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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gael" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gael"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gael</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gael-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Irish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Scots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kinship_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kinship groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Human genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origin legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Imperial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Emergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Christian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Christian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Pre-Christian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Christian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaels</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaele" title="Gaele – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gaele" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="غيليون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غيليون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gaels" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Гэлы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гэлы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Гэлы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гэлы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Скоти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скоти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouezeled" title="Gouezeled – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouezeled" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gaels" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гэлсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гэлсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelov%C3%A9" title="Gaelové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gaelové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeliaid" title="Gaeliaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gaeliaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4len" title="Gälen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gälen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelid" title="Gaelid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gaelid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Γαέλοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαέλοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_ga%C3%A9lico" title="Pueblo gaélico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo gaélico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeloj" title="Gaeloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gaeloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelikoak" title="Gaelikoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gaelikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="گیل‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیل‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%ABls" title="Gaëls – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaëls" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeil" title="Gaeil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gaeil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_Gaeil" title="Ny Gaeil – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ny Gaeil" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0idheal" title="Gàidheal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gàidheal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gaels" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8" title="게일인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게일인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geli" title="Geli – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geli" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Gaelik" title="Bangsa Gaelik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangsa Gaelik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelar" title="Gelar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gelar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeli" title="Gaeli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gaeli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гэльдер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гэльдер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotti" title="Scotti – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scotti" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%97lai" title="Gėlai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gėlai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" 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the Isle of Man</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gael" and "Gàidheal" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gael_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gael (disambiguation)">Gael (disambiguation)</a>. For the BBC's Gaelic language radio station, see <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_nan_G%C3%A0idheal" title="BBC Radio nan Gàidheal">BBC Radio nan Gàidheal</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Gaels</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Na Gaeil</i></span> <b>·</b> <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Na Gàidheil</i></span> <b>·</b> <span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Ny Gaeil</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gaels.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Gaels.png/250px-The_Gaels.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Gaels.png/330px-The_Gaels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Gaels.png/500px-The_Gaels.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1369" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Areas which were linguistically and culturally Gaelic c. 1000 (light green) and c. 1700 (medium green); areas that are Gaelic-speaking in the present day (dark green)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <b>2.1 million</b><br />(linguistic grouping)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Ireland</th><td class="infobox-data">1,873,997 (linguistic)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="infobox-data">122,518 (linguistic)<sup id="cite_ref-ni_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ni-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="infobox-data">27,475 (linguistic)<sup id="cite_ref-osb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th><td class="infobox-data">9,000 (linguistic)<sup id="cite_ref-cangd_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cangd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="infobox-data">2,717 (linguistic)<sup id="cite_ref-ausg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ausg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">New Zealand</th><td class="infobox-data">670 (linguistic)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic languages">Gaelic languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a>)<br /> also non-Gaelic <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> (historic: <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Paganism</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Norse-Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gaels">Norse-Gaels</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Gaelicised Normans</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Romani_and_Itinerant_people_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Romani and Itinerant people groups">Scottish Romani Travellers</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gaels</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GAYLZ</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Na Gaeil</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[n̪ˠə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡeːlʲ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">Na Gàidheil</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[nə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɛː.al]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>: <i lang="gv">Ny Gaeil</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">[nə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡeːl]</a></span>) are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> native to <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic languages</a>: a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> comprising <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>. </p><p>Gaelic language and culture originated in <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Ireland</a>, extending to <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Scotland</a>. In antiquity, the Gaels <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Roman_relations" title="Hiberno-Roman relations">traded with</a> the Roman Empire and also <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">raided</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>. In the Middle Ages, Gaelic culture became dominant throughout the rest of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>. There was also some Gaelic settlement <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era#Irish_settlement" title="Wales in the Roman era">in Wales</a>, as well as cultural influence through <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>, small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Vikings raided and settled</a> in Gaelic lands, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Norse-Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gaels">Norse-Gaels</a>. In the 9th century, Dál Riata and <a href="/wiki/Pictland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictland">Pictland</a> merged to form the Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> was made up of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">several kingdoms</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King</a> often claiming lordship over them. </p><p>In the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Normans</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">conquered</a> parts of Ireland, while parts of Scotland <a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">became Normanized</a>. However, Gaelic culture remained strong throughout Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a>. In the early 17th century, the last Gaelic kingdoms in Ireland fell under <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">English control</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> sought to subdue the Gaels and wipe out their culture;<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_wipe_out_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish_wipe_out-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first in the Scottish Highlands via repressive laws such as the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Iona" title="Statutes of Iona">Statutes of Iona</a>, and then in Ireland by <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">colonizing Gaelic land</a> with English and Scots-speaking Protestant settlers. In the following centuries Gaelic language was suppressed and mostly supplanted by English. However, it continues to be the main language in Ireland's <i><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></i> and Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>. The modern descendants of the Gaels have spread throughout the rest of the British Isles, the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>. </p><p>Traditional Gaelic society was organised into <a href="/wiki/Clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Clans">clans</a>, each with its own territory and king (or chief), elected through <a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">tanistry</a>. The Irish were previously <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">pagans</a> who had <a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">many gods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">venerated</a> their ancestors and believed in an <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld" title="Celtic Otherworld">Otherworld</a>. Their four yearly festivals – <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lughnasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lughnasa">Lughnasa</a> – continued to be celebrated into modern times. The Gaels have a strong <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, traditionally maintained by <a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">shanachies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ogham_inscription" title="Ogham inscription">Inscription</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">ogham</a> alphabet began in the 4th century. The Gaels' conversion to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> accompanied the introduction of writing in the Roman alphabet. <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brehon_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Brehon law">Brehon law</a> were preserved and recorded by medieval Irish monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaelic monasteries were renowned centres of learning and played a key role in developing <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a>; Gaelic missionaries and scholars were <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">highly influential</a> in western Europe. In the Middle Ages, most Gaels lived in <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">roundhouses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">ringforts</a>. The Gaels had their own style of dress, which became the <a href="/wiki/Belted_plaid" title="Belted plaid">belted plaid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilt" title="Kilt">kilt</a>. They also have distinctive <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Gaelic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Gaelic music">music</a>, dance, <a href="/wiki/Feis" title="Feis">festivals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">sports</a>. Gaelic culture continues to be a major component of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Manx culture</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonyms">Ethnonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/250px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/330px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i><b>Extant</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i><b>Extinct</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i><b>Reconstructed</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i><b>Hypothetical</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i><b>Grammar</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i><b>Other</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Nuristani_language" title="Proto-Nuristani language">Proto-Nuristani</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Mainstream</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Alternative and fringe</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a></b><br /> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mykhailivka_culture" title="Mykhailivka culture">Mykhailivka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatove_culture" title="Usatove culture">Usatove</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></b><br /> <i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Este_culture" title="Este culture">Este</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishkent_culture" title="Bishkent culture">Bishkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Hoard_culture" title="Copper Hoard culture">Copper Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></b><br /> <i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>Central Asia</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></b> <i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Nuristanis</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></b><br /> <i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><i><b>Reconstructed</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i><b>Historical</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Practices</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><i><b>Scholars</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Institutes</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Publications</b></i> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Throughout the centuries, Gaels and Gaelic-speakers have been known by a number of names. The most consistent of these have been <i>Gael</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, the Gaels were called <i><a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this later came to mean only the Gaels of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>. Other terms, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesian</a></i>, are not as often used.<sup id="cite_ref-mil_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mil-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> name for the Gaels was <i><a href="/wiki/Vestmenn" title="Vestmenn">Vestmenn</a></i> (meaning "Westmen", due to inhabiting the Western fringes of Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Informally, archetypal forenames such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tadhg" title="Tadhg">Tadhg</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B2mhnall" class="mw-redirect" title="Dòmhnall">Dòmhnall</a></i> are sometimes used for Gaels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2004376_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2004376-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gael">Gael</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gael"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "Gaelic" is first recorded in print in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> in the 1770s,<sup id="cite_ref-gath_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gath-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replacing the earlier word <i>Gathelik</i> which is attested as far back as 1596.<sup id="cite_ref-gath_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gath-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Gael</i>, defined as a "member of the Gaelic race", is first attested in print in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English, the more antiquarian term <i>Goidels</i> came to be used by some due to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a>'s work on the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>. This term was further popularised in academia by <a href="/wiki/John_Rhys" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rhys">John Rhys</a>; the first Professor of Celtic at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>; due to his work <i>Celtic Britain</i> (1882).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These names all come from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> word <i>Goídel/Gaídel</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a>, it was spelled <i>Gaoidheal</i> (singular) and <i>Gaoidheil/Gaoidhil</i> (plural).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2004775_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2004775-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern Irish, it is spelled <i>Gael</i> (singular) and <i>Gaeil</i> (plural). According to scholar <a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">John T. Koch</a>, the Old Irish form of the name was borrowed from an <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language" title="History of the Welsh language">Archaic Welsh</a> form <i>Guoidel</i>, meaning "forest people", "wild men" or, later, "warriors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2004775_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2004775-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Guoidel</i> is recorded as a personal name in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Llandaff" title="Book of Llandaff">Book of Llandaff</a></i>. The root of the name is cognate at the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> level with Old Irish <i>fíad</i> 'wild', and <i>Féni</i>, derived ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> *<i>weidh-n-jo-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2004775_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2004775-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This latter word is the origin of <i><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a></i>. </p><p>In medieval Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">bardic poets</a> who were the cultural intelligentsia of the nation, limited the use of <i>Gaoidheal</i> specifically to those who claimed genealogical descent from the mythical <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%ADdel_Glas" title="Goídel Glas">Goídel Glas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-morris_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the <a href="/wiki/Gaelicised" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelicised">Gaelicised</a> <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Normans</a> who were born in Ireland, spoke Irish and sponsored Gaelic bardic poetry, such as <a href="/wiki/Gerald_FitzGerald,_3rd_Earl_of_Desmond" title="Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond">Gearóid Iarla</a>, were referred to as <i>Gall</i> ("foreigner") by <a href="/wiki/Gofraidh_Fionn_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh">Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Chief_Ollam_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Ollam of Ireland">Chief Ollam of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-morris_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish">Irish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemy%27s_Ireland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ptolemy%27s_Ireland.png/250px-Ptolemy%27s_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ptolemy%27s_Ireland.png/330px-Ptolemy%27s_Ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ptolemy%27s_Ireland.png/440px-Ptolemy%27s_Ireland.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iverni" title="Iverni">Iverni</a> are one of the population groups mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Geographia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographia">Geographia</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A common name, passed down to the modern day, is "<a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>"; this existed in the English language during the 11th century in the form of <i>Irisce</i>, which derived from the stem of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>Iras</i>, "inhabitant of Ireland", from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>irar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-irish_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irish-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate origin of this word is thought to be the Old Irish <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a></i>, which is from <a href="/wiki/Old_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Celtic">Old Celtic</a> <i>*Iveriu</i>, likely associated with the Proto-Indo-European term <i>*pi-wer-</i> meaning "fertile".<sup id="cite_ref-irish_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irish-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ériu is mentioned as a goddess in the <i><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a></i> as a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ernmas" title="Ernmas">Ernmas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a>. Along with her sisters <a href="/wiki/Banba" title="Banba">Banba</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3dla" title="Fódla">Fódla</a>, she is said to have made a deal with the Milesians to name the island after her. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> in his second century <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a></i>, possibly based on earlier sources, located a group known as the <a href="/wiki/Iverni" title="Iverni">Iverni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ιουερνοι</span>) in the south-west of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-tf_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tf-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group has been associated with the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Érainn">Érainn</a> of Irish tradition by <a href="/wiki/T._F._O%27Rahilly" title="T. F. O'Rahilly">T. F. O'Rahilly</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-tf_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tf-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Érainn, claiming descent from a Milesian eponymous ancestor named <a href="/wiki/Ailill_%C3%89rann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailill Érann">Ailill Érann</a>, were the hegemonic power in Ireland before the rise of the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Conn_of_the_Hundred_Battles" title="Conn of the Hundred Battles">Conn of the Hundred Battles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mug_Nuadat" title="Mug Nuadat">Mug Nuadat</a>. The Érainn included peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Corcu Loígde</a> and Dál Riata. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">Ancient Roman</a> writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, derived from <i>Ivernia</i> the name <i><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tf_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tf-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the name "Hibernian" also comes from this root, although the Romans tended to call the isle <i><a href="/wiki/Scotia" title="Scotia">Scotia</a></i>, and the Gaels <i>Scoti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2004709_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2004709-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Ireland itself, the term <i>Éireannach</i> (Irish), only gained its modern political significance as a primary denominator from the 17th century onwards, as in the works of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating" title="Geoffrey Keating">Geoffrey Keating</a>, where a Catholic alliance between the native <i>Gaoidheal</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Seanghaill</a></i> ("old foreigners", of Norman descent) was proposed against the <i>Nuaghail</i> or <i>Sacsanach</i> (the ascendant Protestant <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">New English</a> settlers).<sup id="cite_ref-morris_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scots">Scots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png/250px-Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png/330px-Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png/500px-Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Place names in Scotland that contain the element BAL- from the Scottish Gaelic 'baile' meaning home, farmstead, town or city. This data gives some indication of the extent of medieval Gaelic settlement in Scotland.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scots_Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Gaels">Scots Gaels</a> derive from the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>, which included parts of western Scotland and northern Ireland. It has various explanations of its origins, including a <a href="/wiki/Foundation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation myth">foundation myth</a> of an invasion from Ireland. Other historians believe that the Gaels colonized parts of Western Scotland over several decades and some archaeological evidence may point to a pre-existing maritime province united by the sea and isolated from the rest of Scotland by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> or <i>Druim Alban</i>, however, this is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ewancampbell_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewancampbell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genetical exchange includes passage of the M222 genotype within Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 5th to 10th centuries, early Scotland was home not only to the Gaels of Dál Riata but also the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> and lastly the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans began to use the term <i><a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a></i> to describe the Gaels in Latin from the 4th century onward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch20041571_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch20041571-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the Gaels were raiding the west coast of Britain, and they took part in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" title="Great Conspiracy">Great Conspiracy</a>; it is thus conjectured that the term means "raider, pirate". Although the Dál Riata settled in Argyll in the 6th century, the term "Scots" did not just apply to them, but to Gaels in general. Examples can be taken from <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Eriugena" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Scotus Eriugena">Johannes Scotus Eriugena</a> and other figures from <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Latin" title="Hiberno-Latin">Hiberno-Latin</a> culture and the <i><a href="/wiki/Schottenkloster" class="mw-redirect" title="Schottenkloster">Schottenkloster</a></i> founded by Irish Gaels in Germanic lands. </p><p>The Gaels of northern Britain referred to themselves as <i><a href="/wiki/Albannaich" class="mw-redirect" title="Albannaich">Albannaich</a></i> in their own tongue and their realm as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a> (founded as a successor kingdom to Dál Riata and Pictland). Germanic groups tended to refer to the Gaels as <i>Scottas</i><sup id="cite_ref-OED_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so when Anglo-Saxon influence grew at court with <a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a>, the Latin <i>Rex Scottorum</i> began to be used and the realm was known as Scotland; this process and cultural shift was put into full effect under <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a>, who let the Normans come to power and furthered the Lowland-Highland divide. Germanic-speakers in Scotland spoke a language called <i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Inglis</a></i>, which they started to call <i>Scottis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>) in the 16th century, while they in turn began to refer to Scottish Gaelic as <i>Erse</i> (meaning "Irish").<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinship_groups">Kinship groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kinship groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Irish_clans" title="Irish clans">Irish clans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish clans">Scottish clans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MacGregor_Red_and_Green_tartan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MacGregor_Red_and_Green_tartan.png/250px-MacGregor_Red_and_Green_tartan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MacGregor_Red_and_Green_tartan.png/330px-MacGregor_Red_and_Green_tartan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MacGregor_Red_and_Green_tartan.png/500px-MacGregor_Red_and_Green_tartan.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Clan <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/MacGregors" class="mw-redirect" title="MacGregors">MacGregors</a>. Distinctive patterns were adopted during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> era.</figcaption></figure> <p>In traditional Gaelic society, a patrilineal kinship group is referred to as a <i><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clann</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-clann_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clann-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, in Ireland, a <i>fine.</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fine_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both in technical use signify a dynastic grouping descended from a common ancestor, much larger than a personal family, which may also consist of various kindreds and <a href="/wiki/Septs" class="mw-redirect" title="Septs">septs</a>. (<i>Fine</i> is not to be confused with the term <i><a href="/wiki/Fian" class="mw-redirect" title="Fian">fian</a></i>, a 'band of roving men whose principal occupations were hunting and war, also a troop of professional fighting-men under a leader; in wider sense a company, number of persons; a warrior (late and rare)'<sup id="cite_ref-fian_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fian-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Using the Munster-based <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Eóganachta">Eóganachta</a> as an example, members of this <i>clann</i> claim patrilineal descent from <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ogan_M%C3%B3r" title="Éogan Mór">Éogan Mór</a>. It is further divided into major kindreds, such as the <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_Chaisil" title="Eóganacht Chaisil">Eóganacht Chaisil</a>, <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_Glendamnach" title="Eóganacht Glendamnach">Glendamnach</a>, <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_%C3%81ine" title="Eóganacht Áine">Áine</a>, Locha Léin and Raithlind.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These kindreds themselves contain septs that have passed down as <a href="/wiki/Irish_surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish surnames">Irish Gaelic surnames</a>, for example the Eóganacht Chaisil includes O'Callaghan, MacCarthy, O'Sullivan and others.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish Gaels can be grouped into the following major historical groups; <a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a> (including <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Clan Colla</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Uí Maine">Uí Maine</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_gCais" class="mw-redirect" title="Dál gCais">Dál gCais</a>, <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Eóganachta">Eóganachta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iverni" title="Iverni">Érainn</a> (including <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach" title="Dál Fiatach">Dál Fiatach</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Laigin" title="Laigin">Laigin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a> (including <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi" title="Dál nAraidi">Dál nAraidi</a>). In the Highlands, the various Gaelic-originated clans tended to claim descent from one of the Irish groups, particularly those from <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. The <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> (i.e. – MacGregor, MacDuff, MacLaren, etc.) claimed descent from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADl_Conairi" title="Síl Conairi">Síl Conairi</a>, for instance.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some arrivals in the High Middle Ages (i.e. – MacNeill, Buchanan, Munro, etc.) claimed to be of the Uí Néill. As part of their self-justification; taking over power from the <a href="/wiki/Norse-Gael" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gael">Norse-Gael</a> <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacLeod" title="Clan MacLeod">MacLeod</a> in the Hebrides; the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">MacDonalds</a> claimed to be from Clan Colla.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Irish Gaels, their culture did not survive the conquests and colonisations by the English between 1534 and 1692 (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">History of Ireland (1536–1691)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a>. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a>, there has been renewed interest in <a href="/wiki/Irish_genealogy" title="Irish genealogy">Irish genealogy</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Government">Irish Government</a> recognised Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_the_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiefs of the Name">Chiefs of the Name</a> since the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Finte_na_h%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Finte na hÉireann">Finte na hÉireann</a></i> (Clans of Ireland) was founded in 1989 to gather together clan associations;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> individual clan associations operate throughout the world and produce journals for their septs.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Highland clans held out until the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a>. During the Victorian-era, symbolic tartans, crests and badges were retroactively applied to clans. Clan associations built up over time and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Highland_Clans_and_Societies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Highland Clans and Societies (page does not exist)">Na Fineachan Gàidhealach</a></i> (The Highland Clans) was founded in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_genetics">Human genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png/220px-Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png/330px-Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png/440px-Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="3505" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Y-chromosomal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">Haplogroup R-M269</a> in Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>At the turn of the 21st century, the principles of <a href="/wiki/Human_genetics" title="Human genetics">human genetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">genetic genealogy</a> were applied to the study of populations of <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two other peoples who recorded higher than 85% for R1b in a 2009 study published in the scientific journal, <a href="/wiki/PLOS_Biology" title="PLOS Biology">PLOS Biology</a>, were the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of in-depth studies of DNA sequences known as <a href="/wiki/STRs" class="mw-redirect" title="STRs">STRs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">SNPs</a> have allowed geneticists to associate subclades with specific Gaelic kindred groupings (and their surnames), vindicating significant elements of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_genealogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic genealogy">Gaelic genealogy</a>, as found in works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Leabhar_na_nGenealach" title="Leabhar na nGenealach">Leabhar na nGenealach</a></i>. Examples can be taken from the <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a> (i.e. – O'Neill, O'Donnell, Gallagher, etc.), who are associated with R-M222<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_gCais" class="mw-redirect" title="Dál gCais">Dál gCais</a> (i.e. – O'Brien, McMahon, Kennedy, etc.) who are associated with R-L226.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to Gaelic genetic genealogy studies, these developments in subclades have aided people in finding their original clan group in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Non-paternity_event" title="Non-paternity event">non-paternity event</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Family_Tree_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Tree DNA">Family Tree DNA</a> having the largest such database at present.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, a study analyzing <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">ancient DNA</a> found <a href="/wiki/Irish_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> remains from <a href="/wiki/Rathlin_Island" title="Rathlin Island">Rathlin Island</a> in Ireland to be most genetically similar to the modern indigenous populations of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, and to a lesser degree that of England. The majority of the genomes of the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">insular Celts</a> would therefore have emerged by 4,000 years ago. It was also suggested that the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">proto-Celtic</a> language, possibly ancestral to <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic languages">Gaelic languages</a>, may have occurred around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several genetic traits found at maximum or very high frequencies in the modern populations of Gaelic ancestry were also observed in the Bronze Age period. These traits include a hereditary disease known as <a href="/wiki/HFE_hereditary_haemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="HFE hereditary haemochromatosis">HFE hereditary haemochromatosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">Haplogroup R-M269</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactase_persistence" title="Lactase persistence">lactase persistence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eye_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye colour">blue eyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another trait very common in Gaelic populations is <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red hair</a>, with 10% of Irish and at least 13% of Scots having red hair, much larger numbers being carriers of variants of the <a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">MC1R gene</a>, and which is possibly related to an adaptation to the cloudy conditions of the regional climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassidy_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In countries where Gaels live, census records documenting population statistics exist. The following chart shows the number of speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic languages</a> (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, or Manx). The question of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic identity">ethnic identity</a> is slightly more complex, but included below are those who identify as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a>. It should be taken into account that not all are of Gaelic descent, especially in the case of Scotland, due to the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlands</a>. It also depends on the self-reported response of the individual and so is a rough guide rather than an exact science. </p><p>The two comparatively "major" Gaelic nations in the modern era are Ireland (which had 71,968 "daily" Irish speakers and 1,873,997 people claiming "some ability of Irish", as of the <a href="/wiki/2022_census_of_Ireland" title="2022 census of Ireland">2022 census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Scotland (58,552 fluent "Gaelic speakers" and 92,400 with "some Gaelic language ability" in the 2001 census).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communities where the languages still are spoken natively are restricted largely to the west coast of each country and especially the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> islands in Scotland. However, a large proportion of the Gaelic-speaking population now lives in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> in Scotland, and <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> as well as Counties <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Donegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">Galway</a> in Ireland. There are about 2,000 Scottish Gaelic speakers in Canada (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a> dialect), although many are elderly and concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and more specifically <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the U.S. Census in 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-osb_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are more than 25,000 Irish-speakers in the United States, with the majority found in urban areas with large Irish-American communities such as <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, New York City and Chicago. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th><i>Gaeilge</i> </th> <th>Ethnic Irish </th> <th><i>Gàidhlig</i> </th> <th>Ethnic Scots </th> <th><i>Gaelg</i> </th> <th>Ethnic Manx </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Ireland </td> <td align="center">1,873,997 <small>(2022)</small><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">3,969,319 <small>(2011)</small> </td> <td align="center"><i>not recorded</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>not recorded</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>not recorded</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>not recorded</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Crown_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown dependency">dependencies</a> <p><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td align="center">64,916 <small>(2011)</small><sup id="cite_ref-ni_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ni-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">1,101,994 <small>(2011)</small><sup id="cite_ref-ni_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ni-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-en_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">57,602 <small>(2011)</small> </td> <td align="center">4,446,000 <small>(2011)</small> </td> <td align="center">1,689 <small>(2000)</small><sup id="cite_ref-manx_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manx-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">38,108 <small>(2011)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">United States </td> <td align="center">25,870 <small>(2000)</small><sup id="cite_ref-osb_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">33,348,049</a> <small>(2013)</small><sup id="cite_ref-usa_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usa-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">1,605 <small>(2000)</small><sup id="cite_ref-osb_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish American">5,310,285</a> <small>(2013)</small><sup id="cite_ref-usa_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usa-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><i>not recorded</i> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Manx_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx American">6,955</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Canada </td> <td align="center">7,500 <small>(2011)</small><sup id="cite_ref-cangd_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cangd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">4,354,155</a> <small>(2006)</small><sup id="cite_ref-cana_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cana-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">1,500 <small>(2011)</small><sup id="cite_ref-cangd_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cangd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Canadian">4,719,850</a> <small>(2006)</small><sup id="cite_ref-cana_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cana-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><i>not recorded</i> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manx_Canadian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manx Canadian (page does not exist)">4,725</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Australia </td> <td align="center">1,895 <small>(2011)</small><sup id="cite_ref-ausg_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ausg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Australian">2,087,800</a> <small>(2011)</small><sup id="cite_ref-aus_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aus-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">822 <small>(2001)</small> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Australian">1,876,560</a> <small>(2011)</small> </td> <td align="center"><i>not recorded</i> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manx_Australian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manx Australian (page does not exist)">46,000</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">New Zealand </td> <td align="center"><i>not recorded</i> </td> <td align="center">14,000 <small>(2013)</small><sup id="cite_ref-nzi_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzi-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">670 <small>(2006)</small> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_New_Zealander" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish New Zealander">12,792</a> <small>(2006)</small> </td> <td align="center"><i>not recorded</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>not recorded</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Total</b> </td> <td align="center">1,974,178 </td> <td align="center">44,875,317 </td> <td align="center">62,199 </td> <td align="center">16,318,487 </td> <td align="center">1,689 </td> <td align="center">95,788 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-William_Allsworth_-_The_emigrants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8323" data-file-height="6115" /></a><figcaption><i>The Emigrants</i>, painting from 1844. This depicts a Highland Scots family in Gaelic dress migrating to New Zealand.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Western Roman Empire began to collapse, the Irish (along with the Anglo-Saxons) were one of the peoples able to take advantage in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> from the 4th century onwards. The proto-Eóganachta <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Liath%C3%A1in" title="Uí Liatháin">Uí Liatháin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9isi_Muman" class="mw-redirect" title="Déisi Muman">Déisi Muman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">Dyfed</a> both established colonies in today's <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. Further to the north, the Érainn's Dál Riata colonised <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a> (eventually founding <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a>) and there was a significant Gaelic influence in <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%93engus" title="House of Óengus">MacAngus</a> clan arose to the Pictish kingship by the 8th century. Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Christian missionaries</a> were also active across the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a>. With the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> and their slave markets, Irish were also dispersed in this way across the realms under Viking control; as a legacy, in genetic studies, <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a> exhibit high levels of Gaelic-derived <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mDNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the fall of Gaelic polities, the Gaels have made their way across parts of the world, successively under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Their main destinations were Iberia, France, the West Indies, North America (what is today the United States and Canada) and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> (Australia and New Zealand). There has also been a mass "internal migration" within Ireland and Britain from the 19th century, with Irish and Scots migrating to the English-speaking industrial cities of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and others. Many underwent a linguistic "Anglicisation" and eventually merged with Anglo populations. </p><p>In a more narrow interpretation of the term <i>Gaelic diaspora</i>, it could be interpreted as referring to the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic-speaking</a> minority among the <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a> diaspora. However, the use of the term "diaspora" in relation to the Gaelic languages (i.e., in a narrowly linguistic rather than a more broadly cultural context) is arguably not appropriate, as it may suggest that Gaelic speakers and people interested in Gaelic necessarily have Gaelic ancestry, or that people with such ancestry naturally have an interest or fluency in their ancestral language. Research shows that this assumption is inaccurate.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_legends">Origin legends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Origin legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scota_%26_Gaedel_Glas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scota_%26_Gaedel_Glas.jpg/250px-Scota_%26_Gaedel_Glas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scota_%26_Gaedel_Glas.jpg/330px-Scota_%26_Gaedel_Glas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Scota_%26_Gaedel_Glas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scota" title="Scota">Scota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%ADdel_Glas" title="Goídel Glas">Goídel Glas</a> voyaging from Egypt. From the 15th century chronicle the <i><a href="/wiki/Scotichronicon" title="Scotichronicon">Scotichronicon</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In their own <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a> contained within medieval works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a></i>, the Gaels trace the origin of their people to an eponymous ancestor named <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%ADdel_Glas" title="Goídel Glas">Goídel Glas</a>. He is described as a <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> prince (the grandson of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9nius_Farsaid" title="Fénius Farsaid">Fénius Farsaid</a>), who is credited with creating the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic languages">Gaelic languages</a>. Goídel's mother is called <a href="/wiki/Scota" title="Scota">Scota</a>, described as an Egyptian princess. The Gaels are depicted as wandering from place to place for hundreds of years; they spend time in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaetuli" title="Gaetuli">Getulia</a>, before arriving in <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>, where their king, <a href="/wiki/Breog%C3%A1n" title="Breogán">Breogán</a>, is said to have founded <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mil_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mil-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gaels are then said to have sailed to Ireland via Galicia in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesians</a>, sons of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADl_Esp%C3%A1ine" title="Míl Espáine">Míl Espáine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mil_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mil-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gaels fight a battle of sorcery with the <a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a>, the gods, who inhabited Ireland at the time. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a>, a goddess of the land, promises the Gaels that Ireland shall be theirs so long as they pay tribute to her. They agree, and their bard <a href="/wiki/Amergin_Gl%C3%BAingel" title="Amergin Glúingel">Amergin</a> recites an incantation known as the <i>Song of Amergin</i>. The two groups agree to divide Ireland between them: the Gaels take the world above, while the Tuath Dé take the world below (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld" title="Celtic Otherworld">Otherworld</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory of Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland during the Roman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lia_Fail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lia_Fail.jpg/250px-Lia_Fail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lia_Fail.jpg/330px-Lia_Fail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lia_Fail.jpg/500px-Lia_Fail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Lia_F%C3%A1il" title="Lia Fáil">Lia Fáil</a></i> at the Hill of Tara, sacred site of inauguration for the Gaelic High Kings.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is some disagreement about when <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> speakers first arrived in Ireland. It is thought by some scholars to be associated with the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Beaker people">Bell Beaker people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a>, however others argue that "Celts" arrived much later at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, there was heightened activity at a number of important <a href="/wiki/Royal_sites_of_Ireland" title="Royal sites of Ireland">royal ceremonial sites</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Tara</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Ailinne" title="Dún Ailinne">Dún Ailinne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rathcroghan" title="Rathcroghan">Rathcroghan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emain_Macha" class="mw-redirect" title="Emain Macha">Emain Macha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_Cróinín2005166_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_Cróinín2005166-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each was associated with a Gaelic tribe. The most important was Tara, where the High King (also known as the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Tara" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Tara">King of Tara</a>) was inaugurated on the <i><a href="/wiki/Lia_F%C3%A1il" title="Lia Fáil">Lia Fáil</a></i> (Stone of Destiny), which stands to this day. </p><p>According to medieval Irish legend, High King <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAathal_Techtmar" title="Túathal Techtmar">Túathal Techtmar</a> was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> before returning to claim Tara. Based on the accounts of <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, some modern historians associate him with an "Irish prince" said to have been entertained by <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricola</a>, Governor of Britain, and speculate at Roman sponsorship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERankin2002306_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERankin2002306-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandson, <a href="/wiki/Conn_C%C3%A9tchathach" class="mw-redirect" title="Conn Cétchathach">Conn Cétchathach</a>, is the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a> who would dominate the Irish Middle Ages. They gained control of what would now be named Connacht. Their close relatives the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Érainn">Érainn</a> (both groups descend from <a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_Tuirmech_Temrach" title="Óengus Tuirmech Temrach">Óengus Tuirmech Temrach</a>) and the Ulaid would later lose out to them in Ulster, as the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Collas" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Collas">Three Collas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niall_No%C3%ADg%C3%ADallach" class="mw-redirect" title="Niall Noígíallach">Niall Noígíallach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Ailech" title="Kings of Ailech">Ailech</a> extended their hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gaels emerged into the clear historical record during the classical era, with <a href="/wiki/Ogham_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogham inscriptions">ogham inscriptions</a> and quite detailed references in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> ethnography (most notably by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> conquered most of Britain in the 1st century, but did not conquer Ireland or the far north of Britain. The Gaels had <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Roman_relations" title="Hiberno-Roman relations">relations with the Roman world</a>, mostly through trade. Roman jewellery and coins have been found at several Irish royal sites, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-foster5-7_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster5-7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaels, known to the Romans as <i><a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a></i>, also carried out raids on <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>. These raids increased in the 4th century, as <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">Roman rule in Britain began to collapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-foster5-7_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster5-7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This era was also marked by a Gaelic presence in Britain; in what is today Wales, the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9isi" title="Déisi">Déisi</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">Kingdom of Dyfed</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Liath%C3%A1in" title="Uí Liatháin">Uí Liatháin</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Brycheiniog" title="Brycheiniog">Brycheiniog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also some Irish settlement in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-foster5-7_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster5-7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the north, the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> are held to have established a territory in <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Ireland">Medieval Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Scotland in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png/180px-Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png/270px-Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png/360px-Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">The Isles</a> in the 5th century. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#548556; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Mainly <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> areas.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#2272c4; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Mainly <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a> areas.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#de3333; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Mainly <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic</a> areas.</div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> reached Ireland during the 5th century, most famously through a <a href="/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (Celtic people)">Romano-British</a> slave <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-martz_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martz-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also through Gaels such as <a href="/wiki/Decl%C3%A1n_of_Ardmore" title="Declán of Ardmore">Declán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnian_of_Clonard" title="Finnian of Clonard">Finnian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_of_Ireland" title="Twelve Apostles of Ireland">Twelve Apostles of Ireland</a>. The abbot and the monk eventually took over certain cultural roles of the <i><a href="/wiki/Aos_d%C3%A1na" class="mw-redirect" title="Aos dána">aos dána</a></i> (not least the roles of <i><a href="/wiki/Dru%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Druí">druí</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">seanchaí</a></i>) as the oral culture of the Gaels was transmitted to script by the arrival of literacy. Thus <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland" title="Christianity in Ireland">Christianity in Ireland</a> during this early time retained elements of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic culture">Gaelic culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-martz_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martz-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> was divided into a hierarchy of territories ruled by a hierarchy of kings or chiefs. The smallest territory was the <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">túath</a></i> (plural: <i>túatha</i>), which was typically the territory of a single kin-group. Several <i>túatha</i> formed a <i>mór túath</i> (overkingdom), which was ruled by an overking. Several overkingdoms formed a <i>cóiced</i> (province), which was ruled by a provincial king. In the early Middle Ages the <i>túath</i> was the main political unit, but during the following centuries the overkings and provincial kings became ever more powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 6th century, the division of Ireland into two spheres of influence (<a href="/wiki/Leath_Cuinn_and_Leath_Moga" title="Leath Cuinn and Leath Moga">Leath Cuinn and Leath Moga</a>) was largely a reality. In the south, the influence of the <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Eóganachta">Eóganachta</a> based at <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Cashel" title="Rock of Cashel">Cashel</a> grew further, to the detriment of Érainn clans such as the <a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Corcu Loígde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clann_Conla" class="mw-redirect" title="Clann Conla">Clann Conla</a>. Through their vassals the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9isi_Muman" class="mw-redirect" title="Déisi Muman">Déisi</a> (descended from <a href="/wiki/Fiacha_Suidhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiacha Suidhe">Fiacha Suidhe</a> and later known as the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_gCais" class="mw-redirect" title="Dál gCais">Dál gCais</a>), Munster was extended north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">River Shannon</a>, laying the foundations for <a href="/wiki/Thomond" title="Thomond">Thomond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne1973180_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne1973180-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from their gains in Ulster (excluding the Érainn's <a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a>), the <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a>'s southern branch had also pushed down into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Meath" title="Kingdom of Meath">Mide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Brega" title="Kings of Brega">Brega</a>. By the 9th century, some of the most powerful kings were being acknowledged as <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KellsFol292rIncipJohn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KellsFol292rIncipJohn.jpg/220px-KellsFol292rIncipJohn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KellsFol292rIncipJohn.jpg/330px-KellsFol292rIncipJohn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KellsFol292rIncipJohn.jpg/440px-KellsFol292rIncipJohn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>A page from the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a>, one of the finest examples of <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a>. It is believed to have been made in Gaelic monasteries in Ireland and Scotland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some, particularly champions of Christianity, hold the 6th to 9th centuries to be a <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_(metaphor)" title="Golden age (metaphor)">Golden Age</a> for the Gaels. This is due to the influence which the Gaels had across <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> as part of their <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Christian missionary</a> activities. Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a>, Gaelic monastics were known for their <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kos_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kos-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most celebrated figures of this time were <a href="/wiki/Columba_of_Iona" class="mw-redirect" title="Columba of Iona">Columba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-kos_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kos-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Learned in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> during an age of cultural collapse,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Gaelic scholars were able to gain a presence at the court of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a>; perhaps the best known example is <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Eriugena" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Scotus Eriugena">Johannes Scotus Eriugena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from their activities abroad, <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">insular art</a> flourished domestically, with artifacts such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tara_Brooch" title="Tara Brooch">Tara Brooch</a> surviving. <a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise" title="Clonmacnoise">Clonmacnoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glendalough" title="Glendalough">Glendalough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clonard_Abbey" title="Clonard Abbey">Clonard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durrow_Abbey" title="Durrow Abbey">Durrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inis_Cathaigh" title="Inis Cathaigh">Inis Cathaigh</a> are some of the more prominent Ireland-based monasteries founded during this time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_sculpture_of_M%C3%A1el_Seachnaill_II_in_Trim,_Co._Meath,_by_James_McKenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/A_sculpture_of_M%C3%A1el_Seachnaill_II_in_Trim%2C_Co._Meath%2C_by_James_McKenna.jpg/220px-A_sculpture_of_M%C3%A1el_Seachnaill_II_in_Trim%2C_Co._Meath%2C_by_James_McKenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/A_sculpture_of_M%C3%A1el_Seachnaill_II_in_Trim%2C_Co._Meath%2C_by_James_McKenna.jpg/330px-A_sculpture_of_M%C3%A1el_Seachnaill_II_in_Trim%2C_Co._Meath%2C_by_James_McKenna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/A_sculpture_of_M%C3%A1el_Seachnaill_II_in_Trim%2C_Co._Meath%2C_by_James_McKenna.jpg/440px-A_sculpture_of_M%C3%A1el_Seachnaill_II_in_Trim%2C_Co._Meath%2C_by_James_McKenna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5648" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>High King <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Sechnaill_mac_Domnaill" title="Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill">Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill</a> was one of the leaders in the struggle with the Norsemen.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is some evidence in early <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic sagas">Icelandic sagas</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dslendingab%C3%B3k" title="Íslendingabók">Íslendingabók</a></i> that the Gaels may have visited the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a>, and that Gaelic monks known as <i><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">papar</a></i> (meaning father) lived there before being driven out by the incoming Norsemen.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late 8th century heralded outside involvement in Gaelic affairs, as Norsemen from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, began to raid and pillage settlements. The earliest recorded raids were on <a href="/wiki/Rathlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rathlin">Rathlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a> in 795; these hit and run attacks continued for some time until the Norsemen began to settle in the 840s at <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> (setting up a large slave market), <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a> and elsewhere. The Norsemen also took most of the Hebrides and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> from the Dál Riata clans and established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a>. </p><p>The monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Pictland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictland">Pictland</a> had kings of Gaelic origin, since the 7th century with <a href="/wiki/Bruide_mac_Der-Ilei" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruide mac Der-Ilei">Bruide mac Der-Ilei</a>, around the times of the <i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1in_Adomn%C3%A1in" title="Cáin Adomnáin">Cáin Adomnáin</a></i>. However, Pictland remained a separate realm from Dál Riata, until the latter gained full hegemony during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth MacAlpin</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Alpin" title="House of Alpin">House of Alpin</a>, whereby Dál Riata and Pictland were merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a>. This meant an acceleration of Gaelicisation in the northern part of Great Britain. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a> in 937 defined the Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> as the hegemonic force in Great Britain, over a Gaelic-Viking alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a spell when the Norsemen were driven from Dublin by Leinsterman <a href="/wiki/Cerball_mac_Muirec%C3%A1in" title="Cerball mac Muirecáin">Cerball mac Muirecáin</a>, they returned in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Niall_Gl%C3%BAndub" title="Niall Glúndub">Niall Glúndub</a>, heralding a second Viking period. The Dublin Norse—some of them, such as <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Ragnall ua Ímair</a> now partly Gaelicised as the <a href="/wiki/Norse-Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gaels">Norse-Gaels</a>—were a serious regional power, with territories across <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">York</a>. At the same time, the Uí Néill branches were involved in an internal power struggle for hegemony between the northern or southern branches. <a href="/wiki/Donnchad_Donn" title="Donnchad Donn">Donnchad Donn</a> raided <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> and took <a href="/wiki/Cellach%C3%A1n_Caisil" title="Cellachán Caisil">Cellachán Caisil</a> of the Eóganachta hostage. The destabilisation led to the rise of the Dál gCais and <a href="/wiki/Brian_B%C3%B3ruma" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Bóruma">Brian Bóruma</a>. Through military might, Brian went about building a Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a> under his High Kingship, even gaining the submission of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Sechnaill_mac_Domnaill" title="Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill">Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill</a>. They were involved in a series of battles against the Vikings: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Tara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a>. The last of these saw Brian's death in 1014. Brian's campaign is glorified in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cogad_G%C3%A1edel_re_Gallaib" title="Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib">Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib</a></i> ("The War of the Gaels with the Foreigners"). </p><p>The Irish Church became closer to Continental models with the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_R%C3%A1th_Breasail" title="Synod of Ráth Breasail">Synod of Ráth Breasail</a> and the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a>. There was also more trade and communication with Normanised Britain and France. Between themselves, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Briain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Briain">Ó Briain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Conchobhair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Conchobhair">Ó Conchobhair</a> attempted to build a national monarchy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_1450.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/250px-Ireland_1450.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/330px-Ireland_1450.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/340px-Ireland_1450.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Political boundaries in Ireland in 1450, before the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">plantations</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The remainder of the Middle Ages was marked by conflict between Gaels and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Normans</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion of Ireland</a> took place in stages during the late 12th century. Norman mercenaries landed in <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a> in 1169 at the request of <a href="/wiki/Diarmait_Mac_Murchada" title="Diarmait Mac Murchada">Diarmait Mac Murchada</a>, who sought their help in regaining his throne. By 1171 the Normans had gained control of Leinster, and King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a>, with the backing of the Papacy, established the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a>. The Norman kings of England claimed sovereignty over this territory, leading to centuries of conflict between the Normans and the native Irish. At this time, a literary anti-Gaelic sentiment was born and developed by the likes of <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald of Wales</a> as part of a propaganda campaign (with a <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian "reform"</a> gloss) to justify taking Gaelic lands. Scotland also came under Anglo-Norman influence in the 12th century. The <a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a> saw the Normanisation of Scotland's monarchy, government and church; the founding of <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burghs</a>, which became mainly English-speaking; and the royally-sponsored immigration of Norman aristocrats.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Normanisation was mainly limited to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a>. In Ireland, the Normans carved out their own semi-independent lordships, but many Gaelic Irish kingdoms remained outside Norman control and <a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">gallowglass</a> warriors were brought in from the Highlands to fight for various Irish kings. </p><p>In 1315, a <a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Scottish army landed in Ireland</a> as part of Scotland's <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="First War of Scottish Independence">war against England</a>. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bruce" title="Edward Bruce">Edward Bruce</a>, brother of Scottish king <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a>. Despite his own Norman ancestry, Edward urged the Irish to ally with the Scots by invoking a shared Gaelic ancestry and culture, and most of the northern kings acknowledged him as High King of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the campaign ended three years later with Edward's defeat and death in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faughart" title="Battle of Faughart">Battle of Faughart</a>. </p><p>A Gaelic Irish resurgence began in the mid-14th century: English royal control shrank to an area known as <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">the Pale</a> and, outside this, many Norman lords adopted Gaelic culture, becoming culturally Gaelicised. The English government tried to prevent this through the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Kilkenny" title="Statutes of Kilkenny">Statutes of Kilkenny</a> (1366), which forbade English settlers from adopting Gaelic culture, but the results were mixed and particularly in the West, some Normans became Gaelicised. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaelic_clothing_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gaelic_clothing_Ireland.jpg/250px-Gaelic_clothing_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gaelic_clothing_Ireland.jpg/330px-Gaelic_clothing_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gaelic_clothing_Ireland.jpg/500px-Gaelic_clothing_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Gaelic Irish men and noblewomen, c.1575</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_(1905)_(14597696020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_%281905%29_%2814597696020%29.jpg/330px-Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_%281905%29_%2814597696020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_%281905%29_%2814597696020%29.jpg/500px-Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_%281905%29_%2814597696020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_%281905%29_%2814597696020%29.jpg/960px-Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_%281905%29_%2814597696020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2146" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>Scottish Highlanders depicted in <a href="/wiki/R._R._McIan" title="R. R. McIan">R. R. McIan</a>'s <i>Clans of The Scottish Highlands</i> (1845)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial">Imperial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Imperial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">History of Ireland (1536–1691)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Scotland in the early modern period</a></div> <p>During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Gaels were affected by the policies of the <a href="/wiki/Tudors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudors">Tudors</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stewarts</a> who sought to anglicise the population and bring both Ireland and the Highlands under stronger centralised control,<sup id="cite_ref-wedg_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wedg-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of what would become the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. In 1542, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> declared the Lordship of Ireland <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">a Kingdom</a> and himself King of Ireland. The new English, whose power lay in the Pale of Dublin, then began to <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">conquer the island</a>. Gaelic kings were encouraged to apply for a <a href="/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant" title="Surrender and regrant">surrender and regrant</a>: to surrender their lands to the king, and then have them regranted as <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(English_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freehold (English law)">freeholds</a>. Those who surrendered were also expected to follow English law and customs, speak English, and convert to the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Anglican Church</a>. Decades of conflict followed in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> (1594–1603). The war ended in defeat for the Irish Gaelic alliance and brought an end to the independence of the last Irish Gaelic kingdoms. </p><p>In 1603, with the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a>, King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James of Scotland</a> also became king of England and Ireland. James saw the Gaels as a barbarous and rebellious people in need of civilising,<sup id="cite_ref-ellis296_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis296-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and believed that Gaelic culture should be wiped out.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_wipe_out_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish_wipe_out-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, while most of Britain had converted to Protestantism, most Gaels had held on to Catholicism. When the leaders of the Irish Gaelic alliance <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">fled Ireland</a> in 1607, their lands were confiscated. James set about colonising this land with English-speaking Protestant settlers from Britain, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a>. It was meant to establish a loyal British Protestant colony in Ireland's most rebellious region and to sever Gaelic Ulster's links with Gaelic Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-ellis296_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis296-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scotland, James attempted to subdue the Gaelic clans and suppress their culture through laws such as the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Iona" title="Statutes of Iona">Statutes of Iona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wedg_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wedg-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also attempted to colonise the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Isle of Lewis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gentleman_Adventurers_of_Fife" title="Gentleman Adventurers of Fife">settlers from the Lowlands</a>. </p><p>Since then, the Gaelic language has gradually diminished in most of Ireland and Scotland. The 19th century was the turning point as <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Hunger" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Hunger">The Great Hunger</a> in Ireland, and across the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>, caused mass emigration (leading to Anglicisation, but also a large <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">diaspora</a>). The language was rolled back to the Gaelic strongholds of the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Highlands of Scotland">north west</a> of Scotland, the west of Ireland and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> in Nova Scotia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a> also occurred in the 19th century, with organisations such as <i><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/An_Comunn_G%C3%A0idhealach" title="An Comunn Gàidhealach">An Comunn Gàidhealach</a></i> attempting to restore the prestige of Gaelic culture and the socio-communal hegemony of the Gaelic languages. Many of the participants in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Revolution">Irish Revolution</a> of 1912–1923 were inspired by these ideals and so when a sovereign state was formed (the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>), <a href="/wiki/Post-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-colonial">post-colonial</a> enthusiasm for the re-<a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a> of Ireland was high and promoted through public education. Results were very mixed however and the <i><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></i> where native speakers lived continued to retract. In the 1960s and 70s, pressure from groups such as <i>Misneach</i> (supported by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Cadhain" title="Máirtín Ó Cadhain">Máirtín Ó Cadhain</a>), the <i><a href="/wiki/Gluaiseacht_Chearta_Siabhialta_na_Gaeltachta" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluaiseacht Chearta Siabhialta na Gaeltachta">Gluaiseacht Chearta Siabhialta na Gaeltachta</a></i> and others; particularly in <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a>; paved the way for the creation of development agencies such as <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Adar%C3%A1s_na_Gaeltachta" title="Údarás na Gaeltachta">Údarás na Gaeltachta</a></i> and state media (television and radio) in Irish. </p><p>The last <a href="/wiki/Native_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Native speaker">native speaker</a> of Manx died in the 1970s, though use of the Manx language never fully ceased. There is now a resurgent language movement and Manx is once again taught in all schools as a second language and in some as a first language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Culture of Scotland in the High Middle Ages">Culture of Scotland in the High Middle Ages</a></div> <p>Gaelic society was traditionally made up of kin groups known as clans, each with its own territory and headed by a male chieftain. <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Succession</a> to the chieftainship or kingship was through <a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">tanistry</a>. When a man became <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">chieftain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Irish_kings" title="Lists of Irish kings">king</a>, a relative was elected to be his deputy or 'tanist' (<i>tánaiste</i>). When the chieftain or king died, his tanist would automatically succeed him. The tanist had to share the same great-grandfather as his predecessor (i.e. was of the same <i><a href="/wiki/Derbfhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Derbfhine">derbfhine</a></i>) and he was elected by freemen who also shared the same great-grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaelic law is known as the <i>Fénechas</i> or <a href="/wiki/Brehon_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Brehon law">Brehon law</a>. The Gaels have always had a strong <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, maintained by <a href="/wiki/Shanachie" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanachie">shanachies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ancient and medieval era, most Gaels lived in <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">roundhouses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ringforts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringforts">ringforts</a>. The Gaels had their own style of dress, which became the modern <a href="/wiki/Belted_plaid" title="Belted plaid">belted plaid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilt" title="Kilt">kilt</a> in Scotland. They also have their own extensive <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a>, style of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Gaelic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Gaelic music">music</a> and dances (<a href="/wiki/Irish_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish dancing">Irish dancing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highland_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland dancing">Highland dancing</a>), social gatherings (<a href="/wiki/Feis" title="Feis">Feis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceilidh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceilidh">Ceilidh</a>), and their own sports (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_language" title="History of the Irish language">History of the Irish language</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Manx_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Manx language">History of the Manx language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scottish_Gaelic" title="History of Scottish Gaelic">History of Scottish Gaelic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic languages">Gaelic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highland English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Manx English</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergence">Emergence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg/170px-Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg/255px-Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg/340px-Book_of_Ballymote_170r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Auraicept_na_n-%C3%89ces" title="Auraicept na n-Éces">Auraicept na n-Éces</a></i>, 7th century, explaining <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">ogham</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic languages">Gaelic languages</a> are part of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> and fall under the wider <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a> family. There are two main historical theories concerning the origin and development of the Gaelic languages from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> root: the North Atlantic-based <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic hypothesis</a> posits that Goidelic and <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic languages</a> have a more recent common ancestor than <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic languages</a>, while the Q-Celtic and <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Brittonic_languages" title="Gallo-Brittonic languages">P-Celtic hypothesis</a> posits that Goidelic is more closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian language</a>, while Brythonic is closer to the <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish language</a>. </p><p>Estimates of the emergence of proto-Gaelic in Ireland vary widely from the introduction of agriculture <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7,000–6,000 BC to around the first<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> few centuries BC. Little can be said with certainty, as the language now known as <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a>—ancestral to modern <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>—only began to be properly recorded with the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Ireland">Christianisation of Ireland</a> in the 4th century, after the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman script">Roman script</a>. Primitive Irish does appear in a specialised written form, using a unique script known as <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a>. The oldest examples of Ogham have survived in the form of memorial inscriptions or short <a href="/wiki/Epitaphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitaphs">epitaphs</a> on pillar-like stone monuments (see <a href="/wiki/Mac_Cairthinn_mac_Coelboth" title="Mac Cairthinn mac Coelboth">Mac Cairthinn mac Coelboth</a>). Ogham stones are found throughout Ireland and neighbouring parts of Britain. This form of written Primitive Irish is thought to have been in use as early as 1000 BC. The script frequently encodes a name or description of the owner and surrounding region, and it is possible that the inscribed stones may have represented territorial claims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:215px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_speakers_in_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Irish_speakers_in_2011.png/168px-Irish_speakers_in_2011.png" decoding="async" width="168" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Irish_speakers_in_2011.png/252px-Irish_speakers_in_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Irish_speakers_in_2011.png/336px-Irish_speakers_in_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="11541" data-file-height="14788" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:215px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scots_Gaelic_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Scots_Gaelic_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/250px-Scots_Gaelic_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="146" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Scots_Gaelic_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/330px-Scots_Gaelic_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png 2x" data-file-width="9969" data-file-height="14790" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Respondents who stated they could speak Irish and Scottish Gaelic in the 2011 censuses.</div></div></div></div> <p>The Gaelic languages have been in steep decline since the beginning of the 19th century, when they were majority languages of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands; today they are <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As far back as the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Kilkenny" title="Statutes of Kilkenny">Statutes of Kilkenny</a> in 1366, the English government had dissuaded use of Gaelic for political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Iona" title="Statutes of Iona">Statutes of Iona</a> in 1609 and the <a href="/wiki/Society_in_Scotland_for_Propagating_Christian_Knowledge" title="Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge">Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge</a> in the Highlands (for most of its history) are also notable examples. As the old Gaelic aristocracy was displaced or assimilated, the language lost its prestige and became primarily a peasant language, rather than one of education and government. The spread of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> has resulted in a vast majority of people of Gaelic ancestry being unable to speak a Goidelic language. </p><p>During the 19th century, a number of <i>Gaeilgeoir</i> organisations were founded to promote a broad cultural and linguistic revival. <i><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></i> (English: <span lang="en">the Gaelic League</span>) was set up in 1893 and had its origins in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Owen_O%27Conor" title="Charles Owen O'Conor">Charles Owen O'Conor</a>'s Gaelic Union, itself a derivative of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Irish_Language" title="Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language">Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language</a>. Similar Highland Gaelic groups existed, such as <i><a href="/wiki/An_Comunn_G%C3%A0idhealach" title="An Comunn Gàidhealach">An Comunn Gàidhealach</a></i>. At this time, Irish Gaelic was widely spoken along the Western seaboard (and a few other enclaves) and the Gaelic League began defining it as the "<i><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></i>", idealised as the core of true Irish-Ireland, rather than the Anglo-dominated Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Gaelic League itself aimed to be apolitical, this ideal was attractive to militant republicans such as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a>, who formulated and led the Irish Revolution at the turn of the 20th century; a key leader, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Pearse" class="mw-redirect" title="Pádraig Pearse">Pádraig Pearse</a>, imagined an Ireland "Not merely Free but Gaelic as well – Not merely Gaelic but Free as well." Scottish Gaelic did not undergo as extensive of a politicisation at this juncture, as nationalists there tended to focus on the Lowland mythos of <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> rather than the <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1950s, the independent Irish state developed <i><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></i> as a national standard for the Irish language (using elements from local dialects but leaning towards <a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a>), with a simplified spelling. Until 1973, school children had to pass Modern Irish to achieve a <a href="/wiki/Leaving_Certificate_(Ireland)" title="Leaving Certificate (Ireland)">Leaving Cert</a> and studying the subject remains obligatory. There are also <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoileanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelscoileanna">Gaelscoileanna</a></i></span> where children are taught exclusively through the medium of Irish. In the <i>Gaeltacht</i> itself, the language has continued to be in crisis under the pressure of globalism, but there are institutions such as <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Adar%C3%A1s_na_Gaeltachta" title="Údarás na Gaeltachta">Údarás na Gaeltachta</a></i> and a <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Culture,_Heritage_and_the_Gaeltacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht">Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht</a>, as well as media outlets such as <i><a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Raidi%C3%B3_na_Gaeltachta" title="RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta">RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta</a></i> to support it. The last native Manx Gaelic speaker died in 1974, although there are ongoing attempts at revival.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <i>Gàidhealtachd</i> has retracted in the Highlands, Scottish Gaelic has enjoyed renewed support<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Language_(Scotland)_Act_2005" title="Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005">Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005</a>, establishing the <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2rd_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Bòrd na Gàidhlig">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</a></i> under the devolved <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a>. This has seen the growth of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_medium_education_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic medium education in Scotland">Gaelic medium education</a>. There are also media outlets such as <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Alba" title="BBC Alba">BBC Alba</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_nan_G%C3%A0idheal" title="BBC Radio nan Gàidheal">BBC Radio nan Gàidheal</a></i>, although these have been criticised for excessive use of English and pandering to an English-speaking audience.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Christian">Pre-Christian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pre-Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Ancient Celtic religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heroes_of_the_dawn_(1914)_(14750481494).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heroes_of_the_dawn_%281914%29_%2814750481494%29.jpg/250px-Heroes_of_the_dawn_%281914%29_%2814750481494%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heroes_of_the_dawn_%281914%29_%2814750481494%29.jpg/330px-Heroes_of_the_dawn_%281914%29_%2814750481494%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heroes_of_the_dawn_%281914%29_%2814750481494%29.jpg/500px-Heroes_of_the_dawn_%281914%29_%2814750481494%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="2086" /></a><figcaption>An artistic rendering of the hero <a href="/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill" title="Fionn mac Cumhaill">Fionn mac Cumhaill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional, or "<a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a>", worldview of the pre-Christian Gaels of Ireland is typically described as <a href="/wiki/Celtic_animism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic animism">animistic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">polytheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">ancestor venerating</a> and focused on the <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a> cult of archetypal Gaelic warriors such as <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn" title="Cú Chulainn">Cú Chulainn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill" title="Fionn mac Cumhaill">Fionn mac Cumhaill</a>. The four seasonal festivals celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic calendar">Gaelic calendar</a>, still observed to this day, are <a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the general worldview of the Gaelic tradition has been recovered, a major issue for academic scholars is that Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">culture was oral</a> prior to the coming of Christianity and monks were the first to record the beliefs of this rival worldview as a <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">"mythology"</a>. Unlike other religions, there is no overall "<a href="/wiki/Holy_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy book">holy book</a>" systematically setting out exact rules to follow, but various works, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dindsenchas" title="Dindsenchas">Dindsenchas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge" title="Táin Bó Cúailnge">Táin Bó Cúailnge</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Acallam_na_Sen%C3%B3rach" title="Acallam na Senórach">Acallam na Senórach</a></i>, represent the metaphysical orientation of <i>Gaelachas</i>. </p><p>The main gods held in high regard were the <a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a>, the superhuman beings said to have ruled Ireland before the coming of the Milesians, known in later times as the <i><a href="/wiki/Aes_s%C3%ADdhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Aes sídhe">aes sídhe</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the gods were male and female deities such as <a href="/wiki/The_Dagda" title="The Dagda">The Dagda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lugh" title="Lugh">Lugh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuada" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuada">Nuada</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Morr%C3%ADgan" title="The Morrígan">The Morrígan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aengus" title="Aengus">Aengus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigid" title="Brigid">Brigid</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ine" title="Áine">Áine</a>, as well as many others. Some of them were associated with specific social functions, seasonal events and personal archetypal qualities. Some physical locations of importance in Ireland related to these stories include the <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne" title="Brú na Bóinne">Brú na Bóinne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Hill of Tara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Uisneach" title="Hill of Uisneach">Hill of Uisneach</a>. Although the <i>sídhe</i> were held to intervene in worldly affairs sometimes, particularly battles and issues of sovereignty, the gods were held to reside in <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld" title="Celtic Otherworld">the Otherworld</a>, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Mag_Mell" title="Mag Mell">Mag Mell</a></i> (Plain of Joy) or <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_na_n%C3%93g" title="Tír na nÓg">Tír na nÓg</a></i> (Land of the Young). This realm was variously held to be located on a set of islands or underground. The Gaels believed that certain heroic persons could gain access to this spiritual realm, as recounted in the various <i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">echtra</a></i> (adventure) and <i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">immram</a></i> (voyage) tales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Christianity">Gaelic Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monasterboice_West_Cross_West_Face_2013_09_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Monasterboice_West_Cross_West_Face_2013_09_27.jpg/250px-Monasterboice_West_Cross_West_Face_2013_09_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Monasterboice_West_Cross_West_Face_2013_09_27.jpg/330px-Monasterboice_West_Cross_West_Face_2013_09_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Monasterboice_West_Cross_West_Face_2013_09_27.jpg/500px-Monasterboice_West_Cross_West_Face_2013_09_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Medieval <a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">high cross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Monasterboice" title="Monasterboice">Monasterboice</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Gaels underwent <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a> during the 5th century and that religion, <i>de facto</i>, remains the predominant one to this day, although <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a> is fast rising.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> had difficulty infiltrating Gaelic life: Ireland had never been part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and was a decentralised tribal society, making patron-based mass conversion problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-martz_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martz-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gradually penetrated through the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> and is especially associated with the activities of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (Celtic people)">Briton</a> who had been a slave in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-martz_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martz-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He tried to explain its doctrines by using elements of native folk tradition, so Gaelic culture itself was not completely cast aside and to some extent local Christianity was Gaelicised.<sup id="cite_ref-martz_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martz-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last High King inaugurated in the pagan style was <a href="/wiki/Diarmait_mac_Cerbaill" title="Diarmait mac Cerbaill">Diarmait mac Cerbaill</a>. The 6th–9th centuries are generally held to be the height of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Gaelic Christianity</a>, with numerous saints, scholars and works of devotional art. </p><p>This balance began to unravel during the 12th century with the polemics of <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, who attacked various Gaelic customs (including <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hereditary clergy) as "pagan".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> of the time, fresh from its split with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, was becoming more centralised and uniform throughout Europe with the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a> and military reliance on Germanic peoples at the fringes of <a href="/wiki/Latin_Christendom" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Christendom">Latin Christendom</a>, particularly the warlike Normans. As part of this, the Catholic Church actively participated in the Norman conquest of Gaelic Ireland, with the issuing of <i><a href="/wiki/Laudabiliter" title="Laudabiliter">Laudabiliter</a></i> (claiming to gift the <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> the title "<a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a>") and in Scotland <a href="/wiki/David_I_and_the_Scottish_Church" title="David I and the Scottish Church">strongly encouraged</a> king David who <a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Normanised that country</a>. Even within orders such as the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, ethnic tensions between Norman and Gael continued throughout the later Middle Ages,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as competition for ecclesiastic posts. </p><p>During the 16th century, with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland" title="Protestantism in Ireland">Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Tridentine</a> Catholicism, a distinct Christian <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a> made its way into Gaelic life, with societal effects carrying on down to this day. The Tudor state used the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Anglican Church</a> to bolster their power and enticed native elites into the project, without making much initial effort to convert the Irish Gaelic masses; meanwhile, the mass of Gaeldom (as well as the "<a href="/wiki/Old_English_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English (Ireland)">Old English</a>") became <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">staunchly Catholic</a>. Due to the geopolitical rivalry between Protestant Britain and Catholic France and Spain, the Catholic religion and its mostly Gaelic followers in Ireland were persecuted for a long time. In the Scottish Highlands too, the Gaels were generally slow to accept the Scottish Reformation. Efforts at persuading Highlanders in general of the value of this primarily Lowland movement were hampered by the complicated politics of the Highlands, with religious rivalries and clan antagonism becoming entwined (a prominent example was the intense rivalry, even hatred, between the generally <a href="/wiki/Clan_Campbell" title="Clan Campbell">Presbyterian Campbells</a> and the generally <a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">Catholic MacDonalds</a>), but most Highlanders later converted to <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> in the 19th century during the breakdown of the clan system. In a few remote areas, however, Catholicism was kept alive and even rejuvenated to some extent by Irish Franciscan missionaries,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="retained in S. Hebrides and Moidart/Ardnamurchan but by native Scottish Gaels afaik (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but in most of the Highlands it was replaced by Presbyterianism. </p><p>The adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)</a> in the Highlands following the <a href="/wiki/Disruption_of_1843" title="Disruption of 1843">Disruption of 1843</a> was a reassertion of Gaelic identity in opposition to forces of improvement and clearance.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vale_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vale-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Origin and migration theories about the Gaelic peoples vary, as do those about the Gaels as victims of <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> and the roles of the colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Census data for the United Kingdom are broken down on a <a href="/wiki/Constituency_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency country">constituency country</a> basis. <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">White Irish</a> was an option in the ethnicity section of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of the United Kingdom">2011 Census of the United Kingdom</a>; this did not distinguish between those of Gaelic-Irish descent and those of Anglo-Irish descent. The results for this were: 531,087 in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>; 517,907 in Northern Ireland; and 53,000 in Scotland. According to the census, 83% (or 4,399,000) of the population in Scotland identified as "Scottish" and this did not distinguish between Gaelic Highlander and Anglo Lowlander ethnicities. In the rest of the United Kingdom, the Scots were included under <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A minority of historical revisionists have come to challenge the traditional account of the origins of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Scotland">Gaelic Scotland</a> as being derived directly from <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> via population movement as laid out in works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Senchus_fer_n-Alban" title="Senchus fer n-Alban">Senchus fer n-Alban</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Tigernach" title="Annals of Tigernach">Annals of Tigernach</a></i>. The pioneering figure in this direction is Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ewan_Campbell" title="Ewan Campbell">Ewan Campbell</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> with his 2001 paper <i>Were the Scots Irish?</i>; an archaeologist, he argues that there is no evidence of mass population movement across the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> for this time period at <a href="/wiki/Dunadd" title="Dunadd">Dunadd</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpsr/censusofpopulation2022-summaryresults/educationandirishlanguage/">"Education and Irish Language - CSO - Central Statistics Office"</a>. <i>www.cso.ie</i>. 30 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cso.ie&rft.atitle=Education+and+Irish+Language+-+CSO+-+Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cpsr%2Fcensusofpopulation2022-summaryresults%2Feducationandirishlanguage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ni-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ni_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ni_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ni_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/key_report_2011.pdf">"Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 7 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Census+2011%3A+Key+Statistics+for+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2FCensus%2Fkey_report_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osb_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osb_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osb_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osb_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsbourn2006">Osbourn 2006</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cangd-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cangd_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cangd_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cangd_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E">"National Household Survey (NHS) 2011"</a>. Statistics Canada. 8 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Household+Survey+%28NHS%29+2011&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Findex.cfm%3FLang%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ausg-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ausg_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ausg_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1152975">"The Irish language in Australia: sociocultural identity in diasporic minority language use"</a>. Jill Vaughan. 7 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Irish+language+in+Australia%3A+sociocultural+identity+in+diasporic+minority+language+use&rft.date=2015-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1152975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBechhoferMcCrone2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bechhofer, Frank; McCrone, David (4 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2014.878249">"What makes a Gael? Identity, language and ancestry in the Scottish Gàidhealtachd"</a>. <i>Identities</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">113–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1070289X.2014.878249">10.1080/1070289X.2014.878249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1070-289X">1070-289X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143971850">143971850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Identities&rft.atitle=What+makes+a+Gael%3F+Identity%2C+language+and+ancestry+in+the+Scottish+G%C3%A0idhealtachd&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143971850%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1070-289X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1070289X.2014.878249&rft.aulast=Bechhofer&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=McCrone%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F1070289X.2014.878249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Brown, Daniel Guy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dc.uwm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1456&context=etd"><i>The Highland Clearances and the Politics of Memory</i></a> (Thesis)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Highland+Clearances+and+the+Politics+of+Memory&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdc.uwm.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1456%26context%3Detd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/articles/1994_interculture.htm">"The Scottish Highlands in Colonial & Psychodynamic Perspective"</a>. <i>www.alastairmcintosh.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alastairmcintosh.com&rft.atitle=The+Scottish+Highlands+in+Colonial+%26+Psychodynamic+Perspective&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alastairmcintosh.com%2Farticles%2F1994_interculture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackinnon2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mackinnon, Iain (1 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/files/12616043/Article_2_MacKinnon_NS_8_2017_Highland_Clearances.pdf">"Colonialism and the Highland Clearances"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Northern Scotland</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">22–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fnor.2017.0125">10.3366/nor.2017.0125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-5278">0306-5278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+Scotland&rft.atitle=Colonialism+and+the+Highland+Clearances&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fnor.2017.0125&rft.issn=0306-5278&rft.aulast=Mackinnon&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.coventry.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F12616043%2FArticle_2_MacKinnon_NS_8_2017_Highland_Clearances.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassidy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/113/2/368">Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308063812/https://www.pnas.org/content/113/2/368">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Three Bronze Age individuals from Rathlin Island (2026–1534 cal BC), including one high coverage (10.5×) genome, showed substantial Steppe genetic heritage indicating that the European population upheavals of the third millennium manifested all of the way from southern Siberia to the western ocean. This turnover invites the possibility of accompanying introduction of Indo-European, perhaps early Celtic, language. Irish Bronze Age haplotypic similarity is strongest within modern Irish, Scottish, and Welsh populations, and several important genetic variants that today show maximal or very high frequencies in Ireland appear at this horizon. These include those coding for lactase persistence, blue eye color, Y chromosome R1b haplotypes, and the hemochromatosis C282Y allele; to our knowledge, the first detection of a known Mendelian disease variant in prehistory. These findings together suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 y ago."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irish_wipe_out-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_wipe_out_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_wipe_out_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzasz2007" class="citation book cs1">Szasz, Margaret (2007). <i>Scottish Highlanders and Native Americans</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Highlanders+and+Native+Americans&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Szasz&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFollett" class="citation book cs1">Follett, Wesley. <i>Céli Dé in Ireland: monastic writing and identity in the early Middle Ages</i>. Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9li+D%C3%A9+in+Ireland%3A+monastic+writing+and+identity+in+the+early+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.aulast=Follett&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Duffy2005">O'Duffy 2005</a>, p. 698</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mil-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mil_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mil_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mil_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/pre-history-archaeology/did-the-irish-come-from-spain/">"Did the Irish Come from Spain?"</a>. History Ireland. 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History Ireland. 24 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Driving+a+Wedge+within+Gaeldom&rft.date=2015-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fearly-modern-history-1500-1700%2Fdriving-a-wedge-within-gaeldom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ellis296-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ellis296_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellis296_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllis2014" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Steven (2014). <i>The Making of the British Isles: The State of Britain and Ireland, 1450–1660</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBCAlbaNews&rft.atitle=BBC+Alba+is+not+a+Gaelic+channel&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnaidheachdan%2F29125194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelch1992">Welch 1992</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelch1992">Welch 1992</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelch1992">Welch 1992</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/08/religiosity-plummets-ireland-declines-worldwide-atheism_n_1757453.html">"Religiosity Plummets in Ireland and Declines Worldwide; Atheism on the Rise"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. 21 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Religiosity+Plummets+in+Ireland+and+Declines+Worldwide%3B+Atheism+on+the+Rise&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F08%2F08%2Freligiosity-plummets-ireland-declines-worldwide-atheism_n_1757453.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyireland.com/medieval-history-pre-1500/marriage-in-medieval-ireland-by-art-cosgrove/">"Marriage in Medieval Ireland by Art Cosgrove"</a>. History Ireland. 21 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Marriage+in+Medieval+Ireland+by+Art+Cosgrove&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fmedieval-history-pre-1500%2Fmarriage-in-medieval-ireland-by-art-cosgrove%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradshaw1993">Bradshaw 1993</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyireland.com/medieval-history-pre-1500/two-nations-one-order-the-franciscans-in-medieval-ireland/">"Two nations, one order: the Franciscans in medieval Ireland"</a>. History Ireland. 21 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two+nations%2C+one+order%3A+the+Franciscans+in+medieval+Ireland&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fmedieval-history-pre-1500%2Ftwo-nations-one-order-the-franciscans-in-medieval-ireland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynch2007" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65A-KFw1GU8C&q=free+church+patronage+highlands&pg=PA85"><i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199234820" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199234820"><bdi>978-0199234820</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199234820&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65A-KFw1GU8C%26q%3Dfree%2Bchurch%2Bpatronage%2Bhighlands%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWithers2015" class="citation book cs1">Withers, Charles W. J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faA0CwAAQBAJ&q=%22free+church%22+gaelic&pg=PA342"><i>Gaelic Scotland: The Transformation of a Culture Region</i></a>. Routledge. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317332817" title="Special:BookSources/9781317332817"><bdi>9781317332817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaelic+Scotland%3A+The+Transformation+of+a+Culture+Region&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317332817&rft.aulast=Withers&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfaA0CwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522free%2Bchurch%2522%2Bgaelic%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vale-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vale_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSymonds1999" class="citation journal cs1">Symonds, James (1999). "Toiling in the Vale of Tears: Everyday Life and Resistance in South Uist, Outer Hebrides, 1760—1860". <i>International Journal of Historical Archaeology</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021949701139">10.1023/A:1021949701139</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20852924">20852924</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160384214">160384214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Toiling+in+the+Vale+of+Tears%3A+Everyday+Life+and+Resistance+in+South+Uist%2C+Outer+Hebrides%2C+1760%E2%80%941860&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160384214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20852924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1021949701139&rft.aulast=Symonds&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1994" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Robert (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780140154092"><i>The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140154092" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140154092"><bdi>978-0140154092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Europe%3A+Conquest%2C+Colonization+and+Cultural+Change%2C+950%E2%80%931350&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0140154092&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780140154092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBateman2007" class="citation book cs1">Bateman, Mary (2007). <i>Duanaire Na Sracaire: Songbook of the Pillagers, Anthology of Scottish Gaelic Verse to 1600</i>. Birlinn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841581811" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841581811"><bdi>978-1841581811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duanaire+Na+Sracaire%3A+Songbook+of+the+Pillagers%2C+Anthology+of+Scottish+Gaelic+Verse+to+1600&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1841581811&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw1993" class="citation book cs1">Bradshaw, Brendan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521416344"><i>Representing Ireland: Literature and the Origins of Conflict, 1534-1660</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521416344" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521416344"><bdi>978-0521416344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representing+Ireland%3A+Literature+and+the+Origins+of+Conflict%2C+1534-1660&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0521416344&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521416344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw2015" class="citation book cs1">Bradshaw, Brendan (2015). <i><span></span>'And so began the Irish Nation': Nationality, National Consciousness and Nationalism in Pre-modern Ireland</i>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472442567" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472442567"><bdi>978-1472442567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27And+so+began+the+Irish+Nation%27%3A+Nationality%2C+National+Consciousness+and+Nationalism+in+Pre-modern+Ireland&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1472442567&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFByrne1973" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Francis J. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irishkingshighki00byrn_0"><i>Irish Kings and High Kings</i></a>. Four Courts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851821969" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851821969"><bdi>978-1851821969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Kings+and+High+Kings&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-1851821969&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firishkingshighki00byrn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalloway2010" class="citation book cs1">Calloway, Colin G. (2010). <i>White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal People and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199737826" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199737826"><bdi>978-0199737826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+People%2C+Indians%2C+and+Highlanders%3A+Tribal+People+and+Colonial+Encounters+in+Scotland+and+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199737826&rft.aulast=Calloway&rft.aufirst=Colin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanny2001" class="citation book cs1">Canny, Nicholas (2001). <i>Making Ireland British, 1580-1650</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199259052" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199259052"><bdi>978-0199259052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Ireland+British%2C+1580-1650&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0199259052&rft.aulast=Canny&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles-Edwards2007" class="citation book cs1">Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2007). <i>Early Christian Ireland</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521037167" title="Special:BookSources/9780521037167"><bdi>9780521037167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Ireland&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780521037167&rft.aulast=Charles-Edwards&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClancy2008" class="citation book cs1">Clancy, Thomas Owen (2008). <i>The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry AD 550-1350</i>. Canongate Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0862417871" title="Special:BookSources/978-0862417871"><bdi>978-0862417871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+Tree%3A+Scotland%27s+Earliest+Poetry+AD+550-1350&rft.pub=Canongate+Classics&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0862417871&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2009" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, S. J. (2009). <i>Contested Island: Ireland 1460-1630</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199563715" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199563715"><bdi>978-0199563715</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+Island%3A+Ireland+1460-1630&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0199563715&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2010" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, S. J. (2010). <i>Divided Kingdom: Ireland 1630-1800</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199583874" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199583874"><bdi>978-0199583874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+Kingdom%3A+Ireland+1630-1800&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199583874&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2013" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Tim Pat (2013). <i>The Famine Plot: England's Role in Ireland's Greatest Tragedy</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137278838" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137278838"><bdi>978-1137278838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Famine+Plot%3A+England%27s+Role+in+Ireland%27s+Greatest+Tragedy&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1137278838&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Tim+Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2008" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Tony (2008). <i>Wars of Words: The Politics of Language in Ireland 1537-2004</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199532766" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199532766"><bdi>978-0199532766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+Words%3A+The+Politics+of+Language+in+Ireland+1537-2004&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0199532766&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2015" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Aidan (2015). <i>A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198724766" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198724766"><bdi>978-0198724766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Irish+Language%3A+From+the+Norman+Invasion+to+Independence&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0198724766&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllis2002" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Peter Berresford (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/erinsbloodroyal00elli"><i>Erin's Blood Royal: The Gaelic Noble Dynasties of Ireland</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312230494" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312230494"><bdi>978-0312230494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erin%27s+Blood+Royal%3A+The+Gaelic+Noble+Dynasties+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0312230494&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Peter+Berresford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ferinsbloodroyal00elli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenvir1892" class="citation book cs1">Denvir, John (1892). <i>The Irish in Britain from the Earliest Times to the Fall and Death of Parnell</i>. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+in+Britain+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Fall+and+Death+of+Parnell&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Denvir&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2004" class="citation book cs1">Gibbons, Luke (2004). <i>Gaelic Gothic: Race, Colonization and Irish Culture</i>. Alren House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903631393" title="Special:BookSources/978-1903631393"><bdi>978-1903631393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaelic+Gothic%3A+Race%2C+Colonization+and+Irish+Culture&rft.pub=Alren+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1903631393&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibson2012" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, D. Blair (2012). <i>From Chiefdom to State in Early Ireland</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107015630" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107015630"><bdi>978-1107015630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Chiefdom+to+State+in+Early+Ireland&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1107015630&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=D.+Blair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarbison1999" class="citation book cs1">Harbison, Peter (1999). <i>The Golden Age of Irish Art: The Medieval Achievement 600-1200</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500019276" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500019276"><bdi>978-0500019276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Irish+Art%3A+The+Medieval+Achievement+600-1200&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0500019276&rft.aulast=Harbison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinsella1981" class="citation book cs1">Kinsella, Thomas (1981). <i>An Duanaire 1600-1900: Poems of the Dispossessed</i>. Dolmen Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851053646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851053646"><bdi>978-0851053646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Duanaire+1600-1900%3A+Poems+of+the+Dispossessed&rft.pub=Dolmen+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0851053646&rft.aulast=Kinsella&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch2003" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, John T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7142081">"Celts, Britons, and Gaels—Names, Peoples, and Identities"</a>. <i>Trafodion Anhrydeddus Gymdeithas y Cymmrodorion; Cyfres Newydd</i>. <b>9</b>. The Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion: <span class="nowrap">41–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3632">0959-3632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trafodion+Anhrydeddus+Gymdeithas+y+Cymmrodorion%3B+Cyfres+Newydd&rft.atitle=Celts%2C+Britons%2C+and+Gaels%E2%80%94Names%2C+Peoples%2C+and+Identities&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0959-3632&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7142081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch2004" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T. (2004). <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851094400" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851094400"><bdi>978-1851094400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1851094400&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeerssen1997" class="citation book cs1">Leerssen, Joep (1997). <i>Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century</i>. University of Notre Dame Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268014278" title="Special:BookSources/978-0268014278"><bdi>978-0268014278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mere+Irish+and+Fior-Ghael%3A+Studies+in+the+Idea+of+Irish+Nationality%2C+Its+Development+and+Literary+Expression+Prior+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0268014278&rft.aulast=Leerssen&rft.aufirst=Joep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLenihan2007" class="citation book cs1">Lenihan, Patrick (2007). <i>Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603-1727</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582772175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582772175"><bdi>978-0582772175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consolidating+Conquest%3A+Ireland+1603-1727&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0582772175&rft.aulast=Lenihan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMac_Giolla_Chríost2005" class="citation book cs1">Mac Giolla Chríost, Diarmait (2005). <i>The Irish Language in Ireland: From Goídel to Globalisation</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415320467" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415320467"><bdi>978-0415320467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Language+in+Ireland%3A+From+Go%C3%ADdel+to+Globalisation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415320467&rft.aulast=Mac+Giolla+Chr%C3%ADost&rft.aufirst=Diarmait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMac_Síomoín2014" class="citation book cs1">Mac Síomoín, Tomás (2014). <i>The Broken Harp: Identity and Language in Modern Ireland</i>. Nuascealta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1502974570" title="Special:BookSources/978-1502974570"><bdi>978-1502974570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Broken+Harp%3A+Identity+and+Language+in+Modern+Ireland&rft.pub=Nuascealta&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1502974570&rft.aulast=Mac+S%C3%ADomo%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacleod1997" class="citation book cs1">Macleod, John (1997). <i>Highlanders: A History of the Gaels</i>. Sceptre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340639917" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340639917"><bdi>978-0340639917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highlanders%3A+A+History+of+the+Gaels&rft.pub=Sceptre&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0340639917&rft.aulast=Macleod&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacManus1921" class="citation book cs1">MacManus, Seamus (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofirishra00macm"><i>The Story of the Irish Race: A Popular History of Ireland</i></a>. The Irish Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-06408-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-06408-5"><bdi>978-0-517-06408-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Irish+Race%3A+A+Popular+History+of+Ireland&rft.pub=The+Irish+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-0-517-06408-5&rft.aulast=MacManus&rft.aufirst=Seamus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofirishra00macm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2004" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, Wilson (2004). <i>Divided Gaels: Gaelic Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland C.1200-C.1650</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199247226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199247226"><bdi>978-0199247226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+Gaels%3A+Gaelic+Cultural+Identities+in+Scotland+and+Ireland+C.1200-C.1650&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0199247226&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewton2000" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Michael (2000). <i>A Handbook of the Scottish Gaelic World</i>. Four Courts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851825417" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851825417"><bdi>978-1851825417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+the+Scottish+Gaelic+World&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1851825417&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewton2009" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Michael (2009). <i>Warriors of the Word: The World of the Scottish Highlanders</i>. Birlinn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841588261" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841588261"><bdi>978-1841588261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+the+Word%3A+The+World+of+the+Scottish+Highlanders&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1841588261&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan2001" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Sean (2001). <i>To Hell or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland</i>. Brandon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0863222870" title="Special:BookSources/978-0863222870"><bdi>978-0863222870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Hell+or+Barbados%3A+The+Ethnic+Cleansing+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Brandon&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0863222870&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Conor_Don1753" class="citation book cs1">O'Conor Don, Charles (1753). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissertations_on_the_Ancient_History_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dissertations on the Ancient History of Ireland (page does not exist)"><i>Dissertations on the Ancient History of Ireland</i></a>. J. Christie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dissertations+on+the+Ancient+History+of+Ireland&rft.pub=J.+Christie&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=O%27Conor+Don&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Cróinín2005" class="citation book cs1">Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (2005). <i>A New History of Ireland, Volume I: Prehistoric and Early Ireland</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199226658" title="Special:BookSources/9780199226658"><bdi>9780199226658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Ireland%2C+Volume+I%3A+Prehistoric+and+Early+Ireland&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780199226658&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Cr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Duffy2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Duffy, Séan (2005). <i>Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135948245" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135948245"><bdi>978-1135948245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Ireland%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1135948245&rft.aulast=O%27Duffy&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9an&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Flaithbheartaigh1685" class="citation book cs1">Ó Flaithbheartaigh, Ruaidhrí (1685). <a href="/wiki/Ogygia:_A_Chronological_Account_of_Irish_Events" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogygia: A Chronological Account of Irish Events"><i>Ogygia: A Chronological Account of Irish Events</i></a>. B. Tooke.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ogygia%3A+A+Chronological+Account+of+Irish+Events&rft.pub=B.+Tooke&rft.date=1685&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Flaithbheartaigh&rft.aufirst=Ruaidhr%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Halloran1778" class="citation book cs1">O'Halloran, Sylvester (1778). <a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="A General History of Ireland"><i>A General History of Ireland</i></a>. Hamilton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+History+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Hamilton&rft.date=1778&rft.aulast=O%27Halloran&rft.aufirst=Sylvester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÓ_hÓgáin2001" class="citation book cs1">Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí (2001). <i>The Sacred Isle: Belief and Religion in Pre-Christian Ireland</i>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851157474" title="Special:BookSources/9780851157474"><bdi>9780851157474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Isle%3A+Belief+and+Religion+in+Pre-Christian+Ireland&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780851157474&rft.aulast=%C3%93+h%C3%93g%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary2004" class="citation book cs1">O'Leary, Philip (2004). <i>The Prose Literature of the Gaelic Revival, 1881-1921</i>. Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0271025964" title="Special:BookSources/978-0271025964"><bdi>978-0271025964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prose+Literature+of+the+Gaelic+Revival%2C+1881-1921&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0271025964&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Muraíle2004" class="citation book cs1">Ó Muraíle, Nollaig (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Book_of_Irish_Genealogies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Book of Irish Genealogies"><i>The Great Book of Irish Genealogies</i></a>. De Burca Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0946130368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0946130368"><bdi>978-0946130368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Book+of+Irish+Genealogies&rft.pub=De+Burca+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0946130368&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Mura%C3%ADle&rft.aufirst=Nollaig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan_Beare1621" class="citation book cs1">O'Sullivan Beare, Philip (1621). <i>Catholic History of Ireland</i>. Spain.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+History+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Spain&rft.date=1621&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan+Beare&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsbourn2006" class="citation book cs1">Osbourn, Terry A. (2006). <i>Teaching World Languages for Social Justice: A Sourcebook of Principles and Practices</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135609856" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135609856"><bdi>978-1135609856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+World+Languages+for+Social+Justice%3A+A+Sourcebook+of+Principles+and+Practices&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1135609856&rft.aulast=Osbourn&rft.aufirst=Terry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1991" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Nerys T. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cattlelordsclans00patt"><i>Cattle Lords and Clansmen: The Social Structure of Early Ireland</i></a>. Garland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780268008000" title="Special:BookSources/9780268008000"><bdi>9780268008000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cattle+Lords+and+Clansmen%3A+The+Social+Structure+of+Early+Ireland&rft.pub=Garland+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780268008000&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Nerys+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcattlelordsclans00patt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRankin2002" class="citation book cs1">Rankin, David (2002). <i>Celts and the Classical World</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134747214" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134747214"><bdi>978-1134747214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celts+and+the+Classical+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1134747214&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichards1999" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Eric (1999). <i>Patrick Sellar and the Highland Clearances: Homicide, Eviction and the Price of Progress</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902930138" title="Special:BookSources/9781902930138"><bdi>9781902930138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrick+Sellar+and+the+Highland+Clearances%3A+Homicide%2C+Eviction+and+the+Price+of+Progress&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781902930138&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanner2006" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Marcus (2006). <i>The Last of the Celts</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300115352" title="Special:BookSources/9780300115352"><bdi>9780300115352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+of+the+Celts&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780300115352&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThornton2003" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, David E. (2003). <i>Kings, Chronologies, and Genealogies: Studies in the Political History of Early Medieval Ireland and Wales</i>. Occasional Publications UPR. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1900934091" title="Special:BookSources/978-1900934091"><bdi>978-1900934091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+Chronologies%2C+and+Genealogies%3A+Studies+in+the+Political+History+of+Early+Medieval+Ireland+and+Wales&rft.pub=Occasional+Publications+UPR&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1900934091&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelch1992" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Robert (1992). <i>Irish Writers and Religion</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0389209638" title="Special:BookSources/978-0389209638"><bdi>978-0389209638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Writers+and+Religion&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0389209638&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson2010" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Moray (2010). <i>The Edinburgh Companion to the Gaelic Language</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748637096" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748637096"><bdi>978-0748637096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+Companion+to+the+Gaelic+Language&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0748637096&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Moray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoolfe2007" class="citation book cs1">Woolfe, Alex (2007). <i>From Pictland to Alba, 789-1070</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748612338" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748612338"><bdi>978-0748612338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Pictland+to+Alba%2C+789-1070&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0748612338&rft.aulast=Woolfe&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaels" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaels&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaeilge.ie/">Foras na Gaeilge</a> – Irish agency promoting the language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120807023750/http://www.gaidhlig.org.uk/index-en.htm">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</a> – Scottish agency promoting the language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150303010203/http://www.culturevannin.im/cms/">Culture Vannin</a> – Manx agency promoting the language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colmcille.net/">The Columba Project</a> – Pan-Gaelic cultural initiative</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/gaelic">Gaelic Society Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (c. 700 items collected by the Gaelic Society of London)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gaels223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaels" title="Template:Gaels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaels" title="Template talk:Gaels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gaels223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups">Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Iona" title="Statutes of Iona">Statutes of Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaelic culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Brehon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Gaelic mythology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_kinship" title="Irish kinship">Gaelic kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic</a> & <a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_na_Gaeilge" title="Oireachtas na Gaeilge">Oireachtas na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">Am Mòd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Insular Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Gaelic Christian mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Irish21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_clans" title="Irish clans">Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_royal_families" title="Irish royal families">Royal families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Irish_kings" title="Lists of Irish kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_medical_families" title="Irish medical families">Medical families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_genealogy" title="Irish genealogy">Genealogy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="List28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_clans" title="List of Irish clans">List</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Clan Colla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">Clan Donald</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a>, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalcassians" title="Dalcassians">Dalcassians</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9isi" title="Déisi">Déisi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Eóganachta">Eóganachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iverni" title="Iverni">Érainn</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Corcu Loígde</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach" title="Dál Fiatach">Dál Fiatach</a>, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laigin" title="Laigin">Laigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi" title="Dál nAraidi">Dál nAraidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conmaicne" title="Conmaicne">Conmaicne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADarraige" title="Cíarraige">Cíarraige</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_clans_in_Ulster" title="List of Irish clans in Ulster">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_clans" title="List of Scottish clans">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Adar%C3%A1s_na_Gaeltachta" title="Údarás na Gaeltachta">Údarás na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilge" title="Foras na Gaeilge">Foras na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2rd_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Bòrd na Gàidhlig">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Vannin" title="Culture Vannin">Culture Vannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Comunn_G%C3%A0idhealach" title="An Comunn Gàidhealach">An Comunn Gàidhealach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yn_%C3%87heshaght_Ghailckagh" title="Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh">Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seachtain_na_Gaeilge" title="Seachtain na Gaeilge">Seachtain na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gael_Linn" title="Gael Linn">Gael Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULTACH_Trust" title="ULTACH Trust">ULTACH Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comunn_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Comunn na Gàidhlig">Comunn na Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clans_of_Ireland" title="Clans of Ireland">Clans of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Coimisin%C3%A9ir_Teanga" title="An Coimisinéir Teanga">An Coimisinéir Teanga</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">Haplogroup R-M269</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">human genetics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacLeod" title="Clan MacLeod">Clan MacLeod</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster" title="Kingdom of Munster">Kingdom of Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gaels" title="Category:Gaels">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/120px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/250px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, 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Irish">Ulster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gaeltacht_Thír_ConaillCategory:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text_(Donegal)162" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Thír Conaill</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Donegal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Rosses" title="The Rosses">Na Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gweedore" title="Gweedore">Gaoth Dobhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloughaneely" title="Cloughaneely">Cloch Cheann Fhaola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_an_L%C3%A1ir" title="Gaeltacht an Láir">Gaeltacht an Láir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht na Gaillimhe</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">Galway</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galway_City_Gaeltacht" title="Galway City Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht Chathair na Gaillimhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cois_Fharraige" title="Cois Fharraige">Cois Fharraige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conamara_Theas" title="Conamara Theas">Conamara Theas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Country" title="Joyce Country">Dúiche Sheoigheach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aran_Islands" title="Aran Islands">Oileáin Árann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceantar_na_nOile%C3%A1n" title="Ceantar na nOileán">Ceantar na nOileán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Chontae Mhaigh Eo</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">Mayo</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Iorrais_agus_Acaill" title="Gaeltacht Iorrais agus Acaill">Gaeltacht Iorrais agus Acaill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Chontae Chiarraí</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">Kerry</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Corca_Dhuibhne" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaeltacht Corca Dhuibhne">Gaeltacht Corca Dhuibhne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveragh_Peninsula" title="Iveragh Peninsula">Gaeltacht Uíbh Ráthach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Chontae Chorcaí</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskerry" title="Muskerry">Múscraí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Clear_Island" title="Cape Clear Island">Oileán Chléire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_na_nD%C3%A9ise" title="Gaeltacht na nDéise">Gaeltacht na nDéise</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">Waterford</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring,_County_Waterford" title="Ring, County Waterford">Rinn Ó gCuanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Parish" title="Old Parish">An tSean Phobal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leinster</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gaeltacht_Chontae_na_MíCategory:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text_(Meath)159" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Chontae na Mí</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">Meath</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1th_Chairn" title="Ráth Chairn">Ráth Chairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baile_Ghib" title="Baile Ghib">Baile Ghib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nua-GhaeltachtaíCategory:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text127" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Nua-Ghaeltachtaí</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_network" title="Irish language network">Irish language network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gaeltacht" title="Neo-Gaeltacht">Neo-Gaeltacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Gaeltacht Quarter, Belfast">An Cheathrú Ghaeltachta</a> (<a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">Antrim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_North_American_Gaeltacht" title="Permanent North American Gaeltacht">Permanent North American Gaeltacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Adar%C3%A1s_na_Gaeltachta" title="Údarás na Gaeltachta">Údarás na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltarra_%C3%89ireann" title="Gaeltarra Éireann">Gaeltarra Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimisi%C3%BAn_na_Gaeltachta" title="Coimisiún na Gaeltachta">Coimisiún na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Rural_and_Community_Development" title="Department of Rural and Community Development">Department of Rural and Community Development and the Gaeltacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_Raidi%C3%B3_Chonamara" title="Saor Raidió Chonamara">Saor Raidió Chonamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Raidi%C3%B3_na_Gaeltachta" title="RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta">RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadamh_na_hOllscola%C3%ADochta_Gaeilge" title="Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge">Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taibhdhearc_na_Gaillimhe" title="Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe">Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluaiseacht_Chearta_Sibhialta_na_Gaeltachta" title="Gluaiseacht Chearta Sibhialta na Gaeltachta">Gluaiseacht Chearta Sibhialta na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muintir_na_Gaeltachta" title="Muintir na Gaeltachta">Muintir na Gaeltachta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Coimisin%C3%A9ir_Teanga" title="An Coimisinéir Teanga">An Coimisinéir Teanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean_an_t%C3%AD" title="Bean an tí">Bean an tí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Act_2012" title="Gaeltacht Act 2012">Gaeltacht Act 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_service_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaeltacht service town">Gaeltacht service town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Rural_and_Community_Development" title="Minister for Rural and Community Development">Minister for Rural and Community Development and the Gaeltacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_at_the_Department_of_Rural_and_Community_Development" title="Minister of State at the Department of Rural and Community Development">Minister of State at the Department of Rural and Community Development and the Gaeltacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_2003" title="Official Languages Act 2003">Official Languages Act 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Additional_articles_related_to_Gaels103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Additional_articles_related_to_Gaels103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Additional articles related to Gaels</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Connachta203" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Connachta" title="Template:Connachta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Connachta" title="Template talk:Connachta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Connachta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Connachta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Connachta203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kindreds<br />and septs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Bri%C3%BAin" title="Uí Briúin">Uí Briúin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Conor#The_O'Conor_Don_line" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Conor">O'Conor Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Conor#The_O'Conor_Roe_line" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Conor">O'Conor Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Conchobhair_Sligigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Conchobhair Sligigh">O'Conor Sligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Muircheartaigh_U%C3%AD_Conchobhair" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan Muircheartaigh Uí Conchobhair">Murtagh O'Conor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraghty" title="Geraghty">MacGeraghty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnerty" title="Finnerty">O'Finnerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tighe_(surname)" title="Tighe (surname)">O'Teige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanagan_(surname)" title="Flanagan (surname)">O'Flanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Diarmada" title="Mac Diarmada">MacDermot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonagh" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonagh">MacDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacManus" title="MacManus">MacManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Beirne" title="O'Beirne">O'Beirne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Flaithbheartaigh" title="Ó Flaithbheartaigh">O'Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Rourke" title="O'Rourke">O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly" title="O'Reilly">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Malley_(surname)" title="O'Malley (surname)">O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGovern_(name)" title="McGovern (name)">MacGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKiernan_Clan" title="McKiernan Clan">MacKiernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Siorad%C3%A1in" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Sioradáin">O'Sheridan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Fiachrach" title="Uí Fiachrach">Uí Fiachrach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McClellan" title="McClellan">MacClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hynes" title="Hynes">O'Heyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Ó Cléirigh">O'Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Shaughnessy" title="O'Shaughnessy">O'Shaughnessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahill" title="Cahill">O'Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Dowd" title="O'Dowd">O'Dowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Fhirbhisigh" title="Mac Fhirbhisigh">MacFirbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Coyne" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Coyne">O'Coyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Carney" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Carney">O'Carney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Towey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Towey">O'Towey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Gaughan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Gaughan">O'Gaughan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Northern Uí Néill">Northern<br />Uí Néill</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_Conaill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenél Conaill">Cenél <br />Conaill</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell_dynasty" title="O'Donnell dynasty">O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Doherty_family" title="O'Doherty family">O'Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Boyle_family" title="O'Boyle family">O'Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_family" title="Gallagher family">O'Gallagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dunkeld" title="House of Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_nE%C3%B3gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenél nEógain">Cenél <br />nEógain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_dynasty" title="O'Neill dynasty">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Lochlainn" title="Mac Lochlainn">MacLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacNeil" title="Clan MacNeil">MacNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Sweeney" title="Clan Sweeney">MacSweeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Lamont" title="Clan Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Ewen_of_Otter" title="Clan Ewen of Otter">MacEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Cahan" title="O'Cahan">O'Cahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnelly_(surname)" title="Donnelly (surname)">O'Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gormley" title="Gormley">O'Gormley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunney" title="Lunney">O'Lunney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Hagan" title="O'Hagan">O'Hagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_(surname)" title="Quinn (surname)">O'Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_h%C3%81dhmaill" title="Ó hÁdhmaill">O'Hamill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCaul" title="McCaul">MacCaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Southern Uí Néill">Southern<br />Uí Néill</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clann_Cholm%C3%A1in" title="Clann Cholmáin">Clann Cholmáin</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADl_n%C3%81edo_Sl%C3%A1ine" title="Síl nÁedo Sláine">Síl nÁedo Sláine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Melaghlin" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Melaghlin">O'Melaghlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molloy" title="Molloy">O'Molloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoghegan" title="Geoghegan">MacGeoghegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Higgins_family" title="O'Higgins family">O'Higgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCary" title="McCary">MacCary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Amhlaoibh_and_Mac_Amhalghaidh_(Irish_septs)" title="Mac Amhlaoibh and Mac Amhalghaidh (Irish septs)">MacAuley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Clan Colla</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Cana" title="Mac Cana">MacCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Cearbhaill" title="Mac Cearbhaill">MacCarroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahon_clans" title="McMahon clans">MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguire_family" title="Maguire family">MacGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McManus" title="McManus">MacManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCaffrey" title="McCaffrey">McCaffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Macruari" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan Macruari">MacRory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonnell" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonnell">MacDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulrooney" title="Mulrooney">O'Mulrooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaghan_(surname)" title="Monaghan (surname)">O'Monaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Loughlin" title="O'Loughlin">O'Leighnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Heany" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Heany">O'Heany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Boylan" title="O'Boylan">O'Boylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanratty" title="Hanratty">O'Hanratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_hAnluain" title="Ó hAnluain">O'Hanlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Rogan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Rogan">O'Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Garvey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Garvey">O'Garvey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Ceallaigh" title="Ó Ceallaigh">O'Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Domhnall%C3%A1in" title="Ó Domhnalláin">O'Donnellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Houlihan_(dynasty)" title="O'Houlihan (dynasty)">O'Houlihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madadhan" title="Madadhan">O'Madden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Downey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Downey">O'Downey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Ó Cléirigh">O'Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%ADarmata" title="Uí Díarmata">O'Concannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Duibhgeann%C3%A1in" title="Ó Duibhgeannáin">O'Duigenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naughton" title="Naughton">O'Naughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullally" title="Mullally">O'Mullally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Aodhag%C3%A1in" title="Mac Aodhagáin">MacEgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearney_(surname)" title="Kearney (surname)">O'Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Maolconaire" title="Ó Maolconaire">O'Mulconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Cuindlis" title="Ó Cuindlis">Ó Cuindlis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_Tuirmech_Temrach" title="Óengus Tuirmech Temrach">Óengus Tuirmech Temrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nna_Aignech" title="Énna Aignech">Énna Aignech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochu_Feidlech" title="Eochu Feidlech">Eochu Feidlech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochu_Airem" title="Eochu Airem">Eochu Airem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medb" title="Medb">Medb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Findemna" title="Findemna">Findemna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothru" title="Clothru">Clothru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugaid_Riab_nDerg" title="Lugaid Riab nDerg">Lugaid Riab nDerg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimthann_Nia_N%C3%A1ir" title="Crimthann Nia Náir">Crimthann Nia Náir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feradach_Finnfechtnach" title="Feradach Finnfechtnach">Feradach Finnfechtnach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADachu_Finnolach" title="Fíachu Finnolach">Fíachu Finnolach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAathal_Techtmar" title="Túathal Techtmar">Túathal Techtmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedlimid_Rechtmar" title="Fedlimid Rechtmar">Fedlimid Rechtmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conn_of_the_Hundred_Battles" title="Conn of the Hundred Battles">Conn of the Hundred Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_mac_Cuinn" title="Art mac Cuinn">Art mac Cuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_mac_Airt" title="Cormac mac Airt">Cormac mac Airt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A1inne" title="Gráinne">Gráinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairbre_Lifechair" title="Cairbre Lifechair">Cairbre Lifechair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADacha_Sroiptine" title="Fíacha Sroiptine">Fíacha Sroiptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muiredach_Tirech" title="Muiredach Tirech">Muiredach Tirech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Collas" title="The Three Collas">Colla Uais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_Mugmedon" title="Eochaid Mugmedon">Eochaid Mugmedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_of_the_Nine_Hostages" title="Niall of the Nine Hostages">Niall of the Nine Hostages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba of Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%ADn%C3%A1n_of_Dunkeld" title="Crínán of Dunkeld">Crínán of Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Ua_N%C3%A9ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Ua Néill">Brian Ua Néill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Gr%C3%A1inne" title="Finn and Gráinne">Finn and Gráinne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Diarmuid_and_Gr%C3%A1inne" title="The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne">The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_sluagh_sidhe_so_i_nEamhuin%3F" title="An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?">An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rathcroghan" title="Rathcroghan">Rathcroghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Hill of Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_Castle" title="Donegal Castle">Donegal Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongavlin_Castle" title="Mongavlin Castle">Mongavlin Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullyhogue_Fort" title="Tullyhogue Fort">Tullyhogue Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonalis_House" title="Clonalis House">Clonalis House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Creadran_Cille" title="Battle of Creadran Cille">Creadran Cille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knockavoe" title="Battle of Knockavoe">Knockavoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glentaisie" title="Battle of Glentaisie">Glentaisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kinsale" title="Siege of Kinsale">Kinsale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups">Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rim%C3%B3n" title="Érimón">Heremonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_Fiachrach_Suighe" title="Dal Fiachrach Suighe">Dal Fiachrach Suighe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Connacht" title="List of kings of Connacht">Connacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh" title="Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailech" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailech">Ailech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tír Eoghain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandeboye" title="Clandeboye">Clandeboye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">Tyrconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Breifne" title="East Breifne">East Breifne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Breifne" title="West Breifne">West Breifne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mide" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mide">Mide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Uisnech" title="Kings of Uisnech">Uisnech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brega" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Brega">Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Gaelic nobility of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Hibernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regiment of Hibernia">O'Neill's Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Connachta" title="Category:Connachta">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eóganachta216" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Template:Eóganachta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Template talk:Eóganachta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eóganachta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eóganachta216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Eóganachta">Eóganachta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kindreds <br />and septs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_Chaisil" title="Eóganacht Chaisil">Eóganacht Chaisil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacCarthy_Mor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="MacCarthy Mor dynasty">MacCarthy Mor dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacCarthy_Mor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="MacCarthy Mor dynasty">MacCarthy Mór</a></li> <li>MacCarthy Duhallow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacCarthy_Reagh" title="MacCarthy Reagh">MacCarthy Reagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacCarthy_of_Muskerry" title="MacCarthy of Muskerry">MacCarthy Muskerry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAuliffe_(surname)" title="McAuliffe (surname)">MacAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan_family" title="O'Sullivan family">O'Sullivan Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan_family" title="O'Sullivan family">O'Sullivan Beare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGillycuddy" class="mw-redirect" title="MacGillycuddy">MacGillycuddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Callaghan" title="O'Callaghan">O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennehy" title="Dennehy">O'Dennehy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Donoghue_of_the_Glens" title="O'Donoghue of the Glens">O'Donoghue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_Glendamnach" title="Eóganacht Glendamnach">Eóganacht Glendamnach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keeffe" title="O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_Locha_L%C3%A9in" title="Eóganacht Locha Léin">Eóganacht Locha Léin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahill_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cahill (disambiguation)">O'Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Flynn" title="O'Flynn">O'Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Moriarity" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Moriarity">O'Moriarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%93engus" title="House of Óengus">MacAngus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Carroll" title="O'Carroll">O'Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scannell" title="Scannell">O'Scannell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_Raithlind" title="Eóganacht Raithlind">Eóganacht Raithlind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Mahony" title="O'Mahony">O'Mahony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Donoghue_of_the_Glens" title="O'Donoghue of the Glens">O'Donoghue</a></li> <li>O'Long</li> <li>O'Duggan</li> <li>O'Feehin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Leary" title="O'Leary">O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Donnell">O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_(name)" title="O'Connell (name)">O'Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_(surname)" title="Lynch (surname)">O'Linchy (Lynch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Hea" title="O'Hea">O'Hea</a></li> <li>O'Cahalane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Coughlan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Coughlan">O'Coughlan</a></li> <li>O'Cannifee</li> <li>O'Bogue</li> <li>O'Cronin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Flynn" title="O'Flynn">O'Flynn</a></li> <li>O'Flahiffe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connelly_(surname)" title="Connelly (surname)">O'Connelly</a></li> <li>O'Callaghan</li> <li>O'Mingane (Mongan)</li> <li>O'Neill</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_%C3%81ine" title="Eóganacht Áine">Eóganacht Áine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_(surname)" title="Irwin (surname)">O'Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirby_(surname)" title="Kirby (surname)">O'Kirby</a></li> <li>O'Kerwick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muldoon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Muldoon (disambiguation)">O'Muldoon</a></li> <li>O'Kenealy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunning_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gunning (disambiguation)">O'Gunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Corcu Loígde</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Driscoll_(surname)" title="O'Driscoll (surname)">O'Driscoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Leary" title="O'Leary">O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffey_(surname)" title="Coffey (surname)">Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flynn (surname)">O'Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Connor_(surname)" title="O'Connor (surname)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennessey_(surname)" title="Hennessey (surname)">O'Hennessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronin" title="Cronin">O'Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Hea" title="O'Hea">O'Hea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennehy" title="Dennehy">Dennehy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinneen" title="Dinneen">O'Dinneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leahy_(surname)" title="Leahy (surname)">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_(surname)" title="Irwin (surname)">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Donovan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Donovan">O'Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Collins" title="O'Collins">O'Collins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Fidgenti" title="Uí Fidgenti">Uí Fidgenti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Uí Chairpre (<a href="/wiki/O%27Donovan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Donovan">O'Donovan</a>, <a href="/wiki/O%27Hea" title="O'Hea">O'Hea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reagan_(surname)" title="Reagan (surname)">O'Regan</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacCarthy_Reagh" title="MacCarthy Reagh">MacCarthy Reagh</a>)</li> <li>Uí Chonaill (<a href="/wiki/O%27Collins" title="O'Collins">O'Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_family" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Connell family">O'Connell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Leary" title="O'Leary">Ua Laogaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Liath%C3%A1in" title="Uí Liatháin">Uí Liatháin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curran_(surname)" title="Curran (surname)">O'Curran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_(surname)" title="Lyons (surname)">O'Lehane (Lyons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleeson_(surname)" title="Gleeson (surname)">O'Gleeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Mac Tíre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deda_mac_Sin" title="Deda mac Sin">Dego Deirgtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugaid" title="Lugaid">Lugaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muinem%C3%B3n" title="Muinemón">Muinemón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Segamain" title="Nia Segamain">Nia Segamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mug_Nuadat" title="Mug Nuadat">Mug Nuadat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailill_Aulom" title="Ailill Aulom">Ailill Aulom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ogan_M%C3%B3r" title="Éogan Mór">Éogan Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiachu_Muillethan" title="Fiachu Muillethan">Fiachu Muillethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimthann_mac_Fidaig" title="Crimthann mac Fidaig">Crimthann mac Fidaig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongfind" title="Mongfind">Mongfind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corc_mac_Luigthig" title="Corc mac Luigthig">Corc mac Luigdech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimend" title="Aimend">Aimend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_Bolg" title="Óengus Bolg">Óengus Bolg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_mac_Nad_Fro%C3%ADch" title="Óengus mac Nad Froích">Óengus mac Nad Froích</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coirpre_Cromm_mac_Crimthainn" title="Coirpre Cromm mac Crimthainn">Coirpre Cromm mac Crimthainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADngen_mac_%C3%81edo_Duib" title="Fíngen mac Áedo Duib">Fíngen mac Áedo Duib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3r_Muman" title="Mór Muman">Mór Muman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%ADlbe_Flann_mac_%C3%81edo_Duib" title="Faílbe Flann mac Áedo Duib">Faílbe Flann mac Áedo Duib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_mac_Finguine" title="Cathal mac Finguine">Cathal mac Finguine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Óengus mac Fergusso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedelmid_mac_Crimthainn" title="Fedelmid mac Crimthainn">Fedelmid mac Crimthainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93lchobar_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Ólchobar mac Cináeda">Ólchobar mac Cináeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_mac_Cuilenn%C3%A1in" title="Cormac mac Cuilennáin">Cormac mac Cuilennáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Muad_mac_Brain" title="Máel Muad mac Brain">Máel Muad mac Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_Mac_C%C3%A1rthaigh" title="Cormac Mac Cárthaigh">Cormac Mac Cárthaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finghin_Mac_C%C3%A1rthaigh" title="Finghin Mac Cárthaigh">Finghin Mac Cárthaigh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knockainy" class="mw-redirect" title="Knockainy">Knockainy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardmore,_County_Waterford" title="Ardmore, County Waterford">Ardmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Cashel" title="Rock of Cashel">Rock of Cashel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garranes_Ringfort" class="mw-redirect" title="Garranes Ringfort">Garranes Ringfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lough_Leane" title="Lough Leane">Lough Leane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat%27s_Castle" title="Bat's Castle">Bat's Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Kingdom of Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbery_(barony)" title="Carbery (barony)">Carbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blarney_Castle" title="Blarney Castle">Blarney Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Castle" title="Ross Castle">Ross Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beara_Peninsula" title="Beara Peninsula">Beara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cath_Maige_Mucrama" title="Cath Maige Mucrama">Mag Mucrama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Carn_Feradaig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Carn Feradaig (page does not exist)">Carn Feradaig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callann" title="Battle of Callann">Callann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunboy" title="Siege of Dunboy">Dunboy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups">Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber_Finn" title="Eber Finn">Eberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirgtine" title="Deirgtine">Deirgtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Cycles of the Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ine" title="Áine">Áine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corca_O%C3%ADche" title="Corca Oíche">Corca Oíche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mug_Ruith" title="Mug Ruith">Mug Ruith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%ADodhna" title="Clíodhna">Clíodhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leath_Mogha" class="mw-redirect" title="Leath Mogha">Leath Mogha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Inisfallen" title="Annals of Inisfallen">Annals of Inisfallen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Munster" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Munster">Book of Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89oganacht_Airthir_Cliach" class="mw-redirect" title="Éoganacht Airthir Cliach">Éoganacht Airthir Cliach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_Ninussa" title="Eóganacht Ninussa">Eóganacht Ninussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Munster" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kings of Munster">List of Kings of Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kings of the Picts">List of Kings of the Picts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Desmond" title="List of monarchs of Desmond">List of monarchs of Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Kingdom of Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciannachta" title="Ciannachta">Ciannachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalcassians" title="Dalcassians">Dalcassians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cen%C3%A9l_Cerdraige&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cenél Cerdraige (page does not exist)">Cenél Cerdraige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanas_Cormaic" title="Sanas Cormaic">Sanas Cormaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster" title="Kingdom of Munster">Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Munster" title="List of kings of Munster">List of kings of Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Gaelic nobility of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Category:Eóganachta">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Érainn197" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%C3%89rainn" title="Template:Érainn"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%C3%89rainn" title="Template talk:Érainn"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:%C3%89rainn" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Érainn"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Érainn197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iverni" title="Iverni">Érainn</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kindreds <br />and septs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacAlpin" class="mw-redirect" title="MacAlpin">MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Gregor" title="Clan Gregor">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacDuff" title="Clan MacDuff">MacDuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackintosh" title="Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacLaren" title="Clan MacLaren">MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macfie" title="Macfie">Macfie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macnab" class="mw-redirect" title="Macnab">Macnab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacAulay" title="Clan MacAulay">MacAulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAdam_(surname)" title="McAdam (surname)">MacAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackinnon">Mackinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacQuarrie" title="MacQuarrie">MacQuarrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson_(surname)" title="Paterson (surname)">Paterson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAscraige" title="Múscraige">Múscraige</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donegan_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donegan (surname)">O'Donegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Furey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Furey">O'Furey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Hea" title="O'Hea">O'Hea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulvaney" title="Mulvaney">O'Mulvany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Dowling" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Dowling">O'Dowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullinan_(surname)" title="Cullinan (surname)">O'Cullinane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Flynn" title="O'Flynn">O'Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirke_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Quirke (disambiguation)">O'Quirke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corcu_Duibne" title="Corcu Duibne">Corcu Duibne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Falvey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Falvey">O'Falvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Shea" title="O'Shea">O'Shea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_(name)" title="O'Connell (name)">O'Connell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corcu_Baiscind" title="Corcu Baiscind">Corcu Baiscind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>O'Baskin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDermot" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDermot">MacDermot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Donnell">O'Donnell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach" title="Dál Fiatach">Dál Fiatach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donlevy" title="Donlevy">MacDonlevy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McNulty" title="McNulty">MacNulty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacLea" class="mw-redirect" title="MacLea">MacLea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haughey" title="Haughey">O'Haughey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Corcu Loígde</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Coffey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Coffey">O'Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Downey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Downey">O'Downey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Driscoll_(surname)" title="O'Driscoll (surname)">O'Driscoll</a></li> <li>O'Fealy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Flynn" title="O'Flynn">O'Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Hennessy" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Hennessy">O'Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leahy_(surname)" title="Leahy (surname)">O'Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Leary" title="O'Leary">O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twomey" title="Twomey">O'Twomey</a></li> <li>O'Longan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doheny" title="Doheny">O'Doheny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Doughan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Doughan">O'Doughan</a></li> <li>O'Dunlea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Hea" title="O'Hea">O'Hea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinneen" title="Dinneen">O'Dinneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feely" title="Feely">O'Feely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronin" title="Cronin">O'Cronin</a></li> <li>O'Baire</li> <li>O'Henegan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevane" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevane">O'Kevane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clann_Conla" class="mw-redirect" title="Clann Conla">Clann Conla</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Giolla_Ph%C3%A1draig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Giolla Phádraig">MacGilpatrick (Fitzpatrick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Delany" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Delany">O'Delany</a></li> <li>O'Horahan</li> <li>O'Brody</li> <li>O'Kealy</li> <li>O'Phelan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Brophy" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Brophy">O'Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coveney_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Coveney (disambiguation)">O'Coveney</a></li> <li>O'Gloherny</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunphy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunphy (disambiguation)">O'Dunphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Carroll" title="O'Carroll">O'Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Brennan">O'Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quealy" title="Quealy">O'Queally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breen_(surname)" title="Breen (surname)">MacBreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Broder" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Broder">O'Broder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Dea" title="O'Dea">O'Dea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conaille_Muirtheimne" title="Conaille Muirtheimne">Conaille Muirtheimne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Conghalaigh" title="Ó Conghalaigh">O'Connolly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_Tuirmech_Temrach" title="Óengus Tuirmech Temrach">Óengus Tuirmech Temrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailill_%C3%89rann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailill Érann">Ailill Érann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deda_mac_Sin" title="Deda mac Sin">Deda mac Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dar_mac_Dedad" title="Íar mac Dedad">Íar mac Dedad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conganchnes_mac_Dedad" title="Conganchnes mac Dedad">Conganchnes mac Dedad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ire_mac_Dedad" title="Dáire mac Dedad">Dáire mac Dedad</a> (<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ire_Doimthech" title="Dáire Doimthech">Dáire Doimthech</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Ro%C3%AD" title="Cú Roí">Cú Roí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etersc%C3%A9l_M%C3%B3r" title="Eterscél Mór">Eterscél Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conaire_M%C3%B3r" title="Conaire Mór">Conaire Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugaid_mac_Con_Ro%C3%AD" title="Lugaid mac Con Roí">Lugaid mac Con Roí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conaire_C%C3%B3em" title="Conaire Cóem">Conaire Cóem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_M%C3%B3r_mac_Eirc" class="mw-redirect" title="Fergus Mór mac Eirc">Fergus Mór mac Eirc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabr%C3%A1n_mac_Domangairt" title="Gabrán mac Domangairt">Gabrán mac Domangairt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarn_mac_Eirc" title="Loarn mac Eirc">Loarn mac Eirc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comgall_mac_Domangairt" title="Comgall mac Domangairt">Comgall mac Domangairt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muiredach_Muinderg" title="Muiredach Muinderg">Muiredach Muinderg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_mac_Muiredaig_Muinderg" title="Eochaid mac Muiredaig Muinderg">Eochaid mac Muiredaig Muinderg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1et%C3%A1n_mac_Cairill" title="Báetán mac Cairill">Báetán mac Cairill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A1ed_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cináed mac Ailpín">Cináed mac Ailpín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_mac_Eochada" title="Niall mac Eochada">Niall mac Eochada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Togail_Bruidne_D%C3%A1_Derga" title="Togail Bruidne Dá Derga">Togail Bruidne Dá Derga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fled_Bricrenn" title="Fled Bricrenn">Fled Bricrenn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesca_Ulad" title="Mesca Ulad">Mesca Ulad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge" title="Táin Bó Cúailnge">Táin Bó Cúailnge</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caherconree" title="Caherconree">Caherconree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Hill of Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundalk" title="Dundalk">Dundalk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups">Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rim%C3%B3n" title="Érimón">Heremonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iverni" title="Iverni">Iverni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1irine" title="Dáirine">Dáirine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darini" title="Darini">Darini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADl_Conairi" title="Síl Conairi">Síl Conairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="List of kings of Dál Riata">List of kings of Dál Riata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Origins of the Kingdom of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siol_Alpin" title="Siol Alpin">Siol Alpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattan_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattan Confederation">Chattan Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osraige" title="Osraige">Osraige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster" title="Kingdom of Munster">Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Munster" title="List of kings of Munster">List of kings of Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Ulster" title="List of kings of Ulster">List of kings of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Gaelic nobility of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gaels" title="Category:Gaels">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dalcassians212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dalcassians" title="Template:Dalcassians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dalcassians" title="Template talk:Dalcassians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dalcassians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dalcassians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dalcassians212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dalcassians" title="Dalcassians">Dalcassians</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kindreds and septs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9isi#Déisi_Tuisceart" title="Déisi">Déisi Tuisceart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uí Bloid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahearn" title="Ahearn">Ahearn</a></li> <li>O'Boland</li> <li>Coombe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosgrave" title="Cosgrave">O'Cosgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace" title="Eustace">Eustace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGlynn" title="McGlynn">MacGlynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Kearney" title="O'Kearney">O'Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonergan_(surname)" title="Lonergan (surname)">O'Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_(surname)" title="MacArthur (surname)">MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Considine" title="Considine">MacConsidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_McGrath" title="Clan McGrath">MacGrath</a></li> <li>MacLysaght</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahon_clans" title="McMahon clans">MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muldowney" title="Muldowney">O'Muldowney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_(surname)" title="Brennan (surname)">O'Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_dynasty" title="O'Brien dynasty">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Casey_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Casey (surname)">O'Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Crotty" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Crotty">O'Crotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogan" title="Hogan">O'Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurley_(surname)" title="Hurley (surname)">O'Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelleher" title="Kelleher">O'Kelleher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Kennedy" title="O'Kennedy">O'Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Meara" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Meara">O'Meara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noonan" title="Noonan">O'Noonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_(surname)" title="Reagan (surname)">O'Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(name)" title="Power (name)">Power</a></li> <li>O'Quirke</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Scannl%C3%A1in" title="Ó Scannláin">O'Scanlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twomey" title="Twomey">O'Twomey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uí Caisin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clancy" title="Clancy">MacClancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durkin" title="Durkin">MacDurkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattery" title="Flattery">O'Flattery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_(surname)" title="Flood (surname)">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley_(surname)" title="Harley (surname)">Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartigan" title="Hartigan">O'Hartigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_h%C3%8Dceadha" title="Ó hÍceadha">O'Hickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogg_(surname)" title="Hogg (surname)">Hogg</a></li> <li>O'Killeen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacNamara" title="MacNamara">MacNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McInerney" title="McInerney">MacInerney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neylon" title="Neylon">O'Neilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Hay" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Hay">O'Hay (Hayes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Grady_family" title="O'Grady family">O'Grady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_(name)" title="Stoney (name)">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_(surname)" title="Torrens (surname)">Torrens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubridy" title="Tubridy">O'Tubridy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cineal Fearmaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kielty" title="Kielty">O'Quilty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:MacBrody_family" title="Category:MacBrody family">MacBrody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Dea" title="O'Dea">O'Dea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Heffernan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Heffernan">O'Heffernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_(surname)" title="Quinn (surname)">O'Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_(surname)" title="Perkin (surname)">Perkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Delbhna" title="Delbhna">Delbhna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faherty" title="Faherty">Faherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conroy" title="Conroy">MacConroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heney" title="Heney">Heney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannagan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flannagan (disambiguation)">Flannagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9nelon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fénelon (disambiguation)">Fenelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulholland" title="Mulholland">Mulholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logue_(surname)" title="Logue (surname)">Logue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scully_(surname)" title="Scully (surname)">Scully</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9isi#Déisi_Muman" title="Déisi">Déisi Muman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">MacHugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick_(name)" title="Brick (name)">O'Bric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Com%C3%A1in" title="Ó Comáin">Ó Comáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelan_(surname)" title="Phelan (surname)">O'Phelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fedlimid_Rechtmar" title="Fedlimid Rechtmar">Fedlimid Rechtmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiacha_Suidhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiacha Suidhe">Fiacha Suidhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decl%C3%A1n_of_Ardmore" title="Declán of Ardmore">Declán of Ardmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugaid_Mend" title="Lugaid Mend">Lugaid Mend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_Eachluath" title="Conall Eachluath">Conall of the Swift Steeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dte_of_Killeedy" title="Íte of Killeedy">Íte of Killeedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainch%C3%ADn_of_Limerick" title="Mainchín of Limerick">Mainchín of Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Lua_of_Killaloe" title="Mo Lua of Killaloe">Mo Lua of Killaloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flann%C3%A1n_mac_Toirrdelbaig" class="mw-redirect" title="Flannán mac Toirrdelbaig">Flannán mac Toirrdelbaig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenn%C3%A9tig_mac_Lorc%C3%A1in" title="Cennétig mac Lorcáin">Cennétig mac Lorcáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathgamain_mac_Cenn%C3%A9tig" title="Mathgamain mac Cennétig">Mathgamain mac Cennétig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Boru" title="Brian Boru">Brian Bóruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulf_the_Quarrelsome" title="Ulf the Quarrelsome">Cuiduligh mac Cennétig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echthighern_mac_Cenn%C3%A9tig" title="Echthighern mac Cennétig">Echthighern mac Cennétig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadc_mac_Briain" title="Tadc mac Briain">Tadc mac Briain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchad_mac_Briain" title="Donnchad mac Briain">Donnchad mac Briain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toirdelbach_Ua_Briain" title="Toirdelbach Ua Briain">Toirdelbach Ua Briain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muirchertach_Ua_Briain" title="Muirchertach Ua Briain">Muirchertach Ua Briain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Taidc_U%C3%AD_Briain" class="mw-redirect" title="Domnall mac Taidc Uí Briain">Domnall mac Taidc Uí Briain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Expulsion_of_the_D%C3%A9isi" title="The Expulsion of the Déisi">The Expulsion of the Déisi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cogad_G%C3%A1edel_re_Gallaib" title="Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib">Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballinalacken_Castle" title="Ballinalacken Castle">Ballinalacken Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballycar_Castle" title="Ballycar Castle">Ballycar Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballyhannon_Castle" title="Ballyhannon Castle">Ballyhannon Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunratty_Castle" title="Bunratty Castle">Bunratty Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlebawn" title="Castlebawn">Castlebawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craggaunowen_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Craggaunowen Castle">Craggaunowen Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doonagore_Castle" title="Doonagore Castle">Doonagore Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromoland_Castle" title="Dromoland Castle">Dromoland Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knappogue_Castle" title="Knappogue Castle">Knappogue Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leamaneh_Castle" title="Leamaneh Castle">Leamaneh Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Dea_Castle" title="O'Dea Castle">O'Dea Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belach_Lechta" title="Battle of Belach Lechta">Belach Lechta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cathair_Cuan" title="Battle of Cathair Cuan">Cathair Cuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dysert_O%27Dea" title="Battle of Dysert O'Dea">Dysert O'Dea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knockdoe" title="Battle of Knockdoe">Knockdoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lough_Raska" title="Battle of Lough Raska">Lough Raska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%B3in_Mh%C3%B3r" title="Battle of Móin Mhór">Móin Mhór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sulcoit" title="Battle of Sulcoit">Sulcoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Athenry" title="Second Battle of Athenry">Athenry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rim%C3%B3n" title="Érimón">Heremonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Cycles of the Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_Fiachrach_Suighe" title="Dal Fiachrach Suighe">Dal Fiachrach Suighe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">Kingdom of Dyfed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacotti" title="Attacotti">Attacotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aibell" title="Aibell">Aibell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster" title="Kingdom of Munster">Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomond" title="Thomond">Thomond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ormond" title="Kingdom of Ormond">Kingdom of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contention_of_the_bards" title="Contention of the bards">Contention of the Bards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">High Kings of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Munster" title="List of kings of Munster">kings of Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_D%C3%A9isi_Muman" title="List of monarchs of Déisi Muman">monarchs of Déisi Muman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Thomond" title="List of monarchs of Thomond">monarchs of Thomond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dalcassians" title="Category:Dalcassians">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laigin78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laigin" title="Template:Laigin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laigin" title="Template talk:Laigin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laigin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laigin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laigin78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laigin" title="Laigin">Laigin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kindreds <br />and septs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dál Niad Cuirp</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_M%C3%A1il" title="Uí Máil">Uí Máil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>O'Tighe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Kelly" title="O'Kelly">O'Kelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%BAnlainge" title="Uí Dúnlainge">Uí Dúnlainge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fitzdermot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Toole_family" title="O'Toole family">O'Toole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Byrne_family" title="O'Byrne family">O'Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosgrave" title="Cosgrave">O'Cosgrave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Cheinnselaig" class="mw-redirect" title="Uí Cheinnselaig">Uí Cheinnselaig</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacMurrough_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="MacMurrough dynasty">MacMurrough Kavanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsella" title="Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehoe" title="Kehoe">Kehoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finneran" title="Finneran">O'Finneran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy" title="Murphy">O'Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Garvey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Garvey">O'Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartley_(surname)" title="Hartley (surname)">O'Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Ryan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Ryan">O'Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrow_(surname)" title="Morrow (surname)">Morrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Failghe" class="mw-redirect" title="Uí Failghe">Uí Failghe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Connor_Faly" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Connor Faly">O'Connor Faly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Dunne" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Dunne">O'Dunne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Dempsey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Dempsey">O'Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavanagh_(surname)" title="Kavanagh (surname)">Kavanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branagh" title="Branagh">Branagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzpatrick_(surname)" title="Fitzpatrick (surname)">MacGilpatrick (Fitzpatrick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Dwyer_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Dwyer (surname)">O'Dwyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Holohan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Holohan">O'Holohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Hennessy" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Hennessy">O'Hennessy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Bairrche" title="Uí Bairrche">Uí Bairrche</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacGorman" title="MacGorman">MacGorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearney_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kearney (disambiguation)">Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_(name)" title="Tracy (name)">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hughes (disambiguation)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooney" title="Mooney">Mooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carney_(surname)" title="Carney (surname)">Carney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Enechglaiss" title="Uí Enechglaiss">Uí Enechglaiss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>O'Feary</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uí Crimthainn Áin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>O'Duff</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dál Cairpre Arad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>O'Kealy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Messin_Corb" title="Dál Messin Corb">Dál Messin Corb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Fearghail" title="Ó Fearghail">O'Farrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Againe_M%C3%B3r" title="Úgaine Mór">Úgaine Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3egaire_Lorc" title="Lóegaire Lorc">Lóegaire Lorc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labhraidh_Loingseach" title="Labhraidh Loingseach">Labhraidh Loingseach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_Ollom" title="Óengus Ollom">Óengus Ollom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Fortamail" title="Fergus Fortamail">Fergus Fortamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimthann_Coscrach" title="Crimthann Coscrach">Crimthann Coscrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuadu_Necht" title="Nuadu Necht">Nuadu Necht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumhall" title="Cumhall">Cumhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill" title="Fionn mac Cumhaill">Fionn mac Cumhaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ois%C3%ADn" title="Oisín">Oisín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_(Irish_mythology)" title="Oscar (Irish mythology)">Oscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conchobar_Abradruad" title="Conchobar Abradruad">Conchobar Abradruad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathair_M%C3%B3r" title="Cathair Mór">Cathair Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nnae_Cennsalach" title="Énnae Cennsalach">Énnae Cennsalach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimthann_mac_%C3%89nnai" title="Crimthann mac Énnai">Crimthann mac Énnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Colggen" title="Áed mac Colggen">Áed mac Colggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augaire_mac_Ailella" title="Augaire mac Ailella">Augaire mac Ailella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_M%C3%B3rda_mac_Murchada" title="Máel Mórda mac Murchada">Máel Mórda mac Murchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmait_Mac_Murchada" title="Diarmait Mac Murchada">Diarmait Mac Murchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiach_McHugh_O%27Byrne" title="Fiach McHugh O'Byrne">Fiach McHugh O'Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%C3%93g_mac_Murchadha_Caomh%C3%A1nach" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Óg mac Murchadha Caomhánach">Art Óg mac Murchadha Caomhánach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naas" title="Naas">Naas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullaghmast" title="Mullaghmast">Mullaghmast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Hill" title="Lyons Hill">Lyons Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Confey" title="Battle of Confey">Confey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%B3in_Mh%C3%B3r" title="Battle of Móin Mhór">Móin Mhór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ros-Mhic-Thri%C3%BAin" title="Battle of Ros-Mhic-Thriúin">Ros-Mhic-Thriúin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmalure" title="Battle of Glenmalure">Glenmalure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups">Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rim%C3%B3n" title="Érimón">Heremonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindsenchas" title="Dindsenchas">Dindsenchas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leinster" title="Book of Leinster">Book of Leinster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Leinster" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kings of Leinster">List of Kings of Leinster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leinster" title="Kingdom of Leinster">Kingdom of Leinster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Cormaic" title="Dál Cormaic">Dál Cormaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Gaelic nobility of Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Follow_Me_up_to_Carlow" title="Follow Me up to Carlow">Follow Me up to Carlow</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ulaid91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ulaid" title="Template:Ulaid"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ulaid" title="Template talk:Ulaid"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ulaid" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ulaid"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ulaid91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kindreds<br />and septs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi" title="Dál nAraidi">Dál nAraidi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Echach_Cobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Uí Echach Cobo">Uí Echach Cobo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacGowan" class="mw-redirect" title="MacGowan">MacGowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magennis" title="Magennis">Magennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCartan" title="McCartan">McCartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_(surname)" title="Lynch (surname)">Lynch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADgis" title="Loígis">Loígis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moore_(surname)" title="Moore (surname)">O'More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Kelly" title="O'Kelly">O'Kelly</a></li> <li>O'Deevy</li> <li>O'Doran</li> <li>O'Lalor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Dowling" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Dowling">O'Dowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McEvoy" title="McEvoy">MacEvoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergin" title="Bergin">O'Bergin</a></li> <li>O'Mulcahy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soghain" title="Soghain">Soghain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>O'Manning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_an_Bhaird" title="Mac an Bhaird">MacWard</a></li> <li>O'Scurry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lennon">O'Lennon</a></li> <li>MacCashin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilly" title="Gilly">Gilly</a></li> <li>MacGing</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conmaicne" title="Conmaicne">Conmaicne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conmha%C3%ADcne_Mara" title="Conmhaícne Mara">Conmhaícne Mara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>O'Kealy</li> <li>MacConneely</li> <li>O'Devaney</li> <li>O'Cloherty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folan" title="Folan">MacFolan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conmaicne<br />(South Leitrim)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>MacRannall</li> <li>MacDorcy</li> <li>O'Mulvey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Fearghail" title="Ó Fearghail">Ó Fearghail</a></li> <li>O'Beglin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borden_(surname)" title="Borden (surname)">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallissey" title="Hallissey">O'Hallissy</a></li> <li>O'Murry</li> <li>O'Curneen</li> <li>O'Mulooly</li> <li>MacMullock</li> <li>O'Doonan</li> <li>O'Kearon</li> <li>MacCoogan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaynor" title="Gaynor">MacGaynor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_(surname)" title="Quinn (surname)">O'Quinn</a></li> <li>MacShaffrey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connick" title="Connick">MacConnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Aodhag%C3%A1in" title="Mac Aodhagáin">O'Keegan</a></li> <li>MacLeavy</li> <li>MacMorrow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacShane" title="MacShane">MacShane</a></li> <li>O'Sullahan</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conmaicne <br />Cuile Toladh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>O'Tolleran</li> <li>O'Colleran</li> <li>O'Moran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin (surname)">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conmaicne Mide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>MacRourke</li> <li>O'Breen</li> <li>O'Toler</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ciarraige" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciarraige">Ciarraige</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_C%C3%A9ir%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Céirín">O'Kieran (Kearns)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Conor_Kerry" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Conor Kerry">O'Conor Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtagh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Murtagh (disambiguation)">O'Murtagh</a></li> <li>O'Neide</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corco_Mruad" class="mw-redirect" title="Corco Mruad">Corco Mruad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Conchubhair_Corcomroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Conchubhair Corcomroe">O'Conor Corcomroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Lochlainn" title="Uí Lochlainn">O'Loughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Flaherty" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Flaherty">O'Flaherty</a></li> <li>O'Deely</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Drennan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Drennan">O'Drennan</a></li> <li>O'Melody</li> <li>MacCurtin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Davoren" title="O'Davoren">O'Davoren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Troighthigh" title="Ó Troighthigh">Ó Troighthigh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cermna_Finn" title="Cermna Finn">Cermna Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobairce" title="Sobairce">Sobairce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollom_Fotla" title="Ollom Fotla">Ollom Fotla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADnnachta" title="Fínnachta">Fínnachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1noll" title="Slánoll">Slánoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9de_Ollgothach" title="Géde Ollgothach">Géde Ollgothach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADachu_Findoilches" title="Fíachu Findoilches">Fíachu Findoilches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berngal" title="Berngal">Berngal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailill_mac_Sl%C3%A1nuill" title="Ailill mac Slánuill">Ailill mac Slánuill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_mac_Blatha" title="Finn mac Blatha">Finn mac Blatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADrl%C3%A1m" title="Sírlám">Sírlám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airgetmar" title="Airgetmar">Airgetmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_R%C3%BAad,_D%C3%ADthorba_and_Cimb%C3%A1eth" class="mw-redirect" title="Áed Rúad, Díthorba and Cimbáeth">Áed Rúad, Díthorba and Cimbáeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macha" title="Macha">Macha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraige_mac_Sithrigi" title="Rudraige mac Sithrigi">Rudraige mac Sithrigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congal_Cl%C3%A1iringnech" title="Congal Cláiringnech">Congal Cláiringnech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresal_B%C3%B3-D%C3%ADbad" title="Bresal Bó-Díbad">Bresal Bó-Díbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fachtna_F%C3%A1thach" title="Fachtna Fáthach">Fachtna Fáthach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conchobar_mac_Nessa" title="Conchobar mac Nessa">Conchobar mac Nessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_mac_R%C3%B3ich" title="Fergus mac Róich">Fergus mac Róich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedelm_No%C3%ADchrothach" title="Fedelm Noíchrothach">Fedelm Noíchrothach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deichtine" title="Deichtine">Deichtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAscraid" title="Cúscraid">Cúscraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_Cond_Longas" title="Cormac Cond Longas">Cormac Cond Longas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Findch%C3%B3em" title="Findchóem">Findchóem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amergin_mac_Eccit" title="Amergin mac Eccit">Amergin mac Eccit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_Cernach" title="Conall Cernach">Conall Cernach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_mac_Rochride" title="Mal mac Rochride">Mal mac Rochride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipraiti_Tireach" title="Tipraiti Tireach">Tipraiti Tireach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiacha_Araidhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiacha Araidhe">Fiacha Araidhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1elbad" title="Cáelbad">Cáelbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiachnae_mac_B%C3%A1et%C3%A1in" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiachnae mac Báetáin">Fiachnae mac Báetáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congal_C%C3%A1ech" title="Congal Cáech">Congal Cáech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_mac_%C3%81ed%C3%A1in" title="Fergus mac Áedáin">Fergus mac Áedáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Bressail_mac_Ailillo" title="Máel Bressail mac Ailillo">Máel Bressail mac Ailillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Creiche" title="Mac Creiche">Mac Creiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnian_of_Clonard" title="Finnian of Clonard">Finnian of Clonard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%A9la_Conchobair" title="Scéla Conchobair">Scéla Conchobair</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge" title="Táin Bó Cúailnge">Táin Bó Cúailnge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compert_Con_Culainn" title="Compert Con Culainn">Compert Con Culainn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Mac_Da_Th%C3%B3%27s_Pig" title="The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig">The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesca_Ulad" title="Mesca Ulad">Mesca Ulad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navan_Fort" title="Navan Fort">Navan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Hill of Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossnaree" title="Rossnaree">Rosnaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Laois" title="County Laois">County Laois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caherballykinvarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Caherballykinvarga">Caherballykinvarga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mourne_(barony)#Bairrche" title="Mourne (barony)">Bairrche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cine%C3%A1l_Fhaghartaigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cineál Fhaghartaigh">Cineál Fhaghartaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conaille_Muirtheimne" title="Conaille Muirtheimne">Conaille Muirtheimne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruthin" title="Cruthin">Cruthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Echach_Cobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Uí Echach Cobo">Cobha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach" title="Dál Fiatach">Dál Fiatach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_mBuinne" title="Dál mBuinne">Dál mBuinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi" title="Dál nAraidi">Dál nAraidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi_in_Tuaiscirt" title="Dál nAraidi in Tuaiscirt">Dál nAraidi in Tuaiscirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magh_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Magh Line">Dál nAraidi Magh Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duibhthrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Duibhthrian">Duibhthrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilne" title="Eilne">Eilne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latharna" class="mw-redirect" title="Latharna">Latharna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leath_Cathail" class="mw-redirect" title="Leath Cathail">Leath Cathail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_hArda" class="mw-redirect" title="Na hArda">Na hArda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semne" class="mw-redirect" title="Semne">Semne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Blathmaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Uí Blathmaic">Uí Blathmaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi#Uí_Dercco_Céin" title="Dál nAraidi">Uí Dercco Céin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups">Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clanna_Rudraige" title="Clanna Rudraige">Clanna Rudraige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Branch" title="Red Branch">Red Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn" title="Cú Chulainn">Cú Chulainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uoluntii" class="mw-redirect" title="Uoluntii">Uoluntii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruthin" title="Cruthin">Cruthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Ptolemy's <i>Geographia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Ulster" title="List of kings of Ulster">List of kings of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_D%C3%A1l_nAraidi" title="Kings of Dál nAraidi">Kings of Dál nAraidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness_family" title="Guinness family">Guinness family</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ber_Donn" title="Éber Donn">Irians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Gaelic nobility of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the 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title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Ireland" title="Americans in Ireland">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Ireland" title="Brazilians in Ireland">Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Ireland" title="Filipinos in Ireland">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Ireland" title="Lithuanians in Ireland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Ireland" title="Nigerians in Ireland">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_people_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian people in Ireland">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_4" title="Stamp 4">Stamp 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>49 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-9dsj7","wgBackendResponseTime":338,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.086","walltime":"2.495","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13417,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":836772,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":105738,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":38,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":503079,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1817.762 1 -total"," 28.00% 509.006 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.16% 311.916 65 Template:Cite_book"," 16.01% 290.939 48 Template:Navbox"," 8.92% 162.086 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 7.99% 145.290 1 Template:Indo-European_topics"," 7.38% 134.143 39 Template:Cite_news"," 6.31% 114.759 19 Template:Lang"," 5.84% 106.131 2 Template:Short_description"," 5.72% 104.025 1 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[\"CITEREFFoster2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlaser2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarbison1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsella1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeerssen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenihan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacManus1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMac_Giolla_Chríost2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMac_Síomoín2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackinnon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacleod1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeod2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoffat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewton2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNewton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholls2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Callaghan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Conor_Don1753\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Duffy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Halloran1778\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Leary2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Sullivan_Beare1621\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsbourn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStafford2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSymonds1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzasz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUreland1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWithers2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolfe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓ_Cróinín2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓ_Flaithbheartaigh1685\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓ_Muraíle2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓ_hÓgáin2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Celts\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 65,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Connachta\"] = 1,\n [\"Dalcassians\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Eóganachta\"] = 1,\n [\"Gaels\"] = 1,\n [\"Gaeltacht\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 15,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-European topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Ireland topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Laigin\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ulaid\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"·\"] = 10,\n [\"Érainn\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-t9hkp","timestamp":"20250405213605","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gaels","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gaels","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q692312","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q692312","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-15T00:27:22Z","dateModified":"2025-03-17T19:24:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/09\/The_Gaels.png","headline":"Celtic ethnic group of Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man"}</script> </body> </html>