and_demons_attacking_psalmist.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>The Eadwine Psalter, f. 66r. Detail: Christ and demons attacking the psalmist.</figcaption></figure> In one or two Old English medical texts, elves might be envisaged as inflicting illnesses with projectiles. In the twentieth century, scholars often labelled the illnesses elves caused as "<a href="/wiki/Elf-shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf-shot">elf-shot</a>", but work from the 1990s onwards showed that the medieval evidence for elves' being thought to cause illnesses in this way is slender;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200796–118-31">[31]</a> debate about its significance is ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolley2009vol._I,_p._220-32">[32]</a> The noun elf-shot is first attested in a <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> poem, "Rowlis Cursing," from around 1500, where "elf schot" is listed among a range of curses to be inflicted on some chicken thieves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200523-33">[33]</a> The term may not always have denoted an actual projectile: shot could mean "a sharp pain". But in early modern Scotland, elf-schot and other terms like elf-arrowhead are sometimes used of <a href="/wiki/Elf-arrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf-arrow">neolithic arrow-heads</a>, apparently thought to have been made by elves. In a few witchcraft trials, people attested that these arrow-heads were used in healing rituals, and occasionally alleged that witches (and perhaps elves) used them to injure people and cattle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2005-34">[34]</a> A 1749–50 ode by <a href="/wiki/William_Collins_(poet)" title="William Collins (poet)">William Collins</a> includes the lines:<a href="#cite_note-Carlyle_1788-35">[35]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> There every herd, by sad experience, knows How, winged with fate, their elf-shot arrows fly, When the sick ewe her summer food forgoes, Or, stretched on earth, the heart-smit heifers lie.<a href="#cite_note-Carlyle_1788-35">[35]</a> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Size,_appearance,_and_sexuality">Size, appearance, and sexuality</h4></div> Because of elves' association with illness, in the twentieth century, most scholars imagined that elves in the Anglo-Saxon tradition were small, invisible, demonic beings, causing illnesses with arrows. This was encouraged by the idea that "elf-shot" is depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Eadwine_Psalter" title="Eadwine Psalter">Eadwine Psalter</a>, in an image which became well known in this connection.<a href="#cite_note-grattan&singer-36">[36]</a> However, this is now thought to be a misunderstanding: the image proves to be a conventional illustration of God's arrows and Christian demons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1998-37">[37]</a> Rather, twenty-first century scholarship suggests that Anglo-Saxon elves, like elves in Scandinavia or the Irish <a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a>, were regarded as people.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf_-_ylfe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Beowulf_-_ylfe.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="87" /></a><figcaption>"⁊ ylfe" ("and elves") in Beowulf</figcaption></figure> Like words for gods and men, the word elf is used in personal names where words for monsters and demons are not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200755–62-39">[39]</a> Just as álfar is associated with <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a> in Old Norse, the Old English Wið færstice associates elves with ēse; whatever this word meant by the tenth century, etymologically it denoted pagan gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200735–63-40">[40]</a> In Old English, the plural ylfe (attested in Beowulf) is grammatically an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> (a word for an ethnic group), suggesting that elves were seen as people.<a href="#cite_note-huld-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> As well as appearing in medical texts, the Old English word ælf and its feminine derivative ælbinne were used in <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glosses</a> to translate Latin words for <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymphs</a>. This fits well with the word ælfscȳne, which meant "elf-beautiful" and is attested describing the seductively beautiful Biblical heroines <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200775–95-43">[43]</a> Likewise, in Middle English and early modern Scottish evidence, while still appearing as causes of harm and danger, elves appear clearly as humanlike beings.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> They became associated with medieval chivalric romance traditions of <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairies</a> and particularly with the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Fairy_Queen" title="Fairy Queen">Fairy Queen</a>. A propensity to seduce or rape people becomes increasingly prominent in the source material.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Around the fifteenth century, evidence starts to appear for the belief that elves might steal human babies and replace them with <a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">changelings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2016110–46-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline_in_the_use_of_the_word_elf">Decline in the use of the word elf</h4></div> By the end of the medieval period, elf was increasingly being supplanted by the French loan-word fairy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200520-47">[47]</a> An example is <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s satirical tale <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thopas" title="Sir Thopas">Sir Thopas</a>, where the title character sets out in a quest for the "elf-queen", who dwells in the "countree of the Faerie".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley185053-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Norse_texts">Old Norse texts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mythological_texts">Mythological texts</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semantic_field_diagram_of_words_for_sentient_beings_in_Old_Norse.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Semantic_field_diagram_of_words_for_sentient_beings_in_Old_Norse.gif/390px-Semantic_field_diagram_of_words_for_sentient_beings_in_Old_Norse.gif" decoding="async" width="390" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Semantic_field_diagram_of_words_for_sentient_beings_in_Old_Norse.gif/585px-Semantic_field_diagram_of_words_for_sentient_beings_in_Old_Norse.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Semantic_field_diagram_of_words_for_sentient_beings_in_Old_Norse.gif/780px-Semantic_field_diagram_of_words_for_sentient_beings_in_Old_Norse.gif 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>One possible semantic field diagram of words for sentient beings in Old Norse, showing their relationships as an <a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a>&nbsp;1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009208,_fig.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;1-49">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> Evidence for elf beliefs in medieval Scandinavia outside Iceland is sparse, but the Icelandic evidence is uniquely rich. For a long time, views about elves in Old Norse mythology were defined by Snorri Sturluson's <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a>, which talks about <a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">svartálfar</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">dökkálfar and ljósálfar</a> ("black elves", "dark elves", and "light elves"). For example, Snorri recounts how the svartálfar create new blond hair for Thor's wife <a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a> after <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a> had shorn off Sif's long hair.<a href="#cite_note-Manea-50">[50]</a> However, these terms are attested only in the Prose Edda and texts based on it. It is now agreed that they reflect traditions of <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (mythology)">dwarves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, partly showing Snorri's "paganisation" of a Christian cosmology learned from the <a href="/wiki/Elucidarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Elucidarius">Elucidarius</a>, a popular digest of Christian thought.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-51">[51]</a> Scholars of Old Norse mythology now focus on references to elves in Old Norse poetry, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Edda" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder Edda">Elder Edda</a>. The only character explicitly identified as an elf in classical Eddaic poetry, if any, is <a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a>, the protagonist of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lundarkvi%C3%B0a" title="Völundarkviða">Völundarkviða</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumézil19733-52">[52]</a> However, elves are frequently mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliterating</a> phrase Æsir ok Álfar ('Æsir and elves') and its variants. This was a well-established poetic <a href="/wiki/Oral-formulaic_composition" title="Oral-formulaic composition">formula</a>, indicating a strong tradition of associating elves with the group of gods known as the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a>, or even suggesting that the elves and Æsir were one and the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200734–39-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÞorgeirsson201149–50-54">[54]</a> The pairing is paralleled in the Old English poem <a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200735–63-40">[40]</a> and in the Germanic personal name system;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200755–62-39">[39]</a> moreover, in <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic verse">Skaldic verse</a> the word elf is used in the same way as words for gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200728–32-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigvatr_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson" title="Sigvatr Þórðarson">Sigvatr Þórðarson</a>'s skaldic travelogue <a href="/wiki/Austrfarav%C3%ADsur" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrfaravísur">Austrfaravísur</a>, composed around 1020, mentions an <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">álfablót</a> ('elves' sacrifice') in Edskogen in what is now southern Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200730–31-56">[56]</a> There does not seem to have been any clear-cut distinction between humans and gods; like the Æsir, then, elves were presumably thought of as being humanlike and existing in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">giants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200731–34,_42,_47–53-57">[57]</a> Many commentators have also (or instead) argued for conceptual overlap between elves and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (mythology)">dwarves</a> in Old Norse mythology, which may fit with trends in the medieval German evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200732–33-58">[58]</a> There are hints that the god <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> was associated with elves. In particular, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfheimr" title="Álfheimr">Álfheimr</a> (literally "elf-world") is mentioned as being given to <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a>. Snorri Sturluson identified Freyr as one of the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>. However, the term Vanir is rare in Eddaic verse, very rare in Skaldic verse, and is not generally thought to appear in other Germanic languages. Given the link between Freyr and the elves, it has therefore long been suspected that álfar and Vanir are, more or less, different words for the same group of beings.<a href="#cite_note-simek2010-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200735–37-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-frog&roper-61">[61]</a> However, this is not uniformly accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolley2009vol._I,_pp._210–217-62">[62]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">kenning</a> (poetic metaphor) for the sun, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfr%C3%B6%C3%B0ull" title="Álfröðull">álfröðull</a> (literally "elf disc"), is of uncertain meaning but is to some suggestive of a close link between elves and the sun.<a href="#cite_note-motz1973-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200440-64">[64]</a> Although the relevant words are of slightly uncertain meaning, it seems fairly clear that Völundr is described as one of the elves in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lundarkvi%C3%B0a" title="Völundarkviða">Völundarkviða</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> As his most prominent deed in the poem is to rape <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6%C3%B0vildr" title="Böðvildr">Böðvildr</a>, the poem associates elves with being a sexual threat to maidens. The same idea is present in two post-classical Eddaic poems, which are also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breton_lai" title="Breton lai">Breton lais</a>, Kötludraumur and <a href="/wiki/Gullk%C3%A1rslj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Gullkársljóð">Gullkársljóð</a>. The idea also occurs in later traditions in Scandinavia and beyond, so it may be an early attestation of a prominent tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÞorgeirsson201150–52-66">[66]</a> Elves also appear in a couple of verse spells, including the <a href="/wiki/Bergen_rune-charm" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen rune-charm">Bergen rune-charm</a> from among the <a href="/wiki/Bryggen_inscriptions" title="Bryggen inscriptions">Bryggen inscriptions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007133–34-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glasgow_Botanic_Gardens._Kibble_Palace._William_Goscombe_John_-_%27The_Elf%27,_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Glasgow_Botanic_Gardens._Kibble_Palace._William_Goscombe_John_-_%27The_Elf%27%2C_1899.jpg/180px-Glasgow_Botanic_Gardens._Kibble_Palace._William_Goscombe_John_-_%27The_Elf%27%2C_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Glasgow_Botanic_Gardens._Kibble_Palace._William_Goscombe_John_-_%27The_Elf%27%2C_1899.jpg/270px-Glasgow_Botanic_Gardens._Kibble_Palace._William_Goscombe_John_-_%27The_Elf%27%2C_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Glasgow_Botanic_Gardens._Kibble_Palace._William_Goscombe_John_-_%27The_Elf%27%2C_1899.jpg/360px-Glasgow_Botanic_Gardens._Kibble_Palace._William_Goscombe_John_-_%27The_Elf%27%2C_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="3716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Botanic_Gardens" title="Glasgow Botanic Gardens">Glasgow Botanic Gardens</a>. Kibble Palace. <a href="/wiki/Goscombe_John" title="Goscombe John">William Goscombe John</a>, The Elf, 1899.</figcaption></figure> The appearance of elves in sagas is closely defined by genre. The <a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">Sagas of Icelanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_saga" title="Bishops' saga">Bishops' sagas</a>, and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a>, whose portrayal of the supernatural is generally restrained, rarely mention álfar, and then only in passing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobsson2006231-68">[68]</a> But although limited, these texts provide some of the best evidence for the presence of elves in everyday beliefs in medieval Scandinavia. They include a fleeting mention of elves seen out riding in 1168 (in <a href="/wiki/Sturlunga_saga" title="Sturlunga saga">Sturlunga saga</a>); mention of an álfablót ("elves' sacrifice") in <a href="/wiki/Korm%C3%A1ks_saga" title="Kormáks saga">Kormáks saga</a>; and the existence of the euphemism ganga álfrek ('go to drive away the elves') for "going to the toilet" in <a href="/wiki/Eyrbyggja_saga" title="Eyrbyggja saga">Eyrbyggja saga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobsson2006231-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolley2009vol._I,_pp._217–218-69">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kings%27_sagas" title="Kings' sagas">Kings' sagas</a> include a rather elliptical but widely studied account of an early Swedish king being worshipped after his death and being called <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Geirstad-Alf" title="Olaf Geirstad-Alf">Ólafr Geirstaðaálfr</a> ('Ólafr the elf of Geirstaðir'), and a demonic elf at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Norna-Gests_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr" title="Norna-Gests þáttr">Norna-Gests þáttr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">legendary sagas</a> tend to focus on elves as legendary ancestors or on heroes' sexual relations with elf-women. Mention of the land of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfheimr_(region)" title="Álfheimr (region)">Álfheimr</a> is found in <a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a> while <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorsteins_saga_V%C3%ADkingssonar" title="Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar">Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar</a> recounts a line of local kings who ruled over <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Álfheim">Álfheim</a>, who since they had elven blood were said to be more beautiful than most men.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-ashman_rowe-72">[72]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3lfs_saga_kraka" title="Hrólfs saga kraka">Hrólfs saga kraka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hrolf_Kraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrolf Kraki">Hrolfr Kraki</a>'s half-sister <a href="/wiki/Skuld_(princess)" title="Skuld (princess)">Skuld</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">half-elven</a> child of King Helgi and an elf-woman (álfkona). Skuld was skilled in witchcraft (seiðr). Accounts of Skuld in earlier sources, however, do not include this material. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ei%C3%B0reks_saga" title="Þiðreks saga">Þiðreks saga</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Nibelung" title="Nibelung">Nibelungen</a> (Niflungar) describes <a href="/wiki/Hagen_(legend)" title="Hagen (legend)">Högni</a> as the son of a human queen and an elf, but no such lineage is reported in the Eddas, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobsson2006232-73">[73]</a> The relatively few mentions of elves in the <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_sagas" title="Chivalric sagas">chivalric sagas</a> tend even to be whimsical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÞorgeirsson201152–54-74">[74]</a> In his Rerum Danicarum fragmenta (1596) written mostly in Latin with some Old Danish and Old Icelandic passages, <a href="/wiki/Arngr%C3%ADmur_J%C3%B3nsson" title="Arngrímur Jónsson">Arngrímur Jónsson</a> explains the Scandinavian and Icelandic belief in elves (called Allffuafolch).<a href="#cite_note-skjold-75">[75]</a> Both Continental Scandinavia and Iceland have a scattering of mentions of elves in medical texts, sometimes in Latin and sometimes in the form of amulets, where elves are viewed as a possible cause of illness. Most of them have Low German connections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007132–33-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÞorgeirsson201154–58-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-simek2011-78">[78]</a> Sometimes elves are, like <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarves</a>, associated with craftsmanship. <a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a> embodies this feature. He is known under many names, depending on the language in which the stories were distributed. The names include Völund in Old Norse, Wēland in Anglo-Saxon and Wieland in German. The story of Wayland is also to be found in the Prose Edda.<a href="#cite_note-Manea-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_early_modern_German_texts">Medieval and early modern German texts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alp_(folklore)" title="Alp (folklore)">Alp (folklore)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margarethe-Luther-1527.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Margarethe-Luther-1527.jpg/170px-Margarethe-Luther-1527.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Margarethe-Luther-1527.jpg/255px-Margarethe-Luther-1527.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Margarethe-Luther-1527.jpg/340px-Margarethe-Luther-1527.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Margarethe Luther, believed by her son Martin to have been afflicted by elbe ("elves")</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> word alp is attested only in a small number of glosses. It is defined by the Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch as a "nature-god or nature-demon, equated with the <a href="/wiki/Faun" title="Faun">Fauns</a> of Classical mythology ... regarded as eerie, ferocious beings ... As the <a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">mare</a> he messes around with women".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Accordingly, the German word Alpdruck (literally "elf-oppression") means "nightmare". There is also evidence associating elves with illness, specifically epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1994-80">[80]</a> In a similar vein, elves are in Middle High German most often associated with deceiving or bewildering people in a phrase that occurs so often it would appear to be proverbial: die elben/der alp trieget mich ("the elves/elf are/is deceiving me").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199416–17,_at_17-81">[81]</a> The same pattern holds in Early Modern German.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm1883b463-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> This deception sometimes shows the seductive side apparent in English and Scandinavian material:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1994-80">[80]</a> most famously, the early thirteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Morungen" title="Heinrich von Morungen">Heinrich von Morungen</a>'s fifth <a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a> begins "Von den elben wirt entsehen vil manic man / Sô bin ich von grôzer liebe entsên" ("full many a man is bewitched by elves / thus I too am bewitched by great love").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199413-84">[84]</a> Elbe was also used in this period to translate words for nymphs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199417-85">[85]</a> In later medieval prayers, Elves appear as a threatening, even demonic, force. For example, some prayers invoke God's help against nocturnal attacks by Alpe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007125–26-86">[86]</a> Correspondingly, in the early modern period, elves are described in north Germany doing the evil bidding of witches; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> believed his mother to have been afflicted in this way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199421–22-87">[87]</a> As in Old Norse, however, there are few characters identified as elves. It seems likely that in the German-speaking world, elves were to a significant extent conflated with dwarves (<a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle High German language">Middle High German</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/getwerc" class="extiw" title="wikt:getwerc">getwerc</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotz1983esp._pp._23–66-88">[88]</a> Thus, some dwarves that appear in German heroic poetry have been seen as relating to elves. In particular, nineteenth-century scholars tended to think that the dwarf Alberich, whose name etymologically means "elf-powerful," was influenced by early traditions of elves.<a href="#cite_note-weston-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm1883b453-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-medieval_folklore">Post-medieval folklore</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scott-Minstrelsy-Works-v1-p195-True_Thomas_tune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scott-Minstrelsy-Works-v1-p195-True_Thomas_tune.jpg/250px-Scott-Minstrelsy-Works-v1-p195-True_Thomas_tune.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scott-Minstrelsy-Works-v1-p195-True_Thomas_tune.jpg/330px-Scott-Minstrelsy-Works-v1-p195-True_Thomas_tune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scott-Minstrelsy-Works-v1-p195-True_Thomas_tune.jpg/500px-Scott-Minstrelsy-Works-v1-p195-True_Thomas_tune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Rhymer" title="Thomas the Rhymer">Thomas the Rhymer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Minstrelsy_of_the_Scottish_Border" title="Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border">Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1803266-91">[91]</a></figcaption></figure> From around the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, the word elf began to be used in English as a term loosely synonymous with the French loan-word fairy;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200520–21-92">[92]</a> in elite art and literature, at least, it also became associated with diminutive supernatural beings like <a href="/wiki/Puck_(folklore)" title="Puck (folklore)">Puck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">hobgoblins</a>, Robin Goodfellow, the English and Scots <a href="/wiki/Brownie_(folklore)" title="Brownie (folklore)">brownie</a>, and the Northumbrian English <a href="/wiki/Hob_(folklore)" title="Hob (folklore)">hob</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergman201162–74-93">[93]</a> However, in Scotland and parts of northern England near the Scottish border, beliefs in elves remained prominent into the nineteenth century. <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI of Scotland</a> and Robert Kirk discussed elves seriously; elf beliefs are prominently attested in the Scottish witchcraft trials, particularly the trial of <a href="/wiki/Isobel_Gowdie" title="Isobel Gowdie">Issobel Gowdie</a>; and related stories also appear in folktales,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendersonCowan2001-94">[94]</a> There is a significant corpus of ballads narrating stories about elves, such as Thomas the Rhymer, where a man meets a female elf; <a href="/wiki/Tam_Lin" title="Tam Lin">Tam Lin</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Elfin_Knight" title="The Elfin Knight">The Elfin Knight</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Isabel_and_the_Elf-Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight">Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight</a>, in which an Elf-Knight rapes, seduces, or abducts a woman; and <a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Elfland%27s_Nourice" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queen of Elfland's Nourice">The Queen of Elfland's Nourice</a>, a woman is abducted to be a wet-nurse to the elf queen's baby, but promised that she might return home once the child is weaned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2014199–251-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hulduf%C3%B3lk" title="Huldufólk">Huldufólk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hulder" title="Hulder">Hulder</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terminology">Terminology</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian folklore">Scandinavian folklore</a>, many humanlike supernatural beings are attested, which might be thought of as elves and partly originate in medieval Scandinavian beliefs. However, the characteristics and names of these beings have varied widely across time and space, and they cannot be neatly categorised. These beings are sometimes known by words descended directly from the Old Norse álfr. However, in modern languages, traditional terms related to álfr have tended to be replaced with other terms. Things are further complicated because when referring to the elves of Old Norse mythology, scholars have adopted new forms based directly on the Old Norse word álfr. The following table summarises the situation in the main modern standard languages of Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-olrik-96">[96]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a> </th> <th>Terms related to elf in traditional usage </th> <th>Main terms of similar meaning in traditional usage </th> <th>Scholarly term for Norse mythological elves </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> </th> <td>elver, elverfolk, ellefolk </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neck_(water_spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck (water spirit)">nøkke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">nisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fe</a> </td> <td>alf </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </th> <td>älva </td> <td>skogsrå, skogsfru, tomte </td> <td>alv, alf </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">bokmål</a>) </th> <td>alv, alvefolk </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">vette</a>, huldra </td> <td>alv </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> </th> <td>álfur </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hulduf%C3%B3lk" title="Huldufólk">huldufólk</a> </td> <td>álfur </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appearance_and_behaviour">Appearance and behaviour</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84lvalek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%C3%84lvalek.jpg/330px-%C3%84lvalek.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%C3%84lvalek.jpg/500px-%C3%84lvalek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%C3%84lvalek.jpg/600px-%C3%84lvalek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Älvalek, "Elf Play" by <a href="/wiki/August_Malmstr%C3%B6m" title="August Malmström">August Malmström</a> (1866)</figcaption></figure> The elves of Norse mythology have survived into folklore mainly as females, living in hills and mounds of stones.<a href="#cite_note-He-1-97">[97]</a> The Swedish älvor were stunningly beautiful girls who lived in the forest with an elven king.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The elves could be seen dancing over meadows, particularly at night and on misty mornings. They left a circle where they had danced, called älvdanser (elf dances) or älvringar (elf circles), and to urinate in one was thought to cause venereal diseases. Typically, elf circles were <a href="/wiki/Fairy_ring" title="Fairy ring">fairy rings</a> consisting of a ring of small mushrooms, but there was also another kind of elf circle. In the words of the local historian Anne Marie Hellström:<a href="#cite_note-He-1-97">[97]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">... on lake shores, where the forest met the lake, you could find elf circles. They were round places where the grass had been flattened like a floor. Elves had danced there. By <a href="/wiki/Tisnaren" title="Tisnaren">Lake Tisnaren</a>, I have seen one of those. It could be dangerous, and one could become ill if one had trodden over such a place or if one destroyed anything there.<a href="#cite_note-He-1-97">[97]</a></blockquote> If a human watched the dance of the elves, he would discover that even though only a few hours seemed to have passed, many years had passed in the real world. Humans being invited or lured to the elf dance is a common motif transferred from older Scandinavian ballads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2014-100">[100]</a> Elves were not exclusively young and beautiful. In the Swedish folktale Little Rosa and Long Leda, an elvish woman (älvakvinna) arrives in the end and saves the heroine, Little Rose, on the condition that the king's cattle no longer graze on her hill. She is described as a beautiful old woman and by her aspect people saw that she belonged to the subterraneans.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_ballads">In ballads</h4></div> Elves have a prominent place in several closely related ballads, which must have originated in the Middle Ages but are first attested in the early modern period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2014199–251-95">[95]</a> Many of these ballads are first attested in <a href="/wiki/Karen_Brahes_Folio" title="Karen Brahes Folio">Karen Brahes Folio</a>, a Danish manuscript from the 1570s, but they circulated widely in Scandinavia and northern Britain. They sometimes mention elves because they were learned by heart, even though that term had become archaic in everyday usage. They have therefore played a major role in transmitting traditional ideas about elves in post-medieval cultures. Indeed, some of the early modern ballads are still quite widely known, whether through school syllabuses or contemporary folk music. They, therefore, give people an unusual degree of access to ideas of elves from older traditional culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2014264–66-102">[102]</a> The ballads are characterised by sexual encounters between everyday people and humanlike beings referred to in at least some variants as elves (the same characters also appear as <a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">mermen</a>, dwarves, and other kinds of supernatural beings). The elves pose a threat to the everyday community by lure people into the elves' world. The most famous example is <a href="/wiki/Elveskud" title="Elveskud">Elveskud</a> and its many variants (paralleled in English as <a href="/wiki/Clerk_Colvill" title="Clerk Colvill">Clerk Colvill</a>), where a woman from the elf world tries to tempt a young knight to join her in dancing, or to live among the elves; in some versions he refuses, and in some he accepts, but in either case he dies, tragically. As in Elveskud, sometimes the everyday person is a man and the elf a woman, as also in <a href="/wiki/Elveh%C3%B8j" title="Elvehøj">Elvehøj</a> (much the same story as Elveskud, but with a happy ending), <a href="/wiki/Herr_Magnus_og_Bj%C3%A6rgtrolden" class="mw-redirect" title="Herr Magnus og Bjærgtrolden">Herr Magnus og Bjærgtrolden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herr_T%C3%B8nne_af_Als%C3%B8" title="Herr Tønne af Alsø">Herr Tønne af Alsø</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ungersven_och_havsfrun" title="Ungersven och havsfrun">Herr Bøsmer i elvehjem</a>, or the Northern British <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Rhymer" title="Thomas the Rhymer">Thomas the Rhymer</a>. Sometimes the everyday person is a woman, and the elf is a man, as in the northern British <a href="/wiki/Tam_Lin" title="Tam Lin">Tam Lin</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Elfin_Knight" title="The Elfin Knight">The Elfin Knight</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Isabel_and_the_Elf-Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight">Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight</a>, in which the Elf-Knight bears away Isabel to murder her, or the Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Harpans_kraft" title="Harpans kraft">Harpans kraft</a>. In <a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Elfland%27s_Nourice" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queen of Elfland's Nourice">The Queen of Elfland's Nourice</a>, a woman is abducted to be a <a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurse</a> to the elf-queen's baby, but promised that she might return home once the child is weaned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2014199–251-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_causes_of_illness">As causes of illness</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfkors.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Alfkors.svg/180px-Alfkors.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Alfkors.svg/270px-Alfkors.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Alfkors.svg/360px-Alfkors.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption>The "Elf cross" which protected against malevolent elves.<a href="#cite_note-alvkors-103">[103]</a></figcaption></figure> In folk stories, Scandinavian elves often play the role of disease spirits. The most common, though the also most harmless case was various irritating skin <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rashes</a>, which were called älvablåst (elven puff) and could be cured by a forceful counter-blow (a handy pair of <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a> was most useful for this purpose). Skålgropar, a particular kind of <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyph</a> (pictogram on a rock) found in Scandinavia, were known in older times as älvkvarnar (elven mills), because it was believed elves had used them. One could appease the elves by offering a treat (preferably butter) placed into an elven mill.<a href="#cite_note-olrik-96">[96]</a> In order to protect themselves and their livestock against malevolent elves, Scandinavians could use a so-called Elf cross (Alfkors, Älvkors or Ellakors), which was carved into buildings or other objects.<a href="#cite_note-alvkors-103">[103]</a> It existed in two shapes, one was a <a href="/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram">pentagram</a>, and it was still frequently used in early 20th-century Sweden as painted or carved onto doors, walls, and household utensils to protect against elves.<a href="#cite_note-alvkors-103">[103]</a> The second form was an ordinary cross carved onto a round or oblong silver plate.<a href="#cite_note-alvkors-103">[103]</a> This second kind of elf cross was worn as a pendant in a necklace, and to have sufficient magic, it had to be forged during three evenings with silver, from nine different sources of inherited silver.<a href="#cite_note-alvkors-103">[103]</a> In some locations it also had to be on the altar of a church for three consecutive Sundays.<a href="#cite_note-alvkors-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_continuations">Modern continuations</h4></div> In Iceland, expressing belief in the huldufólk ("hidden people"), elves that dwell in rock formations, is still relatively common. Even when Icelanders do not explicitly express their belief, they are often reluctant to express disbelief.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> A 2006 and 2007 study by the University of Iceland's Faculty of Social Sciences revealed that many would not rule out the existence of elves and ghosts, a result similar to a 1974 survey by <a href="/wiki/Erlendur_Haraldsson" title="Erlendur Haraldsson">Erlendur Haraldsson</a>. The lead researcher of the 2006–2007 study, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terry_Gunnell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terry Gunnell (page does not exist)">Terry Gunnell</a>, stated: "Icelanders seem much more open to phenomena like dreaming the future, forebodings, ghosts and elves than other nations".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Whether significant numbers of Icelandic people do believe in elves or not, elves are certainly prominent in national discourses. They occur most often in oral narratives and news reporting in which they disrupt house- and road-building. In the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Valdimar_Tr._Hafstein" title="Valdimar Tr. Hafstein">Valdimar Tr. Hafstein</a>, "narratives about the insurrections of elves demonstrate supernatural sanction against development and urbanization; that is to say, the supernaturals protect and enforce religious values and traditional rural culture. The elves fend off, with more or less success, the attacks, and advances of modern technology, palpable in the bulldozer."<a href="#cite_note-hafstein-106">[106]</a> Elves are also prominent, in similar roles, in contemporary Icelandic literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2015-107">[107]</a> Folk stories told in the nineteenth century about elves are still told in modern Denmark and Sweden. Still, they now feature ethnic minorities in place of elves in essentially racist discourse. In an ethnically fairly homogeneous medieval countryside, supernatural beings provided the <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a> through which everyday people created their identities; in cosmopolitan industrial contexts, ethnic minorities or immigrants are used in storytelling to similar effect.<a href="#cite_note-tangherlini-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-medieval_elite_culture">Post-medieval elite culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_elite_culture">Early modern elite culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rackham_elves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rackham_elves.jpg/250px-Rackham_elves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rackham_elves.jpg/330px-Rackham_elves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rackham_elves.jpg/500px-Rackham_elves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a></figcaption></figure> Early modern Europe saw the emergence of a distinctive <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">elite culture</a>: while the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> encouraged new skepticism and opposition to traditional beliefs, subsequent Romanticism encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">fetishisation</a> of such beliefs by intellectual elites. The effects of this on writing about elves are most apparent in England and Germany, with developments in each country influencing the other. In Scandinavia, the Romantic movement was also prominent, and literary writing was the main context for continued use of the word elf, except in fossilised words for illnesses. However, oral traditions about beings like elves remained prominent in Scandinavia into the early twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2014-100">[100]</a> Elves entered early modern elite culture most clearly in the literature of Elizabethan England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergman201162–74-93">[93]</a> Here <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Faerie_Queene" class="mw-redirect" title="Faerie Queene">Faerie Queene</a> (1590–) used fairy and elf interchangeably of human-sized beings, but they are complex, imaginary and allegorical figures. Spenser also presented his own explanation of the origins of the Elfe and Elfin kynd, claiming that they were created by <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley185057-109">[109]</a> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, in a speech in <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a> (1592) has an "elf-lock" (tangled hair) being caused by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mab" title="Queen Mab">Queen Mab</a>, who is referred to as "the <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairies'</a> <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwife</a>".<a href="#cite_note-oed-elf-lock-110">[110]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a> promoted the idea that elves were diminutive and ethereal. The influence of Shakespeare and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Drayton" title="Michael Drayton">Michael Drayton</a> made the use of elf and fairy for very small beings the norm, and had a lasting effect seen in fairy tales about elves, collected in the modern period.<a href="#cite_note-tolkien1969-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Romantic_movement">The Romantic movement</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erl_king_sterner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Erl_king_sterner.jpg/220px-Erl_king_sterner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Erl_king_sterner.jpg/330px-Erl_king_sterner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Erl_king_sterner.jpg/440px-Erl_king_sterner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Der Erlkönig (c. 1910) by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sterner" title="Albert Sterner">Albert Sterner</a></figcaption></figure> Early modern English notions of elves became influential in eighteenth-century Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Modern_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern German">Modern German</a> Elf (m) and Elfe (f) was introduced as a loan-word from English in the 1740s<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm1883b443-113">[113]</a> and was prominent in <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a>'s 1764 translation of A Midsummer Night's Dream.<a href="#cite_note-kluge-elf-de-114">[114]</a> As <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a> got underway and writers started to seek authentic folklore, Jacob Grimm rejected Elf as a recent Anglicism, and promoted the reuse of the old form Elb (plural Elbe or Elben).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm1883b443-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmGrimm1854–1954s.v._''Elb''-115">[115]</a> In the same vein, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> translated the Danish ballad <a href="/wiki/Elveskud" title="Elveskud">Elveskud</a> in his 1778 collection of folk songs, Stimmen der Völker in Liedern, as "Erlkönigs Tochter" ("The Erl-king's Daughter"; it appears that Herder introduced the term Erlkönig into German through a mis-Germanisation of the Danish word for elf). This in turn inspired Goethe's poem <a href="/wiki/Der_Erlk%C3%B6nig" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Erlkönig">Der Erlkönig</a>. However, Goethe added another new meaning, as the German word "Erle" does not mean "elf", but "black alder" - the poem about the Erlenkönig is set in the area of an alder quarry in the Saale valley in Thuringia. Goethe's poem then took on a life of its own, inspiring the Romantic concept of the <a href="/wiki/Erlking" title="Erlking">Erlking</a>, which was influential on literary images of elves from the nineteenth century on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2014119–135-116">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomtebobarnen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tomtebobarnen.jpg/250px-Tomtebobarnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tomtebobarnen.jpg/330px-Tomtebobarnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Tomtebobarnen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Little älvor, playing with Tomtebobarnen. From Children of the Forest (1910) by Swedish author and illustrator <a href="/wiki/Elsa_Beskow" title="Elsa Beskow">Elsa Beskow</a>.</figcaption></figure> In Scandinavia too, in the nineteenth century, traditions of elves were adapted to include small, insect-winged fairies. These are often called "elves" (älvor in modern Swedish, alfer in Danish, álfar in Icelandic), although the more formal translation in Danish is feer. Thus, the alf found in the fairy tale The Elf of the Rose by Danish author <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a> is so tiny he can have a rose blossom for home, and "wings that reached from his shoulders to his feet". Yet Andersen also wrote about elvere in The Elfin Hill. The elves in this story are more alike those of traditional Danish folklore, who were beautiful females, living in hills and boulders, capable of dancing a man to death. Like the huldra in Norway and Sweden, they are hollow when seen from the back.<a href="#cite_note-erixon-117">[117]</a> English and German literary traditions both influenced the British <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> image of elves, which appeared in illustrations as tiny men and women with <a href="/wiki/Pointy_ears" title="Pointy ears">pointed ears</a> and stocking caps. An example is <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a>'s fairy tale Princess Nobody (1884), illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Doyle_(illustrator)" title="Richard Doyle (illustrator)">Richard Doyle</a>, where fairies are tiny people with <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> wings. In contrast, elves are small people with red stocking caps. These conceptions remained prominent in twentieth-century children's literature, for example <a href="/wiki/Enid_Blyton" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Faraway_Tree" title="The Faraway Tree">The Faraway Tree</a> series, and were influenced by German Romantic literature. Accordingly, in the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> fairy tale <a href="/wiki/The_Elves_and_the_Shoemaker" title="The Elves and the Shoemaker">Die Wichtelmänner</a> (literally, "the little men"), the title protagonists are two tiny naked men who help a shoemaker in his work. Even though Wichtelmänner are akin to beings such as <a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">kobolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (mythology)">dwarves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brownie_(folklore)" title="Brownie (folklore)">brownies</a>, the tale was translated into English by Margaret Hunt in 1884 as <a href="/wiki/The_Elves_and_the_Shoemaker" title="The Elves and the Shoemaker">The Elves and the Shoemaker</a>. This shows how the meanings of elf had changed and was in itself influential: the usage is echoed, for example, in the house-elf of <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> stories. In his turn, J. R. R. Tolkien recommended using the older German form Elb in translations of his works, as recorded in his "<a href="/wiki/Guide_to_the_Names_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings">Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings</a>" (1967). Elb, Elben was consequently introduced in 1972 <a href="/wiki/Translations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Translations of The Lord of the Rings">German translation of The Lord of the Rings</a>, repopularising the form in German.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2014-118">[118]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christmas_elf">Christmas elf</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Christmas elf</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristmasFest_2016_(30822904564).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ChristmasFest_2016_%2830822904564%29.jpg/130px-ChristmasFest_2016_%2830822904564%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ChristmasFest_2016_%2830822904564%29.jpg/195px-ChristmasFest_2016_%2830822904564%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ChristmasFest_2016_%2830822904564%29.jpg/260px-ChristmasFest_2016_%2830822904564%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A person dressed as a Christmas Elf, Virginia, 2016</figcaption></figure> With industrialisation and mass education, traditional folklore about elves waned; however, as the phenomenon of popular culture emerged, elves were re-imagined, in large part based on Romantic literary depictions and associated <a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">medievalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2014-118">[118]</a> As American Christmas traditions crystallized in the nineteenth century, the 1823 poem "<a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a>" (widely known as "'Twas the Night before Christmas") characterized St Nicholas himself as "a right jolly old elf." However, it was his little helpers, inspired partly by folktales like The Elves and the Shoemaker, who became known as "Santa's elves"; the processes through which this came about are not well-understood, but one key figure was a Christmas-related publication by the German-American cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-america-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2014-118">[118]</a> Thus in the US, Canada, UK, and Ireland, the modern children's folklore of Santa Claus typically includes small, nimble, green-clad elves with pointy ears, long noses, and pointy hats, as Santa's helpers. They make the toys in a workshop located in the North Pole.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The role of elves as Santa's helpers has continued to be popular, as evidenced by the success of the popular Christmas movie <a href="/wiki/Elf_(film)" title="Elf (film)">Elf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2014-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fantasy_fiction">Fantasy fiction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elves_in_fiction" title="Elves in fiction">Elves in fiction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poor_little_birdie_teased_by_Richard_Doyle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Poor_little_birdie_teased_by_Richard_Doyle.jpg/220px-Poor_little_birdie_teased_by_Richard_Doyle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Poor_little_birdie_teased_by_Richard_Doyle.jpg/330px-Poor_little_birdie_teased_by_Richard_Doyle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Poor_little_birdie_teased_by_Richard_Doyle.jpg/440px-Poor_little_birdie_teased_by_Richard_Doyle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>19th century illustration of an elf teasing a bird by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Doyle_(illustrator)" title="Richard Doyle (illustrator)">Richard Doyle</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elf_markwoman_by_Kitty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Elf_markwoman_by_Kitty.png/250px-Elf_markwoman_by_Kitty.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Elf_markwoman_by_Kitty.png/330px-Elf_markwoman_by_Kitty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Elf_markwoman_by_Kitty.png/500px-Elf_markwoman_by_Kitty.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a female elf in the high fantasy style. Kitty Polikeit, 2011</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> genre in the twentieth century grew out of nineteenth-century Romanticism, in which nineteenth-century scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a> and the Grimm brothers collected fairy stories from folklore and in some cases retold them freely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergman2011-121">[121]</a> A pioneering work of the fantasy genre was <a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Elfland%27s_Daughter" title="The King of Elfland's Daughter">The King of Elfland's Daughter</a>, a 1924 novel by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunsany" title="Lord Dunsany">Lord Dunsany</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Elf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf (Middle-earth)">Elves of Middle-earth</a> played a central role in <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Tolkien's legendarium</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>; this legendarium was enormously influential on subsequent fantasy writing. Tolkien's writing had such influence that in the 1960s and afterwards, elves speaking an elvish language similar to those in Tolkien's novels became staple non-human characters in <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a> works and in fantasy <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing games</a>. Post-Tolkien fantasy elves (which feature not only in novels but also in role-playing games such as <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a>) are often portrayed as being wiser and more beautiful than humans, with sharper senses and perceptions as well. They are said to be gifted in <a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">magic</a>, mentally sharp and lovers of nature, art, and song. They are often skilled archers. A hallmark of many fantasy elves is their pointed ears.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergman2011-121">[121]</a> In works where elves are the main characters, such as The Silmarillion or Wendy and Richard Pini's comic book series <a href="/wiki/Elfquest" title="Elfquest">Elfquest</a>, elves exhibit a similar range of behaviour to a human cast, distinguished largely by their superhuman physical powers. However, where narratives are more human-centered, as in The Lord of the Rings, elves tend to sustain their role as powerful, sometimes threatening, outsiders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergman2011-121">[121]</a> Despite the obvious fictionality of fantasy novels and games, scholars have found that elves in these works continue to have a subtle role in shaping the real-life identities of their audiences. For example, elves can function to encode real-world racial others in <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Poor-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-cooper-123">[123]</a> or to influence gender norms through literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergman2011215–29-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equivalents_in_non-Germanic_traditions">Equivalents in non-Germanic traditions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyres_vendangeurs_(Amase_en_-_540).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Satyres_vendangeurs_%28Amase_en_-_540%29.JPG/220px-Satyres_vendangeurs_%28Amase_en_-_540%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Satyres_vendangeurs_%28Amase_en_-_540%29.JPG/330px-Satyres_vendangeurs_%28Amase_en_-_540%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Satyres_vendangeurs_%28Amase_en_-_540%29.JPG/440px-Satyres_vendangeurs_%28Amase_en_-_540%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Greek black-figure vase painting depicting dancing <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyrs</a>. A propensity for dancing and making mischief in the woods is among the traits satyrs and elves have in common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007294–5-125">[125]</a></figcaption></figure> Beliefs in humanlike supernatural beings are widespread in human cultures, and many such beings may be referred to as elves in English. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> Elfish beings appear to have been a common characteristic within <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Indo-European mythologies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007292–5,_302–3-126">[126]</a> In the Celtic-speaking regions of north-west Europe, the beings most similar to elves are generally referred to with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Gaelic</a> term <a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200768,_138–40-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2008-128">[128]</a> The equivalent term in modern Welsh is <a href="/wiki/Tylwyth_Teg" title="Tylwyth Teg">Tylwyth Teg</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance-speaking world</a>, beings comparable to elves are widely known by words derived from Latin <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">fata</a> ('fate'), which came into English as <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a>. This word became partly synonymous with elf by the early modern period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200520–21-92">[92]</a> Other names also abound, however, such as the Sicilian <a href="/wiki/Donas_de_fuera" class="mw-redirect" title="Donas de fuera">Donas de fuera</a> ('ladies from outside'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenningsen1990-129">[129]</a> or French bonnes dames ('good ladies').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPócs198913-130">[130]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic-speaking world</a>, the term usually thought most closely equivalent to elf is <a href="/wiki/Haltija" title="Haltija">haltija</a> (in Finnish) or haldaja (Estonian).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeppälahti2011170-131">[131]</a> Meanwhile, an example of an equivalent in the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic-speaking world</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_beings_in_Slavic_religion" title="Supernatural beings in Slavic religion">vila</a> (plural vile) of Serbo-Croatian (and, partly, Slovene) <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">folklore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPócs198914-132">[132]</a> Elves bear some resemblances to the <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyrs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, who were also regarded as woodland-dwelling mischief-makers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007292–5-133">[133]</a> In the Italian region of <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mazap%C3%A9gul" title="Mazapégul">mazapégul</a> are mischievous nocturnal elves who disrupt sleep and torment beautiful young girls.<a href="#cite_note-:0-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Oceania">Asia and Oceania</h3></div> Some scholarship draws parallels between the Arabian tradition of <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a> with the elves of medieval Germanic-language cultures.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Some of the comparisons are quite precise: for example, the root of the word jinn was used in medieval Arabic terms for madness and possession in similar ways to the Old English word ylfig,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> which was derived from elf and also denoted prophetic states of mind implicitly associated with elfish possession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2006242-140">[140]</a> Khmer culture in Cambodia includes the <a href="/wiki/Mrenh_kongveal" title="Mrenh kongveal">Mrenh kongveal</a>, elfish beings associated with guarding animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200559-141">[141]</a> In the Philippines, elves are collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Engkanto" title="Engkanto">Engkanto</a> but are known by various names across different native languages. They are believed to inhabit large trees like the dalakit and kalumpang, which are thought to be their mansions.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Filipinos respect these beings, seeking permission before picking fruit or cutting trees. Elves can cause mischief, such as throwing dust into trespassers’ eyes or causing illness. Some, like the kiba-an, steal hair or food but can be warded off through rituals.Legends tell of tall, fair-skinned <a href="/wiki/Dalaketnon" title="Dalaketnon">dalakitnon</a> elves who blend with humans<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Engkanto are mystical spirits in Filipino folklore that can take human or animal form. They are linked to ancestors, nature spirits, and mythical beings like elves and sirens. The term comes from the Spanish encanto (enchantment), used to describe the diverse supernatural entities in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Some Engkanto live independently and interact with humans, even becoming spirit guides (abyan). They can befriend or harm people—bringing luck, madness, or illness. They are believed to dwell in nature, especially large trees like the <a href="/wiki/Balete_tree" title="Balete tree">balete</a>, and sometimes take humans as lovers, leading to legends of unusual births.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Engkanto vary in appearance, with some being strikingly beautiful, having fair skin, blue eyes, or golden hair, while others appear eerie or monstrous. Some, like the itim na engkanto, are malevolent and stalk humans. They can lead travelers astray, cause fevers, or even abduct people. To ward them off, Filipinos carry protective charms called anting-anting or <a href="/wiki/Agimat" title="Agimat">agimat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In the animistic precolonial beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the world can be divided into the material world and the spirit world. All objects, animate or inanimate, have a spirit called (<a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">diwa</a>). Non-human diwa are known as <a href="/wiki/Anito#Diwata_Nature_spirits_and_deities" title="Anito">diwata</a>, usually euphemistically referred to as dili ingon nato ('those unlike us'). They inhabit natural features like mountains, forests, old trees, caves, reefs, etc., as well as personify abstract concepts and natural phenomena. They are similar to elves in that they can be helpful or hateful but are usually indifferent to mortals. They can be mischievous and cause unintentional harm to humans, but they can also deliberately cause illnesses and misfortunes when disrespected or angered. Spanish colonizers equated them with elves and fairy folklore.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orang_bunian" title="Orang bunian">Orang bunian</a> are supernatural beings in <a href="/wiki/Malay_folklore" title="Malay folklore">Malaysian, Bruneian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesian folklore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> invisible to most humans except those with spiritual sight. While the term is often translated as "elves", it literally translates to "hidden people" or "whistling people". Their appearance is nearly identical to humans dressed in an ancient <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> style. In Māori culture, <a href="/wiki/Patupaiarehe" title="Patupaiarehe">Patupaiarehe</a> are beings similar to European elves and fairies.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_reality">Relationship with reality</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reality_and_perception">Reality and perception</h3></div> Elves have in many times and places been believed to be real beings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20078–9-152">[152]</a> Where enough people have believed in the reality of elves that those beliefs then had real effects in the world, they can be understood as part of people's <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a>, and as a <a href="/wiki/Social_reality" title="Social reality">social reality</a>: a thing which, like the exchange value of a dollar bill or the sense of pride stirred up by a national flag, is real because of people's beliefs rather than as an objective reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20078–9-152">[152]</a> Accordingly, beliefs about elves and their social functions have varied over time and space.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Even in the twenty-first century, fantasy stories about elves have been argued both to reflect and to shape their audiences' understanding of the real world.<a href="#cite_note-Poor-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergman2011215–29-124">[124]</a> Over time, people have attempted to <a href="/wiki/Demythologization" title="Demythologization">demythologise</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">rationalise</a> beliefs in elves in various ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20076–9-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integration_into_Christian_cosmologies">Integration into Christian cosmologies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_I;_Daemonologie,_in_forme_of_a_dialogue._Title_page._Wellcome_M0014280.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/James_I%3B_Daemonologie%2C_in_forme_of_a_dialogue._Title_page._Wellcome_M0014280.jpg/250px-James_I%3B_Daemonologie%2C_in_forme_of_a_dialogue._Title_page._Wellcome_M0014280.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/James_I%3B_Daemonologie%2C_in_forme_of_a_dialogue._Title_page._Wellcome_M0014280.jpg/330px-James_I%3B_Daemonologie%2C_in_forme_of_a_dialogue._Title_page._Wellcome_M0014280.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/James_I%3B_Daemonologie%2C_in_forme_of_a_dialogue._Title_page._Wellcome_M0014280.jpg/500px-James_I%3B_Daemonologie%2C_in_forme_of_a_dialogue._Title_page._Wellcome_M0014280.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="3998" /></a><figcaption>Title page of Daemonologie by <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>. It tried to explain traditional Scottish beliefs in terms of Christian scholarship.</figcaption></figure> Beliefs about elves have their origins before the <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">conversion to Christianity</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of northwest Europe. For this reason, belief in elves has, from the Middle Ages through into recent scholarship, often been labelled "<a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a>" and a "<a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a>." However, almost all surviving textual sources about elves were produced by Christians (whether Anglo-Saxon monks, medieval Icelandic poets, early modern ballad-singers, nineteenth-century folklore collectors, or even twentieth-century fantasy authors). Attested beliefs about elves, therefore, need to be understood as part of <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic-speakers' Christian culture</a> and not merely a relic of their <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">pre-Christian religion</a>. Accordingly, investigating the relationship between beliefs in elves and <a href="/wiki/Christian_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian cosmology">Christian cosmology</a> has been a preoccupation of scholarship about elves both in early times and modern research.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Historically, people have taken three main approaches to integrate elves into Christian cosmology, all of which are found widely across time and space: <ul><li>Identifying elves with the <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> of Judaeo-Christian-Mediterranean tradition.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> For example: <ul><li>In English-language material: in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prayer_Book" title="Royal Prayer Book">Royal Prayer Book</a> from c. 900, elf appears as a <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a> for "Satan".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200771–72-157">[157]</a> In the late-fourteenth-century <a href="/wiki/The_Wife_of_Bath%27s_Tale" title="The Wife of Bath's Tale">Wife of Bath's Tale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> equates male elves with <a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">incubi</a> (demons which rape sleeping women).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007162-158">[158]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">early modern Scottish witchcraft trials</a>, witnesses' descriptions of encounters with elves were often interpreted by prosecutors as encounters with the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200530–32-159">[159]</a></li> <li>In medieval Iceland, <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a> of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">ljósálfar and dökkálfar</a> ('light-elves and dark-elves'), the ljósálfar living in the heavens and the dökkálfar under the earth. The consensus of modern scholarship is that Snorri's elves are based on angels and demons of Christian cosmology.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-51">[51]</a></li> <li>Elves appear as demonic forces widely in medieval and early modern English, German, and Scandinavian prayers.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-schulz-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Viewing elves as being more or less like people and more or less outside Christian cosmology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007172–175-163">[163]</a> The Icelanders who copied the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a> did not explicitly try to integrate elves into Christian thought. Likewise, the early modern Scottish people who confessed to encountering elves seem not to have thought of themselves as having dealings with the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>. Nineteenth-century Icelandic folklore about <a href="/wiki/Hulduf%C3%B3lk" title="Huldufólk">elves</a> mostly presents them as a human agricultural community parallel to the visible human community, which may or may not be Christian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005161–68-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-alver&selberg-165">[165]</a> It is possible that stories were sometimes told from this perspective as a political act, to subvert the dominance of the Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngwersen199583–89-166">[166]</a></li> <li>Integrating elves into Christian cosmology without identifying them as demons.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-167">[167]</a> The most striking examples are serious theological treatises: the Icelandic Tíðfordrif (1644) by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Gu%C3%B0mundsson_l%C3%A6r%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Jón Guðmundsson lærði">Jón Guðmundsson lærði</a> or, in Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kirk_(folklorist)" title="Robert Kirk (folklorist)">Robert Kirk</a>'s Secret Commonwealth of Elves, Fauns, and Fairies (1691). This approach also appears in the Old English poem <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, which lists elves among the races springing from <a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain's murder of Abel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200769–74-168">[168]</a> The late thirteenth-century <a href="/wiki/South_English_Legendary" class="mw-redirect" title="South English Legendary">South English Legendary</a> and some Icelandic folktales explain elves as angels that sided neither with <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> nor with God and were banished by God to earth rather than hell. One famous Icelandic folktale explains elves as the lost children of Eve.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demythologising_elves_as_indigenous_peoples">Demythologising elves as indigenous peoples</h3></div> Some nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholars attempted to rationalise beliefs in elves as folk memories of lost indigenous peoples. Since belief in supernatural beings is ubiquitous in human cultures, scholars no longer believe such explanations are valid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence194653–64,_115–131-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurkiss20005–7-171">[171]</a> Research has shown, however, that stories about elves have often been used as a way for people to think <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorically</a> about real-life ethnic others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200747–53-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-tangherlini-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poor-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demythologising_elves_as_people_with_illness_or_disability">Demythologising elves as people with illness or disability</h3></div> Scholars have at times also tried to explain beliefs in elves as being inspired by people suffering certain kinds of illnesses (such as <a href="/wiki/Williams_syndrome" title="Williams syndrome">Williams syndrome</a>).<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Elves were certainly often seen as a cause of illness, and indeed the English word oaf seems to have originated as a form of elf: the word elf came to mean '<a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">changeling</a> left by an elf' and then, because changelings were noted for their failure to thrive, to its modern sense 'a fool, a stupid person; a large, clumsy man or boy'.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> However, it again seems unlikely that the origin of beliefs in elves itself is to be explained by people's encounters with objectively real people affected by disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20077–8-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Svartálfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> For discussion of a previous formulation of this sentence, see <a href="#CITEREFJakobsson2015">Jakobsson (2015)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Phonology. 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Arv: Tidskrift för Nordisk Folkminnesforskning. 29–30: 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arv%3A+Tidskrift+f%C3%B6r+Nordisk+Folkminnesforskning&rft.atitle=Of+Elves+and+Dwarves&rft.volume=29%E2%80%9330&rft.pages=99&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Motz&rft.aufirst=Lotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheathen.vuya.net%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F1973%2520Of%2520Elves%2520and%2520Dwarves%2520%28Motz%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200440-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200440_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall (2004)</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJakobsson2006">Jakobsson (2006)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 39–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÞorgeirsson201150–52-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÞorgeirsson201150–52_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÞorgeirsson2011">Þorgeirsson (2011)</a>, pp. 50–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007133–34-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2007133–34_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 133–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobsson2006231-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobsson2006231_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobsson2006231_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJakobsson2006">Jakobsson (2006)</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolley2009vol._I,_pp._217–218-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolley2009vol._I,_pp._217–218_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTolley2009">Tolley (2009)</a>, vol. I, pp. 217–218. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJakobsson2006">Jakobsson (2006)</a>, pp. 231–232; <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 26–27; <a href="#CITEREFTolley2009">Tolley (2009)</a>, vol. I, pp. 218–219. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/viking/001_02.php">The Saga of Thorstein, Viking's Son</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050414154443/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/viking/001_02.php">Archived</a> 14 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Old Norse original: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snerpa.is/net/forn/thorstei.htm">Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar</a>). Chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-ashman_rowe-72"><a href="#cite_ref-ashman_rowe_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshman_Rowe2010" class="citation cs2">Ashman Rowe, Elizabeth (2010), Arnold, Martin; Finlay, Alison (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/fornaldarsogur.pdf#page=9">"Sǫgubrot af fornkonungum: : Mythologised History for Late Thirteenth-century Iceland"</a> (PDF), Making History: Essays on the Fornaldarsögur, Viking Society for Northern Research, pp. 11–12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Making+History%3A+Essays+on+the+Fornaldars%C3%B6gur&rft.atitle=S%C7%ABgubrot+af+fornkonungum%3A+%3A+Mythologised+History+for+Late+Thirteenth-century+Iceland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ashman+Rowe&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk%2Ffornaldarsogur.pdf%23page%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobsson2006232-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobsson2006232_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJakobsson2006">Jakobsson (2006)</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÞorgeirsson201152–54-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÞorgeirsson201152–54_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÞorgeirsson2011">Þorgeirsson (2011)</a>, pp. 52–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-skjold-75"><a href="#cite_ref-skjold_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlrik1894" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Axel_Olrik" title="Axel Olrik">Olrik, Axel</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1894a95aarbger00norduoft/page/n137/mode/2up">"Skjoldungasaga in Arngrim Jonssons Udtog"</a>. Aarbøger for nordisk oldkyndighed og historie: 130–131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aarb%C3%B8ger+for+nordisk+oldkyndighed+og+historie&rft.atitle=Skjoldungasaga+in+Arngrim+Jonssons+Udtog&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Olrik&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1894a95aarbger00norduoft%2Fpage%2Fn137%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007132–33-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2007132–33_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 132–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÞorgeirsson201154–58-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÞorgeirsson201154–58_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÞorgeirsson2011">Þorgeirsson (2011)</a>, pp. 54–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-simek2011-78"><a href="#cite_ref-simek2011_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimek2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Simek, Rudolf</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGPl11DewwgC&pg=PA25">"Elves and Exorcism: Runic and Other Lead Amulets in Medieval Popular Religion"</a>. In Anlezark, Daniel (ed.). Myths, Legends, and Heroes: Essays on Old Norse and Old English Literature in Honour of John McKinnell. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 25–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9947-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9947-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-9947-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elves+and+Exorcism%3A+Runic+and+Other+Lead+Amulets+in+Medieval+Popular+Religion&rft.btitle=Myths%2C+Legends%2C+and+Heroes%3A+Essays+on+Old+Norse+and+Old+English+Literature+in+Honour+of+John+McKinnell&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9947-1&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGPl11DewwgC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> "Naturgott oder -dämon, den Faunen der antiken Mythologie gleichgesetzt ... er gilt als gespenstisches, heimtückisches Wesen ... als Nachtmahr spielt er den Frauen mit"; <a href="#CITEREFKarg-GasterstädtFrings1968">Karg-Gasterstädt & Frings (1968)</a>, s.v. alb. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1994-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1994_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1994_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards1994">Edwards (1994)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199416–17,_at_17-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199416–17,_at_17_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards1994">Edwards (1994)</a>, pp. 16–17, at 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm1883b463-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimm1883b463_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1883b">Grimm (1883b)</a>, p. 463. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> In Lexer's Middle High German dictionary under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woerterbuchnetz.de/Lexer/?sigle=Lexer&mode=Vernetzung&lemid=LA00984">alp, alb</a> is an example: Pf. arzb. 2 14b= <a href="#CITEREFPfeiffer1863">Pfeiffer (1863)</a>, p. 44 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfeiffer1863" class="citation book cs1">Pfeiffer, F. (1863). "Arzenîbuch 2= Bartholomäus" (Mitte 13. Jh.)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I0QSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA44">Zwei deutsche Arzneibücher aus dem 12. und 13. Jh</a>. Wien.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arzen%C3%AEbuch+2%3D+Bartholom%C3%A4us%22+%28Mitte+13.+Jh.%29&rft.btitle=Zwei+deutsche+Arzneib%C3%BCcher+aus+dem+12.+und+13.+Jh.&rft.place=Wien&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Pfeiffer&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI0QSAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)): "Swen der alp triuget, rouchet er sich mit der verbena, ime enwirret als pald niht;" meaning: 'When an alp deceives you, fumigate yourself with <a href="/wiki/Verbena" title="Verbena">verbena</a> and the confusion will soon be gone'. The editor glosses alp here as "malicious, teasing spirit" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: boshafter neckende geist) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199413-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199413_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards1994">Edwards (1994)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199417-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199417_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards1994">Edwards (1994)</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007125–26-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2007125–26_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 125–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199421–22-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199421–22_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards1994">Edwards (1994)</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotz1983esp._pp._23–66-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotz1983esp._pp._23–66_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotz1983">Motz (1983)</a>, esp. pp. 23–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-weston-89"><a href="#cite_ref-weston_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeston1903" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Weston_(scholar)" title="Jessie Weston (scholar)">Weston, Jessie Laidlay</a> (1903), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OdBNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA144">The legends of the Wagner drama: studies in mythology and romance</a>, C. Scribner's sons, p. 144</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+legends+of+the+Wagner+drama%3A+studies+in+mythology+and+romance&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+sons&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Weston&rft.aufirst=Jessie+Laidlay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOdBNAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm1883b453-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimm1883b453_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1883b">Grimm (1883b)</a>, p. 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1803266-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1803266_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott1803">Scott (1803)</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200520–21-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200520–21_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200520–21_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2005">Hall (2005)</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergman201162–74-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergman201162–74_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergman201162–74_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergman2011">Bergman (2011)</a>, pp. 62–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendersonCowan2001-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendersonCowan2001_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHendersonCowan2001">Henderson & Cowan (2001)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2014199–251-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2014199–251_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2014199–251_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2014199–251_95-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2014">Taylor (2014)</a>, pp. 199–251. </li> <li id="cite_note-olrik-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olrik_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olrik_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO[lrik]1915–1930" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Axel_Olrik" title="Axel Olrik">O[lrik], A[xel]</a> (1915–1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/7/0143.html">"Elverfolk"</a>. In Blangstrup, Chr.; et al. (eds.). Salmonsens konversationsleksikon. Vol. VII (2nd ed.). pp. 133–136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elverfolk&rft.btitle=Salmonsens+konversationsleksikon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1915%2F1930&rft.aulast=O%5Blrik%5D&rft.aufirst=A%5Bxel%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsalmonsen%2F2%2F7%2F0143.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-He-1-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-He-1_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-He-1_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-He-1_97-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHellström1990" class="citation book cs1">Hellström, Anne Marie (1990). En Krönika om Åsbro. Libris. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7194-726-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7194-726-0"><bdi>978-91-7194-726-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=En+Kr%C3%B6nika+om+%C3%85sbro&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Libris&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-91-7194-726-0&rft.aulast=Hellstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Anne+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> For the Swedish belief in älvor see mainly <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchön1986" class="citation book cs1">Schön, Ebbe (1986). "De fagra flickorna på ängen". Älvor, vättar och andra väsen. Rabben & Sjogren. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-29-57688-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-29-57688-7"><bdi>978-91-29-57688-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+fagra+flickorna+p%C3%A5+%C3%A4ngen&rft.btitle=%C3%84lvor%2C+v%C3%A4ttar+och+andra+v%C3%A4sen&rft.pub=Rabben+%26+Sjogren&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-91-29-57688-7&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6n&rft.aufirst=Ebbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, pp. 78–. Chapter: "Scandinavia: Elves" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2014-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2014_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2014_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2014">Taylor (2014)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Lilla Rosa och Långa Leda". Svenska folksagor [Swedish Folktales] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell Förlag AB. 1984. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lilla+Rosa+och+L%C3%A5nga+Leda&rft.btitle=Svenska+folksagor&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Almquist+%26+Wiksell+F%C3%B6rlag+AB&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2014264–66-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2014264–66_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2014">Taylor (2014)</a>, pp. 264–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-alvkors-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alvkors_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvkors_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvkors_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvkors_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvkors_103-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvkors_103-5">f</a> The article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfba/0313.html">Alfkors</a> in Nordisk familjebok (1904). </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207065640/http://www.novatoadvance.com/articles/2007/10/24/novato_living/doc471fb91b8f622734769663.txt">"Novatoadvance.com, Chasing waterfalls ... and elves"</a>. Novatoadvance.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novatoadvance.com/articles/2007/10/24/novato_living/doc471fb91b8f622734769663.txt">the original</a> on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novatoadvance.com%2C+Chasing+waterfalls+...+and+elves&rft.pub=Novatoadvance.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novatoadvance.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F10%2F24%2Fnovato_living%2Fdoc471fb91b8f622734769663.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206061839/http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=40764&ew_0_a_id=290137">"Icelandreview.com, Iceland Still Believes in Elves and Ghosts"</a>. Icelandreview.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=40764&ew_0_a_id=290137">the original</a> on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Icelandreview.com%2C+Iceland+Still+Believes+in+Elves+and+Ghosts&rft.pub=Icelandreview.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icelandreview.com%2Ficelandreview%2Fdaily_news%2F%3Fcat_id%3D40764%26ew_0_a_id%3D290137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hafstein-106"><a href="#cite_ref-hafstein_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHafstein2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Valdimar_Tr._Hafstein" title="Valdimar Tr. Hafstein">Hafstein, Valdimar Tr.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/folkloristiikka/English/RMN/RMN%20Newsletter%20DECEMBER%202010.pdf">"The Elves' Point of View Cultural Identity in Contemporary Icelandic Elf-Tradition"</a> (PDF). Fabula. 41 (1–2): 87–104 (quoting p. 93). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Ffabl.2000.41.1-2.87">10.1515/fabl.2000.41.1-2.87</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162055463">162055463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fabula&rft.atitle=The+Elves%27+Point+of+View+Cultural+Identity+in+Contemporary+Icelandic+Elf-Tradition&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=87-104+%28quoting+p.+93%29&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Ffabl.2000.41.1-2.87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162055463%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hafstein&rft.aufirst=Valdimar+Tr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Ffolkloristiikka%2FEnglish%2FRMN%2FRMN%2520Newsletter%2520DECEMBER%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2015-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2015_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2015">Hall (2015)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-tangherlini-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tangherlini_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tangherlini_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTangherlini1995" class="citation journal cs1">Tangherlini, Timothy R. (1995). "From Trolls to Turks: Continuity and Change in Danish Legend Tradition". Scandinavian Studies. 67 (1): 32–62. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40919729">40919729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Trolls+to+Turks%3A+Continuity+and+Change+in+Danish+Legend+Tradition&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40919729%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tangherlini&rft.aufirst=Timothy+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988">; cf. <a href="#CITEREFIngwersen1995">Ingwersen (1995)</a>, pp. 78–79, 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley185057-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley185057_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-elf-lock-110"><a href="#cite_ref-oed-elf-lock_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/">"elf-lock"</a>, Oxford English Dictionary, OED Online (2 ed.), Oxford University Press, 1989</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=elf-lock&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988">; "Rom. & Jul. I, iv, 90 Elf-locks" is the oldest example of the use of the phrase given by the OED. </li> <li id="cite_note-tolkien1969-111"><a href="#cite_ref-tolkien1969_111-0">^</a> Tolkien, J. R. R., (1969) [1947], "On Fairy-Stories", in Tree and Leaf, Oxford, pp. 4–7 (3–83). (First publ. in Essays Presented to Charles Williams, Oxford, 1947.) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThun1969" class="citation journal cs1">Thun, Nils (1969). "The Malignant Elves: Notes on Anglo-Saxon Magic and Germanic Myth". Studia Neophilologica. 41 (2): 378–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00393276908587447">10.1080/00393276908587447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Neophilologica&rft.atitle=The+Malignant+Elves%3A+Notes+on+Anglo-Saxon+Magic+and+Germanic+Myth&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E378-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00393276908587447&rft.aulast=Thun&rft.aufirst=Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm1883b443-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimm1883b443_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimm1883b443_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1883b">Grimm (1883b)</a>, p. 443. </li> <li id="cite_note-kluge-elf-de-114"><a href="#cite_ref-kluge-elf-de_114-0">^</a> "Die aufnahme des Wortes knüpft an Wielands Übersetzung von Shakespeares Sommernachtstraum 1764 und and Herders Voklslieder 1774 (Werke 25, 42) an"; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKluge1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kluge" title="Friedrich Kluge">Kluge, Friedrich</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymologischesw09kluggoog">Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache</a> (6th ed.). Strassbourg: K. J. Trübner. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymologischesw09kluggoog/page/n124">93</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+deutschen+Sprache&rft.place=Strassbourg&rft.pages=93&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=K.+J.+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Kluge&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetymologischesw09kluggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmGrimm1854–1954s.v._''Elb''-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmGrimm1854–1954s.v._''Elb''_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmGrimm1854–1954">Grimm & Grimm (1854–1954)</a>, s.v. Elb. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2014119–135-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2014119–135_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2014">Taylor (2014)</a>, pp. 119–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-erixon-117"><a href="#cite_ref-erixon_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErixon1961" class="citation cs2">Erixon, Sigurd (1961), Hultkrantz, Åke (ed.), "Some Examples of Popular Conceptions of Sprites and other Elementals in Sweden during the 19th Century", The Supernatural Owners of Nature: Nordic Symposion on the Religious Conceptions of Ruling Spirits (genii locii, genii speciei) and Allied Concepts, Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion, 1, Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, p. 34 (34–37)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Supernatural+Owners+of+Nature%3A+Nordic+Symposion+on+the+Religious+Conceptions+of+Ruling+Spirits+%28genii+locii%2C+genii+speciei%29+and+Allied+Concepts&rft.atitle=Some+Examples+of+Popular+Conceptions+of+Sprites+and+other+Elementals+in+Sweden+during+the+19th+Century&rft.pages=34+%2834-37%29&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Erixon&rft.aufirst=Sigurd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2014-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2014_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2014_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2014_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2014_118-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2014">Hall (2014)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-america-119"><a href="#cite_ref-america_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRestad1996" class="citation book cs1">Restad, Penne L. 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Retrieved 2 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Romagnolo&rft.atitle=E%27+Mazap%C3%A9gul&rft.date=2021-02-05&rft.aulast=Cuda&rft.aufirst=Grazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filromagnolo.info%2Frubriche%2Ftradizioni%2Fe-mazapegul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> E.g. 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Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-135-4"><bdi>978-971-550-135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth+Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHadler2008" class="citation book cs1">Hadler, Jeffrey (9 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9s9bgIXJKk4C&q=bunian+human+social+structures&pg=PA202">Muslims and Matriarchs: Cultural Resilience in Indonesia Through Jihad and ... By Jeffrey Hadler</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801446979" title="Special:BookSources/9780801446979"><bdi>9780801446979</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+Matriarchs%3A+Cultural+Resilience+in+Indonesia+Through+Jihad+and+...+By+Jeffrey+Hadler&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft.isbn=9780801446979&rft.aulast=Hadler&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9s9bgIXJKk4C%26q%3Dbunian%2Bhuman%2Bsocial%2Bstructures%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCowan,_James1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Cowan_(New_Zealand_writer)" title="James Cowan (New Zealand writer)">Cowan, James</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-CowFair.html">Fairy Folk Tales of the Maori</a>. New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Whitcombe_and_Tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitcombe and Tombs">Whitcombe and Tombs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairy+Folk+Tales+of+the+Maori&rft.place=New+Zealand&rft.pub=Whitcombe+and+Tombs&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Cowan%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-CowFair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20078–9-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall20078–9_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall20078–9_152-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJakobsson2006">Jakobsson (2006)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJakobsson2015">Jakobsson (2015)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey (2005)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 16–17, 230–231; <a href="#CITEREFGunnell2007">Gunnell (2007)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20076–9-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall20076–9_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 6–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJolly1996">Jolly (1996)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey (2005)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGreen2016">Green (2016)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> e.g. <a href="#CITEREFJolly1992">Jolly (1992)</a>, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200771–72-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200771–72_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007162-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2007162_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200530–32-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200530–32_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2005">Hall (2005)</a>, pp. 30–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 69–74, 106 n. 48 & 122 on English evidence </li> <li id="cite_note-schulz-161"><a href="#cite_ref-schulz_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, p. 98, fn. 10 and <a href="#CITEREFSchulz2000">Schulz (2000)</a>, pp. 62–85 on German evidence. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÞorgeirsson2011">Þorgeirsson (2011)</a>, pp. 54–58 on Icelandic evidence. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007172–175-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2007172–175_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 172–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005161–68-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005161–68_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey (2005)</a>, pp. 161–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-alver&selberg-165"><a href="#cite_ref-alver&selberg_165-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bente_Gullveig_Alver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bente Gullveig Alver (page does not exist)">Alver, Bente Gullveig</a> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bente_Gullveig_Alver" class="extiw" title="no:Bente Gullveig Alver">no</a>]; Selberg, Torunn (1987),'Folk Medicine as Part of a Larger Concept Complex', Arv, 43: 21–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngwersen199583–89-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngwersen199583–89_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIngwersen1995">Ingwersen (1995)</a>, pp. 83–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey (2005)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200769–74-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200769–74_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 69–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, p. 75; <a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey (2005)</a>, pp. 174, 185–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence194653–64,_115–131-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence194653–64,_115–131_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence1946">Spence (1946)</a>, pp. 53–64, 115–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurkiss20005–7-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurkiss20005–7_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurkiss2000">Purkiss (2000)</a>, pp. 5–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200747–53-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200747–53_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 47–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestfahlSlusser1999" class="citation book cs1">Westfahl, Gary; Slusser, George Edgar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lrdhYWzpSDkC&pg=PA153">Nursery Realms: Children in the Worlds of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror</a>. University of Georgia Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820321448" title="Special:BookSources/9780820321448"><bdi>9780820321448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nursery+Realms%3A+Children+in+the+Worlds+of+Science+Fiction%2C+Fantasy%2C+and+Horror&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780820321448&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Slusser%2C+George+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlrdhYWzpSDkC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/129456">oaf, n.1.</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]", "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/13053">auf(e, n.</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]" , OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018. Accessed 1 September 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20077–8-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall20077–8_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall (2007)</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÞorgeirsson2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Þorgeirsson, Haukur (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hi.is/~haukurth/Haukur_2011_Alfar_Son.pdf">"Álfar í gömlum kveðskap"</a> (PDF). Són (in Icelandic). 9: 49–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=%C3%81lfar+%C3%AD+g%C3%B6mlum+kve%C3%B0skap&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=%C3%9Eorgeirsson&rft.aufirst=Haukur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhi.is%2F~haukurth%2FHaukur_2011_Alfar_Son.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergman2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Bergman, Jenni (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55478/">The Significant Other: A Literary History of Elves</a> (PhD). University of Cardiff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Significant+Other%3A+A+Literary+History+of+Elves&rft.inst=University+of+Cardiff&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Jenni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forca.cf.ac.uk%2F55478%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarlyle1788" class="citation journal cs1">Carlyle, Alexander, ed. (1788). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uytFAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA68">"An Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands. Written by the late William Collins"</a>. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. i: 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=An+Ode+on+the+Popular+Superstitions+of+the+Highlands.+Written+by+the+late+William+Collins&rft.volume=i&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuytFAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDumézil1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Dumézil, Georges</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DZIeNMgZhRwC">Gods of the Ancient Northmen</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DZIeNMgZhRwC/page/n46">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02044-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02044-3"><bdi>978-0-520-02044-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+of+the+Ancient+Northmen&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02044-3&rft.aulast=Dum%C3%A9zil&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_DZIeNMgZhRwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1994" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Cyril (1994). Thomas, Neil (ed.). Heinrich von Morungen and the Fairy-Mistress Theme. Lewiston, N. Y.: Mellen. pp. 13–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich+von+Morungen+and+the+Fairy-Mistress+Theme&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+N.+Y.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Mellen&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Richard Firth (2003). "Changing Chaucer". Studies in the Age of Chaucer. 25: 27–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsac.2003.0047">10.1353/sac.2003.0047</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201747051">201747051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Age+of+Chaucer&rft.atitle=Changing+Chaucer&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsac.2003.0047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201747051%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Richard+Firth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2016" class="citation book cs1">Green, Richard Firth (2016). Elf Queens and Holy Friars: Fairy Beliefs and the Medieval Church. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elf+Queens+and+Holy+Friars%3A+Fairy+Beliefs+and+the+Medieval+Church&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Richard+Firth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimmGrimm1854–1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Grimm, Jacob</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Grimm, Wilhelm</a> (1854–1954). Deutsches Wörterbuch. 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Watts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Fairy+Origins&rft.pub=Watts&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.77103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Taylor, Lynda (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8759/">The Cultural Significance of Elves in Northern European Balladry</a> (PhD). University of Leeds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Cultural+Significance+of+Elves+in+Northern+European+Balladry&rft.inst=University+of+Leeds&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F8759%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolley2009" class="citation book cs1">Tolley, Clive (2009). Shamanism in Norse Myth and Magic. Folklore Fellows' Communications. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica. pp. 296–297, 2 volumes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamanism+in+Norse+Myth+and+Magic&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.series=Folklore+Fellows%27+Communications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.pub=Academia+Scientiarum+Fennica&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tolley&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin Litchfield</a> (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928075-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928075-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+Litchfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElf" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elves" title="Template:Elves"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elves" title="Template talk:Elves"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elves" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elves"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elves127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elves</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic folklore">Germanic folklore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Types of elves</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alp_(folklore)" title="Alp (folklore)">Alp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hulduf%C3%B3lk" title="Huldufólk">Huldufólk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Svartálfar</a></dd> <dt>Notable elves</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elegast" title="Elegast">Elegast</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erlking" title="Erlking">Erlking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Elphame" title="Queen of Elphame">Queen of Elphame</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith#Völundarkviða" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></dd> <dt>Figures associated with</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alberich" title="Alberich">Alberich</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Halga#Hrólfr_Kraki's_saga" title="Halga">Helgi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hagen_(legend)" title="Hagen (legend)">Högni</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skuld_(princess)" title="Skuld (princess)">Skuld</a></dd> <dt>Locations</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfheimr" title="Álfheimr">Álfheimr</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0avellir" title="Niðavellir">Niðavellir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Svartálfaheimr</a></dd> <dt>Phenomena</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfr%C3%B6%C3%B0ull" title="Álfröðull">Álfröðull</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elfshot" title="Elfshot">Elf-arrow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fairy-lock" title="Fairy-lock">Elf-locks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elfshot" title="Elfshot">Elfshot</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elf</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf (Middle-earth)">Tolkien's Middle-earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">Sundering of the Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrimbor" title="Celebrimbor">Celebrimbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finw%C3%AB_and_M%C3%ADriel" title="Finwë and Míriel">Finwë and Míriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li></ul></li> <li>Half-elves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arwen" title="Arwen">Arwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil_and_Elwing" title="Eärendil and Elwing">Eärendil and Elwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingolfin" title="Fingolfin">Fingolfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil-galad" title="Gil-galad">Gil-galad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuor_and_Idril" title="Tuor and Idril">Idril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legolas" title="Legolas">Legolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAthien_and_Beren" title="Lúthien and Beren">Lúthien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingol" title="Thingol">Thingol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thranduil" title="Thranduil">Thranduil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Other modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_fiction" title="Elves in fiction">Elves in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Christmas elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Elf_School" title="Icelandic Elf School">Icelandic Elf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_elf" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine elf">Machine elf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5" title="Rå">Rå</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hulder" title="Hulder">Hulder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Wieven" title="Witte Wieven">Witte Wieven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dames_blanches" title="Dames blanches">Dames blanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fe_Frauen" title="Weiße Frauen">Weiße Frauen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fairies_in_folklore206" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F2C1D1;;background: #F2C1D1;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fairies" title="Template:Fairies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fairies" title="Template talk:Fairies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fairies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fairies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fairies_in_folklore206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Fairies</a> in folklore</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2C1D1;"><div><a href="/wiki/Classifications_of_fairies" title="Classifications of fairies">Classifications of fairies</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2C1D1;;width:1%;background: #F2C1D1;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfheimr" title="Álfheimr">Álfheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_sacred_trees" title="Celtic sacred trees">Celtic sacred trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">Changeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfshot" title="Elfshot">Elfshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy-lock" title="Fairy-lock">Fairy-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_riding" title="Fairy riding">Fairy riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_tales" title="List of fairy tales">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Tale_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy Tale (color)">Fairy Tale (color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_loci" title="Genius loci">Genius loci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_deity" title="Household deity">Household deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_grass" title="Hungry grass">Hungry grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">Ifrit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri">Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature spirit">Nature spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">Tutelary deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_spirit" title="Water spirit">Water spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2C1D1;;width:1%;background: #F2C1D1;">Abodes and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_fort" title="Fairy fort">Fairy fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairyland" title="Fairyland">Fairyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_path" title="Fairy path">Fairy path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_ring" title="Fairy ring">Fairy ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FADBEB;;background: #F8D2E2;"><div id="Attested_fairies31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Attested fairies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhene" title="Adhene">Adhene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aibell" title="Aibell">Aibell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp-luachra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alp-luachra">Alp Luachra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjana_(Cantabrian_mythology)" title="Anjana (Cantabrian mythology)">Anjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí (Aes Sídhe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkan_Sonney" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkan Sonney">Arkan Sonney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asrai" title="Asrai">Asrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baobhan_sith" title="Baobhan sith">Baobhan sith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banshee" title="Banshee">Banshee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barghest" title="Barghest">Barghest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean_nighe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bean nighe">Bean nighe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Blind" title="Billy Blind">Billy Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%B3g" title="Biróg">Biróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Bones" title="Bloody Bones">Bloody Bones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluecap" title="Bluecap">Bluecap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_men_of_the_Minch" title="Blue men of the Minch">Blue men of the Minch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodach" title="Bodach">Bodach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boggart" title="Boggart">Boggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogle" title="Bogle">Bogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boobrie" title="Boobrie">Boobrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brag_(folklore)" title="Brag (folklore)">Brag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownie_(folklore)" title="Brownie (folklore)">Brownie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Man_of_the_Muirs" title="Brown Man of the Muirs">Brown Man of the Muirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucca_(mythological_creature)" title="Bucca (mythological creature)">Bucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggane" title="Buggane">Buggane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugbear" title="Bugbear">Bugbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugul_Noz" title="Bugul Noz">Bugul Noz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caoineag" title="Caoineag">Caoineag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_s%C3%ACth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat sìth">Cat sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B9_S%C3%ACth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cù Sìth">Cù Sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceffyl_D%C5%B5r" title="Ceffyl Dŵr">Ceffyl Dŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%ADodhna" title="Clíodhna">Clíodhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clurichaun" title="Clurichaun">Clurichaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coblynau" class="mw-redirect" title="Coblynau">Coblynau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_pixie" title="Colt pixie">Colt pixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhyraeth" title="Cyhyraeth">Cyhyraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duende_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duende (mythology)">Duende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonside_Dwarfs" title="Simonside Dwarfs">Duergar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullahan" title="Dullahan">Dullahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnie" title="Dunnie">Dunnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Each-uisge" title="Each-uisge">Each-uisge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alp_(folklore)" title="Alp (folklore)">Alp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegast" title="Elegast">Elegast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlking" title="Erlking">Erlking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulduf%C3%B3lk" title="Huldufólk">Huldufólk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Elphame" title="Queen of Elphame">Queen of Elphame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Svartálfar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fachan" title="Fachan">Fachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Queen" title="Fairy Queen">Fairy Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_darrig" title="Far darrig">Fear dearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_gorta" title="Fear gorta">Fear gorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenodyree" title="Fenodyree">Fenodyree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finfolk" title="Finfolk">Finfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvarra" title="Finvarra">Finvarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuath" title="Fuath">Fuath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gancanagh" title="Gancanagh">Gancanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_Dhu" title="Ghillie Dhu">Ghillie Dhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaistig" title="Glaistig">Glaistig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glashtyn" title="Glashtyn">Glashtyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groac%27h" title="Groac'h">Groac'h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindylow" title="Grindylow">Grindylow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwragedd_Annwn" title="Gwragedd Annwn">Gwragedd Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyllion" title="Gwyllion">Gwyllion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_ap_Nudd" title="Gwyn ap Nudd">Gwyn ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habetrot" title="Habetrot">Habetrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">Hag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltija" title="Haltija">Haltija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hedley_Kow" title="The Hedley Kow">The Hedley Kow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Heinzelmännchen">Heinzelmännchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzelmann" title="Hinzelmann">Hinzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hob_(folklore)" title="Hob (folklore)">Hob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbididance" title="Hobbididance">Hobbididance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6dekin" title="Hödekin">Hödekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannic-ann-%C3%B4d" title="Iannic-ann-ôd">Iannic-ann-ôd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack-o%27-lantern" title="Jack-o'-lantern">Jack-o'-lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_o%27_the_bowl" title="Jack o' the bowl">Jack o' the bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Greenteeth" title="Jenny Greenteeth">Jenny Greenteeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_the_Wad" title="Joan the Wad">Joan the Wad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-eater" title="Joint-eater">Joint-eater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelpie" title="Kelpie">Kelpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmoulis" title="Kilmoulis">Kilmoulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocker_(folklore)" title="Knocker (folklore)">Knocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knucker" title="Knucker">Knucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korrigan" title="Korrigan">Korrigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady of the Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_Laurence" title="Lazy Laurence">Lazy Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanan_s%C3%ADdhe" title="Leanan sídhe">Leanan sídhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubber_fiend" title="Lubber fiend">Lubber fiend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutin" title="Lutin">Lutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ly_Erg" title="Ly Erg">Ly Erg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">M–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_the_fairy" title="Margot the fairy">Margot the fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggy_Moulach" title="Maggy Moulach">Meg Mullach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrow" title="Merrow">Merrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooinjer_veggey" title="Mooinjer veggey">Mooinjer veggey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgen_(mythological_creature)" title="Morgen (mythological creature)">Morgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvarc%27h" title="Morvarc'h">Morvarc'h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_people" title="Moss people">Moss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nain_Rouge" title="Nain Rouge">Nain Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Longarms" title="Nelly Longarms">Nelly Longarms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicnevin" title="Nicnevin">Nicnevin/Gyre-Carling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Nixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuckelavee" title="Nuckelavee">Nuckelavee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuggle" title="Nuggle">Nuggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon" title="Oberon">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Powler" title="Peg Powler">Peg Powler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillywiggin" title="Pillywiggin">Pillywiggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixie" title="Pixie">Pixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAca" title="Púca">Púca/Pwca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puck_(folklore)" title="Puck (folklore)">Puck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5" title="Rå">Rå</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergsr%C3%A5" title="Bergsrå">Bergsrå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulder" title="Hulder">Hulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radande" class="mw-redirect" title="Radande">Radande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6r%C3%A5" title="Sjörå">Sjörå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skogsr%C3%A5" title="Skogsrå">Skogsrå</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcap" title="Redcap">Redcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schrat" title="Schrat">Schrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkie" title="Selkie">Selkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seonaidh" title="Seonaidh">Seonaidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellycoat" title="Shellycoat">Shellycoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleih_beggey" title="Sleih beggey">Sleih beggey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sluagh" title="Sluagh">Sluagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spriggan" title="Spriggan">Spriggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_(folklore)" title="Sprite (folklore)">Sprite/Water sprite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylph" title="Sylph">Sylph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream)" title="Titania (A Midsummer Night's Dream)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomte">Tomte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_fairy" title="Tooth fairy">Tooth fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trow_(folklore)" title="Trow (folklore)">Trow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylwyth_Teg" title="Tylwyth Teg">Tylwyth Teg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undine" title="Undine">Undine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bull" title="Water bull">Water bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_horse" title="Water horse">Water horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_fairy_(Sleeping_Beauty)" title="Wicked fairy (Sleeping Beauty)">Wicked fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirry-cow" title="Wirry-cow">Wirry-cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xana" title="Xana">Xana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yallery_Brown" title="Yallery Brown">Yallery Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan-gant-y-tan" title="Yan-gant-y-tan">Yan-gant-y-tan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FADBEB;;background: #F8D2E2;"><div id="Fairy-like_beings_worldwide67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fairy-like beings worldwide</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">Bogeyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">Crone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">Incubus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Succubus" title="Succubus">Succubus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)" title="Little people (mythology)">Little people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Merman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abatwa">Abatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanbosam" class="mw-redirect" title="Asanbosam">Asanbosam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziza_(African_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aziza (African mythology)">Aziza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werehyena" title="Werehyena">Bultungin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloko" title="Eloko">Eloko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jengu" title="Jengu">Jengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishi_(folklore)" title="Kishi (folklore)">Kishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mami_Wata" title="Mami Wata">Mami Wata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rompo" title="Rompo">Rompo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbi" title="Simbi">Simbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikoloshe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikoloshe">Tikoloshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumboes" title="Yumboes">Yumboes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alux" title="Alux">Alux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchimayen" title="Anchimayen">Anchimayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caipora" title="Caipora">Caipora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canotila" title="Canotila">Canotila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaneque" title="Chaneque">Chaneque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Christmas elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chullachaqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Chullachaqui">Chullachaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curupira" title="Curupira">Curupira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encantado_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Encantado (mythology)">Encantado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastachee" title="Fastachee">Fastachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearsome_critters" title="Fearsome critters">Fearsome critters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly%E2%80%93Hopkinsville_encounter" title="Kelly–Hopkinsville encounter">Hopkinsville Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)#Native_American_folklore" title="Little people (mythology)">Ishigaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogah" title="Jogah">Jogah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muki_(mythology)" title="Muki (mythology)">Muki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimerigar" title="Nimerigar">Nimerigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_alien" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic alien">Nordic alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BB%C3%B1n%C3%AB%27h%C3%AF" title="Nûñnë'hï">Nûñnë'hï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pombero" title="Pombero">Pombero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukwudgie" title="Pukwudgie">Pukwudgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saci_(Brazilian_folklore)" title="Saci (Brazilian folklore)">Saci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauco" title="Trauco">Trauco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)#Native_American_folklore" title="Little people (mythology)">Yunwi Tsunsdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Diwata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokkaebi" title="Dokkaebi">Dokkaebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Fox spirit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_ly_tinh" title="Hồ ly tinh">Hồ ly tinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huli_jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Huli jing">Huli jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxian" title="Huxian">Huxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami" title="Inari Ōkami">Inari Ōkami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsune" title="Kitsune">Kitsune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumiho" title="Kumiho">Kumiho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irshi" title="Irshi">Irshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kijimuna" title="Kijimuna">Kijimuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korpokkur" title="Korpokkur">Korpokkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzikin" title="Mazzikin">Mazzikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)" title="Mogwai (Chinese culture)">Mogwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrenh_kongveal" title="Mrenh kongveal">Mrenh kongveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_bunian" title="Orang bunian">Orang bunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri">Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Preta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">Hungry ghost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennin" title="Tennin">Tennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsei" title="Yōsei">Yōsei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zashiki-warashi" title="Zashiki-warashi">Zashiki warashi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunyip" title="Bunyip">Bunyip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaia_(mythological_creature)" title="Manaia (mythological creature)">Manaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimi_(folklore)" title="Mimi (folklore)">Mimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muldjewangk" title="Muldjewangk">Muldjewangk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawao" title="Nawao">Nawao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patupaiarehe" title="Patupaiarehe">Patupaiarehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taniwha" title="Taniwha">Taniwha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipua" title="Tipua">Tipua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandjina" title="Wandjina">Wandjina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yara-ma-yha-who" title="Yara-ma-yha-who">Yara-ma-yha-who</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannik" title="Bannik">Bannik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83pc%C4%83un" title="Căpcăun">Căpcăun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">Domovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iele" title="Iele">Iele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karze%C5%82ek" title="Karzełek">Karzełek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikimora" title="Kikimora">Kikimora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshy" title="Leshy">Leshy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lid%C3%A9rc" title="Lidérc">Lidérc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likho" title="Likho">Likho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovinnik" title="Ovinnik">Ovinnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polevik" title="Polevik">Polevik</a></li> <li>Psotnik</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCbezahl" title="Rübezahl">Rübezahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusalka" title="Rusalka">Rusalka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samodiva_(folklore)" title="Samodiva (folklore)">Samodiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nzian%C4%83" title="Sânziană">Sânziană</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiridu%C8%99" title="Spiriduș">Spiriduș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursitory" title="Ursitory">Ursitory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadleany" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadleany">Vadleany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2lv%C4%83" title="Vâlvă">Vâlvă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2ntoase" title="Vântoase">Vântoase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodyanoy" title="Vodyanoy">Vodyanoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Zână">Zână</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitvaras" title="Aitvaras">Aitvaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajatar" title="Ajatar">Ajatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badb" title="Badb">Badb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dog_(folklore)" title="Black dog (folklore)">Black dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabija" title="Gabija">Gabija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltija" title="Haltija">Haltija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headless_Horseman" title="Headless Horseman">Headless Horseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi">Hiisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Squarefoot" title="Jimmy Squarefoot">Jimmy Squarefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauma" title="Lauma">Lauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennink%C3%A4inen" title="Menninkäinen">Menninkäinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Le_Fay" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Le Fay">Morgan Le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_Beast" title="Pictish Beast">Pictish Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basajaun" title="Basajaun">Basajaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donas_de_fuera" class="mw-redirect" title="Donas de fuera">Doñas de fuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farfadet" title="Farfadet">Farfadet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faun" title="Faun">Faun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobalos" title="Kobalos">Kobalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia_(Basque_mythology)" title="Lamia (Basque mythology)">Lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairu" title="Mairu">Mairu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouros" title="Mouros">Mouro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Moura" title="Enchanted Moura">Enchanted Moura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nymph#List" title="Nymph">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squasc" title="Squasc">Squasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiasus" title="Thiasus">Thiasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenti" title="Trenti">Trenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vila_(fairy)" title="Vila (fairy)">Vila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dames_blanches" title="Dames blanches">Dames blanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusios" title="Dusios">Dusios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorelei#Original_folklore_and_modern_myth" title="Lorelei">Lorelei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venusberg_(mythology)" title="Venusberg (mythology)">Venus in German legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittra_(folklore)" title="Vittra (folklore)">Vittra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Wieven" title="Witte Wieven">Witte Wieven</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fe_Frauen" title="Weiße Frauen">Weiße Frauen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Cross-regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Christmas gift-bringer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elemental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fates" title="Fates">Fates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_salamanders" title="Cultural depictions of salamanders">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandman" title="Sandman">Sandman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_creatures_in_folklore" title="List of hybrid creatures in folklore">List of hybrid creatures in folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beings_referred_to_as_fairies" title="List of beings referred to as fairies">List of beings referred to as fairies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2C1D1;"><div> <dl><dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fairies" title="Category:Fairies">Category</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template talk:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology469" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_items_and_places_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of people, items and places in Norse mythology">Mythological Norse people, items and places</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>, and other figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">Almáttki áss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r" title="Hermóðr">Hermóðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Ítreksjóð">Ítreksjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili" title="Meili">Meili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Móði and Magni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli (son of Odin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ásynjur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Gná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Irpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersemi" title="Gersemi">Gersemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullveig" title="Gullveig">Gullveig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Sister-wife of Njörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of jötnar in Norse mythology">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi" title="Alvaldi">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a" title="Angrboða">Angrboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a" title="Aurboða">Aurboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baugi" title="Baugi">Baugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)" title="Beli (jötunn)">Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn" title="Bölþorn">Bölþorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr" title="Býleistr">Býleistr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r" title="Eggþér">Eggþér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti" title="Fárbauti">Fárbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar" title="Fjölvar">Fjölvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangr" title="Gangr">Gangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Geirröðr">Geirröðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingr" title="Gillingr">Gillingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip" title="Gjálp and Greip">Gjálp and Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Gríðr">Gríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Gunnlöð">Gunnlöð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr" title="Harðgreipr">Harðgreipr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helreginn" title="Helreginn">Helreginn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímgrímnir">Hrímgrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímnir">Hrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r" title="Hroðr">Hroðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrungnir" title="Hrungnir">Hrungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrymr" title="Hrymr">Hrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymir" title="Hymir">Hymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0i" title="Iði">Iði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dm" title="Ím">Ím</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa" title="Járnsaxa">Járnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)" title="Laufey (mythology)">Laufey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leikn" title="Leikn">Leikn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi_(mythology)" title="Logi (mythology)">Logi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir" title="Mögþrasir">Mögþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi" title="Narfi">Narfi (father of Nott)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir" title="Sökkmímir">Sökkmímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr" title="Suttungr">Suttungr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk" title="Þökk">Þökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi" title="Þrívaldi">Þrívaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir" title="Þrúðgelmir">Þrúðgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymr" title="Þrymr">Þrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki" title="Útgarða-Loki">Útgarða-Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi" title="Víðblindi">Víðblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosud" title="Vosud">Vosud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir" title="Vörnir">Vörnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of dwarfs in Norse mythology">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingr" title="Billingr">Billingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn_(Norse_dwarf)" title="Dáinn (Norse dwarf)">Dáinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durinn" title="Durinn">Durinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArnir" title="Dúrnir">Dúrnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_and_Galar" title="Fjalar and Galar">Fjalar and Galar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(mythology)" title="Gandalf (mythology)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tsognir" title="Mótsognir">Mótsognir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitri" title="Eitri">Eitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">List of figures in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend">people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">named animals and plants </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">named weapons, armour and treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0r_(mythology)" title="Auðr (mythology)">Auðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandill" title="Aurvandill">Aurvandill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Búri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldir" title="Eldir">Eldir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dark elves (Dökkálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Light elves (Ljósálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Black elves (Svartálfar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimafeng" title="Fimafeng">Fimafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_(rooster)" title="Fjalar (rooster)">Fjalar (rooster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson" title="Hati Hróðvitnisson">Hati Hróðvitnisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falh%C3%B3fnir" title="Falhófnir">Falhófnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísl">Gísl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0r" title="Glaðr">Glaðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6r" title="Glær">Glær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenr" title="Glenr">Glenr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaxi" title="Gullfaxi">Gullfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulltoppr" title="Gulltoppr">Gulltoppr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyllir" title="Gyllir">Gyllir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir and Garðrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sva%C3%B0ilfari" title="Svaðilfari">Svaðilfari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Líf and Lífthrasir">Líf and Lífthrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddf%C3%A1fnir" title="Loddfáfnir">Loddfáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r" title="Móðguðr">Móðguðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr" title="Nine Mothers of Heimdallr">Nine Mothers of Heimdallr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)" title="Narfi (son of Loki)">Narfi (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li>Personifications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll" title="Sköll">Sköll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str" title="Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr">Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva" title="Þjálfi and Röskva">Þjálfi and Röskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">Landvættir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li_(son_of_Loki)" title="Váli (son of Loki)">Váli (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Norse mythology">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Éljúðnir">Éljúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA" title="Gjallarbrú">Gjallarbrú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll" title="Gjöll">Gjöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr" title="Ífingr">Ífingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidr_River" title="Slidr River">Slidr River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadgelmir" title="Vadgelmir">Vadgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimur_River" title="Vimur River">Vimur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsvartnir" title="Amsvartnir">Amsvartnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andlang" title="Andlang">Andlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilskirnir" title="Bilskirnir">Bilskirnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Brávellir">Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fensalir" title="Fensalir">Fensalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signhildsberg" title="Signhildsberg">Fornsigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fyrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r" title="Gálgviðr">Gálgviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropnir" title="Gastropnir">Gastropnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr" title="Glaðsheimr">Glaðsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir" title="Glæsisvellir">Glæsisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitnir">Glitnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnipahellir" title="Gnipahellir">Gnipahellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">Grove of fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r" title="Heiðr">Heiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg" title="Himinbjörg">Himinbjörg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindarfjall" title="Hindarfjall">Hindarfjall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnitbjorg" title="Hnitbjorg">Hnitbjorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr" title="Iðavöllr">Iðavöllr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r" title="Járnviðr">Járnviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r" title="Myrkviðr">Myrkviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr" title="Munarvágr">Munarvágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolnir" title="Okolnir">Okolnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir" title="Sessrúmnir">Sessrúmnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singasteinn" title="Singasteinn">Singasteinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr" title="Þrúðheimr">Þrúðheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr" title="Þrúðvangr">Þrúðvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr" title="Þrymheimr">Þrymheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar" title="Útgarðar">Útgarðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn" title="Víðbláinn">Víðbláinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf" title="Vingólf">Vingólf</a></li> <li>Wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir" title="Ýdalir">Ýdalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Events in Norse mythology">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">Hjaðningavíg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Later influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">Öndvegissúlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginnaglar" title="Reginnaglar">Reginnaglar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Til_%C3%A1rs_ok_fri%C3%B0ar" title="Til árs ok friðar">Til árs ok friðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Festivals and holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetrnætr">Vetrnætr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy" title="Old Norse philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scandinavian_folklore103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: #d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scandinavian_folklore" title="Template:Scandinavian folklore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scandinavian_folklore" title="Template talk:Scandinavian folklore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavian_folklore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavian folklore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scandinavian_folklore103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folklore" title="Nordic folklore">Scandinavian folklore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #d6dbbe;;width:1%">Beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askafroa" title="Askafroa">Askafroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)#Bäckahäst,_bækhest" title="Nixie (folklore)">Bäckahäst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8yg" title="Bøyg">Bøyg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bysen" title="Bysen">Bysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">Changeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_grim" title="Church grim">Church grim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprianus" title="Cyprianus">Cyprianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deildegast" title="Deildegast">Deildegast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_sma_undar_jordi" title="Di sma undar jordi">Di sma undar jordi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr">Draugr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr">Land draugr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugr#Sea_draugr" title="Draugr">Sea draugr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves">Elf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erlking" title="Erlking">Erlking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%84lvor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Älvor (page does not exist)">Älvor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossegrim" title="Fossegrim">Fossegrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjenganger" title="Gjenganger">Gjenganger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helhest" title="Helhest">Helhest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraken" title="Kraken">Kraken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a> (nightmare)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmennill" title="Marmennill">Marmennill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myling" title="Myling">Myling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%9F_Puk" class="mw-redirect" title="Niß Puk">Nis Puk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixie" title="Pixie">Pixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5" title="Rå">Rå</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergsr%C3%A5" title="Bergsrå">Bergsrå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulder" title="Hulder">Hulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6r%C3%A5" title="Sjörå">Sjörå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skogsr%C3%A5" title="Skogsrå">Skogsrå</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomter%C3%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomterå (page does not exist)">Tomterå</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_serpent" title="Sea serpent">Sea serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(lake_monster)" title="Selma (lake monster)">Selma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Skrømt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forrest_troll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forrest troll (page does not exist)">Forrest troll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjergtrolde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bjergtrolde (page does not exist)">Mountain troll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_troll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sea troll (page does not exist)">Sea troll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_cat" title="Troll cat">Troll cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valravn" title="Valravn">Valravn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8ger" title="Vardøger">Vardøger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warg" title="Warg">Vargr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittra_(folklore)" title="Vittra (folklore)">Vittra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vǫrðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ys%C3%A4tters-Kajsa" title="Ysätters-Kajsa">Ysätters-Kajsa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg/130px-En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg/195px-En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg/260px-En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1374" data-file-height="1378" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #d6dbbe;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amleth" title="Amleth">Amleth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askeladden" title="Askeladden">Askeladden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenda" title="Blenda">Blenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disa" title="Disa">Disa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_(chieftain)" title="Feng (chieftain)">Feng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_witch" title="Easter witch">Påskkärring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #d6dbbe;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_folklore" title="Danish folklore">Danish folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folklore" title="Nordic folklore">Nordic folklore</a> (Sweden, Norway, Iceland, and Faroe Islands)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology265" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology265" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a> and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Gods and divine figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ēse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ēostre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheda_(mythology)" title="Rheda (mythology)">Hretha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxn%C4%93at" title="Seaxnēat">Saxnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Þunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_(folklore)" title="Wade (folklore)">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wōden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Heroic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agilaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilaz">Ægil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angul_(mythology)" title="Angul (mythology)">Angul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Eormenric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)" title="Finn (Frisian)">Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceafa" title="Sceafa">Sceafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldere" title="Waldere">Waldere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Other beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofgod" title="Cofgod">Cofgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (Dweorh)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idis_(Germanic)" title="Idis (Germanic)">Ides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Eoten/Thurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6lcyrge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wælcyrge">Wælcyrge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Middangeard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rune_poems#Anglo-Saxon_Rune_Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune poems">Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_temporum_ratione" class="mw-redirect" title="De temporum ratione">De temporum ratione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealuscerwen" title="Ealuscerwen">Ealuscerwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnesburg Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spong_Hill" title="Spong Hill">Spong Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton Hoo burial">Sutton Hoo burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">Bēot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blōtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Early Germanic calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkmoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkmoot">Folkmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frith" title="Frith">Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">Maypole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Metrical charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moot_hill" title="Moot hill">Moot hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">Scop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">Thyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">Weregild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Wicce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilweorthunga" title="Wilweorthunga">Wilweorthunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Wyrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Modern pagan revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-2gphr","wgBackendResponseTime":275,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.549","walltime":"1.836","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17297,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":397671,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15561,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":391630,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1438.818 1 -total"," 25.70% 369.726 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.17% 290.220 119 Template:Sfnp"," 13.53% 194.647 38 Template:Cite_book"," 9.87% 141.998 11 Template:Navbox"," 9.02% 129.757 52 Template:Lang"," 6.87% 98.854 26 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.29% 61.743 1 Template:Elves"," 4.13% 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