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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refusal_to_publish_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Refusal to publish report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refusal_to_publish_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issuance_of_fraudulent_certificates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issuance_of_fraudulent_certificates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Issuance of fraudulent certificates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issuance_of_fraudulent_certificates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issuance of fraudulent certificates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issuance_of_fraudulent_certificates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former certificate authority</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">DigiNotar BV</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DigiNotar_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DigiNotar_logo.svg/220px-DigiNotar_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DigiNotar_logo.svg/330px-DigiNotar_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DigiNotar_logo.svg/440px-DigiNotar_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="108" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Subsidiary of a publicly traded company</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Dick Batenburg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">20 September 2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">2011-09-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">acquired by <a href="/wiki/VASCO_Data_Security_International,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="VASCO Data Security International, Inc.">VASCO Data Security International, Inc.</a> in 2010; declared bankrupt in 2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Beverwijk" title="Beverwijk">Beverwijk</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_key_certificate" title="Public key certificate">Public key certificates</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Certificate_authority" title="Certificate authority">Certificate authority</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">VASCO Data Security International</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080427214400/http://www.diginotar.nl/">diginotar.nl</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 27 April 2008)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>DigiNotar</b> was a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Certificate_authority" title="Certificate authority">certificate authority</a>, established in 1998 and acquired in January 2011 by <a href="/wiki/VASCO_Data_Security_International,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="VASCO Data Security International, Inc.">VASCO Data Security International, Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-vasco-acquisition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vasco-acquisition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company was hacked in June 2011 and it issued hundreds of fake <a href="/wiki/Public_key_certificate" title="Public key certificate">certificates</a>, some of which were used for <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attacks</a> on Iranian <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> users. The company was declared bankrupt in September 2011. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DigiNotar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 3 September 2011, after it had become clear that a security breach had resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Fraudulent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraudulent">fraudulent</a> issuing of <a href="/wiki/Public_key_certificate" title="Public key certificate">certificates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch government">Dutch government</a> took over operational management of DigiNotar's systems.<sup id="cite_ref-gc1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gc1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same month, the company was declared bankrupt.<sup id="cite_ref-vasco-bankruptcy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vasco-bankruptcy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An investigation into the hacking by Dutch-government appointed Fox-IT consultancy identified 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> users as the main target of the hack (targeted subsequently using <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-in-the-middle">man-in-the-middle</a> attacks), and suspected that the Iranian government was behind the hack.<sup id="cite_ref-cwfoxit_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cwfoxit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While nobody has been charged with the break-in and compromise of the certificates (as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DigiNotar&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>), cryptographer <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier">Bruce Schneier</a> says the attack may have been "either the work of the <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a>, or exploited by the NSA."<sup id="cite_ref-schneier_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneier-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this has been disputed, with others saying the NSA had only detected a foreign <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence service">intelligence service</a> using the fake certificates.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hack has also been claimed by the so-called Comodohacker, allegedly a 21-year-old Iranian student, who also claimed to have hacked four other certificate authorities, including <a href="/wiki/Comodo_Group#2011_breach_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Comodo Group">Comodo</a>, a claim found plausible by <a href="/wiki/F-Secure" title="F-Secure">F-Secure</a>, although not fully explaining how it led to the subsequent "widescale interception of Iranian citizens".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After more than 500 fake DigiNotar certificates were found, major web browser makers reacted by blacklisting all DigiNotar certificates.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scale of the incident was used by some organizations like <a href="/wiki/European_Network_and_Information_Security_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Network and Information Security Agency">ENISA</a> and <a href="/wiki/AccessNow.org" class="mw-redirect" title="AccessNow.org">AccessNow.org</a> to call for a deeper reform of <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a> in order to remove the weakest link possibility that a single compromised CA can affect that many users.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Company">Company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DigiNotar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DigiNotar's main activity was as a <a href="/wiki/Certificate_authority" title="Certificate authority">certificate authority</a>, issuing two types of certificate. First, they issued certificates under their own name (where the root CA was "DigiNotar Root CA").<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Entrust" title="Entrust">Entrust</a> certificates were not issued since July 2010, but some were still valid up to July 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondly, they issued certificates for the Dutch government's <a href="/wiki/PKIoverheid" title="PKIoverheid">PKIoverheid</a> ("PKIgovernment") program. This issuance was via two intermediate certificates, each of which chained up to one of the two "Staat der Nederlanden" root CAs. National and local Dutch authorities and organisations offering services for the government who want to use certificates for secure internet communication can request such a certificate. Some of the most-used electronic services offered by Dutch governments used certificates from DigiNotar. Examples were the authentication infrastructure <a href="/wiki/DigiD" title="DigiD">DigiD</a> and the central car-registration organisation <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Vehicle_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands Vehicle Authority">Netherlands Vehicle Authority</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDW_(Dienst_Wegverkeer)" class="extiw" title="nl:RDW (Dienst Wegverkeer)">nl</a>]</span> (RDW). </p><p>DigiNotar's root certificates were removed from the trusted-root lists of all major web browsers and consumer operating systems on or around 29 August 2011;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "Staat der Nederlanden" roots were initially kept because they were not believed to be compromised. However, they have since been revoked. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DigiNotar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DigiNotar was originally set up in 1998 by the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_notary" title="Civil law notary">notary</a> Dick Batenburg from <a href="/wiki/Beverwijk" title="Beverwijk">Beverwijk</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koninklijke_Notari%C3%ABle_Beroepsorganisatie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koninklijke Notariële Beroepsorganisatie (page does not exist)">Koninklijke Notariële Beroepsorganisatie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninklijke_Notari%C3%ABle_Beroepsorganisatie" class="extiw" title="nl:Koninklijke Notariële Beroepsorganisatie">nl</a>]</span>, the national body for Dutch <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_notary" title="Civil law notary">civil law notaries</a>. The KNB offers all kind of central services to the notaries, and because many of the services that notaries offer are official legal procedures, security in communications is important. The KNB offered advisory services to their members on how to implement electronic services in their business; one of these activities was offering secure certificates. </p><p>Dick Batenburg and the KNB formed the group TTP Notarissen (TTP Notaries), where TTP stands for <a href="/wiki/Trusted_third_party" title="Trusted third party">trusted third party</a>. A notary can become a member of TTP Notarissen if they comply with certain rules. If they comply with additional rules on training and work procedures, they can become an accredited TTP Notary.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although DigiNotar had been a general-purpose CA for several years, they still targeted the market for notaries and other professionals. </p><p>On 10 January 2011 the company was sold to VASCO Data Security International.<sup id="cite_ref-vasco-acquisition_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vasco-acquisition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a VASCO press release dated 20 June 2011, one day after DigiNotar first detected an incident on their systems<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VASCO's president and <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">COO</a> Jan Valcke is quoted as stating "We believe that DigiNotar's certificates are among the most reliable in the field."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DigiNotar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bankruptcy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 September 2011 Vasco announced that its subsidiary DigiNotar was declared bankrupt after filing for <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_bankruptcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Voluntary bankruptcy">voluntary bankruptcy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a> <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a>. Effective immediately the court appointed a <a href="/wiki/Receivership" title="Receivership">receiver</a>, a court-appointed trustee who takes over the management of all of DigiNotar's affairs as it proceeds through the bankruptcy process to <a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">liquidation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vasco-bankruptcy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vasco-bankruptcy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refusal_to_publish_report">Refusal to publish report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DigiNotar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Refusal to publish report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/DigiNotar" title="Special:EditPage/DigiNotar">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nl:curator" class="extiw" title="wikt:nl:curator">curator</a></i> (court-appointed receiver) didn't want the report from <a href="/w/index.php?title=ITSec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ITSec (page does not exist)">ITSec</a> to be published, as it might lead to additional claims towards DigiNotar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The report covered the way the company operated and details of the hack of 2011 that led to its bankruptcy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The report was made on request of the Dutch supervisory agency <a href="/wiki/Onafhankelijke_Post_en_Telecommunicatie_Autoriteit" title="Onafhankelijke Post en Telecommunicatie Autoriteit">OPTA</a> who refused to publish the report in the first place. In a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country#Netherlands" title="Freedom of information laws by country">freedom of information</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_openbaarheid_van_bestuur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wet openbaarheid van bestuur (page does not exist)">Wet openbaarheid van bestuur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_openbaarheid_van_bestuur" class="extiw" title="nl:Wet openbaarheid van bestuur">nl</a>]</span></i>) procedure started by a journalist, the receiver tried to convince the court not to allow publication of this report, and to confirm the OPTA's initial refusal to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The report was ordered to be released, and was made public in October 2012. It shows a near total compromise of the systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issuance_of_fraudulent_certificates">Issuance of fraudulent certificates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DigiNotar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Issuance of fraudulent certificates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 July 2011 an attacker with access to DigiNotar's systems issued a <a href="/wiki/Wildcard_SSL_certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildcard SSL certificate">wildcard</a> <a href="/wiki/Certificate_(cryptography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate (cryptography)">certificate</a> for <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>. This certificate was subsequently used by unknown persons in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a> against Google services.<sup id="cite_ref-googleonlinesecurity_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-googleonlinesecurity-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 August 2011 certificate problems were observed on multiple <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_providers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet service providers">Internet service providers</a> in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fraudulent certificate was posted on <a href="/wiki/Pastebin.com" title="Pastebin.com">Pastebin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a subsequent news release by VASCO, DigiNotar had detected an intrusion into its certificate authority infrastructure on 19 July 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DigiNotar did not publicly reveal the security breach at the time. </p><p>After this certificate was found, DigiNotar belatedly admitted dozens of fraudulent certificates had been created, including certificates for the domains of <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Tor_Project" title="The Tor Project">The Tor Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DigiNotar could not guarantee all such certificates had been <a href="/wiki/Certificate_revocation" title="Certificate revocation">revoked</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-webwereld107764_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webwereld107764-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google <a href="/wiki/Blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacklist">blacklisted</a> 247 certificates in <a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the final known total of misissued certificates is at least 531.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investigation by <a href="/wiki/F-Secure" title="F-Secure">F-Secure</a> also revealed that DigiNotar's website had been defaced by Turkish and Iranian hackers in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In reaction, Mozilla revoked trust in the DigiNotar root certificate in all supported versions of its <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> browser and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> removed the DigiNotar root certificate from its list of trusted certificates with its browsers on all supported releases of Microsoft Windows.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mozillablog20110829_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mozillablog20110829-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a> / <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> was able to detect the fraudulent <code>*.google.com</code> certificate, due to its "<a href="/wiki/Certificate_pinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate pinning">certificate pinning</a>" security feature;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, this protection was limited to Google domains, which resulted in Google removing DigiNotar from its list of trusted certificate issuers.<sup id="cite_ref-googleonlinesecurity_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-googleonlinesecurity-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Opera_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera (browser)">Opera</a> always checks the certificate revocation list of the certificate's issuer and so they initially stated they did not need a security update.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, later they also removed the root from their trust store.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 September 2011 <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> issued Security Update 2011-005 for <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> 10.6.8 and 10.7.1, which removes DigiNotar from the list of trusted root certificates and EV certificate authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without this update, <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> and Mac OS X do not detect the certificate's revocation, and users must use the <a href="/wiki/Keychain_(Mac_OS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keychain (Mac OS)">Keychain</a> utility to manually delete the certificate.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple did not patch iOS until 13 October 2011, with the release of iOS 5.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DigiNotar also controlled an intermediate certificate which was used for issuing certificates as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch government">Dutch government</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure" title="Public key infrastructure">public key infrastructure</a> "PKIoverheid" program, chaining up to the official Dutch government certification authority (<i>Staat der Nederlanden</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-mozillablog20110902_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mozillablog20110902-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once this intermediate certificate was revoked or marked as untrusted by browsers, the <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_trust" title="Chain of trust">chain of trust</a> for their certificates was broken, and it was difficult to access services such as the <a href="/wiki/Identity_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity management">identity management</a> platform <a href="/wiki/DigiD" title="DigiD">DigiD</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tax_and_Customs_Administration" title="Tax and Customs Administration">Tax and Customs Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=GOVCERT.NL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GOVCERT.NL (page does not exist)">GOVCERT.NL</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOVCERT.NL" class="extiw" title="nl:GOVCERT.NL">nl</a>]</span>, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Computer_emergency_response_team" title="Computer emergency response team">computer emergency response team</a>, initially did not believe the PKIoverheid certificates had been compromised,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although security specialists were uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-webwereld107764_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webwereld107764-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because these certificates were initially thought not to be compromised by the security breach, they were, at the request of the Dutch authorities, kept exempt from the removal of trust<sup id="cite_ref-mozillablog20110902_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mozillablog20110902-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – although one of the two, the active "Staat der Nederlanden - G2" root certificate, was overlooked by the Mozilla engineers and accidentally distrusted in the Firefox build.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this assessment was rescinded after an audit by the Dutch government, and the DigiNotar-controlled intermediates in the "Staat der Nederlanden" hierarchy were also blacklisted by Mozilla in the next security update, and also by other browser manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch government announced on 3 September 2011 that they would switch to a different firm as certificate authority.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steps_taken_by_the_Dutch_government">Steps taken by the Dutch government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DigiNotar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Steps taken by the Dutch government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the initial claim that the certificates under the DigiNotar-controlled intermediate certificate in the <a href="/wiki/PKIoverheid" title="PKIoverheid">PKIoverheid</a> hierarchy weren't affected, further investigation by an external party, the Fox-IT consultancy, showed evidence of hacker activity on those machines as well. Consequently, the Dutch government decided on 3 September 2011 to withdraw their earlier statement that nothing was wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-nws3sep_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nws3sep-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The Fox-IT investigators dubbed the incident "Operation Black Tulip".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The Fox-IT report identified 300,000 Iranian Gmail accounts as the main victims of the hack.<sup id="cite_ref-cwfoxit_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cwfoxit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DigiNotar was only one of the available CAs in PKIoverheid, so not all certificates used by the Dutch government under their root were affected. When the Dutch government decided that they had lost their trust in DigiNotar, they took back control over the company's intermediate certificate in order to manage an orderly transition, and they replaced the untrusted certificates with new ones from one of the other providers.<sup id="cite_ref-nws3sep_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nws3sep-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The much-used DigiD platform now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> uses a certificate issued by <a href="/wiki/Getronics" title="Getronics">Getronics</a> PinkRoccade Nederland B.V.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Dutch government, DigiNotar gave them its full co-operation with these procedures. </p><p>After the removal of trust in DigiNotar, there are now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> four <i>Certification Service Providers</i> (CSP) that can issue certificates under the <a href="/wiki/PKIoverheid" title="PKIoverheid">PKIoverheid</a> hierarchy:<sup id="cite_ref-GovCAs_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovCAs-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Digidentity<sup id="cite_ref-digidentity_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digidentity-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ESG or De Electronische Signatuur<sup id="cite_ref-esg_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esg-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>QuoVadis<sup id="cite_ref-quo_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quo-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPN" title="KPN">KPN</a> Certificatiedienstverlening</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>All four companies have opened special help desks and/or published information on their websites as to how organisations that have a PKIoverheid certificate from DigiNotar can request a new certificate from one of the remaining four providers.<sup id="cite_ref-digidentity_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digidentity-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esg_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esg-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quo_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quo-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DigiNotar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_Cybersecurity#Certificate_hacking" title="Comodo Cybersecurity">Comodo Cybersecurity § Certificate hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shady_RAT" title="Operation Shady RAT">Operation Shady RAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398" title="PLA Unit 61398">PLA Unit 61398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailored_Access_Operations" title="Tailored Access Operations">Tailored Access Operations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DigiNotar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vasco-acquisition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vasco-acquisition_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vasco-acquisition_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917092647/http://www.vasco.com/company/press_room/news_archive/2011/acquisition_diginotar.aspx">"VASCO Data Security International, Inc. announces the acquisition of DigiNotar B.V., a market leader in Internet trust services in the Netherlands"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/OneSpan" title="OneSpan">VASCO</a>. January 10, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vasco.com/company/press_room/news_archive/2011/acquisition_diginotar.aspx">the original</a> on September 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VASCO+Data+Security+International%2C+Inc.+announces+the+acquisition+of+DigiNotar+B.V.%2C+a+market+leader+in+Internet+trust+services+in+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=VASCO&rft.date=2011-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vasco.com%2Fcompany%2Fpress_room%2Fnews_archive%2F2011%2Facquisition_diginotar.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Meulen2013" class="citation journal cs1">van der Meulen, Nicole (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1944-0472.6.2.4">"DigiNotar: Dissecting the First Dutch Digital Disaster"</a>. <i>Journal of Strategic Security</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 46–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1944-0472.6.2.4">10.5038/1944-0472.6.2.4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-0464">1944-0464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strategic+Security&rft.atitle=DigiNotar%3A+Dissecting+the+First+Dutch+Digital+Disaster&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=46-58&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5038%2F1944-0472.6.2.4&rft.issn=1944-0464&rft.aulast=van+der+Meulen&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5038%252F1944-0472.6.2.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gc1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gc1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Website Govcert <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govcert.nl/dienstverlening/Kennis+en+publicaties/factsheets/factsheet-frauduleus-uitgegeven-beveiligingscertificaat-ontdekt.html">Factsheet discovery fraudulent certificates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008012720/http://www.govcert.nl/dienstverlening/Kennis+en+publicaties/factsheets/factsheet-frauduleus-uitgegeven-beveiligingscertificaat-ontdekt.html">Archived</a> October 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved September 6, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vasco-bankruptcy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vasco-bankruptcy_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vasco-bankruptcy_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110923180445/http://www.vasco.com/company/press_room/news_archive/2011/news_vasco_announces_bankruptcy_filing_by_diginotar_bv.aspx">"VASCO Announces Bankruptcy Filing by DigiNotar B.V."</a> (Press release). VASCO Data Security International. September 20, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vasco.com/company/press_room/news_archive/2011/news_vasco_announces_bankruptcy_filing_by_diginotar_bv.aspx">the original</a> on September 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VASCO+Announces+Bankruptcy+Filing+by+DigiNotar+B.V.&rft.pub=VASCO+Data+Security+International&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vasco.com%2Fcompany%2Fpress_room%2Fnews_archive%2F2011%2Fnews_vasco_announces_bankruptcy_filing_by_diginotar_bv.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2016" class="citation news cs1">Wolff, Josephine (2016-12-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/technology/2016/12/how-the-2011-hack-of-diginotar-changed-the-internets-infrastructure.html">"How a 2011 Hack You've Never Heard of Changed the Internet's Infrastructure"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=How+a+2011+Hack+You%27ve+Never+Heard+of+Changed+the+Internet%27s+Infrastructure&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft.issn=1091-2339&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Ftechnology%2F2016%2F12%2Fhow-the-2011-hack-of-diginotar-changed-the-internets-infrastructure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cwfoxit-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cwfoxit_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cwfoxit_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg_Keizer2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Gregg Keizer (2011-09-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9219731/Hackers_spied_on_300_000_Iranians_using_fake_Google_certificate">"Hackers spied on 300,000 Iranians using fake Google certificate"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202161322/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9219731/Hackers_spied_on_300_000_Iranians_using_fake_Google_certificate">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Hackers+spied+on+300%2C000+Iranians+using+fake+Google+certificate&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.au=Gregg+Keizer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F9219731%2FHackers_spied_on_300_000_Iranians_using_fake_Google_certificate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schneier-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schneier_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2013/09/new_nsa_leak_sh.html">"New NSA Leak Shows Man-In-The-Middle Attacks Against Major Internet Services"</a>. September 13, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920194737/https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2013/09/new_nsa_leak_sh.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+NSA+Leak+Shows+Man-In-The-Middle+Attacks+Against+Major+Internet+Services&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schneier.com%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F2013%2F09%2Fnew_nsa_leak_sh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouwhorst,_Koen2013" class="citation web cs1">Rouwhorst, Koen (September 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koen.io/2013/09/no-the-nsa-was-not-behind-the-diginotar-hack/">"No, the NSA was not behind the DigiNotar hack"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131120002024/http://koen.io/2013/09/no-the-nsa-was-not-behind-the-diginotar-hack/">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No%2C+the+NSA+was+not+behind+the+DigiNotar+hack&rft.date=2013-09-14&rft.au=Rouwhorst%2C+Koen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoen.io%2F2013%2F09%2Fno-the-nsa-was-not-behind-the-diginotar-hack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/399812/comodo_hacker_claims_credit_diginotar_attack/">"Comodo hacker claims credit for DigiNotar attack"</a>. PC World Australia. 2011-09-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202102259/http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/399812/comodo_hacker_claims_credit_diginotar_attack/">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comodo+hacker+claims+credit+for+DigiNotar+attack&rft.pub=PC+World+Australia&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.idg.com.au%2Farticle%2F399812%2Fcomodo_hacker_claims_credit_diginotar_attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright2011" class="citation web cs1">Bright, Peter (September 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/security/news/2011/09/comodo-hacker-i-hacked-diginotar-too-other-cas-breached.ars">"Comodo hacker: I hacked DigiNotar too; other CAs breached"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417034405/http://arstechnica.com/security/news/2011/09/comodo-hacker-i-hacked-diginotar-too-other-cas-breached.ars">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Comodo+hacker%3A+I+hacked+DigiNotar+too%3B+other+CAs+breached&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fsecurity%2Fnews%2F2011%2F09%2Fcomodo-hacker-i-hacked-diginotar-too-other-cas-breached.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enisa.europa.eu/media/news-items/operation-black-tulip">"Operation Black Tulip: Certificate authorities lose authority"</a>. <i>www.enisa.europa.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422203954/http://www.enisa.europa.eu/media/news-items/operation-black-tulip">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.enisa.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Operation+Black+Tulip%3A+Certificate+authorities+lose+authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enisa.europa.eu%2Fmedia%2Fnews-items%2Foperation-black-tulip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessnow.org/cms/assets/uploads/archive/docs/Weakest_Link_in_the_Chain.pdf">"The weakest link in the chain: Vulnerabilities in the SSL certificate authority system and what should be done about them. An Access Policy Brief Regarding the Consequences of the DigiNotar breach for Civil Society and Commercial Enterprise"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006021605/https://www.accessnow.org/cms/assets/uploads/archive/docs/Weakest_Link_in_the_Chain.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+weakest+link+in+the+chain%3A+Vulnerabilities+in+the+SSL+certificate+authority+system+and+what+should+be+done+about+them.+An+Access+Policy+Brief+Regarding+the+Consequences+of+the+DigiNotar+breach+for+Civil+Society+and+Commercial+Enterprise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessnow.org%2Fcms%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2Farchive%2Fdocs%2FWeakest_Link_in_the_Chain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831055843/http://www.diginotar.nl/Klantenservice/Rootcertificaten/tabid/308/Default.aspx">"Overzicht actuele rootcertificaten"</a> [Survey of current root certificates] (in Dutch). DigiNotar. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diginotar.nl/Klantenservice/Rootcertificaten/tabid/308/Default.aspx">the original</a> on August 31, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overzicht+actuele+rootcertificaten&rft.pub=DigiNotar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diginotar.nl%2FKlantenservice%2FRootcertificaten%2Ftabid%2F308%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402191425/http://ssl.entrust.net/blog/?p=946">"Entrust in relation with Diginotar"</a>. Ssl.entrust.net. September 14, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssl.entrust.net/blog/?p=946">the original</a> on April 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entrust+in+relation+with+Diginotar&rft.pub=Ssl.entrust.net&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssl.entrust.net%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wildcard-Diginotar-under-Entrust.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Wildcard-Diginotar-under-Entrust.jpg">A print screen of a Diginotar certificate under the Entrust chain</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/library/security/2607712">"Microsoft Security Advisory 2607712"</a>. <i>technet.microsoft.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610040312/https://technet.microsoft.com/library/security/2607712">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=technet.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Security+Advisory+2607712&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnet.microsoft.com%2Flibrary%2Fsecurity%2F2607712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://security.googleblog.com/2011/08/update-on-attempted-man-in-middle.html">"An update on attempted man-in-the-middle attacks"</a>. <i>Google Online Security Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610024435/https://security.googleblog.com/2011/08/update-on-attempted-man-in-middle.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Online+Security+Blog&rft.atitle=An+update+on+attempted+man-in-the-middle+attacks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecurity.googleblog.com%2F2011%2F08%2Fupdate-on-attempted-man-in-middle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.mozilla.org/security/2011/08/29/fraudulent-google-com-certificate/">"Fraudulent *.google.com Certificate"</a>. <i>Mozilla Security Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525021658/https://blog.mozilla.org/security/2011/08/29/fraudulent-google-com-certificate/">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla+Security+Blog&rft.atitle=Fraudulent+%2A.google.com+Certificate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mozilla.org%2Fsecurity%2F2011%2F08%2F29%2Ffraudulent-google-com-certificate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Website Diginotar on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diginotar.nl/OverDigiNotar/TTPnotarissen/tabid/318/Default.aspx">TTP Notarissen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831163718/http://www.diginotar.nl/OverDigiNotar/TTPnotarissen/tabid/318/Default.aspx">Archived</a> August 31, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/rapporten/2011/09/05/diginotar-public-report-version-1/rapport-fox-it-operation-black-tulip-v1-0.pdf">FOX-IT Interim Report, v1.0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421060708/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/rapporten/2011/09/05/diginotar-public-report-version-1/rapport-fox-it-operation-black-tulip-v1-0.pdf">Archived</a> April 21, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (but before any certificates were misissued), Timeline, page 13. Retrieved September 5, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/vasco-tackles-global-ssl-certificate-market-2011-06-20?reflink=MW_news_stmp">"VASCO Tackles Global SSL-Certificate Market"</a>. <i>MarketWatch</i>. June 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch&rft.atitle=VASCO+Tackles+Global+SSL-Certificate+Market&rft.date=2011-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fvasco-tackles-global-ssl-certificate-market-2011-06-20%3Freflink%3DMW_news_stmp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pressrelease Court of Haarlem on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rechtspraak.nl/Organisatie/Rechtbanken/Haarlem/Nieuws/Pages/FaillissementDiginotarBV.aspx">DigiNotar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924072529/http://www.rechtspraak.nl/Organisatie/Rechtbanken/Haarlem/Nieuws/Pages/FaillissementDiginotarBV.aspx">Archived</a> September 24, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 20 September 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newssite nu.nl: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nu.nl/diginotar/2842083/curator-diginotar-vreest-meer-claims.html">Receiver afraid of more claims</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630113620/http://www.nu.nl/diginotar/2842083/curator-diginotar-vreest-meer-claims.html">Archived</a> June 30, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Dutch), 22 June 2012. Visited: 25 June 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-googleonlinesecurity-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-googleonlinesecurity_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-googleonlinesecurity_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather_Adkins2011" class="citation web cs1">Heather Adkins (August 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://googleonlinesecurity.blogspot.com/2011/08/update-on-attempted-man-in-middle.html">"An update on attempted man-in-the-middle attacks"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110913024152/http://googleonlinesecurity.blogspot.com/2011/08/update-on-attempted-man-in-middle.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+update+on+attempted+man-in-the-middle+attacks&rft.date=2011-08-29&rft.au=Heather+Adkins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogleonlinesecurity.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F08%2Fupdate-on-attempted-man-in-middle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elinor Mills. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20098894-245/fraudulent-google-certificate-points-to-internet-attack/">"Fraudulent Google certificate points to Internet attack".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008200937/http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20098894-245/fraudulent-google-certificate-points-to-internet-attack/">Archived</a> October 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a></i>, 8/29/2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Arthur2011" class="citation news cs1">Charles Arthur (August 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/aug/30/faked-web-certificate-iran-dissidents">"Faked web certificate could have been used to attack Iran dissidents"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826175742/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/aug/30/faked-web-certificate-iran-dissidents">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Faked+web+certificate+could+have+been+used+to+attack+Iran+dissidents&rft.date=2011-08-30&rft.au=Charles+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2011%2Faug%2F30%2Ffaked-web-certificate-iran-dissidents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428161454/http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Fraudulent-certificate-triggers-blocking-from-software-companies-1333088.html">"Fraudulent certificate triggers blocking from software companies"</a>. 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October 13, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205004031/http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1222">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+security+content+of+iOS+5+Software+Update&rft.pub=Apple&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.apple.com%2Fkb%2FHT1222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mozillablog20110902-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mozillablog20110902_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mozillablog20110902_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnathan_Nightingale2011" class="citation web cs1">Johnathan Nightingale (September 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.mozilla.com/security/2011/09/02/diginotar-removal-follow-up/">"DigiNotar Removal Follow Up"</a>. <i>Mozilla Security Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921090537/https://blog.mozilla.com/security/2011/09/02/diginotar-removal-follow-up/">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla+Security+Blog&rft.atitle=DigiNotar+Removal+Follow+Up&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft.au=Johnathan+Nightingale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mozilla.com%2Fsecurity%2F2011%2F09%2F02%2Fdiginotar-removal-follow-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchellevis2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schellevis, Joost (August 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tweakers.net/nieuws/76461/firefox-vertrouwt-certificaat-digid-niet-meer.html">"Firefox vertrouwt certificaat DigiD niet meer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tweakers.net" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweakers.net">Tweakers.net</a></i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928135224/http://tweakers.net/nieuws/76461/firefox-vertrouwt-certificaat-digid-niet-meer.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tweakers.net&rft.atitle=Firefox+vertrouwt+certificaat+DigiD+niet+meer&rft.date=2011-08-30&rft.aulast=Schellevis&rft.aufirst=Joost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftweakers.net%2Fnieuws%2F76461%2Ffirefox-vertrouwt-certificaat-digid-niet-meer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govcert.nl/actueel/Nieuws/frauduleus-uitgegeven-beveiligingscertificaat.html">"Frauduleus uitgegeven beveiligingscertificaat"</a>. August 30, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006185750/http://www.govcert.nl/actueel/Nieuws/frauduleus-uitgegeven-beveiligingscertificaat.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frauduleus+uitgegeven+beveiligingscertificaat&rft.date=2011-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govcert.nl%2Factueel%2FNieuws%2Ffrauduleus-uitgegeven-beveiligingscertificaat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchellevis2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schellevis, Joost (August 31, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tweakers.net/nieuws/76484/overheid-vertrouwt-blunderende-ssl-autoriteit.html">"Overheid vertrouwt blunderende ssl-autoriteit"</a>. <i>Tweakers.net</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928135333/http://tweakers.net/nieuws/76484/overheid-vertrouwt-blunderende-ssl-autoriteit.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tweakers.net&rft.atitle=Overheid+vertrouwt+blunderende+ssl-autoriteit&rft.date=2011-08-31&rft.aulast=Schellevis&rft.aufirst=Joost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftweakers.net%2Fnieuws%2F76484%2Foverheid-vertrouwt-blunderende-ssl-autoriteit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchellevis2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schellevis, Joost (August 31, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tweakers.net/nieuws/76475/firefox-vertrouwt-digid-toch-na-verzoek-nederlandse-overheid.html">"Firefox vertrouwt DigiD toch na verzoek Nederlandse overheid"</a>. <i>Tweakers.net</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928135306/http://tweakers.net/nieuws/76475/firefox-vertrouwt-digid-toch-na-verzoek-nederlandse-overheid.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tweakers.net&rft.atitle=Firefox+vertrouwt+DigiD+toch+na+verzoek+Nederlandse+overheid&rft.date=2011-08-31&rft.aulast=Schellevis&rft.aufirst=Joost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftweakers.net%2Fnieuws%2F76475%2Ffirefox-vertrouwt-digid-toch-na-verzoek-nederlandse-overheid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=683449">"Bugzilla@Mozilla – Bug 683449 - Remove the exemptions for the Staat der Nederlanden root"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502151542/https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=683449">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bugzilla%40Mozilla+%E2%80%93+Bug+683449+-+Remove+the+exemptions+for+the+Staat+der+Nederlanden+root&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbugzilla.mozilla.org%2Fshow_bug.cgi%3Fid%3D683449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGervase_Markham2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gervase_Markham_(programmer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gervase Markham (programmer) (page does not exist)">Gervase Markham</a> (September 3, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.gerv.net/2011/09/diginotar-compromise/">"DigiNotar Compromise"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925053958/http://blog.gerv.net/2011/09/diginotar-compromise/">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DigiNotar+Compromise&rft.date=2011-09-03&rft.au=Gervase+Markham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.gerv.net%2F2011%2F09%2Fdiginotar-compromise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927075509/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/security-dutch-government-websites-jeopardy">"Security of Dutch government websites in jeopardy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Netherlands_Worldwide" title="Radio Netherlands Worldwide">Radio Netherlands Worldwide</a>. September 3, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/security-dutch-government-websites-jeopardy">the original</a> on September 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Security+of+Dutch+government+websites+in+jeopardy&rft.date=2011-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnw.nl%2Fafrica%2Fbulletin%2Fsecurity-dutch-government-websites-jeopardy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nws3sep-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nws3sep_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nws3sep_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newsrelease Dutch Government: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/nieuws/2011/09/03/overheid-zegt-vertrouwen-in-de-certificaten-van-diginotar-op.html">Overheid zegt vertrouwen in de certificaten van Diginotar op</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017145550/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/nieuws/2011/09/03/overheid-zegt-vertrouwen-in-de-certificaten-van-diginotar-op.html">Archived</a> October 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, September 3, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharette2011" class="citation web cs1">Charette, Robert (2011-09-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/diginotar-certificate-authority-breach-crashes-egovernment-in-the-netherlands">"DigiNotar Certificate Authority Breach Crashes e-Government in the Netherlands - IEEE Spectrum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203003046/http://spectrum.ieee.org/riskfactor/telecom/security/diginotar-certificate-authority-breach-crashes-egovernment-in-the-netherlands">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DigiNotar+Certificate+Authority+Breach+Crashes+e-Government+in+the+Netherlands+-+IEEE+Spectrum&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2011-09-09&rft.aulast=Charette&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fdiginotar-certificate-authority-breach-crashes-egovernment-in-the-netherlands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See certificate on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://applicaties.digid.nl/aanvragen">Request DigiD account</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. Retrieved September 5, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GovCAs-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GovCAs_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Website Logius:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228220237/http://www.logius.nl/producten/toegang/pkioverheid/vervangen-certificaten/">Replacing Certificates</a>. Retrieved September 5, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-digidentity-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-digidentity_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-digidentity_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712050404/https://www.digidentity.eu/static/nl/digidentity-ssl/pkioverheid-ssl.html">"PKIoverheid SSL"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digidentity.eu/static/nl/digidentity-ssl/pkioverheid-ssl.html">the original</a> on July 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PKIoverheid+SSL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digidentity.eu%2Fstatic%2Fnl%2Fdigidentity-ssl%2Fpkioverheid-ssl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esg-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esg_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esg_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.de-electronische-signatuur.nl/web/nl/certificaten/pkioverheid-certificaten/pkioverheid-services-certificaten">PKIOverheids certificates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010072527/http://www.de-electronische-signatuur.nl/web/nl/certificaten/pkioverheid-certificaten/pkioverheid-services-certificaten">Archived</a> October 10, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved September 5, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quo-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quo_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quo_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Website Dutch office of Quovadis on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quovadisglobal.nl/DigitaleCertificaten/PKIOverheidCertificaten.aspx">PKIOverheid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010041600/http://www.quovadisglobal.nl/DigitaleCertificaten/PKIOverheidCertificaten.aspx">Archived</a> October 10, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved September 5, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Website Getronics on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pki.getronics.nl/website/133/">Requesting PKIOverheid certificate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20111010022710/http://www.pki.getronics.nl/website/133/">Archived</a> October 10, 2011, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. Retrieved September 5, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DigiNotar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fox-IT (August 2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919225205/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2011/09/05/diginotar-public-report-version-1/rapport-fox-it-operation-black-tulip-v1-0.pdf">Black Tulip: Report of the investigation into the DigiNotar Certificate Authority breach</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DigiNotar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govcert.nl/binaries/live/govcert/hst%3Acontent/dienstverlening/kennis-en-publicaties/factsheets/factsheet-frauduleus-uitgegeven-beveiligingscertificaat-ontdekt/factsheet-frauduleus-uitgegeven-beveiligingscertificaat-ontdekt/govcert%3AdocumentResource%5B2%5D/govcert%3Aresource">Fraudulent Certificates ‐ List of Common Names</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018181357/http://www.govcert.nl/binaries/live/govcert/hst%3Acontent/dienstverlening/kennis-en-publicaties/factsheets/factsheet-frauduleus-uitgegeven-beveiligingscertificaat-ontdekt/factsheet-frauduleus-uitgegeven-beveiligingscertificaat-ontdekt/govcert%3AdocumentResource%5B2%5D/govcert%3Aresource">Archived</a> October 18, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831143034/http://www.vasco.com/company/press_room/news_archive/2011/news_diginotar_reports_security_incident.aspx">DigiNotar reports security incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastebin" title="Pastebin">Pastebin</a> posts: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pastebin.com/ff7Yg663">Gmail.com SSL MITM ATTACK BY Iranian Government -27/8/2011</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pastebin.com/SwCZqskV">Internet death sentence for DigiNotar's Root CA!</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mozilla.org/security/announce/2011/mfsa2011-34.html">Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory 2011-34: Protection against fraudulent DigiNotar certificates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/advisory/2607712.mspx">Microsoft Security Advisory (2607712): Fraudulent Digital Certificates Could Allow Spoofing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.gerv.net/2011/09/diginotar-compromise/">DigiNotar Compromise</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a>'s Gervase Markham's account of how and why Mozilla blacklisted DigiNotar.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnathan_Nightingale2011" class="citation web cs1">Johnathan Nightingale (September 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.mozilla.com/security/2011/09/02/diginotar-removal-follow-up/">"DigiNotar Removal Follow Up"</a>. <i>Mozilla Security Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla+Security+Blog&rft.atitle=DigiNotar+Removal+Follow+Up&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft.au=Johnathan+Nightingale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mozilla.com%2Fsecurity%2F2011%2F09%2F02%2Fdiginotar-removal-follow-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigiNotar" class="Z3988"></span> Account by the Director of Firefox Engineering at the Mozilla Corporation of why Mozilla's removal of DigiNotar from the trusted list is not a temporary suspension, but a complete revocation of trust.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZsWoSxxwVYVideo">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> by Fox-IT, showing the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol" title="Online Certificate Status Protocol">OCSP</a> requests by Iranian users of DigiNotar certificates (likely attacks).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hacking_in_the_2010s" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacking_in_the_2010s" title="Template:Hacking in the 2010s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hacking_in_the_2010s" title="Template talk:Hacking in the 2010s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hacking_in_the_2010s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hacking in the 2010s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hacking_in_the_2010s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hacking in the 2010s</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Hacking_in_the_2000s" title="Template:Hacking in the 2000s">2000s</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_security_hacker_history#2010s" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of computer security hacker history">Timeline</a></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacking_in_the_2020s" title="Template:Hacking in the 2020s">2020s</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aurora" title="Operation Aurora">Operation Aurora</a> (publication of 2009 events)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2010_Australian_cyberattacks" title="February 2010 Australian cyberattacks">Australian cyberattacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olympic_Games" title="Operation Olympic Games">Operation Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Network" title="Shadow Network">Operation ShadowNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Payback" title="Operation Payback">Operation Payback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_government_hackings" title="2011 Canadian government hackings">Canadian government</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DigiNotar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNSChanger" title="DNSChanger">DNSChanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBGary" title="HBGary">HBGary Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_AntiSec" title="Operation AntiSec">Operation AntiSec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_PlayStation_Network_outage" title="2011 PlayStation Network outage">PlayStation network outage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSA_SecurID#March_2011_system_compromise" title="RSA SecurID">RSA SecurID compromise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_LinkedIn_hack" title="2012 LinkedIn hack">LinkedIn hack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratfor_email_leak" title="Stratfor email leak">Stratfor email leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_High_Roller" title="Operation High Roller">Operation High Roller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_South_Korea_cyberattack" title="2013 South Korea cyberattack">South Korea cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapchat#December_2013_hack" title="Snapchat">Snapchat hack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25_cyber_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="June 25 cyber terror">Cyberterrorism attack of June 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_data_breaches#August_2013:_breach" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! data breaches">2013 Yahoo! data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Singapore_cyberattacks" title="2013 Singapore cyberattacks">Singapore cyberattacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_medical_data_breach" title="Anthem medical data breach">Anthem medical data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tovar" title="Operation Tovar">Operation Tovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_celebrity_nude_photo_leak" title="2014 celebrity nude photo leak">2014 celebrity nude photo leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_JPMorgan_Chase_data_breach" title="2014 JPMorgan Chase data breach">2014 JPMorgan Chase data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Sony_Pictures_hack" title="2014 Sony Pictures hack">2014 Sony Pictures hack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_hacker_password_theft" title="2014 Russian hacker password theft">Russian hacker password theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_data_breaches#Late_2014:_breach" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! data breaches">2014 Yahoo! data breach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Personnel_Management_data_breach" title="Office of Personnel Management data breach">Office of Personnel Management data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HackingTeam#2015_data_breach" title="HackingTeam">HackingTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Madison_data_breach" title="Ashley Madison data breach">Ashley Madison data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTech#2015_data_breach" title="VTech">VTech data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ukraine_power_grid_hack" title="2015 Ukraine power grid hack">Ukrainian Power Grid Cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_SWIFT_banking_hack" title="2015–2016 SWIFT banking hack">SWIFT banking hack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bank_robbery" title="Bangladesh Bank robbery">Bangladesh Bank robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Presbyterian_Medical_Center#Ransomware" title="Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center">Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center ransomware incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_data_breach" title="Commission on Elections data breach">Commission on Elections data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee_cyber_attacks" title="Democratic National Committee cyber attacks">Democratic National Committee cyber attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_airports_hackings" title="Vietnamese airports hackings">Vietnam Airport Hacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee_cyber_attacks" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee cyber attacks">DCCC cyber attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Banks_data_breach" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Indian Banks data breach">Indian Bank data breaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkov_leaks" title="Surkov leaks">Surkov leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDoS_attacks_on_Dyn" title="DDoS attacks on Dyn">Dyn cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bitfinex_hack" title="2016 Bitfinex hack">2016 Bitfinex hack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SHA1#SHAttered_–_first_public_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA1">SHAttered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Macron_e-mail_leaks" title="2017 Macron e-mail leaks">2017 Macron e-mail leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WannaCry_ransomware_attack" title="WannaCry ransomware attack">WannaCry ransomware attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Westminster_data_breach" title="2017 Westminster data breach">Westminster data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petya_(malware_family)" title="Petya (malware family)">Petya and NotPetya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Ukraine_ransomware_attacks" title="2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks">2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Equifax_data_breach" title="2017 Equifax data breach">Equifax data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deloitte#E-mail_hack" title="Deloitte">Deloitte breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disqus#October_2017_security_breach" title="Disqus">Disqus breach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trustico#DigiCert_and_Trustico_spat,_2018" title="Trustico">Trustico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_government_ransomware_attack" title="Atlanta government ransomware attack">Atlanta cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_SingHealth_data_breach" title="2018 SingHealth data breach">SingHealth data breach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_cyberattacks_on_Sri_Lanka" title="2019 cyberattacks on Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Baltimore_ransomware_attack" title="2019 Baltimore ransomware attack">Baltimore ransomware attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Bulgarian_revenue_agency_hack" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Bulgarian revenue agency hack">Bulgarian revenue agency hack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp_snooping_scandal" title="WhatsApp snooping scandal">WhatsApp snooping scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos_phone_hacking_incident" title="Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident">Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(hacker_group)" title="Anonymous (hacker group)">Anonymous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_associated_with_Anonymous" title="Timeline of events associated with Anonymous">associated events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CyberBerkut" title="CyberBerkut">CyberBerkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nigger_Association_of_America" title="Gay Nigger Association of America">GNAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatse_Security" title="Goatse Security">Goatse Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_Squad" title="Lizard Squad">Lizard Squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LulzRaft" title="LulzRaft">LulzRaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LulzSec" title="LulzSec">LulzSec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dyn_cyberattack#Perpetrators" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Dyn cyberattack">New World Hackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NullCrew" title="NullCrew">NullCrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OurMine" title="OurMine">OurMine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PayPal_14" title="PayPal 14">PayPal 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedHack" title="RedHack">RedHack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teamp0ison" title="Teamp0ison">Teamp0ison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Overlord_(hacker_group)" title="The Dark Overlord (hacker group)"> TDO </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UGNazi" title="UGNazi">UGNazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Cyber_Alliance" title="Ukrainian Cyber Alliance">Ukrainian Cyber Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_persistent_threat" title="Advanced persistent threat">Advanced<br />persistent threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Black_Hat_Hackers" title="Bangladesh Black Hat Hackers">Bangladesh Black Hat Hackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_121" title="Bureau 121">Bureau 121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charming_Kitten" title="Charming Kitten">Charming Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_Bear" title="Cozy Bear">Cozy Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Basin" title="Dark Basin">Dark Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DarkMatter_Group" title="DarkMatter Group">DarkMatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfin_Team" title="Elfin Team">Elfin Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_Group" title="Equation Group">Equation Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_Bear" title="Fancy Bear">Fancy Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet#History" title="Stuxnet">GOSSIPGIRL</a> (confederation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guccifer_2.0" title="Guccifer 2.0">Guccifer 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacking_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacking Team">Hacking Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_Kitten" title="Helix Kitten">Helix Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Cyber_Army" title="Iranian Cyber Army">Iranian Cyber Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Group" title="Lazarus Group">Lazarus Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Group#BlueNorOff" title="Lazarus Group">BlueNorOff</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Group#AndAriel" title="Lazarus Group">AndAriel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSO_Group" title="NSO Group">NSO Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Panda" title="Numbered Panda">Numbered Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398" title="PLA Unit 61398">PLA Unit 61398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61486" title="PLA Unit 61486">PLA Unit 61486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLATINUM_(cybercrime_group)" title="PLATINUM (cybercrime group)">PLATINUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranknet" title="Pranknet">Pranknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Apollo" title="Red Apollo">Red Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Kitten" title="Rocket Kitten">Rocket Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_Falcon" title="Stealth Falcon">Stealth Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Electronic_Army" title="Syrian Electronic Army">Syrian Electronic Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailored_Access_Operations" title="Tailored Access Operations">Tailored Access Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_Brokers" title="The Shadow Brokers">The Shadow Brokers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDedic" title="XDedic">xDedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Cyber_Army" title="Yemen Cyber Army">Yemen Cyber Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hacker" title="Hacker">Individuals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Ackroyd" title="Ryan Ackroyd">Ryan Ackroyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Al-Bassam" title="Mustafa Al-Bassam">Mustafa Al-Bassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hotz" title="George Hotz">George Hotz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guccifer" title="Guccifer">Guccifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Gunton" title="Elliott Gunton">Elliott Gunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hammond" title="Jeremy Hammond">Jeremy Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristoffer_von_Hassel" title="Kristoffer von Hassel">Kristoffer von Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junaid_Hussain" title="Junaid Hussain">Junaid Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLT_(hacktivist)" title="MLT (hacktivist)">MLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Monsegur" title="Hector Monsegur">Sabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Seleznev" title="Roman Seleznev">Track2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiary_(hacktivist)" title="Topiary (hacktivist)">Topiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jester_(hacktivist)" title="The Jester (hacktivist)">The Jester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">vulnerabilities</a><br />publicly <a href="/wiki/Full_disclosure_(computer_security)" title="Full disclosure (computer security)">disclosed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evercookie" title="Evercookie">Evercookie</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISeeYou" title="ISeeYou">iSeeYou</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartbleed" title="Heartbleed"> Heartbleed</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellshock_(software_bug)" title="Shellshock (software bug)">Shellshock</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/POODLE" title="POODLE">POODLE</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootpipe" title="Rootpipe">Rootpipe</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Row_hammer" title="Row hammer">Row hammer</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signaling_System_No._7#Protocol_security_vulnerabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling System No. 7">SS7 vulnerabilities</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinShock" title="WinShock">WinShock</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JASBUG" title="JASBUG">JASBUG</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagefright_(bug)" title="Stagefright (bug)">Stagefright</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DROWN_attack" title="DROWN attack">DROWN</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badlock" title="Badlock">Badlock</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_COW" title="Dirty COW">Dirty COW</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudbleed" title="Cloudbleed">Cloudbleed</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcom_Corporation#soc-wifi-vulns" title="Broadcom Corporation">Broadcom Wi-Fi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EternalBlue" title="EternalBlue">EternalBlue</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoublePulsar" title="DoublePulsar">DoublePulsar</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Active_Management_Technology#Silent_Bob_is_Silent" title="Intel Active Management Technology">Silent Bob is Silent</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRACK" title="KRACK">KRACK</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROCA_vulnerability" title="ROCA vulnerability">ROCA vulnerability</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueBorne_(security_vulnerability)" title="BlueBorne (security vulnerability)">BlueBorne</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)" title="Meltdown (security vulnerability)">Meltdown</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectre_(security_vulnerability)" title="Spectre (security vulnerability)">Spectre</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFAIL" title="EFAIL">EFAIL</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exactis" title="Exactis">Exactis</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_Store_Bypass" title="Speculative Store Bypass">Speculative Store Bypass</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_FP_state_restore" title="Lazy FP state restore">Lazy FP state restore</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLBleed" title="TLBleed">TLBleed</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SigSpoof" title="SigSpoof">SigSpoof</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadow" title="Foreshadow">Foreshadow</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access#Dragonblood_attack" title="Wi-Fi Protected Access">Dragonblood</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microarchitectural_Data_Sampling" title="Microarchitectural Data Sampling">Microarchitectural Data Sampling</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueKeep" title="BlueKeep">BlueKeep</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr00k" title="Kr00k">Kr00k</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware#Bad_Rabbit" title="Ransomware">Bad Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackEnergy#BlackEnergy_2_(BE2)" title="BlackEnergy"> Black Energy 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpyEye" title="SpyEye">SpyEye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coreflood" title="Coreflood">Coreflood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alureon" title="Alureon">Alureon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqu" title="Duqu">Duqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelihos_botnet" title="Kelihos botnet">Kelihos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metulji_botnet" title="Metulji botnet">Metulji botnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_virus" title="Stars virus">Stars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carna_botnet" title="Carna botnet">Carna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_(malware)" title="Dexter (malware)">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_MoneyPak_Ransomware" title="FBI MoneyPak Ransomware">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_(malware)" title="Flame (malware)">Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_(malware)" title="Mahdi (malware)">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_October_(malware)" title="Red October (malware)">Red October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamoon" title="Shamoon">Shamoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CryptoLocker" title="CryptoLocker">CryptoLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_South_Korea_cyberattack" title="2013 South Korea cyberattack">DarkSeoul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brambul" title="Brambul">Brambul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackEnergy#BlackEnergy_3_(BE3)" title="BlackEnergy"> Black Energy 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbanak" title="Carbanak">Carbanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careto_(malware)" title="Careto (malware)">Careto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DarkHotel" title="DarkHotel">DarkHotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqu_2.0" title="Duqu 2.0">Duqu 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFisher" title="FinFisher">FinFisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gameover_ZeuS" title="Gameover ZeuS">Gameover ZeuS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin_(malware)" title="Regin (malware)">Regin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dridex" title="Dridex">Dridex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Tear" title="Hidden Tear">Hidden Tear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombertik" title="Rombertik">Rombertik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeslaCrypt" title="TeslaCrypt">TeslaCrypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitler-Ransomware" title="Hitler-Ransomware">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(ransomware)" title="Jigsaw (ransomware)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KeRanger" title="KeRanger">KeRanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Necurs">Necurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEMZ" title="MEMZ">MEMZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirai_(malware)" title="Mirai (malware)">Mirai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(spyware)" title="Pegasus (spyware)">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petya_and_NotPetya" class="mw-redirect" title="Petya and NotPetya">Petya and NotPetya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Agent" title="X-Agent">X-Agent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BrickerBot" title="BrickerBot">BrickerBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Ransomware" title="Kirk Ransomware">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LogicLocker" title="LogicLocker">LogicLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensenware" title="Rensenware">Rensenware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(malware)" title="Triton (malware)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WannaCry_ransomware_attack" title="WannaCry ransomware attack">WannaCry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xafecopy_Trojan" title="Xafecopy Trojan">XafeCopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VPNFilter" title="VPNFilter">VPNFilter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grum_botnet" title="Grum botnet">Grum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanap" title="Joanap">Joanap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetTraveler" title="NetTraveler">NetTraveler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_Computer_Club#Staatstrojaner_affair" title="Chaos Computer Club">R2D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Banker_Trojan" title="Tiny Banker Trojan">Tinba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_(malware)" title="Titanium (malware)">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeroAccess_botnet" title="ZeroAccess botnet">ZeroAccess botnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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