Thera - World History Encyclopedia

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pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } function pdfButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ahe_dialogue('/template/files/print-to-pdf-dialogue.php?v='+AHE.lastDeploy,400,null,'PDF') }); } </script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/thera/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/2440.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/thera/" data-pin-description="Thera is the ancient name for both the island of Santorini in the Greek Cyclades and the name of the volcano which famously erupted on the island in the middle Bronze Age. The 17th century BCE eruption covered Akrotiri, the most important settlement, in a layer of pumice and volcanic ash, thereby..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Mark Cartwright" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/markzcartwright/" rel="author" title="User Page: Mark Cartwright">Mark Cartwright</a> <br/> published on 07 July 2012 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/fr/1-755/thera/" class="translation_link fr " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/el/1-755/" class="translation_link el " rel="alternate">Greek</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-755/thera/" class="translation_link es " rel="alternate">Spanish</a>, <a href="/trans/uk/1-755/" class="translation_link uk " rel="alternate">Ukrainian</a></div> </div> <div id="audio-outer-wrapper"> <iframe id="audio-frame-contents" data-src="/audioplayer/en/1-755/" height="80" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no"></iframe> </div> <script> pageReady.then(()=>{ jsQueue(()=>{ let litPlayer = $('#audio-frame-contents'); if (litPlayer) { litPlayer.attr('src',litPlayer.attr('data-src')); } }); }); </script> <style> #audio-outer-wrapper { height: 80px; width: 100%; margin: 1em 0em; } #audio-frame-contents { background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-height: 80px; } </style> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=aegean+atlantis+Bronze_Age+Cyclades+delos+Naxos+Paros+thera+Volcano" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=markzcartwright" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <span class="outline_button pdf_button" onclick="pdfButtonClicked();">PDF</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } function pdfButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ahe_dialogue('/template/files/print-to-pdf-dialogue.php?v='+AHE.lastDeploy,400,null,'PDF') }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/2440/volcanic-crater-of-thera-santorini/" title="Volcanic Crater of Thera (Santorini)"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2440.jpg.webp?v=1738401669 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/2440.jpg.webp?v=1738401669 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2440.jpg?v=1738401669 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/2440.jpg?v=1738401669 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2440.jpg?v=1738401669" width="300" height="200" alt="Volcanic Crater of Thera (Santorini) (by Mark Cartwright, CC BY-NC-SA)" title="Volcanic Crater of Thera (Santorini) (by Mark Cartwright, CC BY-NC-SA)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Volcanic Crater of Thera (Santorini)</div><div class="figauthor">Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2440/volcanic-crater-of-thera-santorini/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2440/volcanic-crater-of-thera-santorini/","caption":"A view of the flooded crater of the Thera volcano, Santorini. The present active cone can be seen on the right of the picture. The volcano exploded between 1650 and 1550 BCE with devastating consequences for the island and the Aegean in general.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/2440.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Mark Cartwright - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/#person","name":"Mark Cartwright","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/mark.cartwright.73"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG","description":"Mark is a full-time writer, researcher, historian, and editor. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director.","jobTitle":"Publishing Director","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Mark Cartwright / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-04-26T13:54:10+0000","datePublished":"2014-03-25T09:00:22+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Volcanic Crater of Thera (Santorini)","height":2592,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2440/volcanic-crater-of-thera-santorini/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2440/volcanic-crater-of-thera-santorini/","width":3888} </script> <p>Thera is the ancient name for both the island of Santorini in the <a href="/disambiguation/greek/">Greek</a> <a href="/Cyclades/">Cyclades</a> and the name of the volcano which famously erupted on the island in the middle <a href="/disambiguation/Bronze_Age/">Bronze Age</a>. The 17th century BCE eruption covered Akrotiri, the most important settlement, in a layer of pumice and volcanic ash, thereby perfectly preserving the <a href="/disambiguation/bronze/">Bronze</a> Age town.</p> <h3>Early Settlement</h3> <p>The earliest evidence of settlement on the island at Akrotiri (named after the nearby modern village) dates back to the mid-fifth millennium BCE when a small fishing and farming community established itself on a coastal promontory. By the third millennium BCE the presence of rock-cut <a href="/burial/">burial</a> chambers, <a href="/pottery/">pottery</a> and stone vases and figurines suggest a period of significant growth. The marble used for these vessels probably came from the nearby islands of <a href="/Paros/">Paros</a> and <a href="/Naxos/">Naxos</a> and together with finds of Theran pumice stone (used as a polish abrasive) suggest the presence of inter-island <a href="/disambiguation/trade/">trade</a>. Wood and food goods were also probably exchanged at this time, not only throughout the Cyclades but also with the Greek mainland and <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <p>Around 2000 BCE the settlement expanded further, and a disused cemetery was filled and constructed upon - both the fill containing pottery shards from large <a href="/Amphora/">amphorae</a> and black/brown burnished pottery (Kastri style) finds suggest healthy <a href="/aegean/">Aegean</a> trade relations were in existence. Being strategically well-placed on the <a href="/copper/">copper</a> trade route between <a href="/cyprus/">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/disambiguation/Minoan/">Minoan</a> Crete, Akrotiri also became an important centre for <a href="/disambiguation/metal/">metal</a> work, as is evidenced by finds of moulds and crucibles.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <div class="big_quote">Akrotiri's prosperity came to a sudden end with the massive & cataclysmic eruption of the island's volcano.</div> <h3>Urbanisation & Disaster</h3> <p>From 2000 to 1650 BCE Akrotiri became more urbanised with paved streets and extensive drainage systems. Quality pottery was mass produced and decorated with lines, plants and animals. Metallurgy and other <a href="/crafts/">crafts</a> (particularly those related to the maritime industries) became more specialised. In this period there is also evidence of repair and rebuilding projects following <a href="/disambiguation/earthquake/">earthquake</a> destruction.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <div class="youtube-embed-wrapper"><div class="youtube-embed-container"><iframe data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MDMNQHAhPOU?autoplay=0&cc_lang_pref=en" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen title="Akrotiri and the Eruption of Thera: The Pompeii of the Aegean"></iframe></div></div> <p>Akrotiri's prosperity came to a sudden end in the 17th century BCE with the massive and cataclysmic eruption of the island's volcano. Preceded by earthquakes of a magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale which destroyed the town and created 9m high tidal waves, the eruption itself probably occurred a few days later and released an estimated 15 billion tons of magma into the atmosphere, making it the largest volcanic eruption of the last 10,000 years. The entire island was buried in a thick layer of ash, Trianda on <a href="/Rhodes/">Rhodes</a> was destroyed, 7cm of ash covered sites in northern Crete, <a href="/Asia_Minor/">Anatolia</a> suffered from the ash fall-out and even ice-cores in Greenland demonstrate the far-reaching effects of the eruption. The precise date of the event is much debated amongst scholars with wildly different estimates vigorously defended in order to support various hypotheses for other events such as the destruction of Minoan palaces or <a href="/Mycenaean_Civilization/">Mycenaean</a> imperialistic ambitions in the Aegean. The most agreed upon date ranges somewhere between 1650 and 1550 BCE (with ice-core studies and radiocarbon dates suggesting the earlier date).</p> <p>Following the cataclysmic volcanic event, the town of Akrotiri was completely covered in volcanic ash and thereby remained extremely well preserved; for example, through negative casting it has been possible to identify usually perishable items such as wooden furniture, most commonly stools and beds. However, unlike at <a href="/pompeii/">Pompeii</a> where life seems frozen by the disastrous eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE, at Akrotiri there were no human remains of casualties found at the site and there is evidence of some attempt to clear rubble which suggests that there was a short gap between the earthquakes and the eruption and many residents had already abandoned the town before the final cataclysm. The site remained hidden from sight until its systematic excavation from 1967 CE.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="754"> <a href="/image/754/map-of-bronze-age-akrotiri/" title="Map of Bronze Age Akrotiri" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/754.png.webp?v=1632084302 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/754.png.webp?v=1632084302 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/754.png?v=1632084302 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/754.png?v=1632084302 1000w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/754.png?v=1632084302" alt="Map of Bronze Age Akrotiri" class="in_text_image" width="311" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Map of Bronze Age Akrotiri</div><div class="figauthor">Maximilian Dörrbecker (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/754/map-of-bronze-age-akrotiri/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/754/map-of-bronze-age-akrotiri/","caption":"Map of Akrotiri in the Bronze Age, ca. 1600 BC.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/754.png","copyrightNotice":"Maximilian D\u00f6rrbecker - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Maximilian D\u00f6rrbecker"},"creditText":"Maximilian D\u00f6rrbecker / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-04-26T13:54:10+0000","datePublished":"2012-07-07T16:14:20+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Map of Bronze Age Akrotiri","height":"3345","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Akrotiri_1600_BC-en.png"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/754/map-of-bronze-age-akrotiri/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/754/map-of-bronze-age-akrotiri/","width":"2075"} </script> </p> <p>The well-planned town has squares and wide streets. Buildings were of two or three stories with flat roofs supported by a central wooden <a href="/column/">column</a>. Architectural features in common with those in the <a href="/Minoan_Civilization/">Minoan civilization</a> include a large hall, lustral basins, ashlar masonry, horns of consecration and the occasional lightwell.</p> <div class="big_quote">Radiocarbon dates suggest that Thera was destroyed sometime in the 17th century BCE.</div> <h3><a href="/disambiguation/architecture/">Architecture</a> & Art</h3> <p>Interestingly, almost all of the buildings excavated at Akrotiri have scenes painted on the interior walls in one or more of their rooms, illustrating that it was not only the elite who had such artwork in their homes. <a href="/disambiguation/Fresco/">Fresco</a> subjects and style were much influenced by the Minoan <a href="/civilization/">civilization</a> - religious processions, goddesses, lilies, crocuses etc. and by the later <a href="/Mycenaean_Civilization/">Mycenaean civilization</a> on the Greek mainland - griffins and boars' tusks helmets. More local themes such as girls gathering saffron, seascapes and fishing activities were also popular as were exotic animals such as antelopes and monkeys. Many rooms were completely covered in painted depictions of landscape scenes attesting to a love of nature and creating a powerful visual impact which transports the viewer beyond the confines of the room.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="1361"> <a href="/image/1361/wall-painting-akrotiri/" title="Wall-Painting, Akrotiri" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1361.jpg.webp?v=1720285564 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/1361.jpg.webp?v=1720285564 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1361.jpg?v=1720285564 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/1361.jpg?v=1720285564 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1361.jpg?v=1720285564" alt="Wall-Painting, Akrotiri" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="334" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Wall-Painting, Akrotiri</div><div class="figauthor">Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1361/wall-painting-akrotiri/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1361/wall-painting-akrotiri/","caption":"A section of a wall-painting with relief ornament and painted rosettes from Akrotiri on Thera (Santorini), 17th century BCE. (Museum of Prehistoric Thera, Santorini).","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/1361.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Mark Cartwright - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/#person","name":"Mark Cartwright","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/mark.cartwright.73"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG","description":"Mark is a full-time writer, researcher, historian, and editor. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director.","jobTitle":"Publishing Director","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Mark Cartwright / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-04-26T13:54:10+0000","datePublished":"2013-07-29T20:05:21+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Wall-Painting, Akrotiri","height":"2592","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1361/wall-painting-akrotiri/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1361/wall-painting-akrotiri/","width":"3888"} </script> </p> <p>In addition to Fresco subject matter, other finds such as Cretan and <a href="/article/455/mycenaean-pottery/">Mycenaean pottery</a>, seal impressions using Minoan iconography, Minoan clay loom weights, Canaanite jars, the use of the Minoan <a href="/Linear_A_Script/">Linear A script</a> and items of <a href="/disambiguation/Egyptian/">Egyptian</a> origin (e.g.: ivory and ostrich eggshells) attest to Akrotiri's continued importance as an important trading centre with contacts throughout the Aegean.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p>Although the date of the event is difficult to fix, the effect of the disaster is clearly evident in physical archaeological remains but also in more intangible terms. It has been suggested that the eruption of Thera may be the origin of the <a href="/atlantis/">Atlantis</a> myth - the destruction of an island and with it the loss of an advanced civilization. From the point of view of Greeks in the so-called Dark Ages (from c. 1100 BCE) the Minoan/Mycenaean-influenced community on Thera may well have appeared as a golden age, a time when cultural and artistic achievements were greater than in the present time but in just a few days consigned to history by Nature's whim.</p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=aegean+atlantis+Bronze_Age+Cyclades+delos+Naxos+Paros+thera+Volcano" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This human-authored article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <div class="map_section"> <h3>Map</h3> <div class="map_wrapper"> <div class="map_container"> <iframe data-src="/template/files/map_animation.php?loc_id=563" id="map_iframe" width="100%" height="385" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__8a8aca7665d45960c527c3fa091e57cd"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0140137513/" rel="sponsored">Burn, A.R. <i>The Penguin History of Greece.</i> Penguin Books, 1966.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__75a6c850a07217f79bfafd1d1fd090c1"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0199873607/" rel="sponsored">Cline, E.H. <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean.</i> Oxford University Press, USA, 2012.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__fd8dc050f9d8ae0074ae989c116288df"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/B0016OWXJA/" rel="sponsored">Doumas, C.C. <i>Santorini the Prehistoric City of Akroteri.</i> Athens Editions Hannibal, 2014.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__ef4423f8731dc4dc7615593c5847ebf6"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0500203032/" rel="sponsored">Higgins, R. <i>Minoan and Mycenaean Art.</i> Thames & Hudson, 1997.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__cbe1a856db31f92d8da021c2efdab0c5"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/B000I0ATLC/" rel="sponsored">Hutchinson, R.W. <i>Prehistoric Crete.</i> Penguin Books, 1962.</a></cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <span class="light affiliate_notice">World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.</span> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=markzcartwright" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/markzcartwright/" rel="nofollow" title="Mark Cartwright"><img data-src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG?v=1588174056" width="100" height="100" alt="Mark Cartwright" class="avatar_image" /></a> <div class="user_name"> <a href="/user/markzcartwright/" rel="author" title="Mark Cartwright">Mark Cartwright</a> </div> <div class="short_bio_text"> Mark is a full-time writer, researcher, historian, and editor. 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philosopher... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Cyclades/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-11293" data-score="1276151" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/917.jpg.webp?v=1689023162 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/917.jpg.webp?v=1689023162 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/917.jpg?v=1689023162 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/917.jpg?v=1689023162 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/917.jpg?v=1689023162" width="360" height="202" alt="Cyclades" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Cyclades</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The Cyclades are a group of islands in the southern Aegean situated... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Paros/" class="content_item 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<picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/294.jpg.webp?v=1721757184 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/294.jpg.webp?v=1721757184 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/294.jpg?v=1721757184 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/294.jpg?v=1721757184 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/294.jpg?v=1721757184" width="360" height="202" alt="Bronze Age Aegean" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Bronze Age Aegean</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The Bronze Age (c. 3000-1000 BCE) is the period when cultures were... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Naxos/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-11328" data-score="778419" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source 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(2012, July 07). <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/thera/" class="no_external">Thera</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/thera/ </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_chicago"> <h4>Chicago Style</h4> <div class="citation_details citation_style"> <p> Cartwright, Mark. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/thera/" class="no_external">Thera</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Last modified July 07, 2012. https://www.worldhistory.org/thera/. </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_mla citation_style"> <h4>MLA Style</h4> <div class="citation_details"> <p> Cartwright, Mark. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/thera/" class="no_external">Thera</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. World History Encyclopedia, 07 Jul 2012, https://www.worldhistory.org/thera/. Web. 26 Apr 2025. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ci_author_and_copyright" id="ci_author_and_copyright"> <h2>License & Copyright</h2> <p> Submitted by <a href="/user/markzcartwright/" rel="author" title="User Page: Mark Cartwright">Mark Cartwright</a>, published on 07 July 2012. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en" rel="nofollow">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a>. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. 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