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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implemented_but_not_recommended_for_production_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Implemented but not recommended for production use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implemented_but_not_recommended_for_production_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cloning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subvolumes_and_snapshots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subvolumes_and_snapshots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Subvolumes and snapshots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subvolumes_and_snapshots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Send–receive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Send–receive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Send–receive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Send–receive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quota_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quota_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Quota groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quota_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-place_conversion_from_ext2/3/4_and_ReiserFS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-place_conversion_from_ext2/3/4_and_ReiserFS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>In-place conversion from ext2/3/4 and ReiserFS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-place_conversion_from_ext2/3/4_and_ReiserFS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_mounting_/_seed_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_mounting_/_seed_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Union mounting / seed devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_mounting_/_seed_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encryption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encryption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Encryption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encryption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Checking_and_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Checking_and_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Checking and recovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Checking_and_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-File_system_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_system_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>File system tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_system_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Extents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extent_allocation_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent_allocation_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Extent allocation tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent_allocation_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Checksum_tree_and_scrubbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Checksum_tree_and_scrubbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Checksum tree and scrubbing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Checksum_tree_and_scrubbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Log_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Log_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Log tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Log_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chunk_and_device_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chunk_and_device_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Chunk and device trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chunk_and_device_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relocation_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relocation_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Relocation trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relocation_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superblock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superblock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Superblock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superblock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commercial support</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commercial support subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commercial_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supported" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supported"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Supported</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supported-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_longer_supported" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_longer_supported"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>No longer supported</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_longer_supported-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Btrfs</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B3" title="بتر إف إس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بتر إف إس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Btrfs" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q283820#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Copy-on-write file system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Btrfs</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SUSE_S.A." title="SUSE S.A.">SUSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta Platforms, Inc">Meta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fusion-io" title="Fusion-io">Fusion-io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Linux_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Linux Foundation">The Linux Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strato_AG" title="Strato AG">Strato AG</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">B-tree file system</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">March 23, 2009<span class="noprint">; 16 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2009-03-23</span>)</span> with Linux kernel 2.6.29</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Partition_type" title="Partition type">Partition IDs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">MBR</a></b>: 0x83: Linux native filesystem</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GPT</a></b>: 0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4: Linux native filesystem<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Structures</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Directory contents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B-tree" title="B-tree">B-tree</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">File allocation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extents</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Bad blocks</th><td class="infobox-data">None recorded</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max volume size</th><td class="infobox-data">16 <a href="/wiki/Exbibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Exbibyte">EiB</a><sup id="cite_ref-file-system-limits_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-file-system-limits-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kernel-limits_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kernel-limits-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max file size</th><td class="infobox-data">16 EiB<sup id="cite_ref-file-system-limits_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-file-system-limits-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kernel-limits_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kernel-limits-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> of files</th><td class="infobox-data">2<sup>64</sup><sup id="cite_ref-maximum-files_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maximum-files-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-btrfs-wiki-1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs-wiki-1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max filename length</th><td class="infobox-data">255 <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> characters (fewer for multibyte <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Allowed filename<br />characters</th><td class="infobox-data">All except <code>'/'</code> and <code>NUL</code> (<code>'\0'</code>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Dates recorded</th><td class="infobox-data">Creation (otime),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modification (mtime), attribute modification (ctime), and access (atime)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date range</th><td class="infobox-data">64-bit signed int offset from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date resolution</th><td class="infobox-data">Nanosecond</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">extended attributes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">File system<br />permissions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unix permissions, <a href="/wiki/Access-control_list#POSIX_ACL" title="Access-control list">POSIX ACLs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Transparent<br />compression</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes (<a href="/wiki/Zlib" title="Zlib">zlib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Oberhumer" title="Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer">LZO</a><sup id="cite_ref-btrfs_Wiki_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs_Wiki-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (since 4.14) <a href="/wiki/Zstandard" class="mw-redirect" title="Zstandard">ZSTD</a><sup id="cite_ref-kernelnewbies.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kernelnewbies.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Transparent<br />encryption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Planned<sup id="cite_ref-McPherson_2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPherson_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-dedup_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dedup-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Supported<br /><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/">btrfs<wbr />.readthedocs<wbr />.io</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283820#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Btrfs</b> (pronounced as "better F S",<sup id="cite_ref-McPherson_2009_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPherson_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "butter F S",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "b-tree F S",<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or B.T.R.F.S.) is a computer storage format that combines a <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">copy-on-write</a> (COW) principle with a <a href="/wiki/Logical_volume_management" title="Logical volume management">logical volume manager</a> (distinct from Linux's <a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">LVM</a>), developed together. It was created by Chris Mason in 2007<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for use in <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, and since November 2013, the file system's on-disk format has been declared stable in the Linux <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Btrfs is intended to address the lack of pooling, <a href="/wiki/Snapshot_(computer_storage)" title="Snapshot (computer storage)">snapshots</a>, <a href="/wiki/File_integrity_monitoring" title="File integrity monitoring">integrity checking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">data scrubbing</a>, and integral multi-device spanning in <a href="/wiki/Linux_file_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux file systems">Linux file systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McPherson_2009_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPherson_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mason, the principal Btrfs author, stated that its goal was "to let [Linux] scale for the storage that will be available. Scaling is not just about addressing the storage but also means being able to administer and to manage it with a clean interface that lets people see what's being used and makes it more reliable".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Btrfs_filesystem_usage_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Btrfs_filesystem_usage_screenshot.png/330px-Btrfs_filesystem_usage_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Btrfs_filesystem_usage_screenshot.png/495px-Btrfs_filesystem_usage_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Btrfs_filesystem_usage_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of usage information of a Btrfs filesystem</figcaption></figure> <p>The core data structure of Btrfs‍—‌the copy-on-write <a href="/wiki/B-tree" title="B-tree">B-tree</a>‍—‌was originally proposed by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> researcher Ohad Rodeh at a <a href="/wiki/USENIX" title="USENIX">USENIX</a> conference in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-rodeh-1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodeh-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mason, an engineer working on <a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a> for <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a> at the time, joined Oracle later that year and began work on a new file system based on these B-trees.<sup id="cite_ref-joinfb_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joinfb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the principal developer of the <a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a> file systems, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Ts%27o" title="Theodore Ts'o">Theodore Ts'o</a>, stated that although ext4 has improved features, it is not a major advance; it uses old technology and is a stop-gap. Ts'o said that Btrfs is the better direction because "it offers improvements in scalability, reliability, and ease of management".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Btrfs also has "a number of the same design ideas that <a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">reiser3</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reiser4" title="Reiser4">4</a> had".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Btrfs 1.0, with finalized on-disk format, was originally slated for a late-2008 release,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was finally accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_mainline" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux kernel mainline">Linux kernel mainline</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a> began offering Btrfs as an experimental choice of <a href="/wiki/Root_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Root file system">root file system</a> during installation.<sup id="cite_ref-RHEL_6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHEL_6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2011, Btrfs automatic <a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">defragmentation</a> and scrubbing features were merged into version 3.0 of the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_mainline" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux kernel mainline">Linux kernel mainline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-defragandscrubbing_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defragandscrubbing-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides Mason at Oracle, Miao Xie at Fujitsu contributed performance improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2012, Mason left Oracle for <a href="/wiki/Fusion-io" title="Fusion-io">Fusion-io</a>, which he left a year later with Josef Bacik to join <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>. While at both companies, Mason continued his work on Btrfs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-joinfb_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joinfb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, two Linux distributions moved Btrfs from experimental to production or supported status: <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Linux" title="Oracle Linux">Oracle Linux</a> in March,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux_Enterprise" title="SUSE Linux Enterprise">SUSE Linux Enterprise</a> in August.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Btrfs was adopted as the default filesystem for <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux_Enterprise_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux Enterprise Server">SUSE Linux Enterprise Server</a> (SLE) 12.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2017, Red Hat announced in the release notes for <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a> (RHEL) 7.4 that it no longer planned to move Btrfs to a fully supported feature (it's been included as a "technology preview" since RHEL 6 beta) noting that it would remain available in the RHEL 7 release series.<sup id="cite_ref-RHEL_7_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHEL_7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Btrfs was removed from RHEL 8 in May 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-RHEL_8_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHEL_8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RHEL moved from ext4 in RHEL 6 to <a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a> in RHEL 7.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Btrfs was selected as the default file system for <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a> 33 for desktop variants.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_features">List of features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implemented">Implemented</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implemented"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of version 6.0 of the Linux kernel, Btrfs implements the following features:<sup id="cite_ref-btrfs-features-list_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs-features-list-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mostly self-healing in some configurations due to the nature of copy-on-write</li> <li>Online defragmentation and an <i>autodefrag</i> mount option<sup id="cite_ref-defragandscrubbing_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defragandscrubbing-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Online volume growth and shrinking</li> <li>Online <a href="/wiki/Block_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Block device">block device</a> addition and removal</li> <li>Online balancing (movement of objects between block devices to balance load)</li> <li>Offline <a href="/wiki/Fsck" title="Fsck">filesystem check</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Online <a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">data scrubbing</a> for finding errors and automatically fixing them for files with redundant copies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAID_0" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID 0">RAID 0</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAID_1" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID 1">RAID 1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RAID_10" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID 10">RAID 10</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Subvolumes (one or more separately mountable <a href="/wiki/Root_directory" title="Root directory">filesystem roots</a> within each <a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">disk partition</a>)</li> <li>Transparent <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compression</a> via <a href="/wiki/Zlib" title="Zlib">zlib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Oberhumer" title="Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer">LZO</a><sup id="cite_ref-btrfs_Wiki_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs_Wiki-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (since 4.14) <a href="/wiki/Zstandard" class="mw-redirect" title="Zstandard">ZSTD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kernelnewbies.org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kernelnewbies.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> configurable per file or volume<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Atomic writable (via copy-on-write) or read-only<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Snapshot_(computer_storage)" title="Snapshot (computer storage)">snapshots</a> of subvolumes</li> <li>File cloning (<a href="/wiki/Reflink" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflink">reflink</a>, copy-on-write) via <code lang="bash">cp --reflink <source file> <destination file></code><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">Checksums</a> on data and metadata (<a href="/wiki/CRC-32C" class="mw-redirect" title="CRC-32C">CRC-32C</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). New hash functions are implemented since 5.5:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/XxHash" class="mw-redirect" title="XxHash">xxHash</a>, <a href="/wiki/SHA256" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA256">SHA256</a>, <a href="/wiki/BLAKE_(hash_function)" title="BLAKE (hash function)">BLAKE2B</a>.</li> <li>In-place conversion from ext3/4 to Btrfs (with rollback). This feature regressed around btrfs-progs version 4.0, rewritten from scratch in 4.6.<sup id="cite_ref-Btrfs_progs_release_4.6_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Btrfs_progs_release_4.6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_mount" title="Union mount">Union mounting</a> of read-only storage, known as file system seeding (read-only storage used as a copy-on-write backing for a writable Btrfs)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Block discard (reclaims space on some <a href="/wiki/Hardware_virtualization" title="Hardware virtualization">virtualized</a> setups and improves <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a> on <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSDs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Trim_(computing)" title="Trim (computing)">TRIM</a>)</li> <li>Send/receive (saving <a href="/wiki/Diff" title="Diff">diffs</a> between snapshots to a binary stream)<sup id="cite_ref-corbet-jul2011_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbet-jul2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_backup" title="Incremental backup">Incremental backup</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Out-of-band <a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">data deduplication</a> (requires userspace tools)<sup id="cite_ref-dedup_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dedup-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ability to handle <a href="/wiki/Swap_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Swap file">swap files</a> and swap partitions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implemented_but_not_recommended_for_production_use">Implemented but not recommended for production use</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Implemented but not recommended for production use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hierarchical per-subvolume quotas<sup id="cite_ref-jansen-oct2011_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jansen-oct2011-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAID_5" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID 5">RAID 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAID_6" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID 6">RAID 6</a> (fail to guard against <a href="/wiki/Write_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Write hole">write holes</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloning">Cloning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cloning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Btrfs provides a <i>clone</i> operation that <a href="/wiki/Atomicity_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomicity (programming)">atomically</a> creates a copy-on-write snapshot of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a>. Such cloned files are sometimes referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Reflink" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflink">reflinks</a></i>, in light of the proposed associated Linux kernel <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system call</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By cloning, the file system does not create a new link pointing to an existing <a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">inode</a>; instead, it creates a new inode that initially shares the same disk blocks with the original file. As a result, cloning works only within the boundaries of the same Btrfs file system, but since version 3.6 of the Linux kernel it may cross the boundaries of subvolumes under certain circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-btrfs-usecases_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs-usecases-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual data blocks are not duplicated; at the same time, due to the copy-on-write (CoW) nature of Btrfs, modifications to any of the cloned files are not visible in the original file and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-oracle-reflinks_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle-reflinks-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cloning should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hard_links" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard links">hard links</a>, which are directory entries that associate multiple file names with a single file. While hard links can be taken as different names for the same file, cloning in Btrfs provides independent files that initially share all their disk blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-oracle-reflinks_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle-reflinks-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support for this Btrfs feature was added in version 7.5 of the <a href="/wiki/Coreutils" class="mw-redirect" title="Coreutils">GNU coreutils</a>, via the <code>--reflink</code> option to the <code><a href="/wiki/Cp_(Unix)" title="Cp (Unix)">cp</a></code> command.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to data cloning (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">FICLONE</span>), Btrfs also supports out-of-band deduplication via <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">FIDEDUPERANGE</span>. This functionality allows two files with (even partially) identical data to share storage.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dedup_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dedup-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subvolumes_and_snapshots">Subvolumes and snapshots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subvolumes and snapshots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Btrfs_subvolume_list_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Btrfs_subvolume_list_screenshot.png/330px-Btrfs_subvolume_list_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Btrfs_subvolume_list_screenshot.png/495px-Btrfs_subvolume_list_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Btrfs_subvolume_list_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Example of listing of subvolumes of a Btrfs filesystem, including snapshots</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snapper_root_list_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Snapper_root_list_screenshot.png/330px-Snapper_root_list_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Snapper_root_list_screenshot.png/500px-Snapper_root_list_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Snapper_root_list_screenshot.png/660px-Snapper_root_list_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Example of snapshots of a Btrfs filesystem, managed with snapper</figcaption></figure> <p>A Btrfs subvolume can be thought of as a separate POSIX file <a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_(computing)" title="Mount (computing)">mountable</a> separately by passing <code>subvol</code> or <code>subvolid</code> options to the <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man.cx/?page=mount(8)">mount(8)</a></code></span> utility. It can also be accessed by mounting the top-level subvolume, in which case subvolumes are visible and accessible as its subdirectories.<sup id="cite_ref-btrfs-sysadmin-guide_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs-sysadmin-guide-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subvolumes can be created at any place within the file system hierarchy, and they can also be nested. Nested subvolumes appear as subdirectories within their parent subvolumes, similarly to the way a top-level subvolume presents its subvolumes as subdirectories. Deleting a subvolume is not possible until all subvolumes below it in the nesting hierarchy are deleted; as a result, top-level subvolumes cannot be deleted.<sup id="cite_ref-oracle-btrfs-subvolumes_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle-btrfs-subvolumes-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Any Btrfs file system always has a default subvolume, which is initially set to be the top-level subvolume, and is mounted by default if no subvolume selection option is passed to <code>mount</code>. The default subvolume can be changed as required.<sup id="cite_ref-oracle-btrfs-subvolumes_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle-btrfs-subvolumes-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Btrfs <a href="/wiki/Snapshot_(computer_storage)" title="Snapshot (computer storage)">snapshot</a> is a subvolume that shares its data (and metadata) with some other subvolume, using Btrfs' copy-on-write capabilities, and modifications to a snapshot are not visible in the original subvolume. Once a writable snapshot is made, it can be treated as an alternate version of the original file system. For example, to roll back to a snapshot, a modified original subvolume needs to be unmounted and the snapshot needs to be mounted in its place. At that point, the original subvolume may also be deleted.<sup id="cite_ref-btrfs-sysadmin-guide_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs-sysadmin-guide-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The copy-on-write (CoW) nature of Btrfs means that snapshots are quickly created, while initially consuming very little disk space. Since a snapshot is a subvolume, creating nested snapshots is also possible. Taking snapshots of a subvolume is not a recursive process; thus, if a snapshot of a subvolume is created, every subvolume or snapshot that the subvolume already contains is mapped to an empty directory of the same name inside the snapshot.<sup id="cite_ref-btrfs-sysadmin-guide_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs-sysadmin-guide-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oracle-btrfs-subvolumes_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle-btrfs-subvolumes-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taking snapshots of a directory is not possible, as only subvolumes can have snapshots. However, there is a workaround that involves reflinks spread across subvolumes: a new subvolume is created, containing cross-subvolume reflinks to the content of the targeted directory. Having that available, a snapshot of this new volume can be created.<sup id="cite_ref-btrfs-usecases_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs-usecases-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A subvolume in Btrfs is quite different from a traditional <a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical Volume Manager">Logical Volume Manager</a> (LVM) logical volume. With LVM, a logical volume is a separate <a href="/wiki/Block_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Block device">block device</a>, while a Btrfs subvolume is not and it cannot be treated or used that way.<sup id="cite_ref-btrfs-sysadmin-guide_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs-sysadmin-guide-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making dd or LVM snapshots of btrfs leads to data loss if either the original or the copy is mounted while both are on the same computer.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Send–receive"><span id="Send.E2.80.93receive"></span>Send–receive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Send–receive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given any pair of subvolumes (or snapshots), Btrfs can generate a binary <a href="/wiki/Diff" title="Diff">diff</a> between them (by using the <code>btrfs send</code> command) that can be replayed later (by using <code>btrfs receive</code>), possibly on a different Btrfs file system. The send–receive feature effectively creates (and applies) a set of data modifications required for converting one subvolume into another.<sup id="cite_ref-corbet-jul2011_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbet-jul2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oracle-btrfs-send-receive_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle-btrfs-send-receive-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The send/receive feature can be used with regularly scheduled snapshots for implementing a simple form of file system <a href="/wiki/Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)">replication</a>, or for the purpose of performing <a href="/wiki/Incremental_backup" title="Incremental backup">incremental backups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-corbet-jul2011_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbet-jul2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oracle-btrfs-send-receive_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle-btrfs-send-receive-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quota_groups">Quota groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Quota groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Btrfs_qgroup_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Btrfs_qgroup_screenshot.png/330px-Btrfs_qgroup_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Btrfs_qgroup_screenshot.png/500px-Btrfs_qgroup_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Btrfs_qgroup_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Example of Btrfs quota groups</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>quota group</i> (or <i>qgroup</i>) imposes an upper limit to the space a subvolume or snapshot may consume. A new snapshot initially consumes no quota because its data is shared with its parent, but thereafter incurs a charge for new files and copy-on-write operations on existing files. When quotas are active, a quota group is automatically created with each new subvolume or snapshot. These initial quota groups are building blocks which can be grouped (with the <code>btrfs qgroup</code> command) into hierarchies to implement quota pools.<sup id="cite_ref-jansen-oct2011_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jansen-oct2011-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quota groups only apply to subvolumes and snapshots, while having quotas enforced on individual subdirectories, users, or user groups is not possible. However, workarounds are possible by using different subvolumes for all users or user groups that require a quota to be enforced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In-place_conversion_from_ext2/3/4_and_ReiserFS"><span id="In-place_conversion_from_ext2.2F3.2F4_and_ReiserFS"></span>In-place conversion from ext2/3/4 and ReiserFS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In-place conversion from ext2/3/4 and ReiserFS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the result of having very little metadata anchored in fixed locations, Btrfs can warp to fit unusual spatial layouts of the backend storage devices. The <code>btrfs-convert</code> tool exploits this ability to do an in-place conversion of an ext2/3/4 or <a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a> file system, by nesting the equivalent Btrfs metadata in its unallocated space—while preserving an unmodified copy of the original file system.<sup id="cite_ref-ext3_conversion_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ext3_conversion-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conversion involves creating a copy of the whole ext2/3/4 metadata, while the Btrfs files simply point to the same blocks used by the ext2/3/4 files. This makes the bulk of the blocks shared between the two filesystems before the conversion becomes permanent. Thanks to the copy-on-write nature of Btrfs, the original versions of the file data blocks are preserved during all file modifications. Until the conversion becomes permanent, only the blocks that were marked as free in ext2/3/4 are used to hold new Btrfs modifications, meaning that the conversion can be undone at any time (although doing so will erase any changes made after the conversion to Btrfs).<sup id="cite_ref-ext3_conversion_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ext3_conversion-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All converted files are available and writable in the default subvolume of the Btrfs. A sparse file holding all of the references to the original ext2/3/4 filesystem is created in a separate subvolume, which is mountable on its own as a read-only disk image, allowing both original and converted file systems to be accessed at the same time. Deleting this sparse file frees up the space and makes the conversion permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-ext3_conversion_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ext3_conversion-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 4.x versions of the mainline Linux kernel, the in-place ext3/4 conversion was considered untested and rarely used.<sup id="cite_ref-ext3_conversion_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ext3_conversion-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the feature was rewritten from scratch in 2016 for <code>btrfs-progs</code> 4.6.<sup id="cite_ref-Btrfs_progs_release_4.6_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Btrfs_progs_release_4.6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been considered stable since then. </p><p>In-place conversion from ReiserFS was introduced in September 2017 with kernel 4.13.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_mounting_/_seed_devices"><span id="Union_mounting_.2F_seed_devices"></span>Union mounting / seed devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Union mounting / seed devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When creating a new Btrfs, an existing Btrfs can be used as a read-only "seed" file system.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new file system will then act as a copy-on-write overlay on the seed, as a form of <a href="/wiki/Union_mount" title="Union mount">union mounting</a>. The seed can be later detached from the Btrfs, at which point the rebalancer will simply copy over any seed data still referenced by the new file system before detaching. Mason has suggested this may be useful for a <a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a> installer, which might boot from a read-only Btrfs seed on an optical disc, rebalance itself to the target partition on the install disk in the background while the user continues to work, then eject the disc to complete the installation without rebooting.<sup id="cite_ref-mason-apr2012_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mason-apr2012-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encryption">Encryption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Encryption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 2009 interview, Mason stated that support for encryption was planned for Btrfs.<sup id="cite_ref-McPherson_2009_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPherson_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, a workaround for combining encryption with Btrfs is to use a full-disk encryption mechanism such as <a href="/wiki/Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a> / <a href="/wiki/LUKS" class="mw-redirect" title="LUKS">LUKS</a> on the underlying devices and to create the Btrfs filesystem on top of that layer. </p><p>As of 2020,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the developers were working to add keyed hash like <a href="/wiki/HMAC" title="HMAC">HMAC</a> (<a href="/wiki/SHA256" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA256">SHA256</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Checking_and_recovery">Checking and recovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Checking and recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unix systems traditionally rely on "<a href="/wiki/Fsck" title="Fsck">fsck</a>" programs to check and repair filesystems. This functionality is implemented via the <code>btrfs check</code> program. Since version 4.0 this functionality is deemed relatively stable. However, as of December 2022, the btrfs documentation suggests that its <code>--repair</code> option be used only if you have been advised by "a developer or an experienced user".<sup id="cite_ref-btrfs-check_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs-check-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 2022, the SLE documentation recommends using a Live CD, performing a backup and only using the repair option as a last resort.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is another tool, named <code>btrfs-restore</code>, that can be used to recover files from an unmountable filesystem, without modifying the broken filesystem itself (i.e., non-destructively).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In normal use, Btrfs is mostly self-healing and can recover from broken root trees at mount time, thanks to making periodic data flushes to permanent storage, by default every 30 seconds. Thus, isolated errors will cause a maximum of 30 seconds of filesystem changes to be lost at the next mount.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period can be changed by specifying a desired value (in seconds) with the <code>commit</code> mount option.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ohad Rodeh's original proposal at USENIX 2007 noted that <a href="/wiki/B%2B_tree" title="B+ tree">B+ trees</a>, which are widely used as on-disk data structures for databases, could not efficiently allow copy-on-write-based snapshots because its leaf nodes were linked together: if a leaf was copied on write, its siblings and parents would have to be as well, as would <i>their</i> siblings and parents and so on until the entire tree was copied. He suggested instead a modified <a href="/wiki/B-tree" title="B-tree">B-tree</a> (which has no leaf linkage), with a <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">refcount</a> associated to each tree node but stored in an ad hoc free map structure and certain relaxations to the tree's balancing algorithms to make them copy-on-write friendly. The result would be a data structure suitable for a high-performance object store that could perform copy-on-write snapshots, while maintaining good <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">concurrency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rodeh-1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodeh-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Oracle later that year, Mason began work on a snapshot-capable file system that would use this data structure almost exclusively—not just for metadata and file data, but also recursively to track space allocation of the trees themselves. This allowed all traversal and modifications to be funneled through a single code path, against which features such as copy on write, checksumming and mirroring needed to be implemented only once to benefit the entire file system.<sup id="cite_ref-aurora-1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aurora-1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Btrfs is structured as several layers of such trees, all using the same B-tree implementation. The trees store generic <i>items</i> sorted by a 136-bit key. The most significant 64 bits of the key are a unique <i>object id</i>. The middle eight bits are an item type field: its use is hardwired into code as an item filter in tree lookups. <i>Objects</i> can have multiple items of multiple types. The remaining (least significant) 64 bits are used in type-specific ways. Therefore, items for the same object end up adjacent to each other in the tree, grouped by type. By choosing certain key values, objects can further put items of the same type in a particular order.<sup id="cite_ref-aurora-1_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aurora-1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-btrfs-wiki-1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs-wiki-1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interior tree nodes are simply flat lists of key-pointer pairs, where the pointer is the logical block number of a child node. Leaf nodes contain item keys packed into the front of the node and item data packed into the end, with the two growing toward each other as the leaf fills up.<sup id="cite_ref-aurora-1_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aurora-1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_system_tree">File system tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: File system tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within each directory, directory entries appear as <i>directory items</i>, whose least significant bits of key values are a <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check" title="Cyclic redundancy check">CRC32C</a> hash of their filename. Their data is a <i>location key</i>, or the key of the <a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">inode</a> item it points to. Directory items together can thus act as an index for path-to-inode lookups, but are not used for iteration because they are sorted by their hash, effectively <a href="/wiki/Random_permutation" title="Random permutation">randomly permuting</a> them. This means user applications iterating over and opening files in a large directory would thus generate many more disk seeks between non-adjacent files—a notable performance drain in other file systems with hash-ordered directories such as <a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ext3 (with Htree-indexes enabled<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and ext4, all of which have <a href="/wiki/Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm" title="Tiny Encryption Algorithm">TEA</a>-hashed filenames. To avoid this, each directory entry has a <i>directory index item</i>, whose key value of the item is set to a per-directory counter that increments with each new directory entry. Iteration over these index items thus returns entries in roughly the same order as stored on disk. </p><p>Files with hard links in multiple directories have multiple reference items, one for each parent directory. Files with multiple hard links in the <i>same</i> directory pack all of the links' filenames into the same reference item. This was a design flaw that limited the number of same-directory hard links to however many could fit in a single tree block. (On the default block size of 4 KiB, an average filename length of 8 bytes and a per-filename header of 4 bytes, this would be less than 350.) Applications which made heavy use of multiple same-directory hard links, such as <a href="/wiki/Git_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Git (software)">git</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnus" title="Gnus">GNUS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MAME" title="MAME">GMame</a> and <a href="/wiki/BackupPC" title="BackupPC">BackupPC</a> were observed to fail at this limit.<sup id="cite_ref-hard_link_limit_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hard_link_limit-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limit was eventually removed<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and as of October 2012 has been merged<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pending release in Linux 3.7) by introducing spillover <i>extended reference items</i> to hold hard link filenames which do not otherwise fit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extents">Extents</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Extents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Btrfs" title="Special:EditPage/Btrfs">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>File data is kept outside the tree in <i>extents</i>, which are contiguous runs of disk data blocks. Extent blocks default to 4 KiB in size, do not have headers and contain only (possibly compressed) file data. In compressed extents, individual blocks are not compressed separately; rather, the compression stream spans the entire extent. </p><p>Files have <i>extent data items</i> to track the extents which hold their contents. The item's key value is the starting byte offset of the extent. This makes for efficient seeks in large files with many extents, because the correct extent for any given file offset can be computed with just one tree lookup. </p><p>Snapshots and cloned files share extents. When a small part of a large such extent is overwritten, the resulting copy-on-write may create three new extents: a small one containing the overwritten data, and two large ones with unmodified data on either side of the overwrite. To avoid having to re-write unmodified data, the copy-on-write may instead create <i>bookend extents</i>, or extents which are simply slices of existing extents. Extent data items allow for this by including an offset into the extent they are tracking: items for bookends are those with non-zero offsets.<sup id="cite_ref-btrfs-wiki-1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs-wiki-1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extent_allocation_tree">Extent allocation tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Extent allocation tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Btrfs" title="Special:EditPage/Btrfs">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>extent allocation tree</i> acts as an allocation map for the file system. Unlike other trees, items in this tree do not have object ids. They represent regions of space: their key values hold the starting offsets and lengths of the regions they represent. </p><p>The file system divides its allocated space into <i>block groups</i> which are variable-sized allocation regions that alternate between preferring metadata extents (tree nodes) and data extents (file contents). The default ratio of data to metadata block groups is 1:2. They are intended to use concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Orlov_block_allocator" title="Orlov block allocator">Orlov block allocator</a> to allocate related files together and resist fragmentation by leaving free space between groups. (Ext3 block groups, however, have fixed locations computed from the size of the file system, whereas those in Btrfs are dynamic and created as needed.) Each block group is associated with a <i>block group item</i>. Inode items in the file system tree include a reference to their current block group.<sup id="cite_ref-btrfs-wiki-1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs-wiki-1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Extent items</i> contain a back-reference to the tree node or file occupying that extent. There may be multiple back-references if the extent is shared between snapshots. If there are too many back-references to fit in the item, they spill out into individual <i>extent data reference items</i>. Tree nodes, in turn, have back-references to their containing trees. This makes it possible to find which extents or tree nodes are in any region of space by doing a B-tree range lookup on a pair of offsets bracketing that region, then following the back-references. For relocating data, this allows an efficient upwards traversal from the relocated blocks to quickly find and fix all downwards references to those blocks, without having to scan the entire file system. This, in turn, allows the file system to efficiently shrink, migrate, and defragment its storage online. </p><p>The extent allocation tree, as with all other trees in the file system, is copy-on-write. Writes to the file system may thus cause a cascade whereby changed tree nodes and file data result in new extents being allocated, causing the extent tree itself to change. To avoid creating a <a href="/wiki/Feedback_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedback loop">feedback loop</a>, extent tree nodes which are still in memory but not yet committed to disk may be updated in place to reflect new copied-on-write extents. </p><p>In theory, the extent allocation tree makes a conventional <a href="/wiki/Free-space_bitmap" title="Free-space bitmap">free-space bitmap</a> unnecessary because the extent allocation tree acts as a B-tree version of a <a href="/wiki/Binary_space_partitioning" title="Binary space partitioning">BSP tree</a>. In practice, however, an in-memory <a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93black_tree" title="Red–black tree">red–black tree</a> of <a href="/wiki/Page_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Page (computing)">page</a>-sized bitmaps is used to speed up allocations. These bitmaps are persisted to disk (starting in Linux 2.6.37, via the <code>space_cache</code> mount option<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as special extents that are exempt from checksumming and copy-on-write. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Checksum_tree_and_scrubbing">Checksum tree and scrubbing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Checksum tree and scrubbing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/CRC-32C" class="mw-redirect" title="CRC-32C">CRC-32C</a> checksums are computed for both data and metadata and stored as <i>checksum items</i> in a <i>checksum tree</i>. There is room for 256 bits of metadata checksums and up to a full node (roughly 4 KB or more) for data checksums. Btrfs has provisions for additional checksum algorithms to be added in future versions of the file system.<sup id="cite_ref-btrfs-features-list_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btrfs-features-list-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is one checksum item per contiguous run of allocated blocks, with per-block checksums packed end-to-end into the item data. If there are more checksums than can fit, they spill into another checksum item in a new leaf. If the file system detects a checksum mismatch while reading a block, it first tries to obtain (or create) a good copy of this block from another device –  if internal mirroring or RAID techniques are in use.<sup id="cite_ref-oracle-advanced-btrfs_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle-advanced-btrfs-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Btrfs can initiate an online check of the entire file system by triggering a file system scrub job that is performed in the background. The scrub job scans the entire file system for integrity and automatically attempts to report and repair any bad blocks it finds along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-oracle-advanced-btrfs_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle-advanced-btrfs-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silent_data_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent data corruption">Silent data corruption</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Log_tree">Log tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Log tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Fsync" class="mw-redirect" title="Fsync">fsync</a> request commits modified data immediately to stable storage. fsync-heavy workloads (like a <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> whose running OS <i>fsyncs</i> frequently) could potentially generate a great deal of redundant write I/O by forcing the file system to repeatedly copy-on-write and flush frequently modified parts of trees to storage. To avoid this, a temporary per-subvolume <i>log tree</i> is created to <a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">journal</a> fsync-triggered copies on write. Log trees are self-contained, tracking their own extents and keeping their own checksum items. Their items are replayed and deleted at the next full tree commit or (if there was a system crash) at the next remount. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chunk_and_device_trees">Chunk and device trees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chunk and device trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Btrfs" title="Special:EditPage/Btrfs">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Block_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Block device">Block devices</a> are divided into <i>physical chunks</i> of 1 GiB for data and 256 MiB for metadata.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical chunks across multiple devices can be mirrored or striped together into a single <i>logical chunk</i>. These logical chunks are combined into a single logical address space that the rest of the filesystem uses. </p><p>The <i>chunk tree</i> tracks this by storing each device therein as a <i>device item</i> and logical chunks as <i>chunk map items</i>, which provide a forward mapping from logical to physical addresses by storing their offsets in the least significant 64 bits of their key. Chunk map items can be one of several different types: </p> <dl><dt>single</dt> <dd>1 logical to 1 physical chunk</dd> <dt>dup</dt> <dd>1 logical chunk to 2 physical chunks on 1 block device</dd> <dt>raid0</dt> <dd>N logical chunks to N≥2 physical chunks across N≥2 block devices</dd> <dt>raid1</dt> <dd>1 logical chunk to 2 physical chunks across 2 out of N≥2 block devices,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to conventional <a href="/wiki/Standard_RAID_levels#RAID_1" title="Standard RAID levels">RAID 1</a> which has N physical chunks</dd> <dt>raid1c3</dt> <dd>1 logical chunk to 3 physical chunks out of N≥3 block devices</dd> <dt>raid1c4</dt> <dd>1 logical chunk to 4 physical chunks out of N≥4 block devices</dd> <dt>raid5</dt> <dd>N (for N≥2) logical chunks to N+1 physical chunks across N+1 block devices, with 1 physical chunk used as parity</dd> <dt>raid6</dt> <dd>N (for N≥2) logical chunks to N+2 physical chunks across N+2 block devices, with 2 physical chunks used as parity</dd></dl> <p><i>N</i> is the number of block devices still having free space when the chunk is allocated. If N is not large enough for the chosen mirroring/mapping, then the filesystem is effectively out of space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relocation_trees">Relocation trees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Relocation trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defragmentation, shrinking, and rebalancing operations require extents to be relocated. However, doing a simple copy-on-write of the relocating extent will break sharing between snapshots and consume disk space. To preserve sharing, an update-and-swap algorithm is used, with a special <i>relocation tree</i> serving as scratch space for affected metadata. The extent to be relocated is first copied to its destination. Then, by following backreferences upward through the affected subvolume's file system tree, metadata pointing to the old extent is progressively updated to point at the new one; any newly updated items are stored in the relocation tree. Once the update is complete, items in the relocation tree are swapped with their counterparts in the affected subvolume, and the relocation tree is discarded.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superblock">Superblock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Superblock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All the file system's trees—including the chunk tree itself—are stored in chunks, creating a potential <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping" title="Bootstrapping">bootstrapping</a> problem when <a href="/wiki/Mount_(computing)" title="Mount (computing)">mounting</a> the file system. To <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootstrapping (computing)">bootstrap</a> into a mount, a list of physical addresses of chunks belonging to the chunk and root trees are stored in the <i><a href="/wiki/Block_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Block device">superblock</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Superblock mirrors</i> are kept at fixed locations:<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 64 KiB into every block device, with additional copies at 64 MiB, 256 GiB and 1 PiB. When a superblock mirror is updated, its <i>generation number</i> is incremented. At mount time, the copy with the highest generation number is used. All superblock mirrors are updated in tandem, except in <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> mode which alternates updates among mirrors to provide some <a href="/wiki/Wear_levelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Wear levelling">wear levelling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_support">Commercial support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Commercial support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supported">Supported</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Supported"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">List of default file systems</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Linux" title="Oracle Linux">Oracle Linux</a> from version 7<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux_Enterprise_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux Enterprise Server">SUSE Linux Enterprise Server</a> from version 12<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synology" title="Synology">Synology</a> DiskStation Manager (DSM) from version 6.0<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_longer_supported">No longer supported</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: No longer supported"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Btrfs was included as a "technology preview" in <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a> 6 and 7;<sup id="cite_ref-RHEL_6_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHEL_6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RHEL_7_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHEL_7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was removed in <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">RHEL 8</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-RHEL_8_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHEL_8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APFS" class="mw-redirect" title="APFS">APFS</a> – a copy-on-write file system for macOS, iPadOS, iOS, tvOS and watchOS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">Bcachefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a> – DragonFly BSD's file system that uses B-trees, paired with checksums as a countermeasure for data corruption</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">List of file systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a> – a copy-on-write file system for <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kernel-limits-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kernel-limits_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kernel-limits_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the Btrfs' own on-disk size limit. The limit is reduced down to 8 <a href="/wiki/Exbibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Exbibyte">EiB</a> on 64-bit systems and 2 EiB on 32-bit systems due to Linux kernel's internal limits, unless kernel's <code>CONFIG_LBD</code> configuration option (available since the <a href="/wiki/2.6.x_kernel_series" class="mw-redirect" title="2.6.x kernel series">2.6.x kernel series</a>) is enabled to remove these kernel limits.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maximum-files-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maximum-files_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Every item in Btrfs has a 64-bit identifier, which means the most files one can have on a Btrfs filesystem is 2<sup>64</sup>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Contributors.html">"Contributors at BTRFS documentation"</a>. <i>Btrfs.ReadTheDocs.io</i>. 15 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Btrfs.ReadTheDocs.io&rft.atitle=Contributors+at+BTRFS+documentation&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbtrfs.readthedocs.io%2Fen%2Flatest%2FContributors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/GPT_fdisk">"GPT fdisk - ArchWiki"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GPT+fdisk+-+ArchWiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.archlinux.org%2Findex.php%2FGPT_fdisk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-file-system-limits-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-file-system-limits_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-file-system-limits_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suse.com/documentation/sles11/stor_admin/data/sec_filesystems_lfs.html">"Suse Documentation: Storage Administration Guide – Large File Support in Linux"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SUSE_S.A." title="SUSE S.A.">SUSE</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suse+Documentation%3A+Storage+Administration+Guide+%E2%80%93+Large+File+Support+in+Linux&rft.pub=SUSE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suse.com%2Fdocumentation%2Fsles11%2Fstor_admin%2Fdata%2Fsec_filesystems_lfs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-btrfs-wiki-1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-btrfs-wiki-1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-btrfs-wiki-1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-btrfs-wiki-1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-btrfs-wiki-1_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMason" class="citation web cs1">Mason, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/articles/b/t/r/Btrfs_design.html">"Btrfs design"</a>. <i>Btrfs wiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Btrfs+wiki&rft.atitle=Btrfs+design&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbtrfs.wiki.kernel.org%2Farticles%2Fb%2Ft%2Fr%2FBtrfs_design.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2010" class="citation web cs1">Corbet, Jonathan (26 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/397442/">"File Creation Times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=File+Creation+Times&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F397442%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/On-disk_Format#Basic_Structures">"On-disk Format - btrfs Wiki"</a>. <i>btrfs.wiki.kernel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=btrfs.wiki.kernel.org&rft.atitle=On-disk+Format+-+btrfs+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbtrfs.wiki.kernel.org%2Findex.php%2FOn-disk_Format%23Basic_Structures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-btrfs_Wiki-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-btrfs_Wiki_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-btrfs_Wiki_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org">"btrfs Wiki"</a>. <i>kernel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kernel.org&rft.atitle=btrfs+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbtrfs.wiki.kernel.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kernelnewbies.org-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kernelnewbies.org_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kernelnewbies.org_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_4.14">"Linux_4.14 - Linux Kernel Newbies"</a>. <i>kernelnewbies.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kernelnewbies.org&rft.atitle=Linux_4.14+-+Linux+Kernel+Newbies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkernelnewbies.org%2FLinux_4.14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McPherson_2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McPherson_2009_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPherson_2009_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPherson_2009_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPherson_2009_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2009" class="citation web cs1">McPherson, Amanda (22 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxfoundation.org/blog/blog/a-conversation-with-chris-mason-on-btrfs">"A Conversation with Chris Mason on BTRfs: the next generation file system for Linux"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627065427/http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/blogs/browse/2009/06/conversation-chris-mason-btrfs-next-generation-file-system-linux">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Btrfs.ReadTheDocs.io&rft.atitle=Deduplication&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbtrfs.readthedocs.io%2Fen%2Flatest%2FDeduplication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/maharmstone/btrfs">"Windows Driver on GitHub.com"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Windows+Driver+on+GitHub.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmaharmstone%2Fbtrfs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reactos.org/project-news/reactos-041-released">"ReactOS 0.4.1 Released"</a>. <i>reactos.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reactos.org&rft.atitle=ReactOS+0.4.1+Released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freactos.org%2Fproject-news%2Freactos-041-released&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818163705/http://streaming.oracle.com/ebn/podcasts/media/20209545_Oracle-Linux-7.mp4">"Oracle Linux 7 Q&A with Wim Coekaerts"</a>. <i>Oracle</i>. Event occurs at 1m 15s. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://streaming.oracle.com/ebn/podcasts/media/20209545_Oracle-Linux-7.mp4">the original</a> on 18 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oracle&rft.atitle=Oracle+Linux+7+Q%26A+with+Wim+Coekaerts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstreaming.oracle.com%2Febn%2Fpodcasts%2Fmedia%2F20209545_Oracle-Linux-7.mp4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenson2008" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Henson, Valerie (31 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mirror.linux.org.au/pub/linux.conf.au/2008/Thu/mel8-262.ogg"><i>Chunkfs: Fast File System Check and Repair</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia. Event occurs at 18m 49s<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2008</span>. <q>It's called Butter FS or B-tree FS, but all the cool kids say Butter FS</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chunkfs%3A+Fast+File+System+Check+and+Repair&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.date=2008-01-31&rft.aulast=Henson&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmirror.linux.org.au%2Fpub%2Flinux.conf.au%2F2008%2FThu%2Fmel8-262.ogg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalter2021" class="citation web cs1">Salter, Jim (24 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/09/examining-btrfs-linuxs-perpetually-half-finished-filesystem/">"Examining btrfs, Linux's perpetually half-finished filesystem"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>Chris Mason is the founding developer of btrfs, which he began working on in 2007 while working at Oracle. This leads many people to believe that btrfs is an Oracle project—it is not. The project belonged to Mason, not to his employer, and it remains a community project unencumbered by corporate ownership to this day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Examining+btrfs%2C+Linux%27s+perpetually+half-finished+filesystem&rft.date=2021-09-24&rft.aulast=Salter&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2021%2F09%2Fexamining-btrfs-linuxs-perpetually-half-finished-filesystem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=4204617d142c0887e45fda2562cb5c58097b918e">"Linux kernel commit changing stability status in fs/btrfs/Kconfig"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+kernel+commit+changing+stability+status+in+fs%2Fbtrfs%2FKconfig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Fcommit%2F%3Fid%3D4204617d142c0887e45fda2562cb5c58097b918e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerner2008" class="citation web cs1">Kerner, Sean Michael (30 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3781676/A+Better+File+System+for+Linux.htm">"A Better File System for Linux?"</a>. <i>InternetNews.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408185904/http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3781676/A%20Better%20File%20System%20for%20Linux.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InternetNews.com&rft.atitle=A+Better+File+System+for+Linux%3F&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.aulast=Kerner&rft.aufirst=Sean+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetnews.com%2Fdev-news%2Farticle.php%2F3781676%2FA%2BBetter%2BFile%2BSystem%2Bfor%2BLinux.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rodeh-1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rodeh-1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rodeh-1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodeh2007" class="citation conference cs1">Rodeh, Ohad (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/lsf07/tech/rodeh.pdf"><i>B-trees, shadowing, and clones</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/USENIX" title="USENIX">USENIX</a> Linux Storage & Filesystem Workshop.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=B-trees%2C+shadowing%2C+and+clones&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rodeh&rft.aufirst=Ohad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usenix.org%2Flegacy%2Fevents%2Flsf07%2Ftech%2Frodeh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span> Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodeh2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rodeh, Ohad (2008). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phoronix.com&rft.atitle=Lead+Btrfs+File-System+Developers+Join+Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DMTUzNTE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul2009" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Ryan (13 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617204105/http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2009/04/linux-collaboration-summit-the-kernel-panel/">"Panelists Ponder the Kernel at Linux Collaboration Summit"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2009/04/linux-collaboration-summit-the-kernel-panel.ars">the original</a> on 17 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Panelists+Ponder+the+Kernel+at+Linux+Collaboration+Summit&rft.date=2009-04-13&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fopen-source%2Fnews%2F2009%2F04%2Flinux-collaboration-summit-the-kernel-panel.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTs'o2008" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Ts'o, Theodore (1 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2008/8/1/217">"Re: reiser4 for 2.6.27-rc1"</a>. <i>linux-kernel</i> (Mailing list)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+reiser4+for+2.6.27-rc1&rft.date=2008-08-01&rft.aulast=Ts%27o&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2008%2F8%2F1%2F217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220083235/http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Development_timeline">"Development timeline"</a>. <i>Btrfs wiki</i>. 11 December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Development_timeline">the original</a> on 20 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Btrfs+wiki&rft.atitle=Development+timeline&rft.date=2008-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbtrfs.wiki.kernel.org%2Findex.php%2FDevelopment_timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWuelfing2009" class="citation news cs1">Wuelfing, Britta (12 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linux-magazine.com/Online/News/Kernel-2.6.29-Corbet-Says-Btrfs-Next-Generation-Filesystem">"Kernel 2.6.29: Corbet Says Btrfs Next Generation Filesystem"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Magazine" title="Linux Magazine">Linux Magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linux+Magazine&rft.atitle=Kernel+2.6.29%3A+Corbet+Says+Btrfs+Next+Generation+Filesystem&rft.date=2009-01-12&rft.aulast=Wuelfing&rft.aufirst=Britta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux-magazine.com%2FOnline%2FNews%2FKernel-2.6.29-Corbet-Says-Btrfs-Next-Generation-Filesystem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHEL_6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RHEL_6_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHEL_6_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110528160211/http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Technical_Notes/storage.html">"Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 documentation: Technology Previews"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Technical_Notes/storage.html#id4452791">the original</a> on 28 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Hat+Enterprise+Linux+6+documentation%3A+Technology+Previews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.redhat.com%2Fdocs%2Fen-US%2FRed_Hat_Enterprise_Linux%2F6%2Fhtml%2FTechnical_Notes%2Fstorage.html%23id4452791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/FWN/LatestIssue#What.27s_new_in_Fedora_15_.28Lovelock.29.3F">"Fedora Weekly News Issue 276"</a>. 25 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fedora+Weekly+News+Issue+276&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffedoraproject.org%2Fwiki%2FFWN%2FLatestIssue%23What.27s_new_in_Fedora_15_.28Lovelock.29.3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/News/2011/20110205a.en.html">"Debian 6.0 "Squeeze" released"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>. 6 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2011</span>. <q>Support has also been added for the ext4 and Btrfs filesystems...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debian+6.0+%22Squeeze%22+released&rft.pub=Debian&rft.date=2011-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2FNews%2F2011%2F20110205a.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defragandscrubbing-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-defragandscrubbing_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defragandscrubbing_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.0#head-3e596e03408e1d32a7cc381d6f54e87feee22ee4">"Linux kernel 3.0, Section 1.1. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Btrfs+wiki&rft.atitle=Multiple+device+support&rft.date=2008-04-30&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbtrfs.wiki.kernel.org%2Findex.php%2FMultiple_Device_Support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartell2010" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Bartell, Sean (20 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kerneltrap.org/mailarchive/linux-btrfs/2010/4/20/6884623">"Re: Restoring BTRFS partition"</a>. <i>linux-btrfs</i> (Mailing list).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Restoring+BTRFS+partition&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft.aulast=Bartell&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkerneltrap.org%2Fmailarchive%2Flinux-btrfs%2F2010%2F4%2F20%2F6884623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Btrfs-RAID56-UEK">"Oracle Now Supports Btrfs RAID5/6 on Their Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel - Phoronix"</a>. <i>Phoronix.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoronix.com&rft.atitle=Oracle+Now+Supports+Btrfs+RAID5%2F6+on+Their+Unbreakable+Enterprise+Kernel+-+Phoronix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DBtrfs-RAID56-UEK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/731848/">"SUSE Reaffirms Support for Btrfs"</a>. <i>LWN.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=SUSE+Reaffirms+Support+for+Btrfs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F731848%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suse.com/releasenotes/x86_64/SUSE-SLES/12/">"SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 Release Notes"</a>. <i>SUSE.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SUSE.com&rft.atitle=SUSE+Linux+Enterprise+Server+12+Release+Notes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suse.com%2Freleasenotes%2Fx86_64%2FSUSE-SLES%2F12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190843/https://global.download.synology.com/download/Document/Software/WhitePaper/Package/CloudStation/All/enu/Synology_Cloud_Station_White_Paper-Based_on_DSM_6.0.pdf">"Cloud Station White Paper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Synology.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Synology" title="Synology">Synology</a>. p. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.download.synology.com/download/Document/Software/WhitePaper/Package/CloudStation/All/enu/Synology_Cloud_Station_White_Paper-Based_on_DSM_6.0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 November 2020. <q>Starting from DSM 6.0, data volumes can be formatted as Btrfs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Synology.com&rft.atitle=Cloud+Station+White+Paper&rft.pages=11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.download.synology.com%2Fdownload%2FDocument%2FSoftware%2FWhitePaper%2FPackage%2FCloudStation%2FAll%2Fenu%2FSynology_Cloud_Station_White_Paper-Based_on_DSM_6.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14907771">"Btrfs Has Been Deprecated in RHEL"</a>. <i>News.YCombinator.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News.YCombinator.com&rft.atitle=Btrfs+Has+Been+Deprecated+in+RHEL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ycombinator.com%2Fitem%3Fid%3D14907771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Red-Hat-Deprecates-Btrfs-Again">"Red Hat Appears to Be Abandoning Their Btrfs Hopes - Phoronix"</a>. <i>Phoronix.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoronix.com&rft.atitle=Red+Hat+Appears+to+Be+Abandoning+Their+Btrfs+Hopes+-+Phoronix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DRed-Hat-Deprecates-Btrfs-Again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaeger2005" class="citation web cs1">Jaeger, Andreas (15 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723102830/http://users.suse.com/~aj/linux_lfs.html">"Large File Support in Linux"</a>. <i>users.suse.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.suse.com/~aj/linux_lfs.html">the original</a> on 23 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=users.suse.com&rft.atitle=Large+File+Support+in+Linux&rft.date=2005-02-15&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.suse.com%2F~aj%2Flinux_lfs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906090823/http://kernel.xc.net/html/linux-2.6.29/x86/LBD">"Linux kernel configuration help for CONFIG_LBD in 2.6.29 on x86"</a>. <i>kernel.xc.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernel.xc.net/html/linux-2.6.29/x86/LBD">the original</a> on 6 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kernel.xc.net&rft.atitle=Linux+kernel+configuration+help+for+CONFIG_LBD+in+2.6.29+on+x86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkernel.xc.net%2Fhtml%2Flinux-2.6.29%2Fx86%2FLBD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABtrfs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Btrfs&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283820#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxWuaozpe2I"><span class="plainlinks">I Can't Believe This is Butter! A tour of btrfs</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> –  a conference presentation by Avi Miller, an Oracle engineer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/577961/">Btrfs: Working with multiple devices</a> –  <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>, December 2013, by Jonathan Corbet</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marc.merlins.org/perso/btrfs/">Marc's Linux Btrfs posts</a> –  detailed insights into various Btrfs features</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marc.merlins.org/linux/talks/Btrfs-LC2014-JP/Btrfs.pdf">Btrfs overview</a>, LinuxCon 2014, by Marc Merlin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/maharmstone/btrfs">WinBtrfs</a> Btrfs Driver For <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_distributed_file_systems" title="Comparison of distributed file systems">distributed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk and<br />non-rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Disc_Filing_System" title="Advanced Disc Filing System">ADFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Amiga FFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">Amiga OFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AthFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">bcachefs</a></li> <li>BFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be_File_System" title="Be File System">Be File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li>Byte File System (<a href="/wiki/Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Btrfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">CVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_Filing_System" title="Disc Filing System">DFS</a></li> <li>EFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">Extent File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episode_filesystem" title="Episode filesystem">Episode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">ext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2">ext2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3cow" title="Ext3cow">ext3cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER2" title="HAMMER2">HAMMER2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(IBM_MVS)" title="Hierarchical File System (IBM MVS)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Throughput_File_System" title="High Throughput File System">HTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_File_System_(BSD)" title="Log-structured File System (BSD)">LFS</a></li> <li>MFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo_Media_File_System" title="TiVo Media File System">TiVo Media File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next3" title="Next3">Next3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_Storage_Services" title="Novell Storage Services">NSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFS_distributed_file_system" title="OneFS distributed file system">OneFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_File_System" title="Professional File System">PFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX4FS" title="QNX4FS">QNX4FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_family" title="Datalight">Reliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_Nitro" title="Datalight">Reliance Nitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_File_Sharing" title="Remote File Sharing">RFS</a></li> <li>SFS <ul><li>Shared File System (<a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">Smart File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">SNFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_(Apple)" title="Soup (Apple)">Soup (Apple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux3" title="Tux3">Tux3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS/UFS2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas_File_System" title="Veritas File System">VxFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Anywhere_File_Layout" title="Write Anywhere File Layout">WAFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiafs" title="Xiafs">Xiafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS_(z/OS_file_system)" title="ZFS (z/OS file system)">zFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Sierra_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sierra Format">HSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction-Safe_FAT_File_System" title="Transaction-Safe FAT File System">TFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2FS" title="F2FS">F2FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Volatile_File_System" title="Non-Volatile File System">NVFS</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="host-side_wear_leveling27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">host-side <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHFS" title="CHFS">CHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS" title="JFFS">JFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS2" title="JFFS2">JFFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LogFS" title="LogFS">LogFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAFFS" title="YAFFS">YAFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceph_(software)" title="Ceph (software)">Ceph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFS2" title="GFS2">GFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCFS2" title="OCFS2">OCFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Virtual_File_System" title="Parallel Virtual File System">PVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantcast_File_System" title="Quantcast File System">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_parallel_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9P_(protocol)" title="9P (protocol)">9P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/OpenAFS" title="OpenAFS">OpenAFS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coda_(file_system)" title="Coda (file system)">Coda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_Core_Protocol" title="NetWare Core Protocol">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptics" title="Elliptics">POHMELFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB (CIFS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufs" title="Aufs">Aufs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AXFS" title="AXFS">AXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_File_System" title="Compact Disc File System">Compact Disc File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davfs2" title="Davfs2">Davfs2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTPFS" title="FTPFS">FTPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lnfs" title="Lnfs">Lnfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape_File_System" title="Linear Tape File System">LTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOVA_(filesystem)" title="NOVA (filesystem)">NOVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_MultiVersion_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational MultiVersion File System">MVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">UMSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverlayFS" title="OverlayFS">OverlayFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pseudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">devfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernfs_(BSD)" title="Kernfs (BSD)">kernfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li> <li>specfs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Encrypted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_file_system" title="Global file system">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_file_system" title="Grid file system">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-certifying_File_System" title="Self-certifying File System">Self-certifying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">Log-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">Record-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">Steganographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">Case preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_change_log" title="File change log">File change log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li>Links <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Access control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access-control list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Filesystem-level encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">Permissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">Modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_bit" title="Sticky bit">Sticky bit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system_API" title="File system API">File system API</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">Cryptographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">Default</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_log-structured_file_systems" title="List of log-structured file systems">Log-structured</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Linux_kernel514" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linux_kernel" title="Template:Linux kernel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linux_kernel" title="Template talk:Linux kernel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linux_kernel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linux kernel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Linux_kernel514" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kernel19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus%27s_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux_(mascot)" title="Tux (mascot)">Tux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linaro" title="Linaro">Linaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License#Version_2" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL v2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menuconfig" title="Menuconfig">menuconfig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures" title="List of Linux-supported computer architectures">Supported computer architectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">Version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Developers <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Linux_Programming_Interface" title="The Linux Programming Interface">The Linux Programming Interface</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel.org" title="Kernel.org">kernel.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_mailing_list" title="Linux kernel mailing list">LKML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux conference">Linux conferences</a></li></ul></li> <li>Users <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux User Group (LUG)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Almesberger" title="Werner Almesberger">Werner Almesberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Peter_Anvin" title="H. Peter Anvin">H. Peter Anvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Axboe" title="Jens Axboe">Jens Axboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Bar_(investor)" title="Moshe Bar (investor)">Moshe Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suparna_Bhattacharya" title="Suparna Bhattacharya">Suparna Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andries_Brouwer" title="Andries Brouwer">Andries Brouwer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Card" title="Rémy Card">Rémy Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cox_(computer_programmer)" title="Alan Cox (computer programmer)">Alan Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Garrett" title="Matthew Garrett">Matthew Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Kivity" title="Avi Kivity">Avi Kivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con_Kolivas" title="Con Kolivas">Con Kolivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Leung" title="Benson Leung">Benson Leung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love" title="Robert Love">Robert Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Miller" title="David S. Miller">David S. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Ingo Molnár">Ingo Molnár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)" title="Andrew Morton (computer programmer)">Andrew Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reiser" title="Hans Reiser">Hans Reiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty_Russell" title="Rusty Russell">Rusty Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuah_Khan" title="Shuah Khan">Shuah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Ts%27o" title="Theodore Ts'o">Theodore Ts'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Tweedie" title="Stephen Tweedie">Stephen Tweedie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Welte" title="Harald Welte">Harald Welte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Wright_(programmer)" title="Chris Wright (programmer)">Chris Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debugging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CRIU" title="CRIU">CRIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ftrace" title="Ftrace">ftrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kdump_(Linux)" title="Kdump (Linux)">kdump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Linux kernel oops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemTap" title="SystemTap">SystemTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Packet_Filter" title="Berkeley Packet Filter">BPF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Startup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vmlinux" title="Vmlinux">vmlinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System.map" title="System.map">System.map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracut_(software)" title="Dracut (software)">dracut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Initrd">initrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initramfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">initramfs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_interfaces" title="Linux kernel interfaces">ABIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">Linux Standard Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X32_ABI" title="X32 ABI">x32 ABI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_interfaces" title="Linux kernel interfaces">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_interfaces#SCI" title="Linux kernel interfaces">System Call<br />Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Select_(Unix)" title="Select (Unix)">select</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_(system_call)" title="Open (system call)">open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_(system_call)" title="Read (system call)">read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_(system_call)" title="Close (system call)">close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sync_(Unix)" title="Sync (Unix)">sync</a></li> <li>…</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_interfaces#Additions_to_POSIX" title="Linux kernel interfaces">Linux-only</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futex" title="Futex">futex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoll" title="Epoll">epoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_(system_call)" title="Splice (system call)">splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnotify" title="Dnotify">dnotify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inotify" title="Inotify">inotify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readahead" title="Readahead">readahead</a></li> <li>…</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_interfaces#In–kernel_APIs" title="Linux kernel interfaces">In-kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">ALSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto_API_(Linux)" title="Crypto API (Linux)">Crypto API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_uring" title="Io uring">io uring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">DRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernfs_(Linux)" title="Kernfs (Linux)">kernfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_barrier" title="Memory barrier">Memory barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_API" title="New API">New API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read-copy-update" title="Read-copy-update">RCU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video4Linux" title="Video4Linux">Video4Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IIO_Framework" title="IIO Framework">IIO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userspace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">Daemons</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>bpffs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Devfs">devfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devpts" title="Devpts">devpts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a></li> <li>hugetlbfs</li> <li>pipefs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li> <li>securityfs</li> <li>sockfs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Udev" title="Udev">udev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kmscon" title="Kmscon">Kmscon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binfmt_misc" title="Binfmt misc">binfmt_misc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wrapper_library" title="Wrapper library">Wrapper<br />libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libhybris" title="Libhybris">libhybris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietlibc" title="Dietlibc">dietlibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_GLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded GLIBC">EGLIBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klibc" title="Klibc">klibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlib" title="Newlib">Newlib</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cgroups" title="Cgroups">libcgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">libdrm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">libalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evdev" title="Evdev">libevdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libusb" title="Libusb">libusb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_uring" title="Io uring">liburing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Kernel modules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueZ" class="mw-redirect" title="BlueZ">BlueZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cgroups" title="Cgroups">cgroups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_console" title="Linux console">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bcache" title="Bcache">bcache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_mapper" title="Device mapper">Device mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dm-cache" title="Dm-cache">dm-cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">DRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDAC_(Linux)" class="mw-redirect" title="EDAC (Linux)">EDAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evdev" title="Evdev">evdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_same-page_merging" title="Kernel same-page merging">Kernel same-page merging</a> (KSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIO_(SCSI_target)" title="LIO (SCSI target)">LIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_framebuffer" title="Linux framebuffer">Framebuffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">LVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMS_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="KMS driver">KMS driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netfilter" title="Netfilter">Netfilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlink" title="Netlink">Netlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nftables" title="Nftables">nftables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perf_(Linux)" title="Perf (Linux)">perf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLUB_(software)" title="SLUB (software)">SLUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zram" title="Zram">zram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zswap" title="Zswap">zswap</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)#Linux" title="Scheduling (computing)">Process and I/O schedulers</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Fuck_Scheduler" title="Brain Fuck Scheduler">Brain Fuck Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completely_Fair_Scheduler" title="Completely Fair Scheduler">Completely Fair Scheduler</a> (CFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_eligible_virtual_deadline_first_scheduling" title="Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling">Earliest eligible virtual deadline first</a> (EEVDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noop_scheduler" title="Noop scheduler">Noop scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O(n)_scheduler" title="O(n) scheduler">O(n) scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O(1)_scheduler" title="O(1) scheduler">O(1) scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCHED_DEADLINE" title="SCHED DEADLINE">SCHED_DEADLINE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCHED_FIFO" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED FIFO">SCHED_FIFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCHED_RR" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED RR">SCHED_RR</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Security_Modules" title="Linux Security Modules">Security Modules</a>: <a href="/wiki/AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exec_Shield" title="Exec Shield">Exec Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seccomp" title="Seccomp">seccomp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">SELinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smack_(software)" title="Smack (software)">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomoyo_Linux" title="Tomoyo Linux">Tomoyo Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_PAM" title="Linux PAM">Linux PAM</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">802.11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">graphics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_device" title="Raw device">Raw device</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initramfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">initramfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KernelCare" title="KernelCare">KernelCare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kexec" title="Kexec">kexec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGraft" title="KGraft">kGraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpatch" title="Kpatch">kpatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksplice" title="Ksplice">Ksplice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline Linux">Mainline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-performance computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INK_(operating_system)" title="INK (operating system)">INK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compute_Node_Linux" title="Compute Node Linux">Compute Node Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurm_Workload_Manager" title="Slurm Workload Manager">SLURM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTAI" title="RTAI">RTAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenomai" title="Xenomai">Xenomai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PREEMPT_RT" title="PREEMPT RT">PREEMPT_RT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">MMU</a>-less <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9CClinux" title="ΜClinux">μClinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSXLinux" title="PSXLinux">PSXLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Virtualization18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtualization" title="Virtualization">Virtualization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">Hypervisor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine" title="Kernel-based Virtual Machine">KVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Xen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS-level_virtualization" title="OS-level virtualization">OS-level virtualization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux-VServer" title="Linux-VServer">Linux-VServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lguest" title="Lguest">Lguest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LXC" title="LXC">LXC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVZ" title="OpenVZ">OpenVZ</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L4Linux" title="L4Linux">L4Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELinOS" title="ELinOS">ELinOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-mode_Linux" title="User-mode Linux">User-mode Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Linux" title="Cooperative Linux">coLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rangeof_use48" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Range<br />of use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_desktop_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux desktop environments">Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Embedded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_and_Linux" title="Video games and Linux">Gaming</a></li> <li>Thin client: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Terminal_Server_Project" title="Linux Terminal Server Project">LTSP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Server: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)" title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LYME_(software_bundle)" title="LYME (software bundle)">LYME-LYCE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-powered_device" title="Linux-powered device">Devices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adopters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters" title="List of Linux adopters">List of Linux adopters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/12px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/19px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/25px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/15px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/23px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/30px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Linux_kernel" title="Category:Linux kernel">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Linux642" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linux" title="Template:Linux"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linux" title="Template talk:Linux"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linux" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linux"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Linux642" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Linux" title="History of Linux">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus%27s_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Booting process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Kernel oops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux_(mascot)" title="Tux (mascot)">Tux</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Linux_kernel" title="Template:Linux kernel">more…</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism of Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_desktop_Linux" title="Criticism of desktop Linux">Criticism of desktop Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO and Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">General comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Distributions list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_netbook-oriented_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of netbook-oriented Linux distributions">Netbook-specific comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions_that_run_from_RAM" title="List of Linux distributions that run from RAM">Distributions that run from RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-weight_Linux_distribution" title="Light-weight Linux distribution">Lightweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system#Linux" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Package_format" title="Package format">Package format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems" title="List of software package management systems">List of software package managers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LinuxChix" title="LinuxChix">LinuxChix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Counter" title="Linux Counter">Linux Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Documentation_Project" title="Linux Documentation Project">Linux Documentation Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux User Group (LUG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters" title="List of Linux adopters">Adopters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_desktop_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux desktop environments">Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Embedded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux gaming">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_for_mobile_devices" title="Linux for mobile devices">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Range of use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_malware" title="Linux malware">Linux malware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DistroWatch" title="DistroWatch">DistroWatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Magazine" title="Free Software Magazine">Free Software Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Full_Circle_(magazine)" title="Full Circle (magazine)">Full Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hacker_Public_Radio" title="Hacker Public Radio">Hacker Public Radio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux.com" title="Linux.com">Linux.com</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Format" title="Linux Format">Linux Format</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Gazette" title="Linux Gazette">Linux Gazette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Magazine" title="Linux Magazine">Linux Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LinuxUser" title="LinuxUser">LinuxUser</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_User" title="Ubuntu User">Ubuntu User</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Outlaws" title="Linux Outlaws">Linux Outlaws</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Voice" title="Linux Voice">Linux Voice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LugRadio" title="LugRadio">LugRadio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronix_Test_Suite#Phoronix_website" title="Phoronix Test Suite">Phoronix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Code_(2001_film)" title="The Code (2001 film)"><i>The Code</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_security_certifications" title="List of computer security certifications">Professional related certifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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