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data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Animal" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Animal" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Animal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Animal (disambiguation)">Animal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Animalia" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Animalia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Animalia (disambiguation)">Animalia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Animals are <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">eukaryotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">biological kingdom</a> Animalia (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌænɪˈmeɪliə/</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>). With few exceptions, animals <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">consume organic material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration#Aerobic_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">breathe oxygen</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Myocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocyte">myocytes</a> and are <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">able to move</a>, can <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">reproduce sexually</a>, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the <a href="/wiki/Blastula" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastula">blastula</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic development">embryonic development</a>. Animals form a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, meaning that they arose from a single <a href="/wiki/Common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Common ancestor">common ancestor</a>. Over 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">living</a> animal <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a>, of which around 1.05 million are <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, over 85,000 are <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, and around 65,000 are <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. It has been estimated there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animal body lengths range from 8.5 μm (0.00033 in) to 33.6 m (110 ft). They have complex <a href="/wiki/Ecologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologies">ecologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">interactions</a> with each other and their environments, forming intricate <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a>. The scientific study of animals is known as <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, and the study of animal behaviour is known as <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a>. <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Animals <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> – present, 665–0 Ma <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; font-size:small; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,192,141); left:220.50773980251px; width:15.703916975018px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,197,202); left:236.21165677753px; width:10.175705559083px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(242,249,29); left:246.38736233661px; width:3.6126376633897px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(154,217,221); left:220.50773980251px; width:29.492260197491px;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Pha.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,67,112); left:113.15766426554px; width:49.263240864406px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,180,98); left:162.42090512995px; width:32.84216057627px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,179,66); left:195.26306570622px; width:25.244674096293px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,53,99); left:113.15766426554px; width:107.35007553697px;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(218,3,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:23.591618680621px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(244,68,159); left:52.947036542377px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,104,169); left:74.841810259891px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(249,155,193); left:96.736583977405px; width:16.421080288135px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,4,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:83.802246403783px;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.355417861756px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.355417861756px;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Had.</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:249px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:213.59993869463px; width:36.400061305366px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:213.59993869463px; width:36.400061305366px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:214.59993869463px; width:34.400061305366px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Animal_diversity_b.png/300px-Animal_diversity_b.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Animal_diversity_b.png 1.5x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="428" usemap="#ImageMap_6823760c349117fd" resource="/wiki/File:Animal_diversity_b.png"><map name="ImageMap_6823760c349117fd"><area href="/wiki/Echinoderm" shape="rect" coords="0,0,100,73" alt="Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm"><area href="/wiki/Cnidaria" shape="rect" coords="0,73,100,146" alt="Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria"><area href="/wiki/Tardigrade" shape="rect" coords="0,146,100,219" alt="Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade"><area href="/wiki/Crustacean" shape="rect" coords="0,219,100,292" alt="Crustacean" title="Crustacean"><area href="/wiki/Arachnid" shape="rect" coords="0,292,100,365" alt="Arachnid" title="Arachnid"><area href="/wiki/Sponge" shape="rect" coords="100,0,200,73" alt="Sponge" title="Sponge"><area href="/wiki/Insect" shape="rect" coords="100,73,200,146" alt="Insect" title="Insect"><area href="/wiki/Bryozoa" shape="rect" coords="100,146,200,219" alt="Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa"><area href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" shape="rect" coords="100,219,200,292" alt="Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala"><area href="/wiki/Flatworm" shape="rect" coords="100,292,200,365" alt="Flatworm" title="Flatworm"><area href="/wiki/Mollusc" shape="rect" coords="200,0,300,73" alt="Mollusc" title="Mollusc"><area href="/wiki/Annelid" shape="rect" coords="200,73,300,146" alt="Annelid" title="Annelid"><area href="/wiki/Vertebrate" shape="rect" coords="200,146,300,219" alt="Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate"><area href="/wiki/Tunicate" shape="rect" coords="200,219,300,292" alt="Tunicate" title="Tunicate"><area href="/wiki/Phoronid" shape="rect" coords="200,292,300,365" alt="Phoronid" title="Phoronid"></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Animalia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Obazoa" title="Obazoa">Obazoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont">Opisthokonta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filozoa" title="Filozoa">Filozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animalia</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subdivisions </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (~30 phyla)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Metazoa Haeckel 1874<a href="#cite_note-Phylonyms_Metazoa-1">[1]</a></li> <li>Choanoblastaea Nielsen 2008<a href="#cite_note-Choanoblastaea-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Gastrobionta Rothm. 1948<a href="#cite_note-Rothmaler-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Zooaea Barkley 1939<a href="#cite_note-Rothmaler-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Euanimalia Barkley 1939<a href="#cite_note-Rothmaler-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The animal kingdom is divided into five <a href="/wiki/Infrakingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrakingdom">infrakingdoms</a>/<a href="/wiki/Superphyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Superphyla">superphyla</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a>. Most living animal species belong to the infrakingdom Bilateria, a highly proliferative <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> whose members have a <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology#Bilateral_symmetry" title="Symmetry in biology">bilaterally symmetric</a> <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a>, and the vast majority of bilaterians belong to two large <a href="/wiki/Superphyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Superphyla">superphyla</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">protostomes</a>, which includes organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">deuterostomes</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">hemichordates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordates</a>, the latter of which contains the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. The much smaller <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> phylum <a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a> have an uncertain position within Bilateria. Animals first appear in the fossil record in the late <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> period and diversified in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> period in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_explosion" title="Avalon explosion">Avalon explosion</a>. Earlier evidence of animals is still controversial; the <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponge</a>-like organism <a href="/wiki/Otavia" title="Otavia">Otavia</a> has been dated back to the <a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian</a> period at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a>, but its identity as an animal is heavily contested.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Nearly all modern animal phyla became clearly established in the fossil record as <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine species</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>, which began around 539 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">million years ago</a> (Mya), and most <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">classes</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovician radiation">Ordovician radiation</a> 485.4 Mya. 6,331 groups of <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single <a href="#Phylogeny">common ancestor</a> that lived about 650 Mya during the <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> period. Historically, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> divided animals <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">into those with blood and those without</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> created the first hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">biological classification</a> for animals in 1758 with his <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> expanded into 14 phyla by 1809. In 1874, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular Metazoa (now <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonymous</a> with Animalia) and the <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a>, single-celled organisms no longer considered animals. In modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on advanced techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogenetics</a>, which are effective at demonstrating the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> relationships between <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Humans</a> make <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_animals" title="Human uses of animals">use of</a> many other animal species for <a href="/wiki/Human_food" title="Human food">food</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">eggs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>), for <a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">materials</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>), as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working animals</a> for <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dogs</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Domesticate" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticate">domesticated</a> animal, have been used <a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">in hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">in security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">in warfare</a>, as have <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post" title="Pigeon post">pigeons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">birds of prey</a>; while other <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a> are <a href="/wiki/Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunt">hunted</a> for sports, trophies or profits. Non-human animals are also an important <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> element of <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human evolution</a>, having appeared in <a href="/wiki/Cave_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave art">cave arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totems</a> since the earliest times, and are frequently featured in <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Characteristics">2 Characteristics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Structure">2.1 Structure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Reproduction_and_development">2.2 Reproduction and development</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ecology">3 Ecology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Diversity">4 Diversity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Size">4.1 Size</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Numbers_and_habitats_of_major_phyla">4.2 Numbers and habitats of major phyla</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Evolutionary_origin">5 Evolutionary origin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Phylogeny">6 Phylogeny</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_phylogeny">6.1 External phylogeny</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Internal_phylogeny">6.2 Internal phylogeny</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Non-bilateria">6.3 Non-bilateria</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Bilateria">6.4 Bilateria</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Protostomes_and_deuterostomes">6.4.1 Protostomes and deuterostomes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-16"><a href="#Ecdysozoa">6.4.1.1 Ecdysozoa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-17"><a href="#Spiralia">6.4.1.2 Spiralia</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#History_of_classification">7 History of classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#In_human_culture">8 In human culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Practical_uses">8.1 Practical uses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Symbolic_uses">8.2 Symbolic uses</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The word animal comes from the Latin noun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/animal#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:animal">animal</a> of the same meaning, which is itself derived from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/animalis#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:animalis">animalis</a> 'having breath or soul'.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia.<a href="#cite_note-americanheritage_animal-7">[7]</a> In colloquial usage, the term animal is often used to refer only to nonhuman animals.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The term metazoa is derived from Ancient Greek μετα (meta) 'after' (in biology, the prefix meta- stands for 'later') and ζῷᾰ (zōia) 'animals', plural of ζῷον zōion 'animal'.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blastulation.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/220px-Blastulation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="344"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 95px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/220px-Blastulation.png" data-width="220" data-height="95" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/330px-Blastulation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/440px-Blastulation.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Animals are unique in having the ball of cells of the early <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> (1) develop into a hollow ball or <a href="/wiki/Blastula" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastula">blastula</a> (2).</figcaption></figure> Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">eukaryotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Avila1995-14">[14]</a> Unlike plants and <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">produce their own nutrients</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AnimalCells-15">[15]</a> animals are <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-palaeos-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Windows-17">[17]</a> feeding on organic material and digesting it internally.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> With very few exceptions, animals <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">respire aerobically</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxygen-21">[20]</a> All animals are <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">motile</a><a href="#cite_note-Concepts-22">[21]</a> (able to spontaneously move their bodies) during at least part of their <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a>, but some animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>, later become <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(motility)" title="Sessility (motility)">sessile</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Blastula" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastula">blastula</a> is a stage in <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryonic development</a> that is unique to animals, allowing <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">cells to be differentiated</a> into specialised tissues and organs.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3></div> All animals are composed of cells, surrounded by a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> and elastic <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoproteins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> During development, the animal extracellular matrix forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganised, making the formation of complex structures possible. This may be calcified, forming structures such as <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spicule_(sponge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicule (sponge)">spicules</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> In contrast, the cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>) are held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Animal cells uniquely possess the <a href="/wiki/Cell_junction" title="Cell junction">cell junctions</a> called <a href="/wiki/Tight_junction" title="Tight junction">tight junctions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">gap junctions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desmosome" title="Desmosome">desmosomes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> With few exceptions—in particular, the sponges and <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">placozoans</a>—animal bodies are differentiated into <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, which enable locomotion, and <a href="/wiki/Nerve_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve tissue">nerve tissues</a>, which transmit signals and coordinate the body. Typically, there is also an internal <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestive</a> chamber with either one opening (in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or two openings (in most bilaterians).<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_development">Reproduction and development</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction#Animals" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction § Animals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction#Examples_in_animals" title="Asexual reproduction">Asexual reproduction § Examples in animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odonata_copulation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Odonata_copulation.jpg/220px-Odonata_copulation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2117" data-file-height="1359"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Odonata_copulation.jpg/220px-Odonata_copulation.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Odonata_copulation.jpg/330px-Odonata_copulation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Odonata_copulation.jpg/440px-Odonata_copulation.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> is nearly universal in animals, such as these <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonflies</a>.</figcaption></figure> Nearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> They produce <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>; the smaller, motile gametes are <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoa</a> and the larger, non-motile gametes are <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">ova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> These fuse to form <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygotes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> which develop via <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> into a hollow sphere, called a blastula. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location, attach to the seabed, and develop into a new sponge.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> It first <a href="/wiki/Invagination" title="Invagination">invaginates</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Gastrula" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrula">gastrula</a> with a digestive chamber and two separate <a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">germ layers</a>, an external <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a> and an internal <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> In most cases, a third germ layer, the <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a>, also develops between them.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Repeated instances of <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">mating with a close relative</a> during sexual reproduction generally leads to <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a> within a population due to the increased prevalence of harmful <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">recessive</a> traits.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19834483-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3324702-39">[38]</a> Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_avoidance" title="Inbreeding avoidance">avoiding close inbreeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pusey-40">[39]</a> Some animals are capable of <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a>, which often results in a genetic clone of the parent. This may take place through <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(reproduction)" title="Fragmentation (reproduction)">fragmentation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Budding" title="Budding">budding</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Hydra_(genus)" title="Hydra (genus)">Hydra</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">cnidarians</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>, where fertile eggs are produced without <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultramarine_Flycatcher_(Ficedula_superciliaris)_Naggar,_Himachal_Pradesh,_2013_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="1781"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG/255px-Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG/340px-Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">Predators</a>, such as this <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine_flycatcher" title="Ultramarine flycatcher">ultramarine flycatcher</a> (Ficedula superciliaris), feed on other animals.</figcaption></figure> Animals are categorised into ecological groups depending on their <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feeding_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Feeding behaviour">how they consume organic material</a>. Such groupings include <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> (further divided into subcategories such as <a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">piscivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovivore">ovivores</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> (subcategorized into <a href="/wiki/Folivore" title="Folivore">folivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graminivore" title="Graminivore">graminivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Granivore">granivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore">nectarivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Algivore">algivores</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungivore" title="Fungivore">fungivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detritivores</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">Interactions</a> between animals of each <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> form complex <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a> within that <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. In carnivorous or omnivorous species, <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Consumer-resource_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer-resource systems">consumer–resource interaction</a> where the predator feeds on another organism, its <a href="/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ecology-45">[44]</a> who often evolves <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">anti-predator adaptations</a> to avoid being fed upon. <a href="/wiki/Selective_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective pressure">Selective pressures</a> imposed on one another lead to an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race" title="Evolutionary arms race">evolutionary arms race</a> between predator and prey, resulting in various antagonistic/<a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Almost all multicellular predators are animals.<a href="#cite_note-SimpsonCB-48">[47]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Consumer_(food_chain)" title="Consumer (food chain)">consumers</a> use multiple methods; for example, in <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp" title="Parasitoid wasp">parasitoid wasps</a>, the larvae feed on the hosts' living tissues, killing them in the process,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> but the adults primarily consume nectar from flowers.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Other animals may have very specific <a href="/wiki/Feeding_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Feeding behaviour">feeding behaviours</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">hawksbill sea turtles</a> which mainly <a href="/wiki/Spongivore" title="Spongivore">eat sponges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceSpongi-51">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/220px-Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/220px-Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/330px-Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/440px-Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a> mussels and shrimps</figcaption></figure> Most animals rely on <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological energy">bioenergy</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplanktons</a> (collectively called <a href="/wiki/Producer_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Producer (biology)">producers</a>) through <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. Herbivores, as <a href="/wiki/Consumer_(food_chain)#Levels_of_the_food_chain" title="Consumer (food chain)">primary consumers</a>, eat the plant material directly to digest and absorb the nutrients, while carnivores and other animals on higher <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a> indirectly acquire the nutrients by eating the herbivores or other animals that have eaten the herbivores. Animals oxidize <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and other biomolecules, which allows the animal to grow and to sustain <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal metabolism">basal metabolism</a> and fuel other biological processes such as <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> animals living close to <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">cold seeps</a> on the dark <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">sea floor</a> consume organic matter produced through <a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">chemosynthesis</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizing">oxidizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compounds</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Animals evolved in the sea. Lineages of arthropods colonised land around the same time as <a href="/wiki/Land_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Land plant">land plants</a>, probably between 510 and 471 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cambrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Cambrian">Late Cambrian</a> or Early <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rota-Stabelli2013-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">lobe-finned fish</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiktaalik" title="Tiktaalik">Tiktaalik</a> started to move on to land in the late <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>, about 375 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Animals occupy virtually all of earth's <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> and microhabitats, with <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">faunas</a> adapted to salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs, swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of other organisms.<a href="#cite_note-Margulis-59">[58]</a> Animals are however not particularly <a href="/wiki/Thermophile" title="Thermophile">heat tolerant</a>; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F)<a href="#cite_note-Clarke2014-60">[59]</a> or in the most extreme cold deserts of continental <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bas-land-61">[60]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Diversity">Diversity</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Largest_organisms" title="Largest organisms">Largest organisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smallest_organisms" title="Smallest organisms">Smallest organisms</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a> (Balaenoptera musculus) is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to 190 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> and measuring up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The largest extant terrestrial animal is the <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant</a> (Loxodonta africana), weighing up to 12.25 tonnes<a href="#cite_note-Wood-62">[61]</a> and measuring up to 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) long.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-62">[61]</a> The largest terrestrial animals that ever lived were <a href="/wiki/Titanosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosaur">titanosaur</a> <a href="/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda">sauropod dinosaurs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Argentinosaurus" title="Argentinosaurus">Argentinosaurus</a>, which may have weighed as much as 73 tonnes, and Supersaurus which may have reached 39 meters.<a href="#cite_note-Mazzettaetal2004-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Several animals are microscopic; some <a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Obligate_parasite" title="Obligate parasite">obligate parasites</a> within the Cnidaria) never grow larger than 20 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> and one of the smallest species (Myxobolus shekel) is no more than 8.5 μm when fully grown.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived; it can be up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long."><noscript><img alt="The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived; it can be up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg/213px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1950"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 213px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg/213px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg" data-alt="The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived; it can be up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long." data-width="213" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg/320px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg/427px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a> is the largest animal that has ever lived; it can be up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fdl17-9-grey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Myxozoans such as Myxobolus cerebralis are single-celled parasites, never more than 20 μm across."><noscript><img alt="Myxozoans such as Myxobolus cerebralis are single-celled parasites, never more than 20 μm across." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Fdl17-9-grey.jpg/149px-Fdl17-9-grey.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="339"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 149px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Fdl17-9-grey.jpg/149px-Fdl17-9-grey.jpg" data-alt="Myxozoans such as Myxobolus cerebralis are single-celled parasites, never more than 20 μm across." data-width="149" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Fdl17-9-grey.jpg/223px-Fdl17-9-grey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Fdl17-9-grey.jpg/297px-Fdl17-9-grey.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoans</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis" title="Myxobolus cerebralis">Myxobolus cerebralis</a> are single-celled parasites, never more than 20 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> across.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers_and_habitats_of_major_phyla">Numbers and habitats of major phyla</h3></div> The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for the major animal phyla,<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a> along with their principal habitats (terrestrial, fresh water,<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70">[69]</a> and marine),<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> and free-living or parasitic ways of life.<a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72">[71]</a> Species estimates shown here are based on numbers described scientifically; much larger estimates have been calculated based on various means of prediction, and these can vary wildly. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.<a href="#cite_note-Felder2009-73">[72]</a> Using patterns within the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> hierarchy, the total number of animal species—including those not yet described—was calculated to be about 7.77 million in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mora2011-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[b]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Phylum</a> </th> <th class="unsortable">Example </th> <th>Described species </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">Land</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Marine_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine animals">Sea</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water#Aquatic_organisms" title="Fresh water">Freshwater</a> </th> <th>Free-living </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">Parasitic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="wasp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/100px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="984"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 60px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/100px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg" data-alt="wasp" data-width="100" data-height="60" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/150px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/200px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="1257000">1,257,000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>Yes 1,000,000 (<a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Stork2018-78">[76]</a> </td> <td>Yes >40,000 (<a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malac- ostraca</a>)<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> </td> <td>Yes 94,000<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>Yes >45,000<a href="#cite_note-80">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="snail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/100px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="604"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 59px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/100px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" data-alt="snail" data-width="100" data-height="59" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/150px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/200px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="85000">85,000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a> 107,000<a href="#cite_note-Nicol1969-81">[78]</a> </td> <td>Yes 35,000<a href="#cite_note-Nicol1969-81">[78]</a> </td> <td>Yes 60,000<a href="#cite_note-Nicol1969-81">[78]</a> </td> <td>Yes 5,000<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70">[69]</a> 12,000<a href="#cite_note-Nicol1969-81">[78]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>Yes >5,600<a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lithobates_pipiens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="green spotted frog facing right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/100px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 67px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/100px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg" data-alt="green spotted frog facing right" data-width="100" data-height="67" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/150px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/200px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="70000">>70,000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> </td> <td>Yes 23,000<a href="#cite_note-Reaka-Kudla1996-83">[80]</a> </td> <td>Yes 13,000<a href="#cite_note-Reaka-Kudla1996-83">[80]</a> </td> <td>Yes 18,000<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70">[69]</a> 9,000<a href="#cite_note-Reaka-Kudla1996-83">[80]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes 40 (<a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>)<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Platyhelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Platyhelminthes">Platyhelminthes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg/100px-Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 72px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg/100px-Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg" data-width="100" data-height="72" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg/150px-Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg/200px-Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="29500">29,500<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>Yes 1,300<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> 3,000–6,500<a href="#cite_note-Pandian-86">[83]</a> </td> <td>Yes >40,000<a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72">[71]</a> 4,000–25,000<a href="#cite_note-Pandian-86">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nematoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematoda">Nematoda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/100px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="297"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/100px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg" data-width="100" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/150px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/200px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="25000">25,000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>Yes (soil)<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>Yes 4,000<a href="#cite_note-Felder2009-73">[72]</a> </td> <td>Yes 2,000<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>Yes 11,000<a href="#cite_note-Felder2009-73">[72]</a> </td> <td>Yes 14,000<a href="#cite_note-Felder2009-73">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Annelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelida">Annelida</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nerr0328.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nerr0328.jpg/100px-Nerr0328.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 67px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nerr0328.jpg/100px-Nerr0328.jpg" data-width="100" data-height="67" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nerr0328.jpg/150px-Nerr0328.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nerr0328.jpg/200px-Nerr0328.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td align="right">17,000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>Yes (soil)<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>Yes 1,750<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes 400<a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:FFS_Table_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Table coral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/100px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="330"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 75px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/100px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg" data-alt="Table coral" data-width="100" data-height="75" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/150px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/200px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="16000">16,000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>Yes (few)<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>Yes >1,350 (<a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoa</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg/100px-A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="831"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg/100px-A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg" data-width="100" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg/150px-A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg/200px-A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="10800">10,800<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>200–300<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Starfish,_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg/100px-Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 75px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg/100px-Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg" data-width="100" data-height="75" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg/150px-Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg/200px-Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="7500">7,500<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes 7,500<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro,_Mozambique_(6654415783).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg/100px-Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="761"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 74px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg/100px-Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg" data-width="100" data-height="74" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg/150px-Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg/200px-Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="6000">6,000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>Yes 60–80<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg/100px-20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg/100px-20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg" data-width="100" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg/150px-20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg/200px-20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="2000">2,000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes >400<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> </td> <td>Yes 2,000<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A9merte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/N%C3%A9merte.jpg/100px-N%C3%A9merte.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="905"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 75px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/N%C3%A9merte.jpg/100px-N%C3%A9merte.jpg" data-width="100" data-height="75" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/N%C3%A9merte.jpg/150px-N%C3%A9merte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/N%C3%A9merte.jpg/200px-N%C3%A9merte.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="1350">1,350<a href="#cite_note-Chernyshev_2021-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hookabe_2022-91">[88]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tardigrade_(50594282802).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg/100px-Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 67px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg/100px-Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg" data-width="100" data-height="67" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg/150px-Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg/200px-Tardigrade_%2850594282802%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="1335">1,335<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-Hickman_Diversity_2018-92">[89]</a> (moist plants) </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Total number of described extant species as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal&action=edit">[update]</a>: 1,525,728<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-69">[68]</a></div> </th></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Evolutionary_origin">Evolutionary origin</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Urmetazoan" title="Urmetazoan">Urmetazoan</a></div> Evidence of animals is found as long ago as the <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> period. <a href="/wiki/24-Isopropylcholestane" title="24-Isopropylcholestane">24-Isopropylcholestane</a> (24-ipc) has been found in rocks from roughly 650 million years ago; it is only produced by sponges and <a href="/wiki/Pelagophycidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagophycidae">pelagophyte</a> algae. Its likely origin is from sponges based on <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">molecular clock</a> estimates for the origin of 24-ipc production in both groups. Analyses of pelagophyte algae consistently recover a <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> origin, while analyses of sponges recover a <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> origin, consistent with the appearance of 24-ipc in the fossil record.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> The first body fossils of animals appear in the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a>, represented by forms such as <a href="/wiki/Charnia" title="Charnia">Charnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spriggina" title="Spriggina">Spriggina</a>. It had long been doubted whether these fossils truly represented animals,<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> but the discovery of the animal lipid <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> in fossils of <a href="/wiki/Dickinsonia" title="Dickinsonia">Dickinsonia</a> establishes their nature.<a href="#cite_note-Bobrovskiy_Hope_Ivantsov_Nettersheim_pp._1246%E2%80%931249-98">[95]</a> Animals are thought to have originated under low-oxygen conditions, suggesting that they were capable of living entirely by <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">anaerobic respiration</a>, but as they became specialized for aerobic metabolism they became fully dependent on oxygen in their environments.<a href="#cite_note-Zimorski2019-99">[96]</a> Many animal phyla first appear in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record during the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>, starting about 539 million years ago, in beds such as the <a href="/wiki/Burgess_shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgess shale">Burgess shale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Extant phyla in these rocks include <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">onychophorans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">tardigrades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">hemichordates</a>, along with numerous now-extinct forms such as the <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Anomalocaris" title="Anomalocaris">Anomalocaris</a>. The apparent suddenness of the event may however be an artifact of the fossil record, rather than showing that all these animals appeared simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Ontario_Museum-105">[102]</a> That view is supported by the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Auroralumina_attenboroughii" class="mw-redirect" title="Auroralumina attenboroughii">Auroralumina attenboroughii</a>, the earliest known Ediacaran crown-group cnidarian (557–562 mya, some 20 million years before the Cambrian explosion) from <a href="/wiki/Charnwood_Forest" title="Charnwood Forest">Charnwood Forest</a>, England. It is thought to be one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>, catching small prey with its <a href="/wiki/Nematocyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematocyst">nematocysts</a> as modern cnidarians do.<a href="#cite_note-Dunn_Kenchington_Parry_Clark_2022-106">[103]</a> Some palaeontologists have suggested that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Early fossils that might represent animals appear for example in the 665-million-year-old rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Trezona_Formation" title="Trezona Formation">Trezona Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>. These fossils are interpreted as most probably being early <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">sponges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-roseMaloof-108">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">Trace fossils</a> such as tracks and burrows found in the <a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian</a> period (from 1 gya) may indicate the presence of <a href="/wiki/Triploblastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploblastic">triploblastic</a> worm-like animals, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms.<a href="#cite_note-Seilacher1998-109">[106]</a> However, similar tracks are produced by the giant single-celled protist <a href="/wiki/Gromia_sphaerica" title="Gromia sphaerica">Gromia sphaerica</a>, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal evolution.<a href="#cite_note-Matz2008-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC200811-111">[108]</a> Around the same time, the layered mats of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> called <a href="/wiki/Stromatolite" title="Stromatolite">stromatolites</a> decreased in diversity, perhaps due to grazing by newly evolved animals.<a href="#cite_note-Bengtson2002OriginsOfPredation-112">[109]</a> Objects such as sediment-filled tubes that resemble trace fossils of the burrows of wormlike animals have been found in 1.2 gya rocks in North America, in 1.5 gya rocks in Australia and North America, and in 1.7 gya rocks in Australia. Their interpretation as having an animal origin is disputed, as they might be water-escape or other structures.<a href="#cite_note-Seilacher_20072-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DickinsoniaCostata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dickinsonia costata from the Ediacaran biota (c. 635–542 mya) is one of the earliest animal species known.[95]"><noscript><img alt="Dickinsonia costata from the Ediacaran biota (c. 635–542 mya) is one of the earliest animal species known.[95]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/213px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 213px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/213px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg" data-alt="Dickinsonia costata from the Ediacaran biota (c. 635–542 mya) is one of the earliest animal species known.[95]" data-width="213" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/320px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/427px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dickinsonia" title="Dickinsonia">Dickinsonia costata</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a> (c. 635–542 mya) is one of the earliest animal species known.<a href="#cite_note-Bobrovskiy_Hope_Ivantsov_Nettersheim_pp._1246%E2%80%931249-98">[95]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Auroralumina attenboroughii, an Ediacaran predator (c. 560 mya)[103]"><noscript><img alt="Auroralumina attenboroughii, an Ediacaran predator (c. 560 mya)[103]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg/139px-Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 139px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg/139px-Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg" data-alt="Auroralumina attenboroughii, an Ediacaran predator (c. 560 mya)[103]" data-width="139" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg/209px-Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg/279px-Auroralumina_attenboroughii_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Auroralumina_attenboroughii" class="mw-redirect" title="Auroralumina attenboroughii">Auroralumina attenboroughii</a>, an Ediacaran predator (c. 560 mya)<a href="#cite_note-Dunn_Kenchington_Parry_Clark_2022-106">[103]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anomalocaris canadensis is one of the many animal species that emerged in the Cambrian explosion, starting some 539 mya, and found in the fossil beds of the Burgess shale."><noscript><img alt="Anomalocaris canadensis is one of the many animal species that emerged in the Cambrian explosion, starting some 539 mya, and found in the fossil beds of the Burgess shale." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png/220px-20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png/220px-20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png" data-alt="Anomalocaris canadensis is one of the many animal species that emerged in the Cambrian explosion, starting some 539 mya, and found in the fossil beds of the Burgess shale." data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png/330px-20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png/440px-20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anomalocaris_canadensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalocaris canadensis">Anomalocaris canadensis</a> is one of the many animal species that emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>, starting some 539 mya, and found in the fossil beds of the <a href="/wiki/Burgess_shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgess shale">Burgess shale</a>.</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animals" title="Lists of animals">Lists of animals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_phylogeny">External phylogeny</h3></div> Animals are <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a>, meaning they are derived from a common ancestor. Animals are the sister group to the <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">choanoflagellates</a>, with which they form the <a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Budd2015-115">[112]</a> The dates on the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> indicate approximately how many millions of years ago (mya) the lineages split.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Ros-Rocher and colleagues (2021) trace the origins of animals to unicellular ancestors, providing the external phylogeny shown in the cladogram. Uncertainty of relationships is indicated with dashed lines.<a href="#cite_note-Ros-Rocher_P%C3%A9rez-Posada_Leger_Ruiz-Trillo_2021-121">[118]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Holomycota" title="Holomycota">Holomycota</a> (inc. fungi) <a href="/wiki/File:Asco1013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/60px-Asco1013.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="47" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="941"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 47px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/60px-Asco1013.jpg" data-width="60" data-height="47" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/90px-Asco1013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/120px-Asco1013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosporea" title="Ichthyosporea">Ichthyosporea</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg/50px-Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1458"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 53px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg/50px-Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg" data-width="50" data-height="53" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg/75px-Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg/100px-Abeoforma_whisleri-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pluriformea" title="Pluriformea">Pluriformea</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png/50px-Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 38px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png/50px-Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png" data-width="50" data-height="38" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png/75px-Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png/100px-Corallochytrium_limacisporum.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"><a href="/wiki/Filozoa" title="Filozoa">Filozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Filasterea" title="Filasterea">Filasterea</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg/60px-Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="116"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg/60px-Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg" data-width="60" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg/90px-Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg/120px-Ministeria_vibrans.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellatea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/File:Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg/60px-Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1979"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg/60px-Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg" data-width="60" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg/90px-Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg/120px-Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Animalia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/File:Polychaeta_(no)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg/60px-Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="39" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1110"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 39px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg/60px-Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg" data-width="60" data-height="39" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg/90px-Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg/120px-Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">760 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">950 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1100 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1300 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_phylogeny">Internal phylogeny</h3></div> The most basal animals, the <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a>, have body plans that lack <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology" title="Symmetry in biology">bilateral symmetry</a>. Their relationships are still disputed; the sister group to all other animals could be the Porifera or the Ctenophora,<a href="#cite_note-Kapli_2020-122">[119]</a> both of which lack <a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">hox genes</a>, which are important for <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology#Gene_toolkit" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">body plan development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Giribet_2016-123">[120]</a> Hox genes are found in the Placozoa,<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dellaporta2004-125">[122]</a> Cnidaria,<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> and Bilateria.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson2001-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-KraemerEis2016-128">[125]</a> 6,331 groups of <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single <a href="#Phylogeny">common ancestor</a> that lived <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">650 million years ago</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a>. 25 of these are novel core gene groups, found only in animals; of those, 8 are for essential components of the <a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">Wnt</a> and <a href="/wiki/TGF-beta" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF-beta">TGF-beta</a> signalling pathways which may have enabled animals to become multicellular by providing a pattern for the body's system of axes (in three dimensions), and another 7 are for <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a> including <a href="/wiki/Homeodomain" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeodomain">homeodomain</a> proteins involved in the <a href="/wiki/Evo-devo_gene_toolkit" title="Evo-devo gene toolkit">control of development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zimmer2018-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paps2018-130">[127]</a> Giribet and Edgecombe (2020) provide what they consider to be a consensus internal phylogeny of the animals, embodying uncertainty about the structure at the base of the tree (dashed lines).<a href="#cite_note-Giribet-2020-131">[128]</a> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Animalia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Callyspongiatransparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Callyspongiatransparent.png/50px-Callyspongiatransparent.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 62px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Callyspongiatransparent.png/50px-Callyspongiatransparent.png" data-width="50" data-height="62" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Callyspongiatransparent.png/75px-Callyspongiatransparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Callyspongiatransparent.png/100px-Callyspongiatransparent.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png/60px-Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="822"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 44px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png/60px-Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png" data-width="60" data-height="44" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png/90px-Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png/120px-Mnemiopsis_leidyi_247259012.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_(no_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png/60px-Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="51" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="1118"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 51px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png/60px-Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png" data-width="60" data-height="51" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png/90px-Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png/120px-Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph_%28no_background%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jellyfish,_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_(7201323966).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png/70px-Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 70px;height: 53px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png/70px-Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png" data-width="70" data-height="53" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png/105px-Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png/140px-Jellyfish%2C_Shaw_Ocean_Discovery_Centre_%287201323966%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Proporus_sp._(no_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png/55px-Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="812"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 55px;height: 31px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png/55px-Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png" data-width="55" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png/83px-Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png/110px-Proporus_sp._%28no_background%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Echinaster_serpentarius_(USNM_E28192)_001.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png/50px-Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="1819"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 51px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png/50px-Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png" data-width="50" data-height="51" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png/75px-Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png/100px-Echinaster_serpentarius_%28USNM_E28192%29_001.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png/60px-Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="613"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png/60px-Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png" data-width="60" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png/90px-Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png/120px-Cyprin_carpi_090613-0329_tdp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Protostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protostomia">Protostomia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/60px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="43" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1082"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 43px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/60px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" data-width="60" data-height="43" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/90px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/120px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/60px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="515"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 34px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/60px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" data-width="60" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/90px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/120px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="/wiki/Blastopore" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastopore">blastopore</a> mouth </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral symmetry">symm.</a> embryo </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"><a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">hox genes</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> An alternative phylogeny, from Kapli and colleagues (2021), proposes a clade <a href="/wiki/Xenambulacraria" title="Xenambulacraria">Xenambulacraria</a> for the Xenacoelamorpha + Ambulacraria; this is either within Deuterostomia, as sister to Chordata, or the Deuterostomia are recovered as paraphyletic, and Xenambulacraria is sister to the proposed clade <a href="/wiki/Centroneuralia" title="Centroneuralia">Centroneuralia</a>, consisting of Chordata + Protostomia.<a href="#cite_note-Kapli_2021-132">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a>, a clade which contains <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> and <a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a>, has been proposed as a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> A competing hypothesis is the <a href="/wiki/Benthozoa" title="Benthozoa">Benthozoa</a> clade, which would consist of <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> and <a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-bilateria">Non-bilateria</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg/170px-Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1214"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg/170px-Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg/255px-Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg/340px-Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Non-bilaterians include sponges (centre) and corals (background).</figcaption></figure> Several animal phyla lack bilateral symmetry. These are the <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> (sea sponges), <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemones</a>, and corals), and <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> (comb jellies). Sponges are physically very distinct from other animals, and were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum and forming a <a href="/wiki/Sister_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister clade">sister clade</a> to all other animals.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> Despite their morphological dissimilarity with all other animals, genetic evidence suggests sponges may be more closely related to other animals than the comb jellies are.<a href="#cite_note-Schultz-2023-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Sponges lack the complex organization found in most other animal phyla;<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organised into distinct tissues, unlike all other animals.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> They typically feed by drawing in water through pores, filtering out small particles of food.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> The comb jellies and Cnidaria are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both mouth and anus.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Animals in both phyla have distinct tissues, but these are not organised into discrete <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> They are <a href="/wiki/Diploblastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploblastic">diploblastic</a>, having only two main germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> The tiny placozoans have no permanent digestive chamber and no symmetry; they superficially resemble amoebae.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> Their phylogeny is poorly defined, and under active research.<a href="#cite_note-Schultz-2023-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilateria">Bilateria</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_(biology)#Bilateral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetry (biology)">Symmetry (biology) § Bilateral symmetry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilaterian_body_plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bilaterian_body_plan.svg/300px-Bilaterian_body_plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="581"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bilaterian_body_plan.svg/300px-Bilaterian_body_plan.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bilaterian_body_plan.svg/450px-Bilaterian_body_plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bilaterian_body_plan.svg/600px-Bilaterian_body_plan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Idealised <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">bilaterian</a> body plan.<a href="#cite_note-148">[d]</a> With an elongated body and a direction of movement the animal has head and tail ends. Sense organs and mouth form the <a href="/wiki/Cephalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalisation">basis of the head</a>. Opposed circular and longitudinal muscles enable <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristaltic motion</a>.</figcaption></figure> The remaining animals, the great majority—comprising some 29 phyla and over a million species—form the <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, which have a bilaterally symmetric <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a>. The Bilateria are <a href="/wiki/Triploblasty" title="Triploblasty">triploblastic</a>, with three well-developed germ layers, and their tissues <a href="/wiki/Organogenesis" title="Organogenesis">form distinct organs</a>. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is an internal body cavity, a <a href="/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coelom</a> or pseudocoelom. These animals have a head end (anterior) and a tail end (posterior), a back (dorsal) surface and a belly (ventral) surface, and a left and a right side.<a href="#cite_note-Minelli2009-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brusca2016-150">[146]</a> Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food, favouring <a href="/wiki/Cephalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalisation">cephalisation</a>, the development of a head with <a href="/wiki/Sense_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense organ">sense organs</a> and a mouth. Many bilaterians have a combination of circular <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> that constrict the body, making it longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten the body;<a href="#cite_note-Brusca2016-150">[146]</a> these enable soft-bodied animals with a <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_skeleton" title="Hydrostatic skeleton">hydrostatic skeleton</a> to move by <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quillin-151">[147]</a> They also have a gut that extends through the basically cylindrical body from mouth to anus. Many bilaterian phyla have primary <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> which swim with <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> and have an apical organ containing sensory cells. However, over evolutionary time, descendant spaces have evolved which have lost one or more of each of these characteristics. For example, adult echinoderms are radially symmetric (unlike their larvae), while some <a href="/wiki/Helminths" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminths">parasitic worms</a> have extremely simplified body structures.<a href="#cite_note-Minelli2009-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brusca2016-150">[146]</a> Genetic studies have considerably changed zoologists' understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria. Most appear to belong to two major lineages, the <a href="/wiki/Protostomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Protostomes">protostomes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostomes">deuterostomes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Telford_2008_pp._457%E2%80%93459-152">[148]</a> It is often suggested that the basalmost bilaterians are the <a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a>, with all other bilaterians belonging to the subclade <a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Philippe2011-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perseke2007-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cannon_2016-155">[151]</a> However, this suggestion has been contested, with other studies finding that xenacoelomorphs are more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a> than to other bilaterians.<a href="#cite_note-Kapli_2021-132">[129]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protostomes_and_deuterostomes">Protostomes and deuterostomes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Embryological_origins_of_the_mouth_and_anus" title="Embryological origins of the mouth and anus">Embryological origins of the mouth and anus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protovsdeuterostomes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg/220px-Protovsdeuterostomes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="527"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg/220px-Protovsdeuterostomes.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg/330px-Protovsdeuterostomes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg/440px-Protovsdeuterostomes.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The bilaterian gut develops in two ways. In many <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">protostomes</a>, the blastopore develops into the mouth, while in <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">deuterostomes</a> it becomes the anus.</figcaption></figure> Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways. Early in development, deuterostome embryos undergo radial <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(embryo)" title="Cleavage (embryo)">cleavage</a> during cell division, while many protostomes (the <a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a>) undergo spiral cleavage.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract, but in protostomes the first opening of the <a href="/wiki/Archenteron" title="Archenteron">embryonic gut</a> develops into the mouth, and the anus forms secondarily. In deuterostomes, the anus forms first while the mouth develops secondarily.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hejnol2009-158">[154]</a> Most protostomes have <a href="/wiki/Schizocoely" title="Schizocoely">schizocoelous development</a>, where cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm. In deuterostomes, the mesoderm forms by <a href="/wiki/Enterocoely" title="Enterocoely">enterocoelic pouching</a>, through invagination of the endoderm.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> The main deuterostome phyla are the Echinodermata and the Chordata.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Echinoderms are exclusively marine and include <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">sea cucumbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> The chordates are dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> (animals with <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">backbones</a>),<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> which consist of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibia">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> The deuterostomes also include the <a href="/wiki/Hemichordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemichordata">Hemichordata</a> (acorn worms).<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anax_Imperator_2(loz).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG/170px-Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="3754"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG/170px-Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG/255px-Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG/340px-Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">Ecdysis</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonfly</a> has emerged from its dry <a href="/wiki/Exuviae" title="Exuviae">exuviae</a> and is expanding its wings. Like other <a href="/wiki/Arthropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropods">arthropods</a>, its body is <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">divided into segments</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">trait</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a>, growth by moulting.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> They include the largest animal phylum, the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a>, which contains insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All of these have a body divided into <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">repeating segments</a>, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the <a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a>, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic and occur in nearly every environment where there is water;<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> some are important parasites.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Smaller phyla related to them are the <a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a> or horsehair worms, and the <a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a>. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Spiralia">Spiralia</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png/330px-Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="629"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png/330px-Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png" data-width="330" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png/495px-Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png/660px-Spiral_cleavage_in_Trochus.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spiral_cleavage" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral cleavage">Spiral cleavage</a> in a sea snail embryo</figcaption></figure> The Spiralia are a large group of protostomes that develop by spiral cleavage in the early embryo.<a href="#cite_note-Shankland-170">[166]</a> The Spiralia's phylogeny has been disputed, but it contains a large clade, the superphylum <a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a>, and smaller groups of phyla such as the <a href="/wiki/Rouphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a> which includes the <a href="/wiki/Gastrotrich" title="Gastrotrich">gastrotrichs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a>. All of these are grouped as the <a href="/wiki/Platytrochozoa" title="Platytrochozoa">Platytrochozoa</a>, which has a sister group, the <a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(clade)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathifera (clade)">Gnathifera</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">rotifers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Struck2014-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> The Lophotrochozoa includes the <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">nemerteans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">bryozoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">entoprocts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Struck2014-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> The molluscs, the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squids</a>, while the annelids are the segmented worms, such as <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lugworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugworm">lugworms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leeches</a>. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because they share <a href="/wiki/Trochophore" title="Trochophore">trochophore</a> larvae.<a href="#cite_note-Giribet2000-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="History_of_classification">History of classification</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy (biology)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">History of zoology through 1859</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_since_1859" class="mw-redirect" title="History of zoology since 1859">History of zoology since 1859</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/170px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="843"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 215px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/170px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="215" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/255px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/340px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a> led the creation of a modern classification of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>, breaking up Linnaeus's "Vermes" into 9 phyla by 1809.<a href="#cite_note-Gould2011-177">[173]</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Classical_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical era">classical era</a>, Aristotle <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">divided animals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[e]</a> based on his own observations, into those with blood (roughly, the vertebrates) and those without. The animals were then <a href="/wiki/Scala_naturae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scala naturae">arranged on a scale</a> from man (with blood, 2 legs, rational soul) down through the live-bearing tetrapods (with blood, 4 legs, sensitive soul) and other groups such as crustaceans (no blood, many legs, sensitive soul) down to spontaneously generating creatures like sponges (no blood, no legs, vegetable soul). <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> was uncertain whether sponges were animals, which in his system ought to have sensation, appetite, and locomotion, or plants, which did not: he knew that sponges could sense touch and would contract if about to be pulled off their rocks, but that they were rooted like plants and never moved about.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> In 1758, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> created the first <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> classification in his <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Linn1758-180">[175]</a> In his original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of <a href="/wiki/Vermes_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Vermes in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Vermes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insecta_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Insecta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisces_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Pisces in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Pisces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Amphibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aves_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Aves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mammalia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Mammalia</a>. Since then, the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, the <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>, while his Insecta (which included the crustaceans and arachnids) and Vermes have been renamed or broken up. The process was begun in 1793 by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a>, who called the Vermes une espèce de chaos (a chaotic mess)<a href="#cite_note-182">[f]</a> and split the group into three new phyla: worms, echinoderms, and polyps (which contained corals and jellyfish). By 1809, in his <a href="/wiki/Philosophie_Zoologique" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophie Zoologique">Philosophie Zoologique</a>, Lamarck had created 9 phyla apart from vertebrates (where he still had 4 phyla: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely <a href="/wiki/Cirripede" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirripede">cirripedes</a>, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, worms, <a href="/wiki/Radiata" title="Radiata">radiates</a>, polyps, and <a href="/wiki/Infusoria" title="Infusoria">infusorians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gould2011-177">[173]</a> In his 1817 <a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A8gne_Animal" title="Le Règne Animal">Le Règne Animal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> used <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">comparative anatomy</a> to group the animals into four embranchements ("branches" with different body plans, roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and annelids), and <a href="/wiki/Zoophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophytes">zoophytes (radiata)</a> (echinoderms, cnidaria and other forms).<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> This division into four was followed by the embryologist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> in 1828, the zoologist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> in 1857, and the comparative anatomist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> in 1860.<a href="#cite_note-Valentine2004-184">[178]</a> In 1874, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms: Metazoa (multicellular animals, with five phyla: coelenterates, echinoderms, articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates) and Protozoa (single-celled animals), including a sixth animal phylum, sponges.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valentine2004-184">[178]</a> The protozoa were later moved to the former kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a>, leaving only the Metazoa as a synonym of Animalia.<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="In_human_culture">In human culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical_uses">Practical uses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_animals" title="Human uses of animals">Human uses of animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG/170px-Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="665"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG/170px-Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG/255px-Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG/340px-Carni_bovine_macellate.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sides of <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouse</a></figcaption></figure> The human population exploits a large number of other animal species for food, both of <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of animals">domesticated</a> livestock species in <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> and, mainly at sea, by hunting wild species.<a href="#cite_note-FAOFish-187">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economist-188">[182]</a> Marine fish of many species are <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">caught commercially</a> for food. A smaller number of species are <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">farmed commercially</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAOFish-187">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> Humans and their <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> make up more than 90% of the biomass of all terrestrial vertebrates, and almost as much as all insects combined.<a href="#cite_note-Eggleton_2020-191">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</a> including <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacea">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> – principally <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">bees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">silkworms</a> – and <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalve</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropod</a> molluscs are hunted or farmed for food, fibres.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Chickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>, and other animals are raised as livestock for meat across the world.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-188">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> Animal fibres such as wool and silk are used to make textiles, while animal <a href="/wiki/Sinew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinew">sinews</a> have been used as lashings and bindings, and leather is widely used to make shoes and other items. Animals have been hunted and farmed for their fur to make items such as coats and hats.<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> Dyestuffs including <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">carmine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a>),<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a>,<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">kermes</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Munro214-202">[196]</a> have been made from the bodies of insects. <a href="/wiki/Working_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Working animals">Working animals</a> including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the first days of agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Pond2004-203">[197]</a> Animals such as the fruit fly <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a> serve a major role in science as <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">experimental models</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-EUstatistics2013-207">[201]</a> Animals have been used to create <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> since their discovery in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> Some medicines such as the cancer drug <a href="/wiki/Trabectedin" title="Trabectedin">trabectedin</a> are based on <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> or other molecules of animal origin.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebbuz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hebbuz.JPG/220px-Hebbuz.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hebbuz.JPG/220px-Hebbuz.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hebbuz.JPG/330px-Hebbuz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hebbuz.JPG/440px-Hebbuz.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">gun dog</a> retrieving a duck during a hunt</figcaption></figure> People have used <a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">hunting dogs</a> to help chase down and retrieve animals,<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">birds of prey</a> to catch birds and mammals,<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> while tethered <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Cormorant_fishing" title="Cormorant fishing">used to catch fish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-King2013-212">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">Poison dart frogs</a> have been used to poison the tips of <a href="/wiki/Blowdart" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowdart">blowpipe darts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amphibiaweb1-213">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> A wide variety of animals are kept as pets, from invertebrates such as tarantulas, octopuses, and <a href="/wiki/Praying_mantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying mantis">praying mantises</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> reptiles such as <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> and birds including <a href="/wiki/Domestic_canary" title="Domestic canary">canaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parakeet" title="Parakeet">parakeets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> all finding a place. However, the most kept pet species are mammals, namely <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">individuals with rights</a> of their own.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> A wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted <a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">for sport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolic_uses">Symbolic uses</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Signs_of_the_zodiac" class="mw-redirect" title="Signs of the zodiac">signs of the Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiacs</a> are based on animals.<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tester1987-224">[218]</a> In China and Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> has been seen as the <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of a person's <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hearn-225">[219]</a> and in classical representation the butterfly is also the symbol of the soul.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg/220px-Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3444" data-file-height="2617"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg/220px-Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg/330px-Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg/440px-Alexander_Coosemans_-_Still_Life_with_Lobster_and_Oysters.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Artistic vision: <a href="/wiki/Still_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Still Life">Still Life</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Coosemans" title="Alexander Coosemans">Alexander Coosemans</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1660</figcaption></figure> Animals have been the <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">subjects of art</a> from the earliest times, both historical, as in ancient Egypt, and prehistoric, as in the <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">cave paintings at Lascaux</a>. Major animal paintings include <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>'s 1515 <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%27s_Rhinoceros" title="Dürer's Rhinoceros">The Rhinoceros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Stubbs" title="George Stubbs">George Stubbs</a>'s <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1762 horse portrait <a href="/wiki/Whistlejacket" title="Whistlejacket">Whistlejacket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-228">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Insects</a>, birds and mammals play roles in literature and film,<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Big_bug_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Big bug movie">giant bug movies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GregersdotterH%C3%B6glund2016-230">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-WarrenThomas2009-231">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crouse2008-232">[226]</a> Animals including <a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">insects</a><a href="#cite_note-Hearn-225">[219]</a> and mammals<a href="#cite_note-TFL-233">[227]</a> feature in mythology and religion. The <a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">scarab beetle</a> was sacred in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Hinduism" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">cow is sacred in Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> Among other mammals, <a href="/wiki/Deer_in_mythology" title="Deer in mythology">deer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TFL-233">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">horses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">lions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bat#Cultural_significance" title="Bat">bats</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReadGonzalez-238">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">bears</a>,<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_folklore,_religion_and_mythology" title="Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology">wolves</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> are the subjects of myths and worship. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_organisms_by_population" title="Lists of organisms by population">Lists of organisms by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a>, observed on 4 October</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Henneguya_zschokkei" title="Henneguya zschokkei">Henneguya zschokkei</a> does not have mitochondrial DNA or utilize aerobic respiration.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-20200226-19">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> The application of <a href="/wiki/DNA_barcoding" title="DNA barcoding">DNA barcoding</a> to taxonomy further complicates this; a 2016 barcoding analysis estimated a total count of nearly 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> species for <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> alone, and extrapolated that the global insect fauna must be in excess of 10 million species, of which nearly 2 million are in a single fly family known as gall midges (<a href="/wiki/Cecidomyiidae" title="Cecidomyiidae">Cecidomyiidae</a>).<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Not including <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-72">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Compare <a href="/wiki/File:Annelid_redone_w_white_background.svg" title="File:Annelid redone w white background.svg">File:Annelid redone w white background.svg</a> for a more specific and detailed model of a particular phylum with this general body plan. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> In his <a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parts_of_Animals" title="Parts of Animals">Parts of Animals</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> The French prefix une espèce de is pejorative.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Phylonyms_Metazoa-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Phylonyms_Metazoa_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFde_QueirozCantinoGauthier2020" class="citation book cs1">de Queiroz, Kevin; 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It's changing the definition of what an animal can be"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110180353/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/26/world/first-animal-doesnt-breathe-oxygen-scn-trnd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. 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BMC Biology. 8: 32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-32">10.1186/1741-7007-8-32</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859860">2859860</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20370917">20370917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=Anaerobic+animals+from+an+ancient%2C+anoxic+ecological+niche&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859860%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20370917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-32&rft.aulast=Mentel&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft.au=Martin%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concepts-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Concepts_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaupe" class="citation web cs1">Saupe, S. 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Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Concepts+and+Applications+without+Physiology&rft.pages=362%2C+365&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-495-38150-1&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Cecie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXNFwB-O-WUC%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillmerLehmann1983" class="citation book cs1">Hillmer, Gero; Lehmann, Ulrich (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jE4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54">Fossil Invertebrates</a>. Translated by J. 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Retrieved 2 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There+are+only+35+kinds+of+animal+and+most+are+really+weird&rft.pub=BBC+Earth&rft.aulast=Hogenboom&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fearth%2Fstory%2F20150325-all-animal-life-in-35-photos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poulin2007-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_72-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulin2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulin_(zoologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Poulin (zoologist)">Poulin, Robert</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionaryecol0000poul/page/6">Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionaryecol0000poul/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12085-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12085-0"><bdi>978-0-691-12085-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Ecology+of+Parasites&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12085-0&rft.aulast=Poulin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionaryecol0000poul%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Felder2009-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Felder2009_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Felder2009_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Felder2009_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Felder2009_73-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelderCamp2009" class="citation book cs1">Felder, Darryl L.; Camp, David K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CphA8hiwaFIC&pg=RA1-PA1111">Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity</a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 1111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-269-5"><bdi>978-1-60344-269-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulf+of+Mexico+Origin%2C+Waters%2C+and+Biota%3A+Biodiversity&rft.pages=1111&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-269-5&rft.aulast=Felder&rft.aufirst=Darryl+L.&rft.au=Camp%2C+David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCphA8hiwaFIC%26pg%3DRA1-PA1111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110823180459.htm">"How many species on Earth? About 8.7 million, new estimate says"</a>. 24 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180701164954/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110823180459.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+many+species+on+Earth%3F+About+8.7+million%2C+new+estimate+says&rft.date=2011-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2011%2F08%2F110823180459.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mora2011-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Mora2011_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoraTittensorAdlSimpson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Worm, Boris (23 August 2011). Mace, Georgina M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336">"How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?"</a>. PLOS Biology. 9 (8): e1001127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336">3160336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21886479">21886479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=How+Many+Species+Are+There+on+Earth+and+in+the+Ocean%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e1001127&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160336%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21886479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127&rft.aulast=Mora&rft.aufirst=Camilo&rft.au=Tittensor%2C+Derek+P.&rft.au=Adl%2C+Sina&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Alastair+G.B.&rft.au=Worm%2C+Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebertRatnasinghamZakharovTelfer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hebert, Paul D.N.; Ratnasingham, Sujeevan; Zakharov, Evgeny V.; Telfer, Angela C.; Levesque-Beaudin, Valerie; et al. (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971185">"Counting animal species with DNA barcodes: Canadian insects"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1702): 20150333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0333">10.1098/rstb.2015.0333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971185">4971185</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27481785">27481785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Counting+animal+species+with+DNA+barcodes%3A+Canadian+insects&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=1702&rft.pages=20150333&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4971185%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27481785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0333&rft.aulast=Hebert&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.N.&rft.au=Ratnasingham%2C+Sujeevan&rft.au=Zakharov%2C+Evgeny+V.&rft.au=Telfer%2C+Angela+C.&rft.au=Levesque-Beaudin%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Milton%2C+Megan+A.&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Jannetta%2C+Paul&rft.au=deWaard%2C+Jeremy+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4971185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stork2018-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Stork2018_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStork2018" class="citation journal cs1">Stork, Nigel E. (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-020117-043348">"How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth?"</a>. Annual Review of Entomology. 63 (1): 31–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-020117-043348">10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28938083">28938083</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23755007">23755007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=How+Many+Species+of+Insects+and+Other+Terrestrial+Arthropods+Are+There+on+Earth%3F&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-45&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23755007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28938083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-020117-043348&rft.aulast=Stork&rft.aufirst=Nigel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-ento-020117-043348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> Stork notes that 1m insects have been named, making much larger predicted estimates. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoore2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Poore, Hugh F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ww6RzBz42-4C&pg=PA1">"Introduction"</a>. Crustacea: Malacostraca. Zoological catalogue of Australia. Vol. 19.2A. <a href="/wiki/CSIRO_Publishing" title="CSIRO Publishing">CSIRO Publishing</a>. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06901-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06901-5"><bdi>978-0-643-06901-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Crustacea%3A+Malacostraca&rft.series=Zoological+catalogue+of+Australia&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06901-5&rft.aulast=Poore&rft.aufirst=Hugh+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dww6RzBz42-4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicol1969-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol1969_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol1969_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol1969_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol1969_81-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1969" class="citation journal cs1">Nicol, David (June 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2412618">"The Number of Living Species of Molluscs"</a>. Systematic Zoology. 18 (2): 251–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2412618">10.2307/2412618</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2412618">2412618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Zoology&rft.atitle=The+Number+of+Living+Species+of+Molluscs&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-254&rft.date=1969-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2412618&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2412618%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2412618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUetz" class="citation journal cs1">Uetz, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352462027">"A Quarter Century of Reptile and Amphibian Databases"</a>. Herpetological Review. 52: 246–255. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221154655/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352462027_A_Quarter_Century_of_Reptile_and_Amphibian_Databases">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2021 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herpetological+Review&rft.atitle=A+Quarter+Century+of+Reptile+and+Amphibian+Databases&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=246-255&rft.aulast=Uetz&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F352462027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reaka-Kudla1996-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reaka-Kudla1996_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reaka-Kudla1996_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reaka-Kudla1996_83-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReaka-KudlaWilsonWilson1996" class="citation book cs1">Reaka-Kudla, Marjorie L.; Wilson, Don E.; <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">Wilson, Edward O.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-X5OAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources</a>. Joseph Henry Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-52075-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-52075-1"><bdi>978-0-309-52075-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+II%3A+Understanding+and+Protecting+Our+Biological+Resources&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Joseph+Henry+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-309-52075-1&rft.aulast=Reaka-Kudla&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+L.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Don+E.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Edward+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-X5OAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtonBurton2017" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Derek; Burton, Margaret (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0o4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA281">Essential Fish Biology: Diversity, Structure and Function</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 281–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878555-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878555-2"><bdi>978-0-19-878555-2</bdi></a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Trichomycteridae" title="Trichomycteridae">Trichomycteridae</a> ... includes obligate parasitic fish. Thus 17 genera from 2 subfamilies, <a href="/wiki/Vandelliinae" title="Vandelliinae">Vandelliinae</a>; 4 genera, 9spp. and <a href="/wiki/Stegophilinae" title="Stegophilinae">Stegophilinae</a>; 13 genera, 31 spp. are parasites on gills (Vandelliinae) or skin (stegophilines) of fish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Fish+Biology%3A+Diversity%2C+Structure+and+Function&rft.pages=281-282&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878555-2&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Burton%2C+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0o4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSluys1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sluys, R. (1999). 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Boydell & Brewer. pp. 31–33 and passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-446-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-446-6"><bdi>978-0-85115-446-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Astrology&rft.pages=31-33+and+passim&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-446-6&rft.aulast=Tester&rft.aufirst=S.+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0HSvH96alIC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hearn-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hearn_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hearn_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearn1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Hearn, Lafcadio</a> (1904). <a href="/wiki/Kwaidan:_Stories_and_Studies_of_Strange_Things" title="Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things">Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things</a>. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21901-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21901-1"><bdi>978-0-486-21901-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kwaidan%3A+Stories+and+Studies+of+Strange+Things&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1904&rft.isbn=978-0-486-21901-1&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.aufirst=Lafcadio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Jaucourt2011" class="citation journal cs1">De Jaucourt, Louis (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;rgn=main;view=text;idno=did2222.0001.694">"Butterfly"</a>. Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811042437/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;rgn=main;view=text;idno=did2222.0001.694">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diderot+and+d%27Alembert&rft.atitle=Butterfly&rft.date=2011-01&rft.aulast=De+Jaucourt&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Ddid%3Bcc%3Ddid%3Brgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dtext%3Bidno%3Ddid2222.0001.694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Hutchins, M., Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison and Neil Schlager (Eds) (2003), Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects. Gale, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-228"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Jonathan (27 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2014/jun/27/top-10-animal-portraits-in-art">"The top 10 animal portraits in art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518105922/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2014/jun/27/top-10-animal-portraits-in-art">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+top+10+animal+portraits+in+art&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2Fjonathanjonesblog%2F2014%2Fjun%2F27%2Ftop-10-animal-portraits-in-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Paterson, Jennifer (29 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0044.xml">"Animals in Film and Media"</a>. Oxford Bibliographies. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199791286-0044">10.1093/obo/9780199791286-0044</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614200642/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0044.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Animals+in+Film+and+Media&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199791286-0044&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199791286%2Fobo-9780199791286-0044.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GregersdotterHöglund2016-230"><a href="#cite_ref-GregersdotterH%C3%B6glund2016_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregersdotterHöglundHållén2016" class="citation book cs1">Gregersdotter, Katarina; Höglund, Johan; Hållén, Nicklas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hV-hCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147">Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism</a>. Springer. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49639-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49639-3"><bdi>978-1-137-49639-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Horror+Cinema%3A+Genre%2C+History+and+Criticism&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-49639-3&rft.aulast=Gregersdotter&rft.aufirst=Katarina&rft.au=H%C3%B6glund%2C+Johan&rft.au=H%C3%A5ll%C3%A9n%2C+Nicklas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhV-hCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WarrenThomas2009-231"><a href="#cite_ref-WarrenThomas2009_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrenThomas2009" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Bill; Thomas, Bill (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7kUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32">Keep Watching the Skies!: American Science Fiction Movies of the Fifties, The 21st Century Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2505-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2505-8"><bdi>978-1-4766-2505-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keep+Watching+the+Skies%21%3A+American+Science+Fiction+Movies+of+the+Fifties%2C+The+21st+Century+Edition&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2505-8&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB7kUCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crouse2008-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Crouse2008_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouse2008" class="citation book cs1">Crouse, Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5alnowvF3sC&pg=PT200">Son of the 100 Best Movies You've Never Seen</a>. ECW Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55490-330-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55490-330-6"><bdi>978-1-55490-330-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Son+of+the+100+Best+Movies+You%27ve+Never+Seen&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=ECW+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55490-330-6&rft.aulast=Crouse&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5alnowvF3sC%26pg%3DPT200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TFL-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TFL_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TFL_233-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treesforlife.org.uk/forest/mythology-folklore/deer/">"Deer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trees_for_Life_(Scotland)" title="Trees for Life (Scotland)">Trees for Life</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614200842/https://treesforlife.org.uk/forest/mythology-folklore/deer/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2016. 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Jerusalem: Israel Museum. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-278-083-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-278-083-6"><bdi>978-965-278-083-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scarabs%2C+A+Reflection+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Israel+Museum&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-965-278-083-6&rft.aulast=Ben-Tor&rft.aufirst=Daphna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswas2015" class="citation news cs1">Biswas, Soutik (15 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-34513185">"Why the humble cow is India's most polarising animal"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122205058/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-34513185">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+the+humble+cow+is+India%27s+most+polarising+animal&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=Soutik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-34513185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Gulik" class="citation book cs1">van Gulik, Robert Hans. Hayagrīva: The Mantrayānic Aspect of Horse-cult in China and Japan. 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Retrieved 6 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lion+Depiction+across+Ancient+and+Modern+Religions&rft.pub=Alert&rft.date=2012-06-24&rft.aulast=Grainger&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flionalert.org%2Fpage%2FLion_Depiction_Across_Ancient_and_Modern_Religions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReadGonzalez-238"><a href="#cite_ref-ReadGonzalez_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReadGonzalez2000" class="citation book cs1">Read, Kay Almere; Gonzalez, Jason J. (2000). Mesoamerican Mythology. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 132–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesoamerican+Mythology&rft.pages=132-134&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Kay+Almere&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Jason+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWunn2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wunn, Ina (January 2000). "Beginning of Religion". Numen. 47 (4): 417–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852700511612">10.1163/156852700511612</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53595088">53595088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Beginning+of+Religion&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=417-452&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852700511612&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53595088%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wunn&rft.aufirst=Ina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCone1987" class="citation book cs1">McCone, Kim R. (1987). "Hund, Wolf, und Krieger bei den Indogermanen". In Meid, W. (ed.). Studien zum indogermanischen Wortschatz. Innsbruck. pp. 101–154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hund%2C+Wolf%2C+und+Krieger+bei+den+Indogermanen&rft.btitle=Studien+zum+indogermanischen+Wortschatz&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pages=101-154&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=McCone&rft.aufirst=Kim+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Animals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Animals">Animals</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Animal" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Animal">Animal</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolweb.org/">Tree of Life Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612121424/http://www.tolweb.org//">Archived</a> 12 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/">Animal Diversity Web</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>'s database of animals</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160426231847/https://www.arkive.org/">Wildscreen Arkive</a> – multimedia database of endangered/protected species</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal&oldid=1257938275">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal&oldid=1257938275</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Animal&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 17 November 2024, at 09:23 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meulatang" title="Meulatang – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meulatang" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dier" title="Dier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiere" title="Tiere – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%88%B3" title="እንስሳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እንስሳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elleekodde" title="Elleekodde – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Elleekodde" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deor" title="Deor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Deor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܚܝܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܝܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalu" title="Animalu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Animalu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9tye" title="Bétye – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bétye" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="প্ৰাণী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awesis" title="Awesis – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Awesis" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymba" title="Mymba – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mymba" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uywa" title="Uywa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Uywa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyvanlar" title="Heyvanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Heyvanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حئیوان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حئیوان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buron" title="Buron – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Buron" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bagan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="প্রাণী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাণী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Tōng-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewan" title="Kewan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kewan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хайуандар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хайуандар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Жывёлы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жывёлы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Жывёлы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жывёлы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="जानवर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जानवर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayop" title="Hayop – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hayop" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animol" title="Animol – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Animol" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Животни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Животни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viecha" title="Viecha – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Viecha" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="སྲོག་ཆགས་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྲོག་ཆགས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Životinje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loen" title="Loen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Loen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Амитан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Амитан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" title="Animals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Animals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Чĕрчунсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕрчунсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mananap" title="Mananap – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mananap" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivo%C4%8Dichov%C3%A9" title="Živočichové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Živočichové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhuka" title="Mhuka – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhuka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyama" title="Vinyama – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Vinyama" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animale" title="Animale – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Animale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anifail" title="Anifail – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anifail" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedier" title="Gedier – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Gedier" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier" title="Tier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaldeehii" title="Naaldeehii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naaldeehii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%93" title="སེམས་ཅན – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སེམས་ཅན" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loomad" title="Loomad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loomad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%8E%CE%BF" title="Ζώο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζώο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ракшат – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ракшат" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestoj" title="Bestoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bestoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3" title="Lã – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Lã" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جانوران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جانوران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDr" title="Dýr – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Dýr" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieren" title="Dieren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baagh" title="Baagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Baagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beathach" title="Beathach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beathach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animais" title="Animais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Animais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дийнаташ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дийнаташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%B2" title="頭牲 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="頭牲" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80" title="પ્રાણી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રાણી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanlin" title="Kanlin – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Kanlin" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thung-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Thung-vu̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thung-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="동물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabba" title="Dabba – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dabba" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կենդանիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենդանիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Životinje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalo" title="Animalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Animalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayup" title="Ayup – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ayup" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hewan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%82%E1%95%90%E1%94%AA%E1%91%A6" title="ᓂᕐᔪᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓂᕐᔪᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%A1run" title="Niġrun – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Niġrun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Цæрæгойтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæрæгойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilwanyana" title="Isilwanyana – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isilwanyana" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izilwane" title="Izilwane – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izilwane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDr" title="Dýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי חיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי חיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sato_k%C3%A9wan" title="Sato kéwan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sato kéwan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%A9n%C9%9B" title="Kpɩnɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɩnɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪ್ರಾಣಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾಣಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ცხოველები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცხოველები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="جانوَر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جانوَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жануарлар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жануарлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enyval" title="Enyval – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Enyval" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyamaswa" title="Inyamaswa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inyamaswa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnyama" title="Mnyama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mnyama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibulu" title="Kibulu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kibulu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zannimo" title="Zannimo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zannimo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zannimo" title="Zannimo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zannimo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywan" title="Heywan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Heywan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жаныбар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаныбар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier" title="Tier – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tier" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%8F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хӏайван – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Хӏайван" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ສັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeivin%C4%ABki" title="Dzeivinīki – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Dzeivinīki" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvnieki" title="Dzīvnieki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzīvnieki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9ierer%C3%A4ich" title="Déiereräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Déiereräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гьайванар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гьайванар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyv%C5%ABnai" title="Gyvūnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieste" title="Bieste – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bieste" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama" title="Nyama – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/danlu" title="danlu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="danlu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestia" title="Bestia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bestia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llatok" title="Állatok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állatok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Животни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Животни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biby" title="Biby – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Biby" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81" title="ജന്തു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജന്തു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annimal" title="Annimal – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Annimal" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჩხოლარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩხოლარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="حیوون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="حیوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatang" title="Binatang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Binatang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatang" title="Binatang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Binatang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk" title="Dông-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dông-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Амьтан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амьтан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="သတ္တဝါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumanu" title="Manumanu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Manumanu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dieren (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieren" title="Dieren – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Dieren" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B1%E1%93%AF%E1%90%A2%E1%91%AD%E1%90%A4" title="ᐱᓯᐢᑭᐤ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="ᐱᓯᐢᑭᐤ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="जनावर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जनावर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animale" title="Animale – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Animale" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дийнаташ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дийнаташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarten" title="Diarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Diarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anim%C3%A2" title="Animâ – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Animâ" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Янлык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Янлык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80" title="ପ୍ରାଣୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରାଣୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bineelda" title="Bineelda – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bineelda" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvonlar" title="Hayvonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hayvonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਜੰਤੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਤੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جانور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جانور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ژوي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пода – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Пода" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abus" title="Abus – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Abus" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerter" title="Deerter – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Deerter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zwierzęta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haywanlar" title="Haywanlar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Haywanlar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dier" title="Dier – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dier" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnul_Animalia" title="Regnul Animalia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regnul Animalia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasho" title="Vasho – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Vasho" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" title="Animals – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Animals" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uywa" title="Uywa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uywa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Быдла – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Быдла" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Животные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Животные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Харамай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харамай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/aadupen" title="aadupen – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="aadupen" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83" title="जन्तवः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जन्तवः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱤᱣᱟᱹᱞᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱤᱣᱟᱹᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" title="Animals – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Animals" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierte" title="Dierte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Dierte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafsh%C3%ABt" title="Kafshët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kafshët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armali" title="Armali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Armali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="සත්තු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සත්තු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivo%C4%8D%C3%ADchy" title="Živočíchy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Živočíchy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivali" title="Živali – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Živali" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwiyrzynta" title="Zwiyrzynta – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Zwiyrzynta" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xayawaan" title="Xayawaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xayawaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1" title="گیانلەبەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گیانلەبەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meti" title="Meti – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Meti" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Животиње – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Животиње" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Životinje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sato" title="Sato – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sato" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4imet" title="Eläimet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eläimet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djur" title="Djur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Djur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayop" title="Hayop – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hayop" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="விலங்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விலங்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amudr" title="Amudr – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Amudr" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%A3ersiw" title="Aɣersiw – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aɣersiw" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Animalia" title="Regnum Animalia – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Regnum Animalia" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хайваннар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хайваннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BB%E1%80%9D%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="သတ်းၻဝႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သတ်းၻဝႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qsinu" title="qsinu – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qsinu" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="జంతువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జంతువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C" title="สัตว์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%88%B3" title="እንስሳ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="እንስሳ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҷонварон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷонварон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumanu" title="Monumanu – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Monumanu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%9D%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎦᏂᏝᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏂᏝᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hova" title="Hova – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hova" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phukha" title="Phukha – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Phukha" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvan" title="Hayvan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayvan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%BDwanlar" title="Haýwanlar – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Haýwanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmoa" title="Mmoa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mmoa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyam" title="Nyam – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nyam" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Тварини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тварини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیوانات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیوانات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ھايۋانات – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھايۋانات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenghduz" title="Doenghduz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doenghduz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivatad" title="Živatad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Živatad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Động vật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim" title="Nim – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4j%C3%A4q" title="Eläjäq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Eläjäq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesse" title="Biesse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biesse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCr%C3%BCtkana" title="Mürütkana – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Mürütkana" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAesten_(ryk)" title="Bêesten (ryk) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bêesten (ryk)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayop" title="Hayop – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hayop" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab" title="Rab – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Rab" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiharhi" title="Swiharhi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Swiharhi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי חיים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעלי חיים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ranko" title="Ẹranko – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹranko" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywan" title="Heywan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Heywan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%AAsten" title="Beêsten – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Beêsten" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ABv%C4%93" title="Gīvē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gīvē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9wan" title="Héwan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Héwan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelu" title="Jelu – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jelu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99jvonon" title="Həjvonon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Həjvonon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%94" title="ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 09:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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