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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bibliograpiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliograpiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_sumpay_ha_gawas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_sumpay_ha_gawas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mga sumpay ha gawas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_sumpay_ha_gawas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga sulod" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 227 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-227" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">227 ka mga pinulongan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Сҭампыл – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Сҭампыл" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89seutamu" title="Éseutamu – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Éseutamu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Истамбыл – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Истамбыл" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Istanboel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A1%E1%88%8D" title="ኢስታንቡል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢስታንቡል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinopolis" title="Constantinopolis – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Constantinopolis" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="إسطنبول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسطنبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%92%DC%98%DC%A0_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܐܝܣܛܢܒܘܠ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܝܣܛܢܒܘܠ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="إسطنبول – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إسطنبول" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استانبول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="استانبول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="ইষ্টানবুল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইষ্টানবুল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="ایستانبول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستانبول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambols" title="Stambols – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stambols" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तांबुल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इस्तांबुल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="ইস্তাম্বুল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইস্তাম্বুল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Истмала – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Истмала" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%B5" title="ئەستەمبوڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستەمبوڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztamb%C3%B9l" title="Sztambùl – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Sztambùl" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%84%D1%8C_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Цѣсар҄ь Градъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Цѣсар҄ь Градъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estamol" title="Estamol – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Estamol" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Κωνσταντινούπολη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κωνσταντινούπολη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulo" title="Istanbulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Istanbulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استانبول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استانبول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboul" title="Istanboul – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Istanboul" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanb%C3%BBl" title="Istanbûl – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Istanbûl" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iostanb%C3%BAl" title="Iostanbúl – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iostanbúl" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE" title="伊斯坦布爾 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊斯坦布爾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8A%D9%84" title="ايستامبۊل – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايستامبۊل" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB" title="𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C" title="איסטנבול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איסטנבול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तांबुल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्तांबुल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboul" title="Istanboul – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Istanboul" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isztambul" title="Isztambul – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Isztambul" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Ստամբուլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստամբուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Իսթանպուլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իսթանպուլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Истмале – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Истмале" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanb%C3%BAl" title="Istanbúl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Istanbúl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="イスタンブール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスタンブール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სტამბოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტამბოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Истамбыл – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Истамбыл" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isitambuli" title="Isitambuli – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Isitambuli" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itambut" title="Itambut – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Itambut" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D2%B1%D0%BB" title="Ыстанбұл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ыстанбұл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಸ್ತಾಂಬುಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಸ್ತಾಂಬುಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%EB%B6%88" title="이스탄불 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스탄불" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stembol" title="Stembol – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stembol" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinopolis" title="Constantinopolis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Constantinopolis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambol" title="Estambol – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Estambol" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истамбул – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Истамбул" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истамбул – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Истамбул" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Istanboel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99" title="ອິສະຕັນບູນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອິສະຕັນບູນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambulas" title="Stambulas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stambulas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambula" title="Stambula – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stambula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81nipuru" title="Itānipuru – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Itānipuru" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇസ്താംബുൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്താംബുൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तंबूल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इस्तंबूल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အစ်စတန်ဘူလ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစ်စတန်ဘူလ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Стамбул ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Стамбул ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استامبول – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استامبول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Istanboel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तान्बुल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इस्तान्बुल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coustantinobles" title="Coustantinobles – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Coustantinobles" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%82ch%CA%BC%C4%AF%CA%BC_N%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1h%C3%A1" title="Ałchʼįʼ Nááʼáhá – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ałchʼįʼ Nááʼáhá" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambol" title="Istambol – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istambol" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2" title="ਇਸਤਾਨਬੁਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸਤਾਨਬੁਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istamboul" title="Istamboul – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Istamboul" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbuel" title="Istanbuel – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Istanbuel" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambu%C5%82" title="Stambuł – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stambuł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanpul" title="Istanpul – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Istanpul" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Істанбул – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Істанбул" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="ඉස්තාන්බුල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉස්තාන්බුල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carigrad" title="Carigrad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Carigrad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbuul" title="Istanbuul – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Istanbuul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambolli" title="Stambolli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stambolli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambu%C5%82" title="Stambuł – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Stambuł" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இசுதான்புல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுதான்புல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇస్తాంబుల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇస్తాంబుల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5" title="อิสตันบูล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิสตันบูล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambul" title="Stambul – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Stambul" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%87%D9%84" title="ئىستانبۇل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىستانبۇل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambul" title="Stambul – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Stambul" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="伊斯坦布尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊斯坦布尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სტამბოლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტამბოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C" title="סטאמבול – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטאמבול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵉⵙⵟⴰⵏⴱⵓⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵙⵟⴰⵏⴱⵓⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="伊斯坦堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊斯坦堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE" title="伊斯坦布爾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伊斯坦布爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="伊斯坦堡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊斯坦堡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q406#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Igliwat an mga interlanguage link" class="wbc-editpage">Igliwat an mga sumpay</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Mga ngaran-lat'ang"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul&action=history"><span>Kitaa an kaagi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Kasahiran </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:AnoAnNasumpayDinhi/Istanbul" title="Talaan han ngatanan nga wiki nga mga pakli nga nasumpay dinhe [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Mga nasumpay dinhi</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:RecentChangesLinked/Istanbul" rel="nofollow" title="Mga bag-o nga kabag-ohan ha mga pakli nga nahasumpay tikang hini nga pakli [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Mga may kalabotan nga binag-o</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=war" title="Pagkarga hin mga paypay [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Pagkarga hin file</span></a></li><li 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</nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Tago-i</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Tikang ha Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="war" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Munisipyo metropolitano in Marmara, Turkey<a href="/w/index.php?title=Batakan:SHORTDESC:Munisipyo_metropolitano_in_Marmara,_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batakan:SHORTDESC:Munisipyo metropolitano in Marmara, Turkey (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Batakan:SHORTDESC:Munisipyo metropolitano in Marmara, Turkey</a></div><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Istanbul</div><br /><div class="nickname" style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;" lang="tr"><i>İstanbul</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cddeff; font-weight:bold;"> <div class="category">Munisipyo metropolitano</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;"> Munisipyo Metropolitano han Istanbul</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paypay:Istanbul_collage_5j.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clockwise from top: View of Golden Horn between Galata and Seraglio Point including the historic areas; Maiden's Tower; a nostalgic tram on İstiklal Avenue; Levent business district with Dolmabahçe Palace; Ortaköy Mosque in front of the Bosphorus Bridge; and Hagia Sophia."><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Istanbul_collage_5j.jpg/300px-Istanbul_collage_5j.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="501" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Istanbul_collage_5j.jpg/450px-Istanbul_collage_5j.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Istanbul_collage_5j.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="838" /></a></span><div style="padding:0.4em 0 0 0;">Clockwise from top: View of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Horn (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Golden Horn</a> between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galata (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Galata</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarayburnu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarayburnu (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Seraglio Point</a> including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_Areas_of_Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historic Areas of Istanbul (waray dida ini nga pakli)">historic areas</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maiden%27s_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maiden's Tower (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Maiden's Tower</a>; a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul_nostalgic_tramways&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istanbul nostalgic tramways (waray dida ini nga pakli)">nostalgic tram</a> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İstiklal Avenue (waray dida ini nga pakli)">İstiklal Avenue</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Levent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levent (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Levent</a> business district with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolmabahçe Palace (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortaköy Mosque (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Ortaköy Mosque</a> in front of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosphorus_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosphorus Bridge (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Bosphorus Bridge</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Country</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographical_regions_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geographical regions of Turkey (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Region</a></th><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marmara_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marmara Region (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Marmara</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provinces of Turkey (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Province</a></th><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istanbul Province (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Istanbul</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a></th><td> c. 660 BC<sup id="cite_ref-byz-date_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byz-date-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>lower-alpha 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> - <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td> 330 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> - Istanbul</th><td> 1930 (officially)<sup id="cite_ref-name-1930_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-1930-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>lower-alpha 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Districts</th><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_districts_of_Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of districts of Istanbul (waray dida ini nga pakli)">39</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Kagamhanan<span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Mayor</th><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekrem_%C4%B0mamo%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekrem İmamoğlu (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Ekrem İmamoğlu</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey) (waray dida ini nga pakli)">AKP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Langyab<span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Metro<span style="font-weight:normal"><sup id="cite_ref-city-area_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city-area-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>lower-alpha 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></th><td> 5,461 km<sup>2</sup> (2,109 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Molupyo <span style="font-weight:normal">(31 Disyembre 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-citypolution.de_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypolution.de-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Population_of_Turkey_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Munisipyo metropolitano</th><td> 14,025,646</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Ranggo</th><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cities in Turkey (waray dida ini nga pakli)">1st in Turkey</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_proper_by_population&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cities proper by population (waray dida ini nga pakli)">6th in the world</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonimo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demonimo (waray dida ini nga pakli)">(Mga) Demonimo</a></th><td> Istanbulite(s)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i>İstanbullu(lar)</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Time zone">Zona hin oras</a></th><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_European_Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern European Time (waray dida ini nga pakli)">EET</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=UTC%2B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UTC+2 (waray dida ini nga pakli)">UTC+2</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daylight saving time (waray dida ini nga pakli)">DST</a>)</span></th><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_European_Summer_Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern European Summer Time (waray dida ini nga pakli)">EEST</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=UTC%2B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UTC+3 (waray dida ini nga pakli)">UTC+3</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postal_code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postal code (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Postal code</a></th><td class="adr"> <span class="postal-code">34000 to 34850</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telephone_numbering_plan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telephone numbering plan (waray dida ini nga pakli)">(Mga) kodigo hin pagtawag</a></th><td> 0212 <small>(European side)</small> <br />0216 <small>(Asian side)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_registration_plate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vehicle registration plate (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Pagrehistro hin sarakyan</a></th><td> 34</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Websayt</th><td> <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx">Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>Istanbul</b> (/ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ o /ˌɪstænˈbuːl/ o /ɪˈstænbʊl/; Tinurkiya: İstanbul [isˈtɑnbuɫ]), ha kasaysayan kilala gihapon komo Constantinople ngan Byzantium, amo an may gidadakoi nga populasyon nga syudad ha Turkey ngan han mao nga nasod sentro han ekonomiya, kultura ngan kasaysayan. An Istanbul usa nga transcontinental nga syudad ha Eurasia, namumutang ha may Estrecho han Bosphorus (nga nagbubulag han Europa ngan Asya) ha butnga han <a href="/wiki/Dagat_Marmara" title="Dagat Marmara">Dagat Marmara</a> ngan <a href="/wiki/Itom_nga_Dagat" title="Itom nga Dagat">Itom nga Dagat</a>. An sentro han pankomersyohan ngan pankasaysayan in namumutang ha may Europeo nga dapit ngan (1/3) kat-tulo han iya populasyon in namumutang naman ha may Asyano nga bahin.<sup id="cite_ref-wctr281_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wctr281-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An syudad in sentro han pagdudumara han Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (nga cotermino han Lalawigan han Istanbul), kun diin may-ada populasyon nga 14.7 milyones nga molupyo.<sup id="cite_ref-citypolution.de_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypolution.de-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Istanbul in usa ha kanan kalibutan may pinakadamo nga tawo nga syudad ngan nagraranggo liwat hin kanan kalibutan ika-7 ha may pinakadamo nga molupyo ngan gidadakoi nga syudad han Europa. </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paypay:Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="syudad han Istanbul"><img alt="syudad han Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/950px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="950" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/1425px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/1900px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="1123" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pinanbasaran">Pinanbasaran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Igliwat in bahin: Pinanbasaran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>igliwat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Pinanbasaran"><span>Igliwat an wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7646555">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-citypolution.de-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-citypolution.de_4-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-citypolution.de_4-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/Turkey-C20.html">"Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities"</a>. <i>www.citytpopulation.de</i>. Citypopulation. 31 Disyembre 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Ginkuhà <span class="nowrap">26 Hunyo</span> 2015</span>. <q>The population of the Turkish cities and provinces according to census results and latest register-based tabulations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citytpopulation.de&rft.atitle=Turkey%3A+Provinces+and+Major+Cities&rft.date=2014-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FTurkey-C20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwar.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6252998">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html">"All urban agglomerations of the world with a population of 1 million inhabitants or more"</a>. <i>www.citypopulation.de</i>. Citypopulation. 1 Abril 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Ginkuhà <span class="nowrap">26 Hunyo</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=All+urban+agglomerations+of+the+world+with+a+population+of+1+million+inhabitants+or+more&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fworld%2FAgglomerations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwar.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6252998"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Population_of_Turkey_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/HbGetirHTML.do?id=18616">"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2015"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Statistical_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Statistical Institute (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Turkish Statistical Institute</a>. 31 Disyembre 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Ginkuhà <span class="nowrap">28 Enero</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Results+of+Address+Based+Population+Registration+System%2C+2015&rft.pub=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkstat.gov.tr%2FHbGetirHTML.do%3Fid%3D18616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwar.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6252998"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wctr281-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wctr281_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWCTR_Society;_Unʼyu_Seisaku_Kenkyū_Kikō2004">WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō 2004</a>, p. 281</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliograpiya">Bibliograpiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Igliwat in bahin: Bibliograpiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>igliwat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliograpiya"><span>Igliwat an wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:27em; -webkit-column-count:27em; column-count:27em;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFʻAner2005">ʻAner, Nadav (2005). Pergola, Sergio Della; Gilboa, Amos; Ṭal, Rami. eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishpeoplepoli0000unse"><i>The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute Planning Assessment, 2004–2005: The Jewish People Between Thriving and Decline</i></a>. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House Ltd. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9789652293466" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-965-229-346-6</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishpeoplepoli0000unse">https://archive.org/details/jewishpeoplepoli0000unse</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+People+Policy+Planning+Institute+Planning+Assessment%2C+2004%E2%80%932005%3A+The+Jewish+People+Between+Thriving+and+Decline&rft.aulast=%CA%BBAner&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rft.au=%CA%BBAner%2C%26%2332%3BNadav&rft.date=2005&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Gefen+Publishing+House+Ltd&rft.isbn=978-965-229-346-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishpeoplepoli0000unse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFAthanasopulos2001">Athanasopulos, Haralambos (2001). <i>Greece, Turkey, and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law</i>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780786409433" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7864-0943-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece%2C+Turkey%2C+and+the+Aegean+Sea%3A+A+Case+Study+in+International+Law&rft.aulast=Athanasopulos&rft.aufirst=Haralambos&rft.au=Athanasopulos%2C%26%2332%3BHaralambos&rft.date=2001&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0943-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBarnes1981">Barnes, Timothy David (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constantineeuseb00barn"><i>Constantine and Eusebius</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780674165311" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/constantineeuseb00barn">https://archive.org/details/constantineeuseb00barn</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+and+Eusebius&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Timothy+David&rft.au=Barnes%2C%26%2332%3BTimothy+David&rft.date=1981&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-674-16531-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstantineeuseb00barn&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBaynes1949">Baynes, Norman H. (1949). Baynes, Norman H.; Moss, Henry S. L. B. eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462718"><i>Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization</i></a>. Oxford, Eng.: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780674165311" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462718">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462718</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+An+Introduction+to+East+Roman+Civilization&rft.aulast=Baynes&rft.aufirst=Norman+H.&rft.au=Baynes%2C%26%2332%3BNorman+H.&rft.date=1949&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-674-16531-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.462718&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBoyarFleet2010">Boyar, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (2010). <i>A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul</i>. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780521136235" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-13623-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Ottoman+Istanbul&rft.aulast=Boyar&rft.aufirst=Ebru&rft.au=Boyar%2C%26%2332%3BEbru&rft.au=Fleet%2C%26%2332%3BKate&rft.date=2010&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13623-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA315"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780195309911" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA315">http://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA315</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Ginkuhà 11 Abril 2013</span>. "Whatever the prehistoric antecedents of Istanbul, the continuous historical development of the site began with the foundation of a Greek colony from Megara in the mid-7th century BCE..."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture%3A+Delhi+to+Mosque&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Bloom%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan+M.&rft.au=Blair%2C%26%2332%3BSheila&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun4WcfEASZwC%26pg%3DRA1-PA315&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBrink-Danan2011">Brink-Danan, Marcy (2011). <i>Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance</i>. New Anthropologies of Europe. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780253356901" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-253-35690-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Life+in+Twenty-First-Century+Turkey%3A+The+Other+Side+of+Tolerance&rft.aulast=Brink-Danan&rft.aufirst=Marcy&rft.au=Brink-Danan%2C%26%2332%3BMarcy&rft.date=2011&rft.series=New+Anthropologies+of+Europe&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Ind.&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35690-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBrummett2000">Brummett, Palmira Johnson (2000). <i>Image and Imperialism in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911</i>. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780791444634" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7914-4463-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Image+and+Imperialism+in+the+Ottoman+Revolutionary+Press%2C+1908%E2%80%931911&rft.aulast=Brummett&rft.aufirst=Palmira+Johnson&rft.au=Brummett%2C%26%2332%3BPalmira+Johnson&rft.date=2000&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4463-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFCantor1994">Cantor, Norman F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi0000norm"><i>Civilization of the Middle Ages</i></a>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780060925536" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-06-092553-6</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi0000norm">https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi0000norm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilization+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Norman+F.&rft.au=Cantor%2C%26%2332%3BNorman+F.&rft.date=1994&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092553-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilizationofmi0000norm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFÇelik1993">Çelik, Zeynep (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_T4MUpP6zCuIC"><i>The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Berkeley, Calif., & Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780520082397" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-520-08239-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_T4MUpP6zCuIC">https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_T4MUpP6zCuIC</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Remaking+of+Istanbul%3A+Portrait+of+an+Ottoman+City+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.aulast=%C3%87elik&rft.aufirst=Zeynep&rft.au=%C3%87elik%2C%26%2332%3BZeynep&rft.date=1993&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.%2C+%26+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08239-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_T4MUpP6zCuIC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFChamber_of_Architects_of_Turkey2006">Chamber of Architects of Turkey (2006). <i>Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Historic Peninsula</i>. <b>1</b>. Istanbul: Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9789753958998" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-975-395-899-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Guide+to+Istanbul%3A+Historic+Peninsula&rft.aulast=Chamber+of+Architects+of+Turkey&rft.au=Chamber+of+Architects+of+Turkey&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=1&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Chamber+of+Architects+of+Turkey%2C+Istanbul+Metropolitan+Branch&rft.isbn=978-975-395-899-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFChandler1987">Chandler, Tertius (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourthousandyear0000chan"><i>Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census</i></a>. Lewiston, N.Y.: St. David's University Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780889462076" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-88946-207-6</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/fourthousandyear0000chan">https://archive.org/details/fourthousandyear0000chan</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Thousand+Years+of+Urban+Growth%3A+An+Historical+Census&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Tertius&rft.au=Chandler%2C%26%2332%3BTertius&rft.date=1987&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=St.+David%27s+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-88946-207-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourthousandyear0000chan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFConnell2010">Connell, John (2010). <i>Medical Tourism</i>. CAB Books. Wallingford, Eng.: CABI. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9781845936600" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-84593-660-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Tourism&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Connell%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=2010&rft.series=CAB+Books&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=CABI&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-660-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFDahmus1995">Dahmus, Joseph (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmiddlea0000dahm"><i>A History of the Middle Ages</i></a>. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780760700365" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7607-0036-5</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmiddlea0000dahm">https://archive.org/details/historyofmiddlea0000dahm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.aulast=Dahmus&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Dahmus%2C%26%2332%3BJoseph&rft.date=1995&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-0036-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmiddlea0000dahm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFDavidsonGitlitz2002">Davidson, Linda Kay; Gitlitz, David Martin (2002). <i>Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia</i>. <b>1</b>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9781576070048" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-57607-004-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage%3A+From+the+Ganges+to+Graceland%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Linda+Kay&rft.au=Davidson%2C%26%2332%3BLinda+Kay&rft.au=Gitlitz%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+Martin&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=1&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-004-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFDe_Sélincourt2003">De Sélincourt, Aubery (2003). Marincola, John M. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histories00hero"><i>The Histories</i></a>. Penguin Classics. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780140449082" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-14-044908-2</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/histories00hero">https://archive.org/details/histories00hero</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories&rft.aulast=De+S%C3%A9lincourt&rft.aufirst=Aubery&rft.au=De+S%C3%A9lincourt%2C%26%2332%3BAubery&rft.date=2003&rft.series=Penguin+Classics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044908-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistories00hero&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFDe_Souza2003">De Souza, Philip (2003). <i>The Greek and Persian Wars, 499-386 B.C</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780415968546" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-96854-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+and+Persian+Wars%2C+499-386+B.C&rft.aulast=De+Souza&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=De+Souza%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&rft.date=2003&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96854-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFDumperStanley2007">Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E., eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citiesofmiddleea0000unse"><i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9781576079195" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/citiesofmiddleea0000unse">https://archive.org/details/citiesofmiddleea0000unse</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2007&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-919-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitiesofmiddleea0000unse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFDüring2010">Düring, Bleda S. (2010). <i>The Prehistory of Asia Minor: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies</i>. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780521149815" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-14981-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Asia+Minor%3A+From+Complex+Hunter-Gatherers+to+Early+Urban+Societies&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCring&rft.aufirst=Bleda+S.&rft.au=D%C3%BCring%2C%26%2332%3BBleda+S.&rft.date=2010&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-14981-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFEfeCürebal2011">Efe, Recep; Cürebal, Isa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/engineeringearth00brun">"Impacts of the "Marmaray" Project (Bosphorus Tube Crossing, Tunnels, and Stations) on Transportation and Urban Environment in Istanbul"</a>. In Brunn, Stanley D. <i>Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects</i>. London & New York: Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/engineeringearth00brun/page/715">715</a>–34. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9789048199198" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-481-9919-8</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/engineeringearth00brun">https://archive.org/details/engineeringearth00brun</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Impacts+of+the+%22Marmaray%22+Project+%28Bosphorus+Tube+Crossing%2C+Tunnels%2C+and+Stations%29+on+Transportation+and+Urban+Environment+in+Istanbul&rft.atitle=Engineering+Earth%3A+The+Impacts+of+Megaengineering+Projects&rft.aulast=Efe&rft.aufirst=Recep&rft.au=Efe%2C%26%2332%3BRecep&rft.au=C%C3%BCrebal%2C%26%2332%3BIsa&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fengineeringearth00brun%2Fpage%2F715+715%5D%E2%80%9334&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9919-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fengineeringearth00brun&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFFinkel2005">Finkel, Caroline (2005). <i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780465023967" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931923&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Finkel%2C%26%2332%3BCaroline&rft.date=2005&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFFreely1996">Freely, John (1996). <i>Istanbul: The Imperial City</i>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780670859726" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-670-85972-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istanbul%3A+The+Imperial+City&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Freely%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=1996&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.isbn=978-0-670-85972-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFFreely2000">Freely, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companionguideto0000free_x9y4"><i>The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara</i></a>. Woodbridge, Eng.: Companion Guides. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9781900639316" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-900639-31-6</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/companionguideto0000free_x9y4">https://archive.org/details/companionguideto0000free_x9y4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+Guide+to+Istanbul+and+Around+the+Marmara&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Freely%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=2000&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Companion+Guides&rft.isbn=978-1-900639-31-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompanionguideto0000free_x9y4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFFreely2011">Freely, John (2011). <i>A History of Ottoman Architecture</i>. Southampton, Eng.: WIT Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9781845645069" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-84564-506-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ottoman+Architecture&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Freely%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=2011&rft.place=Southampton%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=WIT+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-84564-506-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGeorgacas1947" class="citation journal">Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947). "The Names of Constantinople". <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. The Johns Hopkins University Press. <b>78</b>: 347–67. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (waray dida ini nga pakli)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283503">10.2307/283503</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (waray dida ini nga pakli)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/283503">283503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Names+of+Constantinople&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=347-67&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283503&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283503&rft.aulast=Georgacas&rft.aufirst=Demetrius+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwar.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6252998"></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFGökselKerslake2005">Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia (2005). <i>Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. Comprehensive Grammars. Abingdon, Eng.: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780415217613" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-21761-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ksel&rft.aufirst=Asl%C4%B1&rft.au=G%C3%B6ksel%2C%26%2332%3BAsl%C4%B1&rft.au=Kerslake%2C%26%2332%3BCelia&rft.date=2005&rft.series=Comprehensive+Grammars&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21761-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFGöktürkSoysalTüreli2010">Göktürk, Deniz; Soysal, Levent; Türeli, İpek, eds. (2010). <i>Orienting Istanbul: Cultural Capital of Europe?</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780415580113" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-58011-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orienting+Istanbul%3A+Cultural+Capital+of+Europe%3F&rft.date=2010&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58011-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFGrant1996">Grant, Michael (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/severanschangedr0000gran"><i>The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780415127721" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-12772-1</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/severanschangedr0000gran">https://archive.org/details/severanschangedr0000gran</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Severans%3A+The+Changed+Roman+Empire&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Grant%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.date=1996&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12772-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseveranschangedr0000gran&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFGregory2010">Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000greg_2ndedi"><i>A History of Byzantium</i></a>. Oxford, Eng.: John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9781405184717" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4051-8471-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000greg_2ndedi">https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000greg_2ndedi</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BTimothy+E.&rft.date=2010&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8471-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbyzanti0000greg_2ndedi&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFGül2012">Gül, Murat (2012). <i>The Emergence of Modern Istanbul: Transformation and Modernisation of a City</i> (Revised Paperback Edition ed.). London: IB.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9781780763743" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1780763743</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+Istanbul%3A+Transformation+and+Modernisation+of+a+City&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCl&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft.au=G%C3%BCl%2C%26%2332%3BMurat&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=Revised+Paperback+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=IB.Tauris&rft.isbn=978-1780763743&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFHarter2005">Harter, Jim (2005). <i>World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings</i> (illustrated ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780801880896" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8018-8089-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Railways+of+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+A+Pictorial+History+in+Victorian+Engravings&rft.aulast=Harter&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Harter%2C%26%2332%3BJim&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8089-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977">Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977). <i>The Cambridge History of Islam</i>. <b>1A</b> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780521291354" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.date=1977&rft.volume=1A&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29135-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFIsaac1986">Isaac, Benjamin H. (1986). <i>The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest</i> (illustrated ed.). Leiden, the Neth.: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9789004069213" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-04-06921-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Settlements+in+Thrace+Until+the+Macedonian+Conquest&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+H.&rft.au=Isaac%2C%26%2332%3BBenjamin+H.&rft.date=1986&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Neth.&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06921-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKapucuPalabiyik2008">Kapucu, Naim; Palabiyik, Hamit (2008). <i>Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age</i>. USAK Publications. <b>17</b>. Ankara: USAK. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9786054030019" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-605-4030-01-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Public+Administration%3A+From+Tradition+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.aulast=Kapucu&rft.aufirst=Naim&rft.au=Kapucu%2C%26%2332%3BNaim&rft.au=Palabiyik%2C%26%2332%3BHamit&rft.date=2008&rft.series=USAK+Publications&rft.volume=17&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=USAK&rft.isbn=978-605-4030-01-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKarpat1976">Karpat, Kemal H. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gecekondururalmi0000karp"><i>The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780521209540" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-20954-0</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/gecekondururalmi0000karp">https://archive.org/details/gecekondururalmi0000karp</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gecekondu%3A+Rural+Migration+and+Urbanization&rft.aulast=Karpat&rft.aufirst=Kemal+H.&rft.au=Karpat%2C%26%2332%3BKemal+H.&rft.date=1976&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20954-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgecekondururalmi0000karp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKeyder1999">Keyder, Çağlar, ed. (1999). <i>Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local</i>. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780847694952" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8476-9495-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istanbul%3A+Between+the+Global+and+the+Local&rft.date=1999&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9495-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">King, Charles (2014). <i>Midnight at the Pera Palace, The birth of modern Istanbul</i>. Norton & Cy. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780393089141" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780393089141</a>-.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midnight+at+the+Pera+Palace%2C+The+birth+of+modern+Istanbul&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=King%2C%26%2332%3BCharles&rft.date=2014&rft.pub=Norton+%26+Cy&rft.isbn=9780393089141-&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKlimczukWarner2009">Klimczuk, Stephen; Warner, Gerald (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretplaceshidd0000klim"><i>Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies</i></a>. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9781402762079" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4027-6207-9</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/secretplaceshidd0000klim">https://archive.org/details/secretplaceshidd0000klim</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Places%2C+Hidden+Sanctuaries%3A+Uncovering+Mysterious+Sights%2C+Symbols%2C+and+Societies&rft.aulast=Klimczuk&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Klimczuk%2C%26%2332%3BStephen&rft.au=Warner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald&rft.date=2009&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-6207-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretplaceshidd0000klim&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKnielingOthengrafen2009">Knieling, Jörg; Othengrafen, Frank (2009). <i>Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning</i>. Urban and Regional Planning and Development. Surrey, Eng.: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780754675655" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7546-7565-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+Cultures+in+Europe%3A+Decoding+Cultural+Phenomena+in+Urban+and+Regional+Planning&rft.aulast=Knieling&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Knieling%2C%26%2332%3BJ%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Othengrafen%2C%26%2332%3BFrank&rft.date=2009&rft.series=Urban+and+Regional+Planning+and+Development&rft.place=Surrey%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7565-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKöksal2012">Köksal, Özlem, ed. (2012). <i>World Film Locations: Istanbul</i>. Bristol, Eng.: Intellect Books. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9781841505671" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-84150-567-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Film+Locations%3A+Istanbul&rft.date=2012&rft.place=Bristol%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.isbn=978-1-84150-567-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKöse2009">Köse, Yavuz (2009). "Vertical Bazaars of Modernity: Western Department Stores and Their Staff in Istanbul (1889–1921)". In Atabaki, Touraj; Brockett, Gavin. <i>Ottoman and Republican Turkish Labour History</i>. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–114. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780521128056" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-12805-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Vertical+Bazaars+of+Modernity%3A+Western+Department+Stores+and+Their+Staff+in+Istanbul+%281889%E2%80%931921%29&rft.atitle=Ottoman+and+Republican+Turkish+Labour+History&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6se&rft.aufirst=Yavuz&rft.au=K%C3%B6se%2C%26%2332%3BYavuz&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B91%E2%80%93114&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-12805-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFLandau1984">Landau, Jacob M. (1984). <i>Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey</i>. Leiden, the Neth.: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9789004070707" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-04-07070-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+and+the+Modernization+of+Turkey&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Jacob+M.&rft.au=Landau%2C%26%2332%3BJacob+M.&rft.date=1984&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Neth.&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07070-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFLimberis1994">Limberis, Vasiliki (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/divineheiressvir0000limb"><i>Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780415096775" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-09677-5</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/divineheiressvir0000limb">https://archive.org/details/divineheiressvir0000limb</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Heiress%3A+The+Virgin+Mary+and+the+Creation+of+Christian+Constantinople&rft.aulast=Limberis&rft.aufirst=Vasiliki&rft.au=Limberis%2C%26%2332%3BVasiliki&rft.date=1994&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09677-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdivineheiressvir0000limb&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFLister1979">Lister, Richard P. (1979). <i>The Travels of Herodotus</i>. London: Gordon & Cremonesi. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780860330813" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-86033-081-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Herodotus&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft.au=Lister%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+P.&rft.date=1979&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gordon+%26+Cremonesi&rft.isbn=978-0-86033-081-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFMastersÁgoston2009">Masters, Bruce Alan; Ágoston, Gábor (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i>. New York: Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9781438110257" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Alan&rft.au=Masters%2C%26%2332%3BBruce+Alan&rft.au=%C3%81goston%2C%26%2332%3BG%C3%A1bor&rft.date=2009&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFMorris2010">Morris, Ian (October 2010) (pdf). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf"><i>Social Development</i></a>. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf">http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Ginkuhà 5 Hulyo 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Development&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Morris%2C%26%2332%3BIan&rft.date=October+2010&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fianmorris.org%2Fdocs%2Fsocial-development.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115325/http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from the original on 15 Septyembre 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Ginkuhà <span class="nowrap">11 Enero</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fianmorris.org%2Fdocs%2Fsocial-development.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwar.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Kaarangay:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Kaarangay:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) CS1 maint: unfit url (<a href="/wiki/Kaarangay:CS1_maint:_unfit_url" title="Kaarangay:CS1 maint: unfit url">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6252998"></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFMossbergerClarkeJohn2012">Mossberger, Karen; Clarke, Susan E.; John, Peter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_d9x2"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics</i></a>. Oxford Handbooks in Politics and International Relations. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780195367867" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-536786-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_d9x2">https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_d9x2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Urban+Politics&rft.aulast=Mossberger&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Mossberger%2C%26%2332%3BKaren&rft.au=Clarke%2C%26%2332%3BSusan+E.&rft.au=John%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.date=2012&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks+in+Politics+and+International+Relations&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536786-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhandbookof0000unse_d9x2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFNecipoğlu1991">Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architecturecere0000neci"><i>Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780262140508" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-262-14050-8</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/architecturecere0000neci">https://archive.org/details/architecturecere0000neci</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture%2C+Ceremonial%2C+and+Power%3A+The+Topkapi+Palace+in+the+Fifteenth+and+Sixteenth+Centuries&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rft.au=Necipo%C4%9Flu%2C%26%2332%3BG%C3%BClru&rft.date=1991&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-262-14050-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchitecturecere0000neci&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFNecipoğlu2010">Necipoğlu, Gülru (2010). "From Byzantine Constantinople to Ottoman Kostantiniyye". In ölcer, Nazan. <i>From Byzantion to Istanbul</i>. Istanbul: SSM. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9786054348046" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-605-4348-04-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=From+Byzantine+Constantinople+to+Ottoman+Kostantiniyye&rft.atitle=From+Byzantion+to+Istanbul&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rft.au=Necipo%C4%9Flu%2C%26%2332%3BG%C3%BClru&rft.date=2010&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=SSM&rft.isbn=978-605-4348-04-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFNorris2010">Norris, Pippa (2010). <i>Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform</i>. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780821382004" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8213-8200-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Sentinel%3A+News+Media+%26+Governance+Reform&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft.au=Norris%2C%26%2332%3BPippa&rft.date=2010&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-8200-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development2008">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2008). <i>Istanbul, Turkey</i>. OECD Territorial Reviews. Paris: OECD Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9789264043718" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-92-64-04371-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istanbul%2C+Turkey&rft.aulast=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.au=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.date=2008&rft.series=OECD+Territorial+Reviews&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-92-64-04371-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2009">Oxford Business Group (2009). <i>The Report: Turkey 2009</i>. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford Business Group. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9781902339139" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-902339-13-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Turkey+2009&rft.aulast=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.au=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.isbn=978-1-902339-13-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFPapathanassis2011">Papathanassis, Alexis (2011). <i>The Long Tail of Tourism: Holiday Niches and Their Impact on Mainstream Tourism</i>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9783834930620" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-8349-3062-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Tail+of+Tourism%3A+Holiday+Niches+and+Their+Impact+on+Mainstream+Tourism&rft.aulast=Papathanassis&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft.au=Papathanassis%2C%26%2332%3BAlexis&rft.date=2011&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-3-8349-3062-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFQuantic2008">Quantic, Roy (2008). <i>Climatology for Airline Pilots</i>. Oxford, Eng.: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780470698471" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-470-69847-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climatology+for+Airline+Pilots&rft.aulast=Quantic&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Quantic%2C%26%2332%3BRoy&rft.date=2008&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=978-0-470-69847-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFReinert2002">Reinert, Stephen W. (2002). "Fragmentation (1204–1453)". In Mango, Cyril. <i>The Oxford History of Byzantium</i>. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780198140986" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-814098-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fragmentation+%281204%E2%80%931453%29&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Byzantium&rft.aulast=Reinert&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft.au=Reinert%2C%26%2332%3BStephen+W.&rft.date=2002&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814098-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFReisman2006">Reisman, Arnold (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turkeysmoderniza0000reis"><i>Turkey's Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Atatürk's Vision</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: New Academia Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780977790883" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-9777908-8-3</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/turkeysmoderniza0000reis">https://archive.org/details/turkeysmoderniza0000reis</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Modernization%3A+Refugees+from+Nazism+and+Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+Vision&rft.aulast=Reisman&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft.au=Reisman%2C%26%2332%3BArnold&rft.date=2006&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=New+Academia+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.isbn=978-0-9777908-8-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturkeysmoderniza0000reis&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFRoebuck1959">Roebuck, Carl (1959). <i>Ionian Trade and Colonization</i>. Monographs on Archaeology and Fine Arts. New York: Archaeological Institute of America. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780890055281" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-89005-528-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ionian+Trade+and+Colonization&rft.aulast=Roebuck&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Roebuck%2C%26%2332%3BCarl&rft.date=1959&rft.series=Monographs+on+Archaeology+and+Fine+Arts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Archaeological+Institute+of+America&rft.isbn=978-0-89005-528-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFRoom2006">Room, Adrian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom"><i>Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites</i></a> (2nd ed.). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780786422487" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom">https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World%3A+Origins+and+Meanings+of+the+Names+for+6%2C600+Countries%2C+Cities%2C+Territories%2C+Natural+Features%2C+and+Historic+Sites&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Room%2C%26%2332%3BAdrian&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=2nd&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplacenamesofworl02edroom&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFRôzen2002">Rôzen, Mînnā (2002). <i>A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566</i> (illustrated ed.). Leiden, the Neth.: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9789004125308" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-04-12530-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+Community+in+Istanbul%3A+The+Formative+Years%2C+1453%E2%80%931566&rft.aulast=R%C3%B4zen&rft.aufirst=M%C3%AEnn%C4%81&rft.au=R%C3%B4zen%2C%26%2332%3BM%C3%AEnn%C4%81&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Neth.&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12530-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFSanal2011">Sanal, Aslihan (2011). Fischer, Michael M. J.; Dumit, Joseph. eds. <i>New Organs Within Us: Transplants and the Moral Economy</i>. Experimental Futures (illustrated ed.). Chapel Hill, N.C.: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780822349129" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8223-4912-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Organs+Within+Us%3A+Transplants+and+the+Moral+Economy&rft.aulast=Sanal&rft.aufirst=Aslihan&rft.au=Sanal%2C%26%2332%3BAslihan&rft.date=2011&rft.series=Experimental+Futures&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4912-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFSchmitt2005">Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2005) (in German). <i>Levantiner: Lebenswelten und Identitäten einer ethnokonfessionellen Gruppe im osmanischen Reich im "langen 19. Jahrhundert"</i>. München: Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9783486577136" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-486-57713-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Levantiner%3A+Lebenswelten+und+Identit%C3%A4ten+einer+ethnokonfessionellen+Gruppe+im+osmanischen+Reich+im+%22langen+19.+Jahrhundert%22&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Jens&rft.au=Schmitt%2C%26%2332%3BOliver+Jens&rft.date=2005&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.isbn=978-3-486-57713-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFShawShaw1977">Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel K. (1977). <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i>. <b>2</b>. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780521291668" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft.au=Shaw%2C%26%2332%3BStanford+J.&rft.au=Shaw%2C%26%2332%3BEzel+K.&rft.date=1977&rft.volume=2&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29166-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFTaşan-Kok2004">Taşan-Kok, Tuna (2004). <i>Budapest, Istanbul, and Warsaw: Institutional and Spatial Change</i>. Delft, the Neth.: Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9789059720411" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-5972-041-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Budapest%2C+Istanbul%2C+and+Warsaw%3A+Institutional+and+Spatial+Change&rft.aulast=Ta%C5%9Fan-Kok&rft.aufirst=Tuna&rft.au=Ta%C5%9Fan-Kok%2C%26%2332%3BTuna&rft.date=2004&rft.place=Delft%2C+the+Neth.&rft.pub=Eburon+Uitgeverij+B.V&rft.isbn=978-90-5972-041-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFTaylor2007">Taylor, Jane (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialistanbul0000tayl"><i>Imperial Istanbul: A Traveller's Guide: Includes Iznik, Bursa and Edirne</i></a>. New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9781845113346" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-84511-334-6</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialistanbul0000tayl">https://archive.org/details/imperialistanbul0000tayl</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Istanbul%3A+A+Traveller%27s+Guide%3A+Includes+Iznik%2C+Bursa+and+Edirne&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Taylor%2C%26%2332%3BJane&rft.date=2007&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke+Paperbacks&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-334-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialistanbul0000tayl&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFTigrekKibaroğlu2011">Tigrek, Sahnaz; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül (2011). "Strategic Role of Water Resources for Turkey". In Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Scheumann, Waltina; Kramer, Annika. <i>Turkey's Water Policy: National Frameworks and International Cooperation</i>. London & New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9783642196355" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-642-19635-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Strategic+Role+of+Water+Resources+for+Turkey&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Water+Policy%3A+National+Frameworks+and+International+Cooperation&rft.aulast=Tigrek&rft.aufirst=Sahnaz&rft.au=Tigrek%2C%26%2332%3BSahnaz&rft.au=Kibaro%C4%9Flu%2C%26%2332%3BAy%C8%99eg%C3%BCl&rft.date=2011&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-3-642-19635-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFTime_Out_Guides2010">Time Out Guides, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeoutistanbul0000unse"><i>Time Out Istanbul</i></a>. London: Time Out Guides. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9781846701153" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-84670-115-3</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/timeoutistanbul0000unse">https://archive.org/details/timeoutistanbul0000unse</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Out+Istanbul&rft.date=2010&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Time+Out+Guides&rft.isbn=978-1-84670-115-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimeoutistanbul0000unse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFTuran2010">Turan, Neyran (2010). "Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul". In Sorensen, André; Okata, Junichiro. <i>Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability</i>. Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration. London & New York: Springer. pp. 223–42. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9784431992660" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-4-431-99266-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Towards+an+Ecological+Urbanism+for+Istanbul&rft.atitle=Megacities%3A+Urban+Form%2C+Governance%2C+and+Sustainability&rft.aulast=Turan&rft.aufirst=Neyran&rft.au=Turan%2C%26%2332%3BNeyran&rft.date=2010&rft.series=Library+for+Sustainable+Urban+Regeneration&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B223%E2%80%9342&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-4-431-99266-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFWCTR_Society;_Unʼyu_Seisaku_Kenkyū_Kikō2004">WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō (2004). <i>Urban Transport and the Environment: An International Perspective</i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780080445120" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-08-044512-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Transport+and+the+Environment%3A+An+International+Perspective&rft.aulast=WCTR+Society%3B+Un%CA%BCyu+Seisaku+Kenky%C5%AB+Kik%C5%8D&rft.au=WCTR+Society%3B+Un%CA%BCyu+Seisaku+Kenky%C5%AB+Kik%C5%8D&rft.date=2004&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044512-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFWedel2000">Wedel, Heidi (2000). Ibrahim, Ferhad; Gürbey, Gülistan. eds. <i>The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey</i>. Berlin: LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 181–93. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9783825847449" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-8258-4744-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+Conflict+in+Turkey&rft.aulast=Wedel&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rft.au=Wedel%2C%26%2332%3BHeidi&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B181%E2%80%9393&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-4744-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFWynn1984">Wynn, Martin (1984). <i>Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe</i>. Studies in History, Planning, and the Environment. Los Altos, Calif.: Mansell. <a href="/wiki/Pinaurog:BookSources/9780720116083" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7201-1608-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+and+Urban+Growth+in+Southern+Europe&rft.aulast=Wynn&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Wynn%2C%26%2332%3BMartin&rft.date=1984&rft.series=Studies+in+History%2C+Planning%2C+and+the+Environment&rft.place=Los+Altos%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Mansell&rft.isbn=978-0-7201-1608-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Istanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_sumpay_ha_gawas">Mga sumpay ha gawas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Igliwat in bahin: Mga sumpay ha gawas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>igliwat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Mga sumpay ha gawas"><span>Igliwat an wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center">Dugang nga pamiling mahitungod han <b>Istanbul</b> ha kanan Wikipedia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects (waray dida ini nga pakli)">mga bugto nga proyekto</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://war.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://war.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Istanbul">Mga kasirigngon</a> tikang ha Wiktionary<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://war.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://war.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Istanbul">Sarigan nga basahon</a> tikang ha Wikibooks<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://war.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://war.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Istanbul">Mga hulád</a> tikang ha Wikiquote<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://war.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://war.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Istanbul">Gintikangan nga mga kasuratan</a> tikang ha Wikisource<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" title="Search Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Istanbul">Mga imahe ngan medya</a> tikang ha Commons<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://war.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" title="Search Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://war.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Istanbul">Mga sumat notisya</a> tikang ha Wikinews<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://war.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://war.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Istanbul" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Istanbul">Pagkukuhaan hin pagtuon</a> tikang ha Wikiversity<br /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/16px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/24px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/32px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx">Official website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/">Official website of the Istanbul Governorship</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061222171620/http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/">Ginhipos</a> 2006-12-22 han <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sehirrehberi.ibb.gov.tr/Map.aspx?&scl=6&cx=88707&cy=96189&ap=uydu&lng=en">Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos (maps) of Istanbul from 1946, 1966, 1982, and 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/MunicipalHistory/Pages/Live_City_View_in_Istanbul.aspx">Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Live views of major landmarks in Istanbul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704072848/http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/MunicipalHistory/Pages/Live_City_View_in_Istanbul.aspx">Ginhipos</a> 2015-07-04 han <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istanbulbulteni.com/">Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Istanbul Bulteni Magazine official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222203756/http://www.istanbulbulteni.com/">Ginhipos</a> 2012-02-22 han <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (waray dida ini nga pakli)">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><br /><span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="war" dir="ltr">Ipakita an sayop: <code><ref></code> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding 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