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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Barton W. Stone</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonebw01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Barton W. Stone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Stonebw01.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="260" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Barton W. Stone</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Barton Warren Stone</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1772-12-24</span>)</span>December 24, 1772<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Port_Tobacco,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Tobacco, Maryland">Port Tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Province of Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 9, 1844<span style="display:none">(1844-11-09)</span> (aged 71)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Hannibal,_Missouri" title="Hannibal, Missouri">Hannibal, Missouri</a>, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge,_Kentucky" title="Cane Ridge, Kentucky">Cane Ridge, Kentucky</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Evangelist/preacher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1803–1844</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Leadership in the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Barton Warren Stone</b> (December 24, 1772 – November 9, 1844) was an American evangelist during the early 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> in the United States. First ordained a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian minister">Presbyterian minister</a>, he and four other ministers of the Washington Presbytery resigned after arguments about doctrine and enforcement of policy by the Kentucky Synod. This was in 1803, after Stone had helped lead the mammoth <a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a>, a several-day <a href="/wiki/Communion_season" title="Communion season">communion season</a> attended by nearly 20,000 persons. </p><p>Stone and the others briefly founded the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Presbytery" title="Springfield Presbytery">Springfield Presbytery</a>, which they dissolved the following year, resigning from the Presbyterian Church altogether. They formed what they called the <a href="/wiki/Christians_(Stone_Movement)" title="Christians (Stone Movement)">Christian Church</a>, based on scripture rather than a creed representing the opinion of man. He later became allied with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (clergyman)">Alexander Campbell</a>, a former Presbyterian minister who was also creating an independent path, sometimes allied with <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, and formed the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>. Stone's followers were first called "New Lights" and "Stoneites". Later he and Campbell brought the groups together that relied solely on the Scriptures. </p><p>Several church groups have historical roots in Stone's efforts. The three main groups are the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>, and the independent <a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a>. Additionally, there are the <a href="/wiki/International_Churches_of_Christ" title="International Churches of Christ">International Churches of Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="International Christian Church">International Christian Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ_in_Australia" title="Churches of Christ in Australia">Churches of Christ in Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ_in_Europe" title="Churches of Christ in Europe">Churches of Christ in Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian_Church_in_Canada" title="Evangelical Christian Church in Canada">Evangelical Christian Church in Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barton_W._Stone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stone was born to John and Mary Warren Stone near <a href="/wiki/Port_Tobacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Tobacco">Port Tobacco, Maryland</a> on December 24, 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 702">: 702 </span></sup> His immediate family was upper-middle class, with connections to Maryland's upper class of <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">planters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 702">: 702 </span></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary Governor">governor</a> of Maryland, <a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(Maryland_governor)" title="William Stone (Maryland governor)">William Stone</a>, was an ancestor; and one of the signers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stone" title="Thomas Stone">Thomas Stone</a>, was his second cousin.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 702">: 702 </span></sup> </p><p>Mary Stone was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and Barton had been <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">christened</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> named Thomas Thornton.<sup id="cite_ref-Doran_1997_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> After Barton's father died in 1775, his mother moved the family to <a href="/wiki/Pittsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="Pittsylvania County, Virginia">Pittsylvania County, Virginia</a> in 1779, then on the frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 702">: 702 </span></sup> After the move to the Virginia frontier during the war, Mary joined the <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doran_1997_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> Barton was not himself notably religious as a young man; he found the competing claims of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, and Methodists confusing, and was much more interested in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Doran_1997_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup> </p><p>Barton entered the Caldwell Log College, in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garrett_2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> While there, Stone heard <a href="/wiki/James_McGready" title="James McGready">James McGready</a> (an evangelical <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> minister) speak.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett_2002_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> A few years later, he was ordained as a Presbyterian minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett_2002_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barton_W._Stone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Stone looked more deeply into the beliefs of the Presbyterians, especially the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a>, he doubted that some of the church beliefs were truly Bible-based.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett_2002_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72, 73">: 72, 73 </span></sup> He was unable to accept the <a href="/wiki/Calvinistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistic">Calvinistic</a> doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">unconditional election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett_2002_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72, 73">: 72, 73 </span></sup> He also believed that "Calvinism's alleged theological sophistication had . . . been bought at the price of fomenting division" and "blamed it . . . for producing ten different sects within the Presbyterian tradition alone."<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Calvinism_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Calvinism-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110">: 110 </span></sup> </p><p>The huge <a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a> of 1801 was "set up as a traditional Presbyterian 'sacramental occasion'," similar to the one he attended earlier that same year in Logan County which was later called the <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a>. Like its predecessor, Cane Ridge continued for two to three days amid much fervor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attracting an estimated 20,000 people, Stone was one of eighteen Presbyterian ministers, along with a number of Baptist and Methodist preachers who attended the participants.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional elements included the "large number of ministers, the action sermon, the tables, the tent, the successive servings" of communion, all part of the evangelical Presbyterian tradition and "communion season" known in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a disagreement with the Kentucky synod over its determination to censure a minister for what they said was deviation from doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a>, in 1803 Stone and four other ministers formed the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Presbytery" title="Springfield Presbytery">Springfield Presbytery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 696, 697">: 696, 697 </span></sup> By 1804 the Springfield Presbytery had attracted 15 congregations in Ohio and Kentucky.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 697">: 697 </span></sup> The leaders of this newer presbytery became concerned by its growth, because they did not want to create a new denomination or "party".<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 697">: 697 </span></sup> Ultimately convinced that their newer Springfield Presbytery was sectarian, the ministers dissolved it on June 28, 1804. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Last_Will_and_Testament_of_The_Springfield_Presbytery" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery">Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>To publicize the dissolution, they signed a document entitled <i>The Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 697">: 697 </span></sup> This tract willed that "this body die, be dissolved, and sink into union with the Body of Christ at large." It expressed the desire for Christian union and identified the Bible as the only standard of Christian faith and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 697">: 697 </span></sup> In addition to signing the <i>Last Will and Testament</i>, they agreed to take "no other name than <i>christians</i>" on the basis that it was "the name first given by divine authority to the disciples of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 697">: 697 </span></sup> Soon, they adopted the name "Christian" to identify their group. Thus, remnants from the Springfield Presbytery eventually became known as the <a href="/wiki/Christians_(Stone_Movement)" title="Christians (Stone Movement)">Christian Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McAlister_&_Tucker_1975_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAlister_&_Tucker_1975-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 80">: 80 </span></sup> It is estimated that the Christian Church numbered about 12,000 by 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-McAlister_&_Tucker_1975_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAlister_&_Tucker_1975-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elias_Smith" title="Elias Smith">Elias Smith</a> had heard of the Stone movement by 1804, and the <a href="/wiki/James_O%27Kelly" title="James O'Kelly">O'Kelly</a> movement by 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> The three groups "declared themselves one" by 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> At that time the combined movement had a membership of approximately 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> This loose fellowship of churches was called by the names <a href="/wiki/Christian_Connection" title="Christian Connection">"Christian Connection/Connexion"</a> or "Christian Church."<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 102">: 102 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1819 Stone moved with his family to <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Kentucky" title="Georgetown, Kentucky">Georgetown, Kentucky</a>, where he had been hired as principal of the Rittenhouse academy,<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 712">: 712 </span></sup> which became <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_College" title="Georgetown College">Georgetown College</a> in 1829. In 1834 the Stones moved to <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Illinois" title="Jacksonville, Illinois">Jacksonville, Illinois</a>, in part to be able to free <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> whom his wife had inherited. This was not possible in Kentucky because they were attached to the estate.<sup id="cite_ref-BDE_-_Barton_W._Stone_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDE_-_Barton_W._Stone-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother-in-law's will bequeathed the slaves to his wife and her children in perpetuity in a way that placed them under the control of <a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">trustees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 717">: 717 </span></sup> Moving to a <a href="/wiki/Slave_and_free_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave and free states">free state</a> allowed the Stones to emancipate them.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 717">: 717 </span></sup> Stone was a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition</a> and an active supporter of the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>, which promoted sending free blacks to a colony in Africa (this was the basis of <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BDE_-_Barton_W._Stone_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDE_-_Barton_W._Stone-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1833 Stone had become disillusioned by the lack of success of the colonization efforts and began to support the immediate abolition of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 717">: 717 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Christians_(Stone_Movement)" title="Christians (Stone Movement)">"Christian" movement</a> associated with Stone merged with the <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ_(Campbell_Movement)" title="Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement)">"Disciples" movement</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (clergyman)">Alexander Campbell</a> in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-Redigging_the_Wells_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redigging_the_Wells-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davis,_1915_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis,_1915-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116–120">: 116–120 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_&_DeGroot,_1948_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison_&_DeGroot,_1948-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 212">: 212 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Survey_and_Analysis_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Survey_and_Analysis-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xxi">: xxi </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Chronology_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Chronology-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xxxvii">: xxxvii </span></sup> This was formalized at the High Street Meeting House in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a> with a handshake between Barton W. Stone and <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Restoration_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smith (Restoration movement)">"Raccoon" John Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis,_1915_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis,_1915-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116–120">: 116–120 </span></sup> Smith had been chosen, by those present, to speak in behalf of the followers of the Campbells.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis,_1915_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis,_1915-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> A preliminary meeting of the two groups was held in late December 1831, culminating with the merger on January 1, 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis,_1915_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis,_1915-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116–120">: 116–120 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Chronology_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Chronology-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xxxvii">: xxxvii </span></sup> Campbell had been publishing the <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Baptist" title="Christian Baptist">Christian Baptist</a></i> since 1823,<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Baptist_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Baptist-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Stone the <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Messenger" title="Christian Messenger">Christian Messenger</a></i> since 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Messenger_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Messenger-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through these publications, they had begun bringing their followers closer together in uniting under <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H._Leo_Boles_1932,_pp._28-32_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Leo_Boles_1932,_pp._28-32-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Christians and Disciples united in 1832, only a minority of Christians from the Smith/Jones and O'Kelly movements participated.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> Those who did were from congregations on the frontier, west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, that had come into contact with the Stone movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> The eastern members had several key differences from the Stone and Campbell group: an emphasis on conversion experience, quarterly observance of <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">communion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barton_Stone_Grave_46.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Barton_Stone_Grave_46.JPG/200px-Barton_Stone_Grave_46.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Barton_Stone_Grave_46.JPG/300px-Barton_Stone_Grave_46.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Barton_Stone_Grave_46.JPG/400px-Barton_Stone_Grave_46.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Grave and obelisk of Barton Stone at Cane Ridge, Kentucky</figcaption></figure> <p>Stone died on November 9, 1844, in <a href="/wiki/Hannibal,_Missouri" title="Hannibal, Missouri">Hannibal, Missouri</a> at the home of his daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-BDE_-_Barton_W._Stone_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDE_-_Barton_W._Stone-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was buried on his farm in <a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Illinois" title="Morgan County, Illinois">Morgan County, Illinois</a>. When the farm was sold, descendants had his remains reinterred at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch_Christian_Church_(Jacksonville,_Illinois)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antioch Christian Church (Jacksonville, Illinois) (page does not exist)">Antioch Christian Church</a> east of Jacksonville. In 1847 his remains were moved again and reinterred at <a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge,_Kentucky" title="Cane Ridge, Kentucky">Cane Ridge, Kentucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H._Leo_Boles_1932,_pp._28-32_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Leo_Boles_1932,_pp._28-32-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A marble obelisk there is inscribed: </p> <blockquote><p>The church of Christ at Cane Ridge and other generous friends in Kentucky have caused this monument to be erected as a tribute of affection and gratitude to Barton W. Stone, minister of the gospel of Christ and the distinguished reformer of the nineteenth century. Born December 24, 1772: died November 9, 1844. His remains lie here. This monument erected in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-H._Leo_Boles_1932,_pp._28-32_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Leo_Boles_1932,_pp._28-32-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_controversy">Theological controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barton_W._Stone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theological controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stone was ordained Presbyterian but rejected many things from the Westminster Confession of Faith. In particular he had issues with the classical view of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. He denied being <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian">Arian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Socinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Socinian">Socinian</a> but he did have a <a href="/wiki/Subordinationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinationist">subordinationist</a> view of Christ. In addition to his issues with the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, he also took issue with the prevailing understanding of <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Christian Atonement</a>. He did not believe that Jesus died in man's place as substitutionary sacrifice; his views are more in line with the "<a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">moral influence theory</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Finney" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Finney">Charles Finney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-North_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163–164">: 163–164 </span></sup> </p><p>Stone outlined his views on the Trinity in a publication called <i>An Address to the Christian Churches in Kentucky, Tennessee & Ohio on Several Important Doctrines of Religion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Address_to_the_Christian_Churches_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Address_to_the_Christian_Churches-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The doctrine of Trinity has long been a subject of endless controversy among theologists. I have thought the contest a war of words, while the combatants believed the same thing; seeing they all maintain the divine unity. On this doctrine many things are said, which are dark, unintelligible, unscriptural, and too mysterious for comprehension. Many of these expressions we have rejected; and for this reason we are charged with denying the doctrine itself. I shall state the doctrine, as generally stated and defended by our brethren, who oppose us, and give my reasons why I cannot receive it. </p><p>It is commonly stated, that there are three persons in one God, of one substance, power and eternity. To me it is evident that they, who maintain this proposition, do not—cannot believe, that these three persons are three distinct spirits, beings or Gods, each possessed of the personal properties of intelligence, will and power; for this would not only contradict the scriptures, but also those sections of their creeds just quoted, which declare that there is but one only living and true God, without parts. They must understand the term <i>persons</i> in God, not in the proper and common sense of the word <i>person</i>; but in such a qualified sense as to exclude the notion of three distinct spirits or beings. What this qualified sense should be, has long puzzled divines; and in no proposition are they more divided. The cause of this perplexity is obvious, because no idea of it is to be found in revelation, nor reason. Revelation no where declares that there are three persons of the same substance in the <i>one only</i> God; and it is universally acknowledged to be above reason.—Imagination has been set afloat, taking different courses in different men, and wandering through the unknown fields of eternity, infinity and incomprehensibility. Their labors have been great; but after all their vast excursions, they have ended in mystery. ... </p><p>The doctrine, that there are three persons in one God, is principally founded on <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">I John</a> 5, 7. "There are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word and the Holy Ghost, and these three are one." From reading the context, it is plain, that the matter testified of, is that Jesus is the son of God. The Father testified this, when he spake from heaven, "This is my beloved Son, hear ye him." The Word or Son, testified the same by the many wonders he performed when incarnate. This also the Holy Ghost witnessed by the many miracles wrought thro' the apostles. <i>These three are one</i>. They are one, or agree in their testimony; as, in the next verse, the three witnesses on earth <i>agree in one</i>. To say these three are one God, would contradict the original; for the word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%95%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ἕν">hen</a></i>, translated one, is in the neuter gender, and cannot agree with the word God. ... Now as all believers are not one substance nor one being; and as they are all one, <i>even</i> as the Father and Son are one; we must then conclude, that the Father and Son are not one substance, nor one being. This is farther evident from <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> 10, 30, "I and my Father are (<i>hen</i>) one," says Jesus. Yet in the same Evangelist he said, "<i>My Father is greater than I</i>." John 14, 28. If they were one substance, or one being, there could be no comparison; as one cannot be greater or less than itself. The fact is, all believers are one in spirit, purpose, and mind—and this is the oneness which our Lord prayed they might have--this was the oneness of Paul and Apollos.—This appears to me to be the oneness of the Father and the Son. </p><p> ... That the scriptures speak of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, is believed and admitted by christians of every name; and that these three are <i>one</i> in some sense, I think, none will deny. My view of this oneness I have expressed a few pages back. If they are one in any other sense, I shall rejoice to know it.<sup id="cite_ref-Address_to_the_Christian_Churches_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Address_to_the_Christian_Churches-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charles_Chilton_Moore">Charles Chilton Moore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barton_W._Stone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Charles Chilton Moore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stone's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chilton_Moore" title="Charles Chilton Moore">Charles Chilton Moore</a>, initially became a preacher in the tradition of his father and grandfather, but he later became one of America's most famous atheists and founded the Blue Grass Blade, a newspaper which he used to promote atheism and criticise religion.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barton_W._Stone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1847, a monument was erected in Stone's honor at his gravesite in <a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge,_Kentucky" title="Cane Ridge, Kentucky">Cane Ridge, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_College" title="Barton College">Barton College</a> (formerly Atlantic Christian College) in <a href="/wiki/Wilson,_North_Carolina" title="Wilson, North Carolina">Wilson, North Carolina</a> was named in his honor.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barton_W._Stone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sydney E. Ahlstrom, <i>A Religious History of the American People</i> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Stone,_Barton_Warren_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, entry on "Stone, Barton Warren"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doran_1997-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doran_1997_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doran_1997_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doran_1997_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Adron Doran, <i>Restoring New Testament Christianity: Featuring Alexander Campbell, Thomas Campbell, Barton W. Stone, and Hall L. Calhoun,</i> 21st Century Christian, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone at times errantly referred to the school as Guilford Academy, which was actually a Quaker-affiliated institution.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrett_2002-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett_2002_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett_2002_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett_2002_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett_2002_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett_2002_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leroy Garrett, <i>The Stone-Campbell Movement: The Story of the American Restoration Movement</i>, College Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89900-909-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89900-909-3">0-89900-909-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-909-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-909-4">978-0-89900-909-4</a>, 573 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Calvinism-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Calvinism_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, entry on "Calvinism"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, Leigh Eric. <i>Holy Fairs: Scottish Communions and American Revivals in the Early Modern Period</i>, Princeton University Press: 1989, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt (1989), <i>Holy Fairs</i>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt (1989), <i>Holy Fairs</i>, pp. 64-65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Springfield_Presbytery_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, entry on <i>Springfield Presbytery</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAlister_&_Tucker_1975-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McAlister_&_Tucker_1975_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAlister_&_Tucker_1975_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McAlister, Lester G. and Tucker, William E. (1975), <i>Journey in Faith: A History of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ),</i> St. Louis, Chalice Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-1703-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-1703-4">978-0-8272-1703-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Connection_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, entry on <i>Christian Connection</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen_&_Hughes_1988-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen_&_Hughes_1988_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, <i>Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ,</i> Abilene Christian University Press, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89112-006-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89112-006-8">0-89112-006-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDE_-_Barton_W._Stone-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BDE_-_Barton_W._Stone_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BDE_-_Barton_W._Stone_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BDE_-_Barton_W._Stone_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Olbricht, T. H. (2003). "Stone, Barton W." In (T. Larsen, D. W. Bebbington, M. A. Noll, & S. Carter, Eds.), <i>Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals</i>, Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redigging_the_Wells-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redigging_the_Wells_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monroe E. Hawley, <i>Redigging the Wells: Seeking Undenominational Christianity</i>, Quality Publications, Abilene, Texas, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89137-512-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89137-512-0">0-89137-512-0</a> (paper), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89137-513-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89137-513-9">0-89137-513-9</a> (cloth)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis,_1915-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis,_1915_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis,_1915_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis,_1915_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis,_1915_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, M. M. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HHgRAAAAIAAJ"><i>How the Disciples Began and Grew, A Short History of the Christian Church</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528212542/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHgRAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=davis+%22how+the+disciples+began%22&ei=qjbCR42iJoS8iQHXlJC7CA">Archived</a> May 28, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cincinnati: The Standard Publishing Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrison_&_DeGroot,_1948-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garrison_&_DeGroot,_1948_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrison, Winfred Earnest and DeGroot, Alfred T. (1948). <i>The Disciples of Christ, A History</i>, St Louis, Missouri: The Bethany Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Survey_and_Analysis-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Survey_and_Analysis_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, Introductory section entitled <i>Stone-Campbell History Over Three Centuries: A Survey and Analysis</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Chronology-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Chronology_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Chronology_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, Introductory Chronology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Baptist-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Baptist_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, entry on <i>Christian Baptist, The</i>, pp. 174-175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Messenger-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone-Campbell_Movement:_Christian_Messenger_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8">978-0-8028-3898-8</a>, 854 pages, entry on <i>Christian Messenger</i>, pp. 194-195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H._Leo_Boles_1932,_pp._28-32-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H._Leo_Boles_1932,_pp._28-32_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H._Leo_Boles_1932,_pp._28-32_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H._Leo_Boles_1932,_pp._28-32_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Leo Boles, <i>Biographical Sketches of Gospel Preachers</i>, Nashville, TN: Gospel Advocate Company, 1932, pp.28-32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-North-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-North_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth,_James_B.2005" class="citation book cs1">North, James B. (2005). <i>Union in Truth: an Interpretive History of the Restoration Movement</i>. Standard Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7847-0197-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7847-0197-0"><bdi>0-7847-0197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+in+Truth%3A+an+Interpretive+History+of+the+Restoration+Movement&rft.pub=Standard+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7847-0197-0&rft.au=North%2C+James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarton+W.+Stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Address_to_the_Christian_Churches-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Address_to_the_Christian_Churches_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Address_to_the_Christian_Churches_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barton W. Stone, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131201210351/https://webfiles.acu.edu/departments/Library/HR/restmov_nov11/www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/bstone/ADDR-2ND.HTM"><i>An Address to the Christian Churches in Kentucky, Tennessee & Ohio on Several Important Doctrines of Religion</i></a>, <i>Address to the Christian Churches</i>, 2nd edition, <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>, Printed by I. T. Cavins, & Co., 1821.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811101239/http://windpub.com/books/hatedman.htm">"Kentucky's Most Hated Man -- Charles Chilton Moore & The Bluegrass Blade"</a>. <i>www.windpub.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windpub.com/books/hatedman.htm">the original</a> on 2016-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.windpub.com&rft.atitle=Kentucky%27s+Most+Hated+Man+--+Charles+Chilton+Moore+%26+The+Bluegrass+Blade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windpub.com%2Fbooks%2Fhatedman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarton+W.+Stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barton_W._Stone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Irvin_West" title="Earl Irvin West">West, Earl Irvin</a> (2002). <i>The Search for the Ancient Order, Vol. 1</i>. Gospel Light Publishing Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89225-154-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89225-154-9">0-89225-154-9</a></li> <li>Foster, Douglas A.(Editor), Blowers, Paul M.(Editor), Dunnavant, Anthony L.(Editor), Williams, D. Newell(Editor). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3898-7">0-8028-3898-7</a></li> <li>John Rogers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131128190853/https://webfiles.acu.edu/departments/Library/HR/restmov_nov11/www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/dpurviance/purv2.html"><i>THE BIOGRAPHY OF ELD. BARTON W. STONE, WRITTEN BY HIMSELF: WITH ADDITIONS AND REFLECTIONS</i></a>, (Cincinnati: J.A. & U.P. James, 1847), 120–29, at Dr. Hans Rollman, <i>Restoration Movement</i> Website, <a href="/wiki/Abilene_Christian_University" title="Abilene Christian University">Abilene Christian University</a></li> <li>North, James B. <i>Union in Truth: an Interpretive History of the Restoration Movement</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barton_W._Stone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Garrison, Winfred Earnest and DeGroot, Alfred T. (1948). <i>The Disciples of Christ, A History,</i> St Louis, Missouri: The Bethany Press</li> <li>McAlister, Lester G. and Tucker, William E. (1975), <i>Journey in Faith: A History of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</i>, St. Louis: Chalice Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780827217034" title="Special:BookSources/9780827217034">9780827217034</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barton_W._Stone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Barton_W._Stone" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Barton W. Stone">Barton W. Stone</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webfiles.acu.edu/departments/Library/HR/restmov_nov11/www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/people/bstone.html">Writings of Barton W. 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href="/wiki/International_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="International Christian Church">International Christian Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #CCCCFF;"><div id="History"><b>History</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fff;;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Christians_(Stone_Movement)" title="Christians (Stone Movement)">Christians</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ_(Campbell_Movement)" title="Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement)">Disciples</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Kelly" title="James O'Kelly">James O'Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Connection" title="Christian Connection">Christian Connection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barton W. Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Meeting_House" title="Cane Ridge Meeting House">Cane Ridge Meeting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Presbytery" title="Springfield Presbytery">Springfield Presbytery</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Last_Will_and_Testament_of_The_Springfield_Presbytery" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery">Last Will and Testament</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Purviance" title="David Purviance">David Purviance</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_(minister)" title="Thomas Campbell (minister)">Thomas Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Association_of_Washington" title="Christian Association of Washington">Christian Association of Washington</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Declaration_and_Address" title="Declaration and Address">Declaration and Address</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(minister)" title="Alexander Campbell (minister)">Alexander Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_Run_Church" title="Brush Run Church">Brush Run Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstone_Baptist_Association" title="Redstone Baptist Association">Redstone Baptist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Baptist_Association" title="Mahoning Baptist Association">Mahoning Baptist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott_(clergyman)" title="Walter Scott (clergyman)">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Restoration_Movement)" title="John Smith (Restoration Movement)">"Raccoon" John Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbellite" title="Campbellite">Campbellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">United Movement (1832–1906)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:100%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Turner_Barclay" title="James Turner Barclay">James Turner Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Huntington_Bakewell_Campbell" title="Selina Huntington Bakewell Campbell">Selina Huntington Bakewell Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Errett" title="Isaac Errett">Isaac Errett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolbert_Fanning" title="Tolbert Fanning">Tolbert Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(clergyman)" title="Benjamin Franklin (clergyman)">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lipscomb" title="David Lipscomb">David Lipscomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb_(clergyman)" title="William Lipscomb (clergyman)">William Lipscomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Lister" title="Charles J. Lister">Charles J. Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Martindale" title="Elijah Martindale">Elijah Martindale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_McGarvey" title="John William McGarvey">John William McGarvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Neville_Pearre" title="Caroline Neville Pearre">Caroline Neville Pearre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sommer" title="Daniel Sommer">Daniel Sommer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Christian_Missionary_Society" title="American Christian Missionary Society">American Christian Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Woman%27s_Board_of_Missions" title="Christian Woman's Board of Missions">Christian Woman's Board of Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Christian_Missionary_Society" title="Foreign Christian Missionary Society">Foreign Christian Missionary Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">20th Century</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">21st Century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Craddock" title="Fred Craddock">Fred Craddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Keeble" title="Marshall Keeble">Marshall Keeble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clayton_Morrison" title="Charles Clayton Morrison">Charles Clayton Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Taylor" title="Preston Taylor">Preston Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Trout" title="Jessie Trout">Jessie Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Barber_II" title="William Barber II">William Barber II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Hord_Owens" title="Teresa Hord Owens">Teresa Hord Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_E._Watkins" title="Sharon E. Watkins">Sharon E. Watkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><b>Periodicals</b></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Baptist" title="Christian Baptist">Christian Baptist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Messenger" title="Christian Messenger">Christian Messenger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Millennial_Harbinger" title="Millennial Harbinger">Millennial Harbinger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_British_Millennial_Harbinger" title="The British Millennial Harbinger">The British Millennial Harbinger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Standard" title="Christian Standard">Christian Standard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Advocate" title="Gospel Advocate">Gospel Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firm_Foundation" title="Firm Foundation">Firm Foundation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Century" title="The Christian Century">The Christian Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Word_and_Work" title="Word and Work">Word and Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Chronicle" title="The Christian Chronicle">The Christian Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Truth_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth Magazine">Truth Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Quarterly" title="Restoration Quarterly">Restoration Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Magazine_(Churches_of_Christ)" title="Christianity Magazine (Churches of Christ)">Christianity Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DisciplesWorld" title="DisciplesWorld">DisciplesWorld</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552971#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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