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.entete.nations-unies{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Picto_infobox_UN.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.omnisports{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sport3_icone.svg/35px-Sport3_icone.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.palace{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Pictogram_infobox_palace.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.paralympique{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Picto_infobox_Paralympics.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.persofiction{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Picto_infobox_masks.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.petrole{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Picto_Infobox_Oil.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.planeur{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Picto_infobox_planeur.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.plateforme{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Picto_Infobox_Oil_Platform.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.poker{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crystal_Clear_app_Cardgame-3.svg/50px-Crystal_Clear_app_Cardgame-3.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.presse{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Picto_infobox_journal-ar.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.pretendant{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Picto_infobox_pr%C3%A9tendant_%C3%A0_un_tr%C3%B4ne.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.projet,.mw-parser-output .entete.project{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Picto_infobox_tools.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.psychologie{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Picto_infobox_psycho.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.quebec{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Picto_infobox_Quebec.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.recherche{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Picto_infobox_detective.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.rinkhockey{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Roller_hockey_pictogram.svg/35px-Roller_hockey_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.rome-antique{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Picto_infobox_Roman_military_banner.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.route{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Infobox_road_pictogram.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.rugby{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Picto_Infobox_Rugby.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.rugbyblack{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rugby_union_pictogram.svg/35px-Rugby_union_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.satellite{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Picto_infobox_satellite.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.sautski{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ski_jumping_pictogram.svg/40px-Ski_jumping_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.science-fiction{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Picto_infobox_fliyingsaucer.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.serie-video{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Logo_television_blanc.png")no-repeat top right;background-size:45px 45px}.mw-parser-output .entete.ski-alpin{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alpine_skiing_pictogram.svg/40px-Alpine_skiing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.snooker{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cue_sports_pictogram.svg/40px-Cue_sports_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.software{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Picto_infobox_software.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.sport{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Picto_infobox_Olympic.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.sport-automobile{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Picto_infobox_sport_auto.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.squash{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Squash_pictogram.svg/35px-Squash_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.stadium{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stadium.svg/40px-Stadium.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.starwars{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Star_Wars_Infobox_Pictogram.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.surf{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Surfing_pictogram.svg/35px-Surfing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.taekwondo{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Taekwondo_pictogram.svg/40px-Taekwondo_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.television{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Picto_infobox_TV-T%26PC.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.templiers{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Picto_infobox_Templiers.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.tennis{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tennis_pictogram_white.svg/35px-Tennis_pictogram_white.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.tennis-de-table{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Table_tennis_pictogram_white.svg/40px-Table_tennis_pictogram_white.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.tennis-de-tableblack{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Table_tennis_pictogram.svg/35px-Table_tennis_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.timbre{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Picto_infobox_Stamps.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.train{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Infobox_train.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.triathlon{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Triathlon_pictogram.svg/40px-Triathlon_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.ultimate{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ultimate_pictogram.svg/70px-Ultimate_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.union-europeenne{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Picto_Infobox_Europe.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.video{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tango-video-x-generic.png/35px-Tango-video-x-generic.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.voile{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sailing_pictogram.svg/40px-Sailing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.volleyball{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg/35px-Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.water-polo{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Water_polo_pictogram.svg/40px-Water_polo_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}</style> <p><b>الشركة المساهمة</b> (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اللغة الإنجليزية">بالإنجليزية</a>: <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Joint-stock company</span>)‏، كيان تجاري يمكن فيه شراء وبيع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%85_(%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سهم (تجارة)">أسهم</a> الشركة من قبل المساهمين. يمتلك كل مساهم نسبة معينة من أسهم <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شركة">الشركة</a>، يتضح ذلك من خلال حصصهم (شهادات الملكية).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> يمكن للمساهمين نقل أسهمهم إلى الآخرين دون أي تأثير على استمرارية وجود الشركة. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox"> <div class="entete" style="background-color:#CEDEFF;color:#000000"> <div> شركة مساهمة </div> </div> <table> <caption style="display:table-caption;background-color:#E1E1E1;text-align:center;color:#000000"> معلومات عامة </caption> <tbody> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">صنف فرعي من</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شركة محدودة">شركة محدودة</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134161?uselang%3Dar%23P279" title="عدل القيمة على Wikidata"><img alt="عدل القيمة على Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">النص التنظيمي الرئيسي</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q422168" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q422168">stock corporation law</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422168?uselang%3Dar" title="ترجم"><img alt="ترجم" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161"></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134161?uselang%3Dar%23P92" title="عدل القيمة على Wikidata"><img alt="عدل القيمة على Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">النقيض</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7049051" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q7049051">non-stock corporation</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049051?uselang%3Dar" title="ترجم"><img alt="ترجم" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161"></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134161?uselang%3Dar%23P461" title="عدل القيمة على Wikidata"><img alt="عدل القيمة على Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="navbar noprint bordered" style="display:block;flex:auto;border-top:2px dotted #CEDEFF;width:100%"><span class="plainlinks" style="background:inherit;text-align:right;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9_%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D0">تعديل</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9_%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0">تعديل مصدري</a> - <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134161" class="extiw" title="d:Q134161">تعديل ويكي بيانات</a></span><span style="text-align:left;float:left"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حول القالب"><img alt="حول القالب" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/30px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%25282%2529.svg/45px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%25282%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%25282%2529.svg/60px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%25282%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="800"></a></span></span></p> </div> <p>في قانون الشركات المعاصر، غالبًا ما تكون الشركة المساهمة مرادفة للشركة المُدمجة (امتلاك شخصية معنوية بشكل منفصل عن المساهمين) والمسؤولية المحدودة (المساهمون مسؤولون عن ديون الشركة فقط مقابل قيمة الأموال التي استثمروها في الشركة). لذلك، تُعرف الشركات المساهمة عادة باسم الشركات المُدمجة أو الشركات المحدودة.</p> <p>بقيت بعض السلطات القضائية توفر إمكانية تسجيل الشركات المساهمة دون مسؤولية محدودة. تُعرف الشركات المساهمة في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="المملكة المتحدة">المملكة المتحدة</a> وفي البلدان الأخرى التي اعتمدت نموذجها لقانون الشركات، بالشركات غير المحدودة. في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الولايات المتحدة">الولايات المتحدة</a>، تُعرف ببساطة باسم الشركات المساهمة.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ar" dir="rtl"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">محتويات</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">المزايا</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">قانون الشركات</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">خطوات تأسيس الشركة المساهمة</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">انظر أيضا</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">المراجع</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="المزايا"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B2.D8.A7.D9.8A.D8.A7"></span>المزايا</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: المزايا" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>تشير الملكية إلى عدد كبير من الامتيازات. يدير الشركة نيابة عن المساهمين مجلس إدارة مُنتَخب في اجتماع عمومي سنوي.</p> <p>يصوّت المساهمون أيضًا على قبول أو رفض تقرير سنوي ومجموعة حسابات مدققة. يمكن للمساهمين الأفراد في بعض الأحيان الترشح للإدارة داخل الشركة في حال حدوث شاغر، ولكنّه أمر غير شائع.</p> <p>عادة ما يكون المساهمون غير مسؤولين عن أي من ديون الشركة التي تتجاوز قدرة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شركة">الشركة</a> على دفع ما يصل إليهم.</p> <p>توجد الشركات المساهمة بشكل قانوني منفصل؛ ما يعني أن لها وجودًا قانونيًا آخر بدلًا من المالك.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="قانون_الشركات"><span id=".D9.82.D8.A7.D9.86.D9.88.D9.86_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B4.D8.B1.D9.83.D8.A7.D8.AA"></span>قانون الشركات</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: قانون الشركات" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>يتطلب وجود الشركة إطارًا قانونيًا خاصًا ومجموعة من القوانين تمنح الشخصية القانونية للشركة على وجه التحديد، وعادةً ما تنظر إلى الشركة بمثابة شخص خيالي أو شخص قانوني أو شخص معنوي (على عكس الشخص الطبيعي) الذي يحمي أصحابها (المساهمين) من الخسائر أو المسؤوليات «المؤسسية»؛ تكون الخسائر محدودة حسب عدد <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%85_(%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سهم (تجارة)">الأسهم</a> المملوكة. علاوة على ذلك، تخلق حافزًا للمستثمرين الجدد (الأسهم القابلة للتسويق وإصدار الأسهم في المستقبل). عادة ما تُمكّن قوانين الشركات امتلاك الشركة لعقار وتوقيع العقود الملزمة ودفع الضرائب بصفة منفصلة عن تلك الخاصة بمساهميها الذين يُشار إليهم أحيانًا باسم «الأعضاء». كما أن المؤسسة مخوّلة باقتراض <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مال">الأموال</a>، بشكل تقليدي ومباشر من الجمهور، من خلال إصدار سندات مقابل فائدة. تعيش الشركات إلى أجل غير مسمى؛ يأتي «موتها» فقط بالاستحواذ أو <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="إفلاس">الإفلاس</a>. وفقًا للسيد المستشار هالدين،</p> <blockquote> <p>...الشركة فكرة مجرّدة. ليس لديها عقل خاص بها أكثر مما لديها جسم خاص بها؛ وبالتالي، يجب البحث عن إرادتها النشطة والموجهة في الشخص الذي هو على الحقيقة العقل الموجّه والمدير للشركة، هو الأنا ومركز شخصية الشركة -<i>شركة لينارد للحمل المحدودة ضد شركة آسياتك للبترول المحدودة</i> [1915] إيه سي 705</p> </blockquote> <p>تتجسد هذه «الإرادة التوجيهية» في مجلس إدارة الشركة. للشخصية القانونية أثران اقتصاديان. تمنح الدائنين (على عكس المساهمين أو الموظفين) الأولوية على ممتلكات الشركة عند سداد الديون. ثانيًا، لا يمكن سحب ممتلكات الشركة من قبل الدائنين المساهمين فيها، ولا يمكن لأصحاب الشركة الاستيلاء على ممتلكات الشركة من الأشخاص المساهمين. تتطلب الميزة الثانية تشريعًا خاصًا وإطارًا قانونيًا خاصًا، إذ لا يمكن استنساخها من خلال قانون العقود القياسي. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>         </p> <p>تشمل القوانين الأكثر ملائمة للشركة:</p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <td>القانون</td> <td>الوصف</td> </tr> <tr> <td>المسؤولية المحدودة</td> <td>على عكس الشراكة أو الملكية الفردية، يتحمل المساهمون في شركة تجارية حديثة مسؤولية «محدودة» ديون الشركة والتزاماتها. ونتيجة لذلك، لا يمكن أن تتجاوز خسائرهم المبلغ الذي ساهموا به في الشركة كمستحقات أو مدفوعات مقابل الأسهم. وهذا يمكّن الشركات من «تعميم تكاليفها» لصالح المساهمين الأساسيين؛ يُقصد بتعميم التكاليف نشرها في المجتمع بشكل عام. ينطوي المنطق الاقتصادي على أنّ التعميم يسمح بالتداول المجهول في أسهم الشركة من خلال إلغاء دائني الشركة كمساهمين في مثل هذه الصفقة.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ودون مسؤولية محدودة، قد لا يسمح الدائن ببيع أي سهم إلى مشترٍ على الأقل بنفس الجدارة الائتمانية مثل البائع. تسمح المسؤولية المحدودة للشركات أيضًا بجمع مبالغ كبيرة من التمويل لمؤسساتها من خلال الجمع بين الأموال من العديد من مالكي الأسهم. تقلل المسؤولية المحدودة المبلغ الذي يمكن أن يخسره المساهم في الشركة. وهذا يزيد من جاذبية المساهمين المحتملين، وبالتالي يزيد من عدد المساهمين الراغبين والمبلغ المحتمل أن يستثمرونه. ومع ذلك، تسمح بعض السلطات القضائية أيضًا بنوع آخر من الشركات تكون فيه مسؤولية المساهمين غير محدودة، على سبيل المثال شركة المسؤولية غير المحدودة في مقاطعتين في كندا، والشركة غير المحدودة في المملكة المتحدة. <p><br></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td>الثبات الدائم</td> <td>تتضمن الميزة الأخرى أنّ ممتلكات وهيكل الشركة يمكن أن يستمرا إلى ما بعد عمر مساهميها وحَمَلة السندات. يسمح هذا بالاستقرار وتراكم رأس المال، ويوفّر الاستثمار في مشاريع أكبر وأطول أمدًا مما لو كانت ممتلكات الشركة عرضة للتصفية والتوزيع. كان هذا الأمر مهمًا أيضًا في العصور الوسطى. عندما كان يجري التبرع بالأرض للكنيسة (شركة)، فإنّ الرسوم الإقطاعية التي يمكن أن يطالب بها الرب لن تقع عند وفاة صاحب الأرض: انظر قوانين مورتماين. (ومع ذلك يمكن حل شركة ما بواسطة سلطة حكومية عن طريق وضع حدّ لوجودها بمثابة كيان قانوني. ونادرًا ما يحدث ذلك ما لم تخالف الشركة القانون، مثلًا إذا لم تستوفِ شروط الإيداع السنوية أو -في ظروف معينة- إذا طالبت الشركة بالتصفية). <p><br></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="خطوات_تأسيس_الشركة_المساهمة"><span id=".D8.AE.D8.B7.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.AA_.D8.AA.D8.A3.D8.B3.D9.8A.D8.B3_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B4.D8.B1.D9.83.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B3.D8.A7.D9.87.D9.85.D8.A9"></span>خطوات تأسيس الشركة المساهمة</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: خطوات تأسيس الشركة المساهمة" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ol> <li>استخراج شهادة رسمية من السجل التجاري تفيد أن الاسم التجاري للشركة لا يلتبس مع اسم شركة أخرى.</li> <li>بعد أن يحدد المؤسسون مشروع تكوين الشركة فإنهم يبرمون عقدها التأسيسي وذلك بقيام المؤسسون أو وكيلهم بشراء العقد المخصص للتأسيس من قطاع شركات الأموال الذي يقوم بدوره بإصدار نماذج خاصة لعقود الشركات.</li> <li>يحرر عقد الشركة بكتابة ما اِتُّفِقَ عليه بين الشركاء في المساحات المخصصة لها بالعقد بما فيها أغراض الشركة والتي يجب أن تكون متفقة مع أحكام القوانين واللوائح والقرارات المنظمة بشرط استصدار التراخيص اللازمة لممارسة النشاط المتفق عليه وعلى المشاركة فيه، ويجب أن يتضمن العقد والنظام الأساسي للشركة توقيع المؤسسين أو من ينوب عنهم قانونا، وكذلك خاتم وامضاء كل من مراقب حسابات الشركة ومستشارها القانوني.</li> <li>بعد ذلك يتم تقديم عقد الشركة لقطاع شركات الأموال.</li> </ol> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="انظر_أيضا"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.86.D8.B8.D8.B1_.D8.A3.D9.8A.D8.B6.D8.A7"></span>انظر أيضا</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: انظر أيضا" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شركة">شركة</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شركة الشخص الواحد">شركة الشخص الواحد</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شركة محاصة">شركة محاصة</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شركة تابعة">شركة تابعة</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شركة عامة">شركة تضامنية</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شركة تضامنية محدودة">شركة تضامنية محدودة</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شركة ذات مسؤولية محدودة">شركة ذات مسؤولية محدودة</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مسؤولية محدودة">مسؤولية محدودة</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شخص اعتباري">شخص اعتباري</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="المراجع"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.AC.D8.B9"></span>المراجع</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: المراجع" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64185426">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal;overflow-y:auto;max-height:300px}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}@media print{.mw-parser-output .reflist{overflow-y:visible!important;max-height:none!important}}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67739214">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")left 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")left 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")left 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")left 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCourtney" class="citation book cs1">Courtney، Thomas B. <i>The Law of Private Companies</i> (ط. 2nd). ص. 26. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/1-85475-265-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/1-85475-265-0"><bdi>1-85475-265-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Private+Companies&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=2nd&rft.isbn=1-85475-265-0&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414093927/https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Joint%2BStock%2BCompany">"Joint Stock Company"</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Joint%2BStock%2BCompany">الأصل</a> في 2019-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2012-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Stock+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2FJoint%2BStock%2BCompany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="قالب:استشهاد ويب">استشهاد ويب</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">الوسيط غير المعروف <code class="cs1-code">|موسوعة=</code> تم تجاهله (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#parameter_ignored" title="مساعدة:أخطاء الاستشهاد">مساعدة</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansmann et al., <i>The Anatomy of Corporate Law</i>, pg 7.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFHock2005" class="citation book cs1">Hock، Dee (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504150646/https://archive.org/details/One_From_Many_9781605090184"><i>One from Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization</i></a>. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. ص. 140. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/1-57675-332-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/1-57675-332-8"><bdi>1-57675-332-8</bdi></a>. مؤرشف من <span class="id-lock-registration" title="يمكن التسجيل مجانًا"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/One_From_Many_9781605090184">الأصل</a></span> في 2020-05-04. <q>... they have become a superb instrument for the capitalization of gain and the socialization of cost.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+from+Many%3A+VISA+and+the+Rise+of+Chaordic+Organization&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Berrett-Koehler+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57675-332-8&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Dee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FOne_From_Many_9781605090184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68268331">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:20ch;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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الأذربيجانية" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səhmdar cəmiyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="الأذربيجانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9%25D8%25AA" title="سهامدار شیرکت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سهامدار شیرکت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D2%2599%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580_%25D0%25B9%25D3%2599%25D0%25BC%25D2%2593%25D0%25B8%25D3%2599%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5" title="Акционерҙар йәмғиәте – الباشكيرية" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Акционерҙар йәмғиәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="الباشكيرية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Акцыянернае таварыства – البيلاروسية" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акцыянернае таварыства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="البيلاروسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Акцыйнае таварыства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Акцыйнае таварыства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Акционерно дружество – البلغارية" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Акционерно дружество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="البلغارية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A7%258C%25E0%25A6%25A5_%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2582%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="যৌথ মূলধন ব্যবসা – البنغالية" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যৌথ মূলধন ব্যবসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="البنغالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioni%25C4%258Dko_dru%25C5%25A1tvo" title="Dioničko društvo – البوسنية" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dioničko društvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="البوسنية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akciov%25C3%25A1_spole%25C4%258Dnost" title="Akciová společnost – التشيكية" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akciová společnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="التشيكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft – الألمانية" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aktiengesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الألمانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A3%25CF%2585%25CE%25BC%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B5%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2587%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%25B5%25CF%2584%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B9%25CF%2581%25CE%25B5%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Συμμετοχική εταιρεία – اليونانية" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συμμετοχική εταιρεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="اليونانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company – الإنجليزية" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Joint-stock company" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="الإنجليزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcia_kompanio" title="Akcia kompanio – الإسبرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akcia kompanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="الإسبرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_por_acciones" title="Sociedad por acciones – الإسبانية" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociedad por acciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="الإسبانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktsiaselts" title="Aktsiaselts – الإستونية" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aktsiaselts" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="الإستونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akzio-sozietate" title="Akzio-sozietate – الباسكية" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akzio-sozietate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="الباسكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C" title="شرکت سهامی – الفارسية" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرکت سهامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="الفارسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osakeyhti%25C3%25B6" title="Osakeyhtiö – الفنلندية" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osakeyhtiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="الفنلندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%25C3%25A9t%25C3%25A9_par_actions" title="Société par actions – الفرنسية" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Société par actions" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="الفرنسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%2581%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="संयुक्त पूँजी कम्पनी – الهندية" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त पूँजी कम्पनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="الهندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioni%25C4%258Dko_dru%25C5%25A1tvo" title="Dioničko društvo – الكرواتية" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dioničko društvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="الكرواتية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B2%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AA%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BF%25D5%25AB%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25A8%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Բաժնետիրական ընկերություն – الأرمنية" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բաժնետիրական ընկերություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="الأرمنية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societate_per_actiones" title="Societate per actiones – اللّغة الوسيطة" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Societate per actiones" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="اللّغة الوسيطة" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusahaan_saham_bersama" title="Perusahaan saham bersama – الإندونيسية" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perusahaan saham bersama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="الإندونيسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%25C3%25A0_per_azioni" title="Società per azioni – الإيطالية" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Società per azioni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="الإيطالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25A0%25AA%25E5%25BC%258F%25E4%25BC%259A%25E7%25A4%25BE" title="株式会社 – اليابانية" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="株式会社" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="اليابانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%25AA%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259D_%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2596%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590" title="სააქციო საზოგადოება – الجورجية" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სააქციო საზოგადოება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="الجورجية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA_%25D2%259B%25D0%25BE%25D2%2593%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC" title="Акционерлік қоғам – الكازاخستانية" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Акционерлік қоғам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="الكازاخستانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B2%25AE_(%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AA%25E0%25B3%258A%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%2587%25E0%25B2%25B7%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B3%258D)(%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25AA%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25A6_%25E0%25B2%2589%25E0%25B2%25A6%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A6%25E0%25B3%2587%25E0%25B2%25B6%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B2%25BF_%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%2587%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25A6_%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%25B9%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B0_%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%2598%25E0%25B2%259F%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B3%2586)" title="ನಿಗಮ (ಕಾರ್ಪೊರೇಷನ್)(ವ್ಯಾಪಾರದ ಉದ್ದೇಶಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಸೇರಿದ ವ್ಯವಹಾರ ಸಂಘಟನೆ) – الكانادا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿಗಮ (ಕಾರ್ಪೊರೇಷನ್)(ವ್ಯಾಪಾರದ ಉದ್ದೇಶಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಸೇರಿದ ವ್ಯವಹಾರ ಸಂಘಟನೆ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="الكانادا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A3%25BC%25EC%258B%259D%25ED%259A%258C%25EC%2582%25AC" title="주식회사 – الكورية" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주식회사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="الكورية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC" title="Акционердик коом – القيرغيزية" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акционердик коом" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="القيرغيزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcin%25C4%2597_bendrov%25C4%2597" title="Akcinė bendrovė – الليتوانية" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akcinė bendrovė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="الليتوانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akciju_sabiedr%25C4%25ABba" title="Akciju sabiedrība – اللاتفية" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akciju sabiedrība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="اللاتفية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2588%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Акционерско друштво – المقدونية" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Акционерско друштво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="المقدونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2583%25D0%25B2%25D1%258C%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8" title="Хувьцаат компани – المنغولية" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хувьцаат компани" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="المنغولية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syarikat_saham_bersama" title="Syarikat saham bersama – الماليزية" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syarikat saham bersama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="الماليزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suciet%25C3%25A0_ppe_azzione" title="Sucietà ppe azzione – النابولية" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sucietà ppe azzione" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="النابولية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="संयुक्त स्टक कम्पनी – النيبالية" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संयुक्त स्टक कम्पनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="النيبالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksjeselskap" title="Aksjeselskap – النرويجية بوكمال" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aksjeselskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="النرويجية بوكمال" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%25C3%25B3%25C5%2582ka_akcyjna" title="Spółka akcyjna – البولندية" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spółka akcyjna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="البولندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_por_a%25C3%25A7%25C3%25B5es" title="Sociedade por ações – البرتغالية" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sociedade por ações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="البرتغالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societate_pe_ac%25C8%259Biuni" title="Societate pe acțiuni – الرومانية" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Societate pe acțiuni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="الرومانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D1%2589%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Акционерное общество – الروسية" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Акционерное общество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="الروسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%2586%25D9%25BD_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%25BD%25D8%25A7%25DA%25AA_%25DA%25AA%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="جوائنٽ اسٽاڪ ڪمپني – السندية" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جوائنٽ اسٽاڪ ڪمپني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="السندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcionarsko_dru%25C5%25A1tvo" title="Akcionarsko društvo – صربية-كرواتية" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Akcionarsko društvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="صربية-كرواتية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joint-stock company" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akciov%25C3%25A1_spolo%25C4%258Dnos%25C5%25A5" title="Akciová spoločnosť – السلوفاكية" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akciová spoločnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="السلوفاكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delni%25C5%25A1ka_dru%25C5%25BEba" title="Delniška družba – السلوفانية" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Delniška družba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="السلوفانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoq%25C3%25ABria_aksionare" title="Shoqëria aksionare – الألبانية" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shoqëria aksionare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الألبانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2588%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Деоничарско друштво – الصربية" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Деоничарско друштво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="الصربية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiebolag" title="Aktiebolag – السويدية" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aktiebolag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="السويدية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25B6%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D1%258A%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D2%25B3%25D2%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D3%25A3" title="Ҷамъияти саҳҳомӣ – الطاجيكية" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷамъияти саҳҳомӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="الطاجيكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Акціонерне товариство – الأوكرانية" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акціонерне товариство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="الأوكرانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiyadorlar_jamiyati" title="Aksiyadorlar jamiyati – الأوزبكية" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aksiyadorlar jamiyati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="الأوزبكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%25C3%25B4ng_ty_c%25E1%25BB%2595_ph%25E1%25BA%25A7n" title="Công ty cổ phần – الفيتنامية" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công ty cổ phần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="الفيتنامية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2582%25A1%25E4%25BB%25BD%25E6%259C%2589%25E9%2599%2590%25E5%2585%25AC%25E5%258F%25B8" title="股份有限公司 – الوو الصينية" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="股份有限公司" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="الوو الصينية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2582%25A1%25E4%25BB%25BD%25E6%259C%2589%25E9%2599%2590%25E5%2585%25AC%25E5%258F%25B8" title="股份有限公司 – الصينية" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="股份有限公司" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="الصينية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu-sek-ho%25C4%2593-si%25C4%2581" title="Tu-sek-hoē-siā – مين-نان الصينية" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tu-sek-hoē-siā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="مين-نان الصينية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ar.svg" alt="ويكيبيديا" width="112" height="39" style="width: 7em; height: 2.4375em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">آخر تعديل لهذه الصفحة كان يوم 23 أكتوبر 2024، الساعة 11:20.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">المحتوى متاح وفق <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ar">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> ما لم يرد 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