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<li id="toc-Naming_and_differences_with_open_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_and_differences_with_open_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Naming and differences with open source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_and_differences_with_open_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_and_the_Four_Essential_Freedoms_of_Free_Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_and_the_Four_Essential_Freedoms_of_Free_Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition and the Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_the_Four_Essential_Freedoms_of_Free_Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980s:_Foundation_of_the_GNU_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_Foundation_of_the_GNU_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1980s: Foundation of the GNU Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_Foundation_of_the_GNU_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s:_Release_of_the_Linux_kernel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s:_Release_of_the_Linux_kernel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>1990s: Release of the Linux kernel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s:_Release_of_the_Linux_kernel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Licensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_and_reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Security and reliability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security_and_reliability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Security and reliability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Security_and_reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binary_blobs_and_other_proprietary_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_blobs_and_other_proprietary_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Binary blobs and other proprietary software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_blobs_and_other_proprietary_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Business model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_aspects_and_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_aspects_and_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economic aspects and adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_aspects_and_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Free software</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">95 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrye_sagteware" title="Vrye sagteware – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vrye sagteware" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="برمجيات حرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برمجيات حرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_libre" title="Software libre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Software libre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_llibre" title="Software llibre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Software llibre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_proqram_t%C9%99minat%C4%B1" title="Azad proqram təminatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Azad proqram təminatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মুক্ত সফটওয়্যার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুক্ত সফটওয়্যার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-i%C3%BB_n%C5%84g-th%C3%A9" title="Chū-iû nńg-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-iû nńg-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Свабодныя праграмы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Свабодныя праграмы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вольная праграма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вольная праграма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="फ्री सॉफ्टवेयर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फ्री सॉफ्टवेयर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Свободен софтуер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свободен софтуер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Software" title="Freie Software – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Freie Software" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="རང་དབང་མཉེན་ཆས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རང་དབང་མཉེན་ཆས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodni_softver" title="Slobodni softver – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slobodni softver" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poellad_frank" title="Poellad frank – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poellad frank" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programari_lliure" title="Programari lliure – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programari lliure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svobodn%C3%BD_software" title="Svobodný software – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svobodný software" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri_software" title="Fri software – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fri software" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Software" title="Freie Software – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freie Software" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabavara" title="Vabavara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vabavara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Ελεύθερο λογισμικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελεύθερο λογισμικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_libre" title="Software libre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Software libre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libera_programaro" title="Libera programaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libera programaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_libre" title="Software libre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Software libre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="نرم‌افزار آزاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرم‌افزار آزاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiciel_libre" title="Logiciel libre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Logiciel libre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogearra%C3%AD_saora" title="Bogearraí saora – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bogearraí saora" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooid_vog_heyr" title="Cooid vog heyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cooid vog heyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_libre" title="Software libre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Software libre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="رها برنامه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="رها برنامه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%89%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%B0" title="ફ્રી સૉફ્ટવૅર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફ્રી સૉફ્ટવૅર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="자유 소프트웨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유 소프트웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ազատ ծրագրային ապահովում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազատ ծրագրային ապահովում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मुफ्त सॉफ्टवेयर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुफ्त सॉफ्टवेयर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodna_programska_podr%C5%A1ka" title="Slobodna programska podrška – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slobodna programska podrška" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libera_programaro" title="Libera programaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Libera programaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaya_a_sopwer" title="Nawaya a sopwer – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nawaya a sopwer" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak_bebas" title="Perangkat lunak bebas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perangkat lunak bebas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_libere" title="Software libere – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Software libere" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frj%C3%A1ls_hugb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" title="Frjáls hugbúnaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frjáls hugbúnaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_libero" title="Software libero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Software libero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תוכנה חופשית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנה חופשית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojisy%C3%A8l_gratis" title="Lojisyèl gratis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lojisyèl gratis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nermalava_azad" title="Nermalava azad – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nermalava azad" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Википедия:Сомо/Эркин программалык камсыздоо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Википедия:Сомо/Эркин программалык камсыздоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmatura_libera" title="Programmatura libera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Programmatura libera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%ABv%C4%81_programmat%C5%ABra" title="Brīvā programmatūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brīvā programmatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A4i_Software" title="Fräi Software – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fräi Software" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laisvoji_programin%C4%97_%C4%AFranga" title="Laisvoji programinė įranga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laisvoji programinė įranga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabad_szoftver" title="Szabad szoftver – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szabad szoftver" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Слободна програмска опрема – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Слободна програмска опрема" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rindrankajy_malalaka" title="Rindrankajy malalaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rindrankajy malalaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="സ്വതന്ത്ര സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വതന്ത്ര സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="मुक्त आज्ञावली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुक्त आज्ञावली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisian_bebas" title="Perisian bebas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perisian bebas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%96%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="အခမဲ့ဆော့ဖ်ဝဲလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အခမဲ့ဆော့ဖ်ဝဲလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrije_software" title="Vrije software – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrije software" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="自由ソフトウェア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自由ソフトウェア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri_programvare" title="Fri programvare – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fri programvare" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri_programvare" title="Fri programvare – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fri programvare" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logicial_liure" title="Logicial liure – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Logicial liure" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Эрыкан программе вораҥдыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эрыкан программе вораҥдыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%B9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="آزاد سوفٹویئر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آزاد سوفٹویئر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolne_oprogramowanie" title="Wolne oprogramowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolne oprogramowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_livre" title="Software livre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Software livre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_liber" title="Software liber – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Software liber" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesto_software" title="Mesto software – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Mesto software" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Свободное программное обеспечение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свободное программное обеспечение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="آزاد سوفٹ وئیر – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آزاد سوفٹ وئیر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_saftware" title="Free saftware – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Free saftware" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programi_kompjuterik_i_lir%C3%AB" title="Programi kompjuterik i lirë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Programi kompjuterik i lirë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C" title="නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Free software" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodn%C3%BD_softv%C3%A9r" title="Slobodný softvér – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slobodný softvér" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosto_programje" title="Prosto programje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prosto programje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swobodne_Uopr%C5%AFgramowa%C5%84y" title="Swobodne Uoprůgramowańy – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Swobodne Uoprůgramowańy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95_%D8%AE%DB%86%DA%95%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نەرمامێرە خۆڕایییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەرمامێرە خۆڕایییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Слободни софтвер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слободни софтвер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodni_softver" title="Slobodni softver – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slobodni softver" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapaa_ohjelmisto" title="Vapaa ohjelmisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vapaa ohjelmisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri_programvara" title="Fri programvara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fri programvara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayang_software" title="Malayang software – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Malayang software" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கட்டற்ற மென்பொருள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டற்ற மென்பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9B%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="స్వేచ్ఛా సాఫ్టువేరు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్వేచ్ఛా సాఫ్టువేరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="ซอฟต์แวร์เสรี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซอฟต์แวร์เสรี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нармафзори озод – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нармафзори озод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m" title="Özgür yazılım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özgür yazılım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Вільне програмне забезпечення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільне програмне забезпечення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%B9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="آزاد سوفٹویئر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آزاد سوفٹویئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m_t%E1%BB%B1_do" title="Phần mềm tự do – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phần mềm tự do" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94" title="自由軟體 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="自由軟體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6" title="自由軟件 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自由軟件" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6" title="自由軟件 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自由軟件" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" title="自由软件 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自由软件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q341#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Software licensed to be freely used, modified and distributed</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Free_software_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Free software (disambiguation)">Free software (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a>.</span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Merge_to plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Merge-arrow.svg/50px-Merge-arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Merge-arrow.svg/75px-Merge-arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Merge-arrow.svg/100px-Merge-arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into <i><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Free_and_open-source_software#Proposed_merge_of_Open-source_software_and_Free_software_into_Free_and_open-source_software" title="Talk:Free and open-source software">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since May 2024.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_GNU_Guix%27s_desktop_environment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An operating system's computer screen, the screen completely covered by various free software applications." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Example_of_GNU_Guix%27s_desktop_environment.png/300px-Example_of_GNU_Guix%27s_desktop_environment.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Example_of_GNU_Guix%27s_desktop_environment.png/450px-Example_of_GNU_Guix%27s_desktop_environment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Example_of_GNU_Guix%27s_desktop_environment.png/600px-Example_of_GNU_Guix%27s_desktop_environment.png 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/GNU_Guix_System" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Guix System">GNU Guix</a>. An example of a <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project#GNU_Free_System_Distribution_Guidelines" title="GNU Project">GNU FSDG</a> complying free-software operating system running some representative applications. Shown are the <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> desktop environment the <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">GNU Emacs</a> text editor, the <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a> image editor, and the <a href="/wiki/VLC_media_player" title="VLC media player">VLC media player</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Free software</b>, <b>libre software</b>, <b>libreware</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes known as <b>freedom-respecting software</b> is computer <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> distributed <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">under terms</a> that allow users to run the software for any purpose as well as to study, change, and distribute it and any adapted versions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-def_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free software is a matter of <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, not price; all users are legally free to do what they want with their copies of a free software (including profiting from them) regardless of how much is paid to obtain the program.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer programs are deemed "free" if they give end-users (not just the developer) ultimate control over the software and, subsequently, over their devices.<sup id="cite_ref-def_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-initial-announcement_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-initial-announcement-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The right to study and modify a computer program entails that the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>—the preferred format for making changes—be made available to users of that program. While this is often called "access to source code" or "public availability", the Free Software Foundation (FSF) recommends against thinking in those terms,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because it might give the impression that users have an obligation (as opposed to a right) to give non-users a copy of the program. </p><p>Although the term "free software" had already been used loosely in the past and other permissive software like the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">Berkeley Software Distribution</a> released in 1978 existed,<sup id="cite_ref-infoworld1983_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoworld1983-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> is credited with tying it to the sense under discussion and starting the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a> in 1983, when he launched the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>: a collaborative effort to create a freedom-respecting <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, and to revive the spirit of cooperation once prevalent among <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (programmer subculture)">hackers</a> during the early days of computing.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open-source-vs-freeware.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Open-source-vs-freeware.svg/220px-Open-source-vs-freeware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Open-source-vs-freeware.svg/330px-Open-source-vs-freeware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Open-source-vs-freeware.svg/440px-Open-source-vs-freeware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> describes the typical relationship between freeware and <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> (FOSS): According to David Rosen from <a href="/wiki/Wolfire_Games" title="Wolfire Games">Wolfire Games</a> in 2010, open source / free software (orange) is most often <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">gratis</a> but not always. Freeware (green) seldom expose their source code.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Free software differs from: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> or <a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a>. Users cannot study, change, and share their <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a> or gratis<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> software, which is a category of proprietary software that does not require payment for basic use.</li></ul> <p>For software under the purview of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> to be free, it must carry a <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">software license</a> whereby the author grants users the aforementioned rights. Software that is not covered by copyright law, such as software in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, is free as long as the source code is also in the public domain, or otherwise available without restrictions. </p><p>Proprietary software uses restrictive software licences or <a href="/wiki/End-user_license_agreement" title="End-user license agreement">EULAs</a> and usually does not provide users with the source code. Users are thus legally or technically prevented from <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">changing</a> the software, and this results in reliance on the publisher to provide updates, help, and support. (<i>See also <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">vendor lock-in</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">abandonware</a></i>). Users often may not <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineer</a>, modify, or redistribute proprietary software.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graham_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond copyright law, contracts and a lack of source code, there can exist additional obstacles keeping users from exercising freedom over a piece of software, such as <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software patents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (more specifically, <a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">tivoization</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free software can be a for-profit, commercial activity or not. Some free software is developed by volunteer <a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">computer programmers</a> while other is developed by corporations; or even by both.<sup id="cite_ref-Popp2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popp2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_and_differences_with_open_source"><span class="anchor" id="Naming"></span>Naming and differences with open source</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Naming and differences with open source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></div> <p>Although both definitions refer to almost equivalent corpora of programs, the Free Software Foundation recommends using the term "free software" rather than "<a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>" (an alternative, yet similar, concept coined in 1998), because the goals and messaging are quite dissimilar. According to the Free Software Foundation, "Open source" and its associated campaign mostly focus on the technicalities of the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">public development model</a> and marketing free software to businesses, while taking the ethical issue of user rights very lightly or even antagonistically.<sup id="cite_ref-misses-the-point_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-misses-the-point-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stallman has also stated that considering the practical advantages of free software is like considering the practical advantages of not being handcuffed, in that it is not necessary for an individual to consider practical reasons in order to realize that being handcuffed is undesirable in itself.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FSF also notes that "Open Source" has exactly one specific meaning in common English, namely that "you can look at the source code." It states that while the term "Free Software" can lead to two different interpretations, at least one of them is consistent with the intended meaning unlike the term "Open Source".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loan adjective "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/libre" class="extiw" title="wikt:libre">libre</a>" is often used to avoid the ambiguity of the word "free" in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, and the ambiguity with the older usage of "free software" as public-domain software.<sup id="cite_ref-infoworld1983_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoworld1983-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>See <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a>.</i>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_the_Four_Essential_Freedoms_of_Free_Software"><span class="anchor" id="Definition"></span>Definition and the Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition and the Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Categories_of_free_and_nonfree_software.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Categories_of_free_and_nonfree_software.svg/300px-Categories_of_free_and_nonfree_software.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Categories_of_free_and_nonfree_software.svg/450px-Categories_of_free_and_nonfree_software.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Categories_of_free_and_nonfree_software.svg/600px-Categories_of_free_and_nonfree_software.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of free and nonfree software, as defined by the Free Software Foundation. Left: free software, right: proprietary software, encircled: <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">gratis software</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first formal definition of free software was published by FSF in February 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-bull6_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bull6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That definition, written by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, is still maintained today and states that software is free software if people who receive a copy of the software have the following four freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-free-sw_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-free-sw-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numbering begins with zero, not only as a spoof on the common usage of <a href="/wiki/Zero-based_numbering" title="Zero-based numbering">zero-based numbering</a> in programming languages, but also because "Freedom 0" was not initially included in the list, but later added first in the list as it was considered very important. </p> <ul><li>Freedom 0: The freedom to use the program for any purpose.</li> <li>Freedom 1: The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish.</li> <li>Freedom 2: The freedom to redistribute and make copies so you can help your neighbor.</li> <li>Freedom 3: The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements (and modified versions in general) to the public, so that the whole community benefits.</li></ul> <p>Freedoms 1 and 3 require <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> to be available because studying and modifying software without its source code can range from highly impractical to nearly impossible. </p><p>Thus, free software means that <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">computer users</a> have the freedom to cooperate with whom they choose, and to control the software they use. To summarize this into a remark distinguishing <i>libre</i> (freedom) software from <i><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">gratis</a></i> (zero price) software, the Free Software Foundation says: "Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of 'free' as in '<a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a>', not as in 'free beer<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-free-sw_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-free-sw-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>See <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a>.</i>) </p><p>In the late 1990s, other groups published their own definitions that describe an almost identical set of software. The most notable are <i><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></i> published in 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-Perens_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perens-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></i>, published in 1998. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a>-based operating systems, such as <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, do not have their own formal definitions of free software. Users of these systems generally find the same set of software to be acceptable, but sometimes see <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> as restrictive. They generally advocate <a href="/wiki/Permissive_free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive free software license">permissive free software licenses</a>, which allow others to use the software as they wish, without being legally <i>forced</i> to provide the source code. Their view is that this permissive approach is more free. The <a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">X11</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a> software licenses are substantially similar in intent and implementation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">List of free and open-source software packages</a></div><p>There are thousands of free applications and many operating systems available on the Internet. Users can easily download and install those applications via a <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">package manager</a> that comes included with most <a href="/wiki/Linux_distributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux distributions">Linux distributions</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Directory" title="Free Software Directory">Free Software Directory</a> maintains a large database of free-software packages. Some of the best-known examples include <a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a>, Linux-based operating systems, the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> and <a href="/wiki/GNU_C_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C Library">C library</a>; the <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> relational database; the <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache</a> web server; and the <a href="/wiki/Sendmail" title="Sendmail">Sendmail</a> mail transport agent. Other influential examples include the <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> text editor; the <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a> raster drawing and image editor; the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> graphical-display system; the <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> office suite; and the <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> and <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a> typesetting systems. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="title"><div>Free Software</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blender-telainicial.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Blender, a 3D computer graphics software."><img alt="Blender, a 3D computer graphics software." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Blender-telainicial.png/200px-Blender-telainicial.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Blender-telainicial.png/300px-Blender-telainicial.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Blender-telainicial.png/400px-Blender-telainicial.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1005" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>, a 3D computer graphics software.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kscreen-krunner.png" class="mw-file-description" title="KDE Plasma desktop on Debian."><img alt="KDE Plasma desktop on Debian." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kscreen-krunner.png/200px-Kscreen-krunner.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kscreen-krunner.png/300px-Kscreen-krunner.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kscreen-krunner.png/400px-Kscreen-krunner.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5" title="KDE Plasma 5">KDE Plasma</a> desktop on <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Captura_de_pagina_de_manual_de_OpenSSL.png" class="mw-file-description" title="OpenSSL's manual page."><img alt="OpenSSL's manual page." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Captura_de_pagina_de_manual_de_OpenSSL.png/200px-Captura_de_pagina_de_manual_de_OpenSSL.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Captura_de_pagina_de_manual_de_OpenSSL.png/300px-Captura_de_pagina_de_manual_de_OpenSSL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Captura_de_pagina_de_manual_de_OpenSSL.png/400px-Captura_de_pagina_de_manual_de_OpenSSL.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a>'s manual page.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BgeCarSc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Creating a 3D car racing game using the Blender Game Engine."><img alt="Creating a 3D car racing game using the Blender Game Engine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BgeCarSc.jpg/200px-BgeCarSc.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BgeCarSc.jpg/300px-BgeCarSc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BgeCarSc.jpg/400px-BgeCarSc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Creating a 3D car racing game using the <a href="/wiki/Blender_Game_Engine" title="Blender Game Engine">Blender Game Engine</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Replicant_4.0_on_NexusS.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Replicant smartphone OS, an Android-based system that is 100% free software."><img alt="Replicant smartphone OS, an Android-based system that is 100% free software." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Replicant_4.0_on_NexusS.png/118px-Replicant_4.0_on_NexusS.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Replicant_4.0_on_NexusS.png/177px-Replicant_4.0_on_NexusS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Replicant_4.0_on_NexusS.png/236px-Replicant_4.0_on_NexusS.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3170" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Replicant_(operating_system)" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a> smartphone OS, an Android-based system that is 100% free software.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libreoffice_5.3_writer_MUFFIN_interface.png" class="mw-file-description" title="LibreOffice is a free multi-platform office suite."><img alt="LibreOffice is a free multi-platform office suite." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Libreoffice_5.3_writer_MUFFIN_interface.png/200px-Libreoffice_5.3_writer_MUFFIN_interface.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Libreoffice_5.3_writer_MUFFIN_interface.png/300px-Libreoffice_5.3_writer_MUFFIN_interface.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Libreoffice_5.3_writer_MUFFIN_interface.png/400px-Libreoffice_5.3_writer_MUFFIN_interface.png 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> is a free multi-platform office suite.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free and open-source software</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software#History" title="Open-source software">Open-source software § History</a></div> <p>From the 1950s up until the early 1970s, it was normal for computer users to have the <i>software freedoms</i> associated with free software, which was typically <a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">public-domain software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-infoworld1983_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoworld1983-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a> was commonly shared by individuals who used computers and by hardware manufacturers who welcomed the fact that people were making software that made their hardware useful. Organizations of users and suppliers, for example, <a href="/wiki/SHARE_(computing)" title="SHARE (computing)">SHARE</a>, were formed to facilitate exchange of software. As software was often written in an <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreted language</a> such as <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> was distributed to use these programs. Software was also shared and distributed as printed source code (<a href="/wiki/Type-in_program" title="Type-in program">Type-in program</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Computer_magazine" title="Computer magazine">computer magazines</a> (like <i><a href="/wiki/Creative_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Computing">Creative Computing</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/SoftSide" title="SoftSide">SoftSide</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Compute!" title="Compute!">Compute!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Byte_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byte magazine">Byte</a></i>, etc.) and books, like the bestseller <i><a href="/wiki/BASIC_Computer_Games" title="BASIC Computer Games">BASIC Computer Games</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1970s, the picture changed: software costs were dramatically increasing, a growing software industry was competing with the hardware manufacturer's bundled software products (free in that the cost was included in the hardware cost), leased machines required software support while providing no revenue for software, and some customers able to better meet their own needs did not want the costs of "free" software bundled with hardware product costs. In <i>United States vs. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></i>, filed January 17, 1969, the government charged that bundled software was <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">anti-competitive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some software might always be free, there would henceforth be a growing amount of software produced primarily for sale. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Software_industry" title="Software industry">software industry</a> began using technical measures (such as only distributing <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">binary copies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a>) to prevent <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">computer users</a> from being able to study or adapt the software applications as they saw fit. In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> law was extended to computer programs. </p><p>In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, one of the original authors of the popular <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> program and a longtime member of the <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (programmer subculture)">hacker</a> community at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>, announced the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>, the purpose of which was to produce a completely non-proprietary <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-compatible</a> operating system, saying that he had become frustrated with the shift in climate surrounding the computer world and its users. In his initial declaration of the project and its purpose, he specifically cited as a motivation his opposition to being asked to agree to <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreements</a> and restrictive licenses which prohibited the free sharing of potentially profitable in-development software, a prohibition directly contrary to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Hacker_ethic" title="Hacker ethic">hacker ethic</a>. Software development for the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU operating system</a> began in January 1984, and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF) was founded in October 1985. He developed a free software definition and the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a>", designed to ensure <i>software freedom</i> for all. Some non-software industries are beginning to use techniques similar to those used in free software development for their research and development process; scientists, for example, are looking towards more open development processes, and hardware such as microchips are beginning to be developed with specifications released under <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> licenses (<i>see the <a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a> project, for instance</i>). <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">free-culture movement</a> have also been largely influenced by the free software movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s:_Foundation_of_the_GNU_Project">1980s: Foundation of the GNU Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1980s: Foundation of the GNU Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, longtime member of the <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (programmer subculture)">hacker</a> community at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>, announced the GNU Project, saying that he had become frustrated with the effects of the change in culture of the computer industry and its users.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF) was founded in October 1985. An article outlining the project and its goals was published in March 1985 titled the <i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i>. The manifesto included significant explanation of the GNU philosophy, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">Free Software Definition</a></i> and "<a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a>" ideas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s:_Release_of_the_Linux_kernel">1990s: Release of the Linux kernel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1990s: Release of the Linux kernel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, started by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, was released as freely modifiable source code in 1991. The first licence was a proprietary software licence. However, with version 0.12 in February 1992, he <a href="/wiki/Software_relicensing" title="Software relicensing">relicensed</a> the project under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like Unix, Torvalds' kernel attracted the attention of volunteer programmers. <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> (both derived from <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a>) were released as free software when the <i><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Laboratories,_Inc._v._Berkeley_Software_Design,_Inc." title="UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. v. Berkeley Software Design, Inc.">USL v. BSDi</a></i> lawsuit was settled out of court in 1993. <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> from NetBSD in 1995. Also in 1995, The <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP Server</a>, commonly referred to as Apache, was released under the <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License 1.0</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software#Licensing" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software § Licensing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copyleft.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Copyleft.svg/220px-Copyleft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Copyleft.svg/330px-Copyleft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Copyleft.svg/440px-Copyleft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a>, a novel use of copyright law to ensure that works remain unrestricted, originates in the world of free software.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>All free-software licenses must grant users all the freedoms discussed above. However, unless the applications' licenses are compatible, combining programs by mixing source code or directly linking binaries is problematic, because of <a href="/wiki/License_compatibility" title="License compatibility">license technicalities</a>. Programs indirectly connected together may avoid this problem. </p><p>The majority of free software falls under a small set of licenses. The most popular of these licenses are:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License v2</a> (GPLv2)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License v3</a> (GPLv3)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD License</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> (LGPL)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">Mozilla Public License</a> (MPL)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">Eclipse Public License</a></li></ul> <p>The Free Software Foundation and the Open Source Initiative both publish lists of licenses that they find to comply with their own definitions of free software and open-source software respectively: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">List of FSF approved software licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">List of OSI approved software licenses</a></li></ul> <p>The FSF list is not prescriptive: free-software licenses can exist that the FSF has not heard about, or considered important enough to write about. So it is possible for a license to be free and not in the FSF list. The OSI list only lists licenses that have been submitted, considered and approved. All open-source licenses must meet the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Definition">Open Source Definition</a> in order to be officially recognized as open source software. Free software, on the other hand, is a more informal classification that does not rely on official recognition. Nevertheless, software licensed under licenses that do not meet the Free Software Definition cannot rightly be considered free software. </p><p>Apart from these two organizations, the <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> project is seen by some to provide useful advice on whether particular licenses comply with their <a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a>. Debian does not publish a list of <em>approved</em> licenses, so its judgments have to be tracked by checking what software they have allowed into their software archives. That is summarized at the Debian web site.<sup id="cite_ref-Debian_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debian-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is rare that a license announced as being in-compliance with the FSF guidelines does not also meet the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Definition">Open Source Definition</a>, although the reverse is not necessarily true (for example, the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Open_Source_Agreement" title="NASA Open Source Agreement">NASA Open Source Agreement</a> is an OSI-approved license, but non-free according to FSF). </p><p>There are different categories of free software. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public-domain</a> software: the copyright has expired, the work was not copyrighted (released without <a href="/wiki/Copyright_notice" title="Copyright notice">copyright notice</a> before 1988), or the author has released the software onto the public domain with a <a href="/wiki/Waiver" title="Waiver">waiver</a> statement (in countries where this is possible). Since public-domain software lacks copyright protection, it may be freely incorporated into any work, whether proprietary or free. The FSF recommends the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license#Zero_/_public_domain" title="Creative Commons license">CC0</a> public domain dedication for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_free_software_licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive free software licence">Permissive licenses</a>, also called BSD-style because they are applied to much of the software distributed with the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> operating systems. The author retains copyright solely to disclaim warranty and require proper attribution of modified works, and permits redistribution and <em>any</em> modification, even closed-source ones.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a> licenses, with the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> being the most prominent: the author retains copyright and permits redistribution under the restriction that all such redistribution is licensed under the same license. Additions and modifications by others must also be licensed under the same "copyleft" license whenever they are distributed with part of the original licensed product. This is also known as a <a href="/wiki/Viral_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral license"><i>viral</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Protective_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Protective license">protective</a></i>, or <i>reciprocal</i> license.</li></ul> <p>Proponents of permissive and copyleft licenses disagree on whether software freedom should be viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">negative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">positive liberty</a>. Due to their restrictions on distribution, not everyone considers copyleft licenses to be free.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, a permissive license may provide an incentive to create non-free software by reducing the cost of developing restricted software. Since this is incompatible with the spirit of software freedom, many people consider permissive licenses to be less free than copyleft licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_and_reliability">Security and reliability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Security and reliability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ClamTK3.08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ClamTK3.08.jpg/230px-ClamTK3.08.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ClamTK3.08.jpg/345px-ClamTK3.08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ClamTK3.08.jpg/460px-ClamTK3.08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Although nearly all <a href="/wiki/Computer_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer viruses">computer viruses</a> only affect <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">antivirus software</a> such as <a href="/wiki/ClamTk" title="ClamTk">ClamTk</a> (shown here) is still provided for Linux and other Unix-based systems, so that users can detect <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> that might infect Windows hosts.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is debate over the <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a> of free software in comparison to proprietary software, with a major issue being <a href="/wiki/Security_through_obscurity" title="Security through obscurity">security through obscurity</a>. A popular quantitative test in computer security is to use relative counting of known unpatched security flaws. Generally, users of this method advise avoiding products that lack fixes for known security flaws, at least until a fix is available. </p><p>Free software advocates strongly believe that this methodology is biased by counting more vulnerabilities for the free software systems, since their source code is accessible and their community is more forthcoming about what problems exist as a part of <a href="/wiki/Full_disclosure_(computer_security)" title="Full disclosure (computer security)">full disclosure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cnet_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-albion_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albion-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proprietary software systems can have undisclosed societal drawbacks, such as disenfranchising less fortunate would-be users of free programs. As users can analyse and trace the source code, many more people with no commercial constraints can inspect the code and find bugs and loopholes than a corporation would find practicable. According to Richard Stallman, user access to the source code makes deploying free software with undesirable hidden <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a> functionality far more difficult than for proprietary software.<sup id="cite_ref-rms-fs-2006-03-09_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rms-fs-2006-03-09-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some quantitative studies have been done on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Delio_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delio-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fuzz-revisited_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuzz-revisited-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fuzz-macos_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuzz-macos-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binary_blobs_and_other_proprietary_software">Binary blobs and other proprietary software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Binary blobs and other proprietary software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> started the first campaign against the use of <a href="/wiki/Binary_blob" title="Binary blob">binary blobs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernels</a>. Blobs are usually freely distributable <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> for hardware from vendors that do not reveal driver source code to users or developers. This restricts the users' freedom effectively to modify the software and distribute modified versions. Also, since the blobs are undocumented and may have <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a>, they pose a security risk to any <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> whose kernel includes them. The proclaimed aim of the campaign against blobs is to collect hardware documentation that allows developers to write free software drivers for that hardware, ultimately enabling all free operating systems to become or remain blob-free. </p><p>The issue of binary blobs in the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> and other device drivers motivated some developers in Ireland to launch <a href="/wiki/GNewSense" title="GNewSense">gNewSense</a>, a Linux-based distribution with all the binary blobs removed. The project received support from the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> and stimulated the creation, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Latin_America" title="Free Software Foundation Latin America">Free Software Foundation Latin America</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a> kernel.<sup id="cite_ref-FreeGNULinuxDistributions_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeGNULinuxDistributions-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Trisquel" title="Trisquel">Trisquel</a> is the most popular FSF endorsed Linux distribution ranked by Distrowatch (over 12 months).<sup id="cite_ref-DW02_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW02-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> is not endorsed by the FSF and does not use Linux-libre, it is also a popular distribution available without kernel blobs by default since 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-FreeGNULinuxDistributions_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeGNULinuxDistributions-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Linux community uses the term "blob" to refer to all nonfree firmware in a kernel whereas OpenBSD uses the term to refer to device drivers. The FSF does not consider OpenBSD to be blob free under the Linux community's definition of blob.<sup id="cite_ref-commondistrosfsf_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commondistrosfsf-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_model">Business model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Business model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Selling software</a> under any free-software licence is permissible, as is commercial use. This is true for licenses with or without <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Popp2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popp2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linfo_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linfo-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bsdl-gpl_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsdl-gpl-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since free software may be freely redistributed, it is generally available at little or no fee. Free software business models are usually based on adding value such as customization, accompanying hardware, support, training, integration, or certification.<sup id="cite_ref-Popp2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popp2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptions exist however, where the user is charged to obtain a copy of the free application itself.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fees are usually charged for distribution on compact discs and bootable USB drives, or for services of installing or maintaining the operation of free software. Development of large, commercially used free software is often funded by a combination of user donations, <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a>, corporate contributions, and tax money. The <a href="/wiki/SELinux" class="mw-redirect" title="SELinux">SELinux</a> project at the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> is an example of a federally funded free-software project. </p><p>Proprietary software, on the other hand, tends to use a different business model, where a customer of the proprietary application pays a fee for a license to legally access and use it. This license may grant the customer the ability to configure some or no parts of the software themselves. Often some level of support is included in the purchase of proprietary software, but additional support services (especially for enterprise applications) are usually available for an additional fee. Some proprietary software vendors will also customize software for a fee.<sup id="cite_ref-Dornan_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dornan-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Free Software Foundation encourages selling free software. As the Foundation has written, "distributing free software is an opportunity to raise funds for development. Don't waste it!".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the FSF's own recommended license (the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a>) states that "[you] may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee."<sup id="cite_ref-GPLsection4_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPLsection4-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft CEO <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ballmer" title="Steve Ballmer">Steve Ballmer</a> stated in 2001 that "open source is not available to commercial companies. The way the license is written, if you use any open-source software, you have to make the rest of your software open source."<sup id="cite_ref-suntimes_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suntimes-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This misunderstanding is based on a requirement of <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> licenses (like the GPL) that if one distributes modified versions of software, they must release the source and use the same license. This requirement does not extend to other software from the same developer.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claim of incompatibility between commercial companies and free software is also a misunderstanding. There are several large companies, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> (IBM acquired RedHat in 2019),<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which do substantial commercial business in the development of free software.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_aspects_and_adoption"><span class="anchor" id="Adoption"></span> Economic aspects and adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economic aspects and adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software#Adoption" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software § Adoption</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Linux adoption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software#Adoption" title="Open-source software">Open-source software § Adoption</a></div> <p>Free software played a significant part in the development of the Internet, the World Wide Web and the infrastructure of <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot-com companies">dot-com companies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Web_Server_Survey_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Web_Server_Survey-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apache_Strategy_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apache_Strategy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free software allows users to cooperate in enhancing and refining the programs they use; free software is a <a href="/wiki/Pure_public_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure public good">pure public good</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Private_good" title="Private good">private good</a>. Companies that contribute to free software increase commercial <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"We migrated key functions from Windows to Linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable – one that would give us in-house control. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Official statement of the <a href="/wiki/United_Space_Alliance" title="United Space Alliance">United Space Alliance</a>, which manages the computer systems for the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS), regarding their May 2013 decision to migrate ISS computer systems from Windows to Linux<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The economic viability of free software has been recognized by large corporations such as <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ibm_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibm-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamid_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamid-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l-erick_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-erick-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gpl-java_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpl-java-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MERIT-floss_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MERIT-floss-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free software for their Internet information and sales sites, due to the lower initial capital investment and ability to freely customize the application packages. Most companies in the software business include free software in their commercial products if the licenses allow that.<sup id="cite_ref-Popp2_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popp2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free software is generally available at no cost and can result in permanently lower TCO (<a href="/wiki/Total_cost_of_ownership" title="Total cost of ownership">total cost of ownership</a>) compared to <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eprints_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eprints-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With free software, businesses can fit software to their specific needs by changing the software themselves or by hiring programmers to modify it for them. Free software often has no warranty, and more importantly, generally does not assign legal liability to anyone. However, warranties are permitted between any two parties upon the condition of the software and its usage. Such an agreement is made separately from the free software license. </p><p>A report by <a href="/wiki/Standish_Group" title="Standish Group">Standish Group</a> estimates that adoption of free software has caused a drop in revenue to the proprietary software industry by about $60 billion per year.<sup id="cite_ref-standishgroup_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standishgroup-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a> argued that the term <i>free software</i> is too ambiguous and intimidating for the business community. Raymond promoted the term <i><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a></i> as a friendlier alternative for the business and corporate world.<sup id="cite_ref-esr_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esr-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libre_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre knowledge">Libre knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">List of formerly proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">List of free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_for_Web_2.0_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of free software for Web 2.0 Services">List of free software for Web 2.0 Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Open format">Open format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline of free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software_lists_and_comparisons" title="Category:Free software lists and comparisons">Category:Free software lists and comparisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Appropriate Technology">Appropriate Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable Development">Sustainable Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Access to source code</a> is a necessary but insufficient condition, according to both the Free Software and Open Source definitions.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGNU_Project" class="citation web cs1">GNU Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html">"What is free software?"</a>. Free Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115065058/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on Nov 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+free+software%3F&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.au=GNU+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Ffree-sw.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/richard-stallman">"Richard Stallman"</a>. <i>Internet Hall of Fame</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Richard+Stallman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internethalloffame.org%2Finductees%2Frichard-stallman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-intro.en.html">"Free Software Movement"</a>. <i>GNU</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU&rft.atitle=Free+Software+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Ffree-software-intro.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/philosophy.en.html">"Philosophy of the GNU Project"</a>. <i>GNU</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU&rft.atitle=Philosophy+of+the+GNU+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fphilosophy.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-def-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-def_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-def_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsf.org/about/what-is-free-software">"What is free software and why is it so important for society?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.atitle=What+is+free+software+and+why+is+it+so+important+for+society%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsf.org%2Fabout%2Fwhat-is-free-software&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard M.</a> (2015). <i>Free Software Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, 3rd Edition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Software+Free+Society%3A+Selected+Essays+of+Richard+M.+Stallman%2C+3rd+Edition&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</a> (GNU)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-initial-announcement-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-initial-announcement_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman1983" class="citation web cs1">Stallman, Richard (27 September 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html">"Initial Announcement"</a>. <i>GNU Project</i>. 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[...] Since everybody has access to source code, many routines have not only been used but dramatically improved by other programmers."</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Free+software+-+Free+software+is+a+junkyard+of+software+spare+parts&rft.date=1983-06-23&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyy8EAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dus%2Bgovernment%2Bpublic%2Bdomain%2Bsoftware%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi" class="citation news cs1">Levi, Ran. 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Artech House. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58053-719-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58053-719-3"><bdi>978-1-58053-719-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+free+software%3F&rft.au=Free+Software+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Ffree-sw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsfe.org/freesoftware/#freedoms">"Four Freedoms"</a>. <i>fsfe.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ahl biography from Who's Who in America"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+H.+Ahl+biography+from+Who%27s+Who+in+America&rft.aulast=Ahl&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swapmeetdave.com%2FAhl%2FDHAbio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherMcKie,_James_W.Mancke,_Richard_B.1983" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Franklin M.; McKie, James W.; Mancke, Richard B. (1983). <i>IBM and the U.S. Data Processing Industry: An Economic History</i>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-063059-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-063059-2"><bdi>0-03-063059-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+and+the+U.S.+Data+Processing+Industry%3A+An+Economic+History&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-03-063059-2&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Franklin+M.&rft.au=McKie%2C+James+W.&rft.au=Mancke%2C+Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Sam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freeasinfreedomr00will"><i>Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software</i></a>. O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00287-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00287-4"><bdi>0-596-00287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+as+in+Freedom%3A+Richard+Stallman%27s+Crusade+for+Free+Software&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-596-00287-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreeasinfreedomr00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12">"Release notes for Linux kernel 0.12"</a>. Kernel.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+notes+for+Linux+kernel+0.12&rft.pub=Kernel.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2FHistoric%2Fold-versions%2FRELNOTES-0.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarver2005" class="citation journal cs1">Carver, Brian W. (2005-04-05). 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Black Duck Software. 19 November 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackducksoftware.com/resources/data/top-20-licenses">the original</a> on 19 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2015</span>. <q>1. MIT license 24%, 2. GNU General Public License (GPL) 2.0 23%, 3. Apache License 16%, 4. GNU General Public License (GPL) 3.0 9%, 5. BSD License 2.0 (3-clause, New or Revised) License 6%, 6. GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 2.1 5%, 7. Artistic License (Perl) 4%, 8. GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 3.0 2%, 9. Microsoft Public License 2%, 10. Eclipse Public License (EPL) 2%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+20+licenses&rft.pub=Black+Duck+Software&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackducksoftware.com%2Fresources%2Fdata%2Ftop-20-licenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalter2015" class="citation web cs1">Balter, Ben (2015-03-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/blog/1964-license-usage-on-github-com">"Open source license usage on GitHub.com"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Github.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Github.com">github.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"1 MIT 44.69%, 2 Other 15.68%, 3 GPLv2 12.96%, 4 Apache 11.19%, 5 GPLv3 8.88%, 6 BSD 3-clause 4.53%, 7 Unlicense 1.87%, 8 BSD 2-clause 1.70%, 9 LGPLv3 1.30%, 10 AGPLv3 1.05%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+source+license+usage+on+GitHub.com&rft.pub=github.com&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft.aulast=Balter&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fblog%2F1964-license-usage-on-github-com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debian-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Debian_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/legal/licenses/">"License information"</a>. <i>Debian</i>. 2020-09-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Debian&rft.atitle=License+information&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Flegal%2Flicenses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#CC0">"Various Licenses and Comments about Them"</a>. <i>GNU Operating System</i>. 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Operating+System&rft.atitle=Various+Licenses+and+Comments+about+Them&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Flicense-list.html%23CC0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2003" class="citation web cs1">Palmer, Doug (2003-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charvolant.org/doug/gpl/html/gpl.html">"Why Not Use the GPL? Thoughts on Free and Open-Source Software"</a>. <i>www.charvolant.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124140248/https://www.charvolant.org/doug/gpl/html/gpl.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.charvolant.org&rft.atitle=Why+Not+Use+the+GPL%3F+Thoughts+on+Free+and+Open-Source+Software&rft.date=2003-02-15&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charvolant.org%2Fdoug%2Fgpl%2Fhtml%2Fgpl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard</a> (2021-12-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/bsd.en.html">"The BSD License Problem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+BSD+License+Problem&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.date=2021-12-25&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Fbsd.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookheyBurghate2005" class="citation book cs1">Mookhey, K.K.; Burghate, Nilesh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kD0sxQ0EkIC&pg=PA128"><i>Linux: Security, Audit and Control Features</i></a>. ISACA. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781893209787" title="Special:BookSources/9781893209787"><bdi>9781893209787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linux%3A+Security%2C+Audit+and+Control+Features&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=ISACA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781893209787&rft.aulast=Mookhey&rft.aufirst=K.K.&rft.au=Burghate%2C+Nilesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kD0sxQ0EkIC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToxen,_Bob2003" class="citation book cs1">Toxen, Bob (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_-1jwRwNaEoC&pg=PA365"><i>Real World Linux Security: Intrusion Prevention, Detection, and Recovery</i></a>. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780130464569" title="Special:BookSources/9780130464569"><bdi>9780130464569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+World+Linux+Security%3A+Intrusion+Prevention%2C+Detection%2C+and+Recovery&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+Professional&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780130464569&rft.au=Toxen%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_-1jwRwNaEoC%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyes,_Katherine2010" class="citation news cs1">Noyes, Katherine (Aug 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901151841/http://www.pcworld.com/article/202452/why_linux_is_more_secure_than_windows.html">"Why Linux Is More Secure Than Windows"</a>. <i>PCWorld</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/202452/why_linux_is_more_secure_than_windows.html">the original</a> on 2013-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PCWorld&rft.atitle=Why+Linux+Is+More+Secure+Than+Windows&rft.date=2010-08-03&rft.au=Noyes%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F202452%2Fwhy_linux_is_more_secure_than_windows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnet-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnet_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6047727-7.html">"Firefox more secure than MSIE after all"</a>. News.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firefox+more+secure+than+MSIE+after+all&rft.pub=News.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-10784_3-6047727-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-albion-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-albion_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albion.com/security/intro-7.html">"The Benefits of Open Source"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Benefits+of+Open+Source&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albion.com%2Fsecurity%2Fintro-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rms-fs-2006-03-09-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rms-fs-2006-03-09_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsfe.org/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html">"Transcript where Stallman explains about spyware"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+where+Stallman+explains+about+spyware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffsfe.org%2Ffreesoftware%2Ftranscripts%2Frms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Wheeler: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html#security">Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)? Look at the Numbers!</a> 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delio-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Delio_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michelle Delio: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/software/coolapps/news/2004/12/66022">Linux: Fewer Bugs Than Rivals</a> Wired 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fuzz-revisited-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fuzz-revisited_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton_P._MillerDavid_KoskiCjin_Pheow_LeeVivekananda_Maganty1995" class="citation report cs1">Barton P. 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Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin: Computer Sciences Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621162832/http://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/paradyn/technical_papers/fuzz-revisited.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 June 2010. <q><i>...The reliability of the basic utilities from GNU and Linux were noticeably better than those of the commercial systems</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Fuzz+Revisited%3A+A+Re-examination+of+the+Reliability+of+UNIX+Utilities+and+Services&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%3A+Computer+Sciences+Department&rft.date=1995-04-11&rft.au=Barton+P.+Miller&rft.au=David+Koski&rft.au=Cjin+Pheow+Lee&rft.au=Vivekananda+Maganty&rft.au=Ravi+Murthy&rft.au=Ajitkumar+Natarajan&rft.au=Jeff+Steidl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F239668581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fuzz-macos-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fuzz-macos_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerCookseyMoore2006" class="citation conference cs1">Miller, Barton P.; Cooksey, Gregory; Moore, Fredrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621163055/http://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/paradyn/technical_papers/Fuzz-MacOS.pdf">"An empirical study of the robustness of MacOS applications using random testing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 1st international workshop on Random testing - RT '06</i>. 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Users are now not only benefiting from the OSS revolution but also from the improved proprietary software development that is being forced upon suppliers in order to maintain competitive advantage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Information+Management&rft.atitle=Open+Source+Software+implementation+in+the+UK+public+sector%3A+Evidence+from+the+field+and+implications+for+the+future&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=411-428&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijinfomgt.2005.06.002&rft.aulast=Waring&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft.au=Maddocks%2C+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoai.io%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijinfomgt.2005.06.00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunter,_Joel2013" class="citation news cs1">Gunter, Joel (May 10, 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10049444/International-Space-Station-to-boldly-go-with-Linux-over-Windows.html">"International Space Station to boldly go with Linux over Windows"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10049444/International-Space-Station-to-boldly-go-with-Linux-over-Windows.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=International+Space+Station+to+boldly+go+with+Linux+over+Windows&rft.date=2013-05-10&rft.au=Gunter%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fnews%2F10049444%2FInternational-Space-Station-to-boldly-go-with-Linux-over-Windows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgewater2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bridgewater, Adrian (May 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerweekly.com/blogs/open-source-insider/2013/05/international-space-station-adopts-debian-linux-drop-windows-red-hat-into-airlock.html">"International Space Station adopts Debian Linux, drops Windows & Red Hat into airlock"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Weekly" title="Computer Weekly">Computer Weekly</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Weekly&rft.atitle=International+Space+Station+adopts+Debian+Linux%2C+drops+Windows+%26+Red+Hat+into+airlock&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.aulast=Bridgewater&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerweekly.com%2Fblogs%2Fopen-source-insider%2F2013%2F05%2Finternational-space-station-adopts-debian-linux-drop-windows-red-hat-into-airlock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibm-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ibm_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991110114228/http://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml">"IBM launches biggest Linux lineup ever"</a>. IBM. 1999-03-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml">the original</a> on 1999-11-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+launches+biggest+Linux+lineup+ever&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1999-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fnews%2F1999%2F03%2F02.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamid-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamid_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid2006" class="citation web cs1">Hamid, Farrah (2006-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/185602/">"IBM invests in Brazil Linux Tech Center"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+invests+in+Brazil+Linux+Tech+Center&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2006-05-24&rft.aulast=Hamid&rft.aufirst=Farrah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F185602%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l-erick-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l-erick_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091218093727/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-erick.html">"Interview: The Eclipse code donation"</a>. IBM. 2001-11-01. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+on+the%3A+Economic+impact+of+open+source+software+on+innovation+and+the+competitiveness+of+the+Information+and+Communication+Technologies+%28ICT%29+sector+in+the+EU&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=European+Union&rft.date=2006-11-20&rft.au=Rishab+Aiyer+Ghosh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenterprise%2Fsectors%2Fict%2Ffiles%2F2006-11-20-flossimpact_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eprints-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eprints_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/39826/">"Total cost of ownership of open source software: a report for the UK Cabinet Office supported by OpenForum Europe"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+cost+of+ownership+of+open+source+software%3A+a+report+for+the+UK+Cabinet+Office+supported+by+OpenForum+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F39826%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-standishgroup-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-standishgroup_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118001419/http://standishgroup.com/newsroom/open_source.php">"Open Source"</a>. <i>Standish Newsroom</i>. Standishgroup.com. 2008-04-16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standishgroup.com/newsroom/open_source.php">the original</a> on 2012-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standish+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Open+Source&rft.date=2008-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandishgroup.com%2Fnewsroom%2Fopen_source.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esr-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esr_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_S._Raymond" class="citation web cs1">Eric S. Raymond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/open-source.html">"Eric S. Raymond's initial call to start using the term open source software, instead of free software"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eric+S.+Raymond%27s+initial+call+to+start+using+the+term+open+source+software%2C+instead+of+free+software&rft.au=Eric+S.+Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catb.org%2F~esr%2Fopen-source.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/11_3/puckette_ownership.html">Puckette, Miller. "Who Owns our Software?: A first-person case study." eContact (September 2009). Montréal: CEC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/jargon_freedom_60_words_and_phrases_context">Hancock, Terry. "The Jargon of Freedom: 60 Words and Phrases with Context". Free Software Magazine. 2010-20-24</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606070818/http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/jargon_freedom_60_words_and_phrases_context">Archived</a> 2012-06-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman2010" class="citation book cs1">Stallman, Richard M. (2010) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society-2/"><i>Free Software Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, 2nd Edition</i></a>. GNU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9831592-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9831592-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9831592-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Software+Free+Society%3A+Selected+Essays+of+Richard+M.+Stallman%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=GNU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9831592-0-9&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshop.fsf.org%2Fproduct%2Ffree-software-free-society-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+software" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Product_key" title="Product key">Product key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">Software copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_license_server" title="Software license server">Software license server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">Software patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrent_poisoning" title="Torrent poisoning">Torrent poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Independent_production" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Independent_production" title="Template:Independent production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Independent_production" title="Template talk:Independent production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Independent_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Independent production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Independent_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Independent production</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_of_webcomics" title="Business of webcomics">business</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic_Co-ops" title="Minicomic Co-ops">Co-ops</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention">conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer">printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop">shops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">Small press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">Independent music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Record label</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netlabel" title="Netlabel">Netlabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_record_label" title="Open-source record label">Open-source label</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_radio" title="Independent radio">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_culture" title="Cassette culture">Cassette culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music"><i>Doujin</i> music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Module_file" title="Module file">Tracker (MOD) music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podsafe" title="Podsafe">Podsafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">Underground music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Amateur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Home movies">Home movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_film" title="Amateur film">Amateur film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_pornography" title="Amateur pornography">Amateur pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(Hollywood_Golden_Age)" title="B movies (Hollywood Golden Age)">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_in_the_1950s" title="B movies in the 1950s">'50s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(exploitation_boom)" title="B movies (exploitation boom)">'60s–'70s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_since_the_1980s" title="B movies since the 1980s">'80s–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">Midnight movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave_cinema" title="No wave cinema">No wave cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_feature" title="Double feature">Double feature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_coding" title="Cowboy coding">Cowboy coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">Demoscene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">Software cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unofficial_patch" title="Unofficial patch">Unofficial patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warez_scene" title="Warez scene">Warez scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie game development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indie_game_developers" title="List of indie game developers">developers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">Homebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_video_game" title="Open-source video game">Open-source video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">ROM hack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Food</li><li>Drinks</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_soft_drink" title="Independent soft drink">Independent soft drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">Homebrewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">Microbrewery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_art" title="Indie art">Indie art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Amateur photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_environment" title="Visionary environment">Visionary environment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_role-playing_game" title="Indie role-playing game">Indie RPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_circuit" title="Independent circuit">Independent circuit <span style="font-size:85%;">(wrestling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Independent TV station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (<a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujin" title="Doujin">Doujin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_(magazine)" title="Make (magazine)"><i>Make</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(magazine)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maker_Faire" title="Maker Faire">Maker Faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Social peer-to-peer processes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q341#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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