In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking : NPR

<!doctype html><html class="no-js" lang="en"><head> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/82089dfe-410c-4e1b-a7f9-698174b62a86/OtAutoBlock.js" ></script> <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="82089dfe-410c-4e1b-a7f9-698174b62a86" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { NPR_OptanonWrapper = true; document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('npr:DataConsentAvailable')); OneTrust.OnConsentChanged(function() { document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('npr:DataConsentChanged')); }); } </script>  <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/opt-out/otCCPAiab.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" ccpa-opt-out-ids="C0004" ccpa-opt-out-geo="us" ccpa-opt-out-lspa="false"></script><script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0004"> document.cookie = "__adblocker=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; path=/"; var setNptTechAdblockerCookie = function(adblocker) { var d = new Date(); d.setTime(d.getTime() + 60 * 5 * 1000); document.cookie = "__adblocker=" + (adblocker ? "true" : "false") + "; expires=" + d.toUTCString() + "; path=/"; }; var script = document.createElement("script"); script.setAttribute("async", true); script.setAttribute("src", "//www.npttech.com/advertising.js"); script.setAttribute("onerror", "setNptTechAdblockerCookie(true);"); document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script); </script><script type='text/javascript'> !function(a9,a,p,s,t,A,g){if(a[a9])return;function q(c,r){a[a9]._Q.push([c,r])}a[a9]={init:function(){q("i",arguments)},fetchBids:function(){q("f",arguments)},setDisplayBids:function(){},targetingKeys:function(){return[]},_Q:[]};A=p.createElement(s);A.async=!0;A.src=t;g=p.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];g.parentNode.insertBefore(A,g)}("apstag",window,document,"script","//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js"); </script><script> (function (e, o, n, i) { if (!e) { e = e || {}, window.permutive = e, e.q = []; var t = function () { return ([1e7] + -1e3 + -4e3 + -8e3 + -1e11).replace(/[018]/g, function (e) { return (e ^ (window.crypto || window.msCrypto).getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(1))[0] & 15 >> e / 4).toString(16) }) }; e.config = i || {}, e.config.apiKey = o, e.config.workspaceId = n, e.config.environment = e.config.environment || "production", (window.crypto || window.msCrypto) && (e.config.viewId = t()); for (var g = ["addon", "identify", "track", "trigger", "query", "segment", "segments", "ready", "on", "once", "user", "consent"], r = 0; r < g.length; r++) { var w = g[r]; e[w] = function (o) { return function () { var n = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0); e.q.push({functionName: o, arguments: n}) }; }(w); } } })(window.permutive, "12730e07-f09d-4a69-93da-99b43983b663", "e1cef1f0-495f-4973-ba1c-880786e73a66", {"consentRequired": true}); </script>  <script>dataLayer = [];</script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.setAttributeNode(d.createAttribute('data-ot-ignore'));j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer', 'GTM-MVD397M');</script>  <script> try {var _sf_startpt=(new Date()).getTime();} catch(e){} </script> <meta itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SpeakableSpecification" itemref="speakable" /><title>In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking : NPR</title><meta id="speakable" itemprop="cssSelector" content="[data-is-speakable]" /><meta id="google-site-verification" name="google-site-verification" content="1VqzbDm4ukeFVHOoq5LjIKA2fVKZD-EYv8cXZhKXSfU" /><meta charset="utf-8" /><meta name="robots" content="noarchive,index,follow,max-image-preview:large" /><meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=324906251, app-argument=https://www.npr.org/2012/01/31/145731770/in-italy-art-as-a-window-into-modern-banking" /><meta name="Rating" content="General" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" /><meta name="npr-pjax" /><meta name="date" content="2012-01-31" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/01/31/145731770/in-italy-art-as-a-window-into-modern-banking" /><meta name="description" content="With a nod to the current financial crisis in Europe, an Italian art exhibition looks at the often controversial role that banking played in expanding trade and helping usher in the Renaissance." /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Europe" href="https://feeds.npr.org/1124/rss.xml" /><meta name="cXenseParse:pageclass" content="article" /><meta name="cXenseParse:publishtime" content="2012-01-31T00:01:00-05:00" /><meta name="cXenseParse:author" content="Sylvia Poggioli" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://media.npr.org/chrome/favicon/favicon-180x180.png" /><link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://media.npr.org/chrome/favicon/favicon.ico" /><link rel="icon" sizes="96x96" href="https://media.npr.org/chrome/favicon/favicon-96x96.png" /><link rel="icon" sizes="48x48" href="https://media.npr.org/chrome/favicon/favicon-48x48.png" /><link rel="icon" sizes="32x32" href="https://media.npr.org/chrome/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" /><link rel="icon" sizes="16x16" href="https://media.npr.org/chrome/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" /><meta property="og:title" content="In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.npr.org/2012/01/31/145731770/in-italy-art-as-a-window-into-modern-banking" /><meta property="og:type" content="article" /><meta property="og:description" content="With a nod to the current financial crisis in Europe, an Italian art exhibition looks at the often controversial role that banking played in expanding trade and helping usher in the Renaissance." /><meta property="og:image" content="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty04_wide-d1f7ea790692c0e3224dcda2eb96fdcbf31efc57.jpg?s=1400&c=100&f=jpeg" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty10_wide-ede64588f41a24bdbefb376aacc1d857ad1776c9.jpg?s=1400&c=100&f=jpeg" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="NPR" /><meta property="fb:app_id" content="138837436154588" /><meta property="fb:pages" content="10643211755" /><meta property="article:content_tier" content="free" /><meta property="article:opinion" content="false" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@NPR" /><meta name="twitter:domain" content="npr.org" /><meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty04_wide-d1f7ea790692c0e3224dcda2eb96fdcbf31efc57.jpg?s=1400&c=100&f=jpeg" /><script id="npr-vars"> window.NPR = window.NPR || {}; NPR.ServerConstants = {"cbHost":"npr.org","webHost":"https:\/\/www.npr.org","geolocationHost":"https:\/\/www.npr.org","legacyWebHost":"https:\/\/legacy.npr.org","stripeServiceHost":"https:\/\/stripe.npr.org","recaptchaV3SiteKey":"6LcdN9IZAAAAAOHT985BJjbzjkBjKSxdxK3GeKSt","placesApiKey":"AIzaSyB_wzlXPVwS4kHRAZsM6scMzUAIsJ6aMZ4","embedHost":"https:\/\/www.npr.org","webHostSecure":"https:\/\/secure.npr.org","identityHost":"https:\/\/identity.api.npr.org","apiHost":"https:\/\/api.npr.org","stationApiHost":"https:\/\/station.api.npr.org","environment":"prod","serverMediaCache":"https:\/\/media.npr.org","googleAnalyticsAccount":"UA-5828686-4","gtmKey":"GTM-MVD397M","nielsenSFCode":"dcr","nielsenAPN":"NPR-dcr","shouldShowHPLocalContent":true,"cookieDomain":".npr.org","organizationV4Host":"https:\/\/organization.api.npr.org","staticAssetsHost":"https:\/\/static-assets.npr.org"}; NPR.serverVars = {"storyId":"145731770","storyCategory":"World News","isHiring":true,"facebookAppId":"138837436154588","webpackPublicPath":"https:\/\/bundles.npr.org\/dist\/bundles\/","persistenceVersion":"85c23553b431159e5f3eda61faae8c6a","isBuildOut":true,"pageLayoutName":"NewsStoryLayout","topicIds":["P1124","1001","1002","1004","1047","1141"],"primaryTopic":"Europe","topics":["Europe","News","Home Page Top Stories","World","Art \u0026amp; Design","Fine Art"],"theme":"1124","programId":"Morning Edition","program":"3","aggIds":["3","1001","1002","1004","1047","1124","1141","2101034","146081982"],"byline":["Sylvia Poggioli"],"contentPartnerOrgFullName":"1 | NPR","pubDate":"2012013100","fullPubDate":"Tue, 31 Jan 2012 00:01:00 -0500","pageTypeId":"1","title":"In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking","publisherOrgId":"1"}; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/11107397707.js"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://static-assets.npr.org/static/javascript/lib/modernizr/modernizr.custom.js"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://static-assets.npr.org/static/javascript/lib/svg-loader.min.js"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" async src="https://js.stripe.com/v3/"> </script> <script> !function(e){function r(r){for(var a,o,d=r[0],f=r[1],b=r[2],i=0,l=[];i<d.length;i++)o=d[i],Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,o)&&n[o]&&l.push(n[o][0]),n[o]=0;for(a in f)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(f,a)&&(e[a]=f[a]);for(u&&u(r);l.length;)l.shift()();return c.push.apply(c,b||[]),t()}function t(){for(var e,r=0;r<c.length;r++){for(var t=c[r],a=!0,d=1;d<t.length;d++){var f=t[d];0!==n[f]&&(a=!1)}a&&(c.splice(r--,1),e=o(o.s=t[0]))}return e}var a={},n={0:0},c=[];function o(r){if(a[r])return a[r].exports;var t=a[r]={i:r,l:!1,exports:{}};return e[r].call(t.exports,t,t.exports,o),t.l=!0,t.exports}o.e=function(e){var r=[],t=n[e];if(0!==t)if(t)r.push(t[2]);else{var a=new Promise((function(r,a){t=n[e]=[r,a]}));r.push(t[2]=a);var c,d=document.createElement("script");d.charset="utf-8",d.timeout=120,o.nc&&d.setAttribute("nonce",o.nc),d.src=function(e){return o.p+""+e+"."+{1:"2897476d879988d199b8",2:"7fdf0b2fa0960e0c8678",3:"d04bf44779f45958d36c",4:"6d608ea0d06f1dbc8291",5:"fd1e105cd45d1de6cd50",6:"0055c74c6b74fc1e3ccd",7:"7f4a650e8459eb95ad03",8:"8a68e2fc13de73782b0a",9:"ab23b02a2072fb62bdf2",10:"4bae9166c0c4ec078c8b",11:"d6a2d06a7dd875c62820",75:"b42c3ccefbee2f452e6f",76:"3403bd81e81292270c62",77:"a299ae7c961d5a5c28d6",78:"172347a64c1bc229407e",79:"ea2c3fabfc800cfd8bda",80:"1f2ce3d125d576158617",81:"7c009faa0c9552c9efe4",82:"52e8a74e34903bc4d404",83:"a0a414ca21e536cce9a1",84:"7e9621f36a6c709609c8",85:"29cfa968b0f47019d598",86:"88cb827feb372e78f4d9",87:"88fa32e2b2bf50248e76",88:"8ecd446b6f8c6509304d",89:"f961bb96859ae59bb0be",90:"bf846b3ac540ce82f72b",91:"4dbcd23d6d1ad314891a",92:"8e18edb9b4a8f1fbe65c",93:"e25a9736d41b56439f63",94:"847596ae62c5566dd9db",95:"d4a4b278b74b9ee007c4",96:"d611747ed07532a8a7a3",97:"cb01234ed14da73a9712",98:"051ce4efdaae4a983dca",99:"be78b1b3e2b4a48cb509",100:"ee86df63a274a12e1b29",101:"5670802b1517f013eb36",102:"62d15deac62d543f5928"}[e]+".chunk.js"}(e);var f=new Error;c=function(r){d.onerror=d.onload=null,clearTimeout(b);var t=n[e];if(0!==t){if(t){var a=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),c=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;f.message="Loading chunk "+e+" failed.\n("+a+": "+c+")",f.name="ChunkLoadError",f.type=a,f.request=c,t[1](f)}n[e]=void 0}};var b=setTimeout((function(){c({type:"timeout",target:d})}),12e4);d.onerror=d.onload=c,document.head.appendChild(d)}return Promise.all(r)},o.m=e,o.c=a,o.d=function(e,r,t){o.o(e,r)||Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t})},o.r=function(e){"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},o.t=function(e,r){if(1&r&&(e=o(e)),8&r)return e;if(4&r&&"object"==typeof e&&e&&e.__esModule)return e;var t=Object.create(null);if(o.r(t),Object.defineProperty(t,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:e}),2&r&&"string"!=typeof e)for(var a in e)o.d(t,a,function(r){return e[r]}.bind(null,a));return t},o.n=function(e){var r=e&&e.__esModule?function(){return e.default}:function(){return e};return o.d(r,"a",r),r},o.o=function(e,r){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,r)},o.p="/dist/bundles/",o.oe=function(e){throw console.error(e),e};var d=window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[],f=d.push.bind(d);d.push=r,d=d.slice();for(var b=0;b<d.length;b++)r(d[b]);var u=f;t()}([]); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://bundles.npr.org/dist/bundles/34.9887afec5d7621c5642b.chunk.js"> </script> <link rel="stylesheet" data-persist="true" media="screen, print" href="https://bundles.npr.org/dist/bundles/persistent-css-6e28247c60f463a13c62.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" data-persist="true" media="screen and (min-width: 768px)" href="https://bundles.npr.org/dist/bundles/persistent_medium-css-6e28247c60f463a13c62.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" data-persist="true" media="screen and (min-width: 1025px)" href="https://bundles.npr.org/dist/bundles/persistent_large-css-6e28247c60f463a13c62.css" /><link rel="preload" data-persist="true" media="screen, print" href="https://bundles.npr.org/dist/bundles/fonts-css-6e28247c60f463a13c62.css" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="screen, print" href="https://bundles.npr.org/dist/bundles/newsStory-css-6e28247c60f463a13c62.css" /><script type="application/ld+json"> {"@type":"NewsArticle","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NPR","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/chrome\/npr-logo-2025.jpg"}},"headline":"In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2012\/01\/31\/145731770\/in-italy-art-as-a-window-into-modern-banking"},"datePublished":"2012-01-31T00:01:00-05:00","dateModified":"2012-01-31T00:01:00-05:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":["Sylvia Poggioli"]},"description":"With a nod to the current financial crisis in Europe, an Italian art exhibition looks at the often controversial role that banking played in expanding trade and helping usher in the Renaissance.","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2012\/01\/31\/money_beauty04-15025f3dbfe5051e2331daa362142308ce11ac96.jpg"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2012\/01\/31\/money_beauty04-15025f3dbfe5051e2331daa362142308ce11ac96.jpg"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2012\/01\/31\/money_beauty002_custom-e81acb559187146ed7a3d355001d1d5b446c7452.jpg"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2012\/01\/31\/money_beauty003_custom-ef3c5e3195e338515e9d08ac1921651210163707.jpg"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2012\/01\/31\/money_beauty11_custom-0929bf14af00ac6098c25634961cd3995fe612e0.jpg"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2012\/01\/31\/money_beauty10_wide-ede64588f41a24bdbefb376aacc1d857ad1776c9.jpg"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2012\/01\/31\/money_beauty05_slide-f8e8e17b13fff1cf9258ff3a1341402cf36b766a.jpg"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2012\/01\/31\/money_beauty09_slide-1064ada06d3bef976d5edc96b8676b0511401377.jpg"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2012\/01\/31\/money_beauty08_custom-2f6210e12506cad27d148298b7fd64edd26a1557.jpg"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2012\/01\/31\/money_beauty02_custom-d6dbdc35001abdc85e00ae5ab0a719ebb1df1080.jpg"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2012\/01\/31\/money_beauty07_custom-ffeb5ece4e10880788c7817e4822f8edaccc1621.jpg"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2012\/01\/31\/money_beauty06_vert-56b436d2bffc6d65bcf3b231fa12466fe618c716.jpg"}],"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org"} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> document.domain="www.npr.org"; </script> <script id="piano-aid" type="text/javascript" data-piano-aid="9ENxKQ58pu"> (function(src) { var a = document.createElement("script"); a.type = "text/javascript"; a.async = true; a.src = src; var b = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; b.parentNode.insertBefore(a, b) })("//cdn.piano.io/api/tinypass.min.js"); window.pdl = window.pdl || {}; window.pdl.requireConsent = true; tp = window.tp || []; tp.push(["init", function() { tp.enableGACrossDomainLinking(); }]); </script> <script>!function(e){var n="https://s.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if("False"=="True")e.BOOMR_config=e.BOOMR_config||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams=e.BOOMR_config.PageParams||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams.pci=!0,n="https://s2.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if(window.BOOMR_API_key="MBVDT-3L9KY-36ZMJ-SPSAR-JR833",function(){function e(){if(!o){var e=document.createElement("script");e.id="boomr-scr-as",e.src=window.BOOMR.url,e.async=!0,i.parentNode.appendChild(e),o=!0}}function t(e){o=!0;var n,t,a,r,d=document,O=window;if(window.BOOMR.snippetMethod=e?"if":"i",t=function(e,n){var t=d.createElement("script");t.id=n||"boomr-if-as",t.src=window.BOOMR.url,BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),e=e||d.body,e.appendChild(t)},!window.addEventListener&&window.attachEvent&&navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE [67]\./))return window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="s",void t(i.parentNode,"boomr-async");a=document.createElement("IFRAME"),a.src="about:blank",a.title="",a.role="presentation",a.loading="eager",r=(a.frameElement||a).style,r.width=0,r.height=0,r.border=0,r.display="none",i.parentNode.appendChild(a);try{O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}catch(_){n=document.domain,a.src="javascript:var d=document.open();d.domain='"+n+"';void(0);",O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}if(n)d._boomrl=function(){this.domain=n,t()},d.write("<bo"+"dy onload='document._boomrl();'>");else if(O._boomrl=function(){t()},O.addEventListener)O.addEventListener("load",O._boomrl,!1);else if(O.attachEvent)O.attachEvent("onload",O._boomrl);d.close()}function a(e){window.BOOMR_onload=e&&e.timeStamp||(new Date).getTime()}if(!window.BOOMR||!window.BOOMR.version&&!window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted){window.BOOMR=window.BOOMR||{},window.BOOMR.snippetStart=(new Date).getTime(),window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted=!0,window.BOOMR.snippetVersion=12,window.BOOMR.url=n+"MBVDT-3L9KY-36ZMJ-SPSAR-JR833";var i=document.currentScript||document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],o=!1,r=document.createElement("link");if(r.relList&&"function"==typeof r.relList.supports&&r.relList.supports("preload")&&"as"in r)window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="p",r.href=window.BOOMR.url,r.rel="preload",r.as="script",r.addEventListener("load",e),r.addEventListener("error",function(){t(!0)}),setTimeout(function(){if(!o)t(!0)},3e3),BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),i.parentNode.appendChild(r);else t(!1);if(window.addEventListener)window.addEventListener("load",a,!1);else if(window.attachEvent)window.attachEvent("onload",a)}}(),"".length>0)if(e&&"performance"in e&&e.performance&&"function"==typeof e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize)e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize();!function(){if(BOOMR=e.BOOMR||{},BOOMR.plugins=BOOMR.plugins||{},!BOOMR.plugins.AK){var n=""=="true"?1:0,t="",a="bdpnbevydtvtgz53qssa-f-0dd468222-clientnsv4-s.akamaihd.net",i="false"=="true"?2:1,o={"ak.v":"39","ak.cp":"55818","ak.ai":parseInt("290690",10),"ak.ol":"0","ak.cr":4,"ak.ipv":4,"ak.proto":"http/1.1","ak.rid":"2ef6b73d","ak.r":41870,"ak.a2":n,"ak.m":"dsca","ak.n":"essl","ak.bpcip":"8.222.208.0","ak.cport":53436,"ak.gh":"184.28.235.60","ak.quicv":"","ak.tlsv":"tls1.2","ak.0rtt":"","ak.0rtt.ed":"","ak.csrc":"-","ak.acc":"reno","ak.t":"1740342436","ak.ak":"hOBiQwZUYzCg5VSAfCLimQ==fgYTc4zbLCj1MRAZZggxG1oOwsseMLCfLibznX0dX57vhRNDF5Evmd183Y3HjiZmXrqMYqWaKuJVJteapDh5xJbD9thWHi6UndBAsBx/Ijn1b2WVOSuYHzuL86Ji/xNVs9J0ZoCoIZ5iZCXxaj+FMozVyvihoWMXuBWfMkftVmCdrkNX8tfD5Fw99t0ybQ4u3qrBy0Y5VTvBDkOqMG7gXok6skdwqIgq/FKntWoOesDzjdhDF7w2xFKsz+fJjWNXeWO+xIFNpiOBqn1VdFLRZuHNrTis1aGs6GD31CeEL2T3URQiiq3aHFIs8zJMztSjQUKYY+d8USZnSJufVkh25Rl654+KHYo7R8UR8Fjkni9guXOw/Ed1vNutSOfprGlhIbUaEWC+7CMGp+cL3P54jFtUpqLTf3nomdM5F0fJh5s=","ak.pv":"99","ak.dpoabenc":"","ak.tf":i};if(""!==t)o["ak.ruds"]=t;var r={i:!1,av:function(n){var t="http.initiator";if(n&&(!n[t]||"spa_hard"===n[t]))o["ak.feo"]=void 0!==e.aFeoApplied?1:0,BOOMR.addVar(o)},rv:function(){var e=["ak.bpcip","ak.cport","ak.cr","ak.csrc","ak.gh","ak.ipv","ak.m","ak.n","ak.ol","ak.proto","ak.quicv","ak.tlsv","ak.0rtt","ak.0rtt.ed","ak.r","ak.acc","ak.t","ak.tf"];BOOMR.removeVar(e)}};BOOMR.plugins.AK={akVars:o,akDNSPreFetchDomain:a,init:function(){if(!r.i){var e=BOOMR.subscribe;e("before_beacon",r.av,null,null),e("onbeacon",r.rv,null,null),r.i=!0}return this},is_complete:function(){return!0}}}}()}(window);</script></head><body id="news" class="news tmplNewsStory story-layout is-buildout no-transcript has-no-branding id145731770 " data-pjax-modules="util/env images/lazy-load data-consent data-management-platform header-bidding metrics nielsen nielsenDCR copyright auto-refresh navigation/global-navigation fitvids googletag dfp globalfooter persistent-audio player/more-options player/audio-module-clickable what-input metrics/doubleclickFloodlight callout/on-page-callouts global-alerts we-are-hiring piano rum ecommerce recommendations/end-of-story-recommendations-callout jw social/share slideshow images/enlargement contentfooter story/date-tooltip social/sharepop podcast-cards search/faceting-param local/newsletter/callout recaptcha-v3">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MVD397M" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="skip-links"> <span>Accessibility links</span> <ul> <li><a href="#mainContent" class="skiplink">Skip to main content</a></li> <li><a href="https://help.npr.org/contact/s/article?name=what-are-the-keyboard-shortcuts-for-using-the-npr-org-audio-player" class="skiplink">Keyboard shortcuts for audio player</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="global-header-sticky-cta-wrap" class="global-header-sticky-cta-wrap"> <div id="global-header-sticky-cta-mount" class="global-header-sticky-cta-mount"> </div> </div> <div id="global-header-cta-wrap" class="global-header-cta-wrap"> <div id="global-header-cta-mount" class="global-header-cta-mount"> </div> </div> <header class="npr-header" id="globalheader" aria-label="NPR header"> <nav class="navigation"> <div class="navigation__top-level-wrap" data-metrics-category-ga4="recirculation"> <ul class="navigation__top-level"> <li class="navigation__toggle-wrap"> <button id="navigation__toggle--open" class="navigation__toggle navigation__toggle--open" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"open navigation menu","clickType":"global navigation"}'> Open Navigation Menu </button> </li> <li class="navigation__home"> <a href="/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"npr logo","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"\/"}'> <img src="https://static-assets.npr.org/chrome_svg/npr-logo-2025.svg" alt="NPR logo"/> </a> </li> <li id="navigation__station-mount"></li> <li class="navigation__newsletters"> <div class="navigation__newsletters-inner"> <a href="/newsletters/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"newsletters","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/newsletters/"}' target='_blank'>Newsletters</a> </div> </li> <li id="user-account-dropdown-mount" class="navigation__account"></li> <li class="navigation__shop"> <a href="https://shopnpr.org" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"npr shop","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"https://shopnpr.org"}'>NPR Shop</a> </li> <li id="navigation__station-donate-mount"></li> </ul> </div> <section id="main-menu" class="menu menu--main" data-metrics-category-ga4="recirculation"> <div class="menu__inner"> <header class="menu__header"> <button id="navigation__toggle--close" class="navigation__toggle navigation__toggle--close" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"close navigation menu","clickType":"global navigation"}'> Close <span>Navigation Menu</span> </button> </header> <ul class="menu__list"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--home"> <div class="menu__item-inner"><a href="/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"npr logo","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"\/"}'>Home</a></div> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--news menu__item--has-submenu"> <div class="menu__item-inner"> <a href="/sections/news/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"news","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/news/"}'>News</a> <button class="menu__toggle-submenu" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"toggle news drawer","clickType":"global navigation"}'>Expand/collapse submenu for News</button> </div> <ul class="submenu submenu--news"> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/national/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"national","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/national/"}'>National</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/world/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"world","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/world/"}'>World</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/politics/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"politics","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/politics/"}'>Politics</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/business/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"business","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/business/"}'>Business</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/health/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"health","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/health/"}'>Health</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/science/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"science","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/science/"}'>Science</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/climate/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"climate","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/climate/"}'>Climate</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/codeswitch/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"race","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/codeswitch/"}'>Race</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--culture menu__item--has-submenu"> <div class="menu__item-inner"> <a href="/sections/culture/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"culture","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/culture/"}'>Culture</a> <button class="menu__toggle-submenu" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"toggle culture drawer","clickType":"global navigation"}'>Expand/collapse submenu for Culture</button> </div> <ul class="submenu submenu--culture"> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/books/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"books","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/books/"}'>Books</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/movies/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"movies","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/movies/"}'>Movies</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/television/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"television","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/television/"}'>Television</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/pop-culture/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"pop culture","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/pop-culture/"}'>Pop Culture</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/food/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"food","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/food/"}'>Food</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/art-design/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"art & design","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/art-design/"}'>Art & Design</a> </li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/performing-arts/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"performing arts","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/performing-arts/"}'>Performing Arts</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/lifekit/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"life kit","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/lifekit/"}'>Life Kit</a></li> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/sections/gaming/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"gaming","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/sections/gaming/"}'>Gaming</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--music menu__item--has-submenu"> <div class="menu__item-inner"> <a href="/music/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"music","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/music/"}'>Music</a> <button class="menu__toggle-submenu" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"toggle music drawer","clickType":"global navigation"}'>Expand/collapse submenu for Music</button> </div> <ul class="submenu submenu--music"><li class="submenu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-34685/best-music-of-2024" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"best music of 2024","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/series\/g-s1-34685\/best-music-of-2024"}' > Best Music of 2024 </a> </li><li class="submenu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/allsongs/" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"all songs considered","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/allsongs\/"}' > All Songs Considered </a> </li><li class="submenu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/series/tiny-desk-concerts/" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"tiny desk","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/series\/tiny-desk-concerts\/"}' > Tiny Desk </a> </li><li class="submenu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/music-features" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"music features","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/music-features"}' > Music Features </a> </li><li class="submenu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/series/770565791/npr-music-live-sessions" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"live sessions","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/series\/770565791\/npr-music-live-sessions"}' > Live Sessions </a> </li></ul> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--shows-podcasts menu__item--has-submenu"> <div class="menu__item-inner"> <a href="/podcasts-and-shows/" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"podcasts & shows","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/podcasts-and-shows/"}'>Podcasts & Shows</a> <button class="menu__toggle-submenu" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"toggle podcasts & shows drawer","clickType":"global navigation"}'>Expand/collapse submenu for Podcasts & Shows</button> </div> <div class="submenu submenu--shows-podcasts"> <span class="submenu__category submenu__category--daily">Daily</span> <ul class="submenu__list submenu__list--daily"> <li class="submenu__item submenu__item--timed submenu__item--weekday hidden"> <a href="/programs/morning-edition/" data-metrics-action="click morning edition" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"morning edition","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/programs/morning-edition/"}'> <img src="https://media.npr.org/chrome/programs/logos/morning-edition.jpg" loading="lazy" alt="" /> Morning Edition </a> </li> <li class="submenu__item submenu__item--timed submenu__item--saturday hidden" > <a href="/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/" data-metrics-action="click weekend edition saturday" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"weekend edition saturday","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/"}'> <img src="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/02/26/we_otherentitiestemplatesat_sq-cbde87a2fa31b01047441e6f34d2769b0287bcd4-s100-c85.png" loading="lazy" alt="" /> Weekend Edition Saturday </a> </li> <li class="submenu__item submenu__item--timed submenu__item--sunday hidden"> <a href="/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/" data-metrics-action="click weekend edition sunday" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"weekend edition sunday","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/"}'> <img src="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/02/26/we_otherentitiestemplatesun_sq-4a03b35e7e5adfa446aec374523a578d54dc9bf5-s100-c85.png" loading="lazy" alt="" /> Weekend Edition Sunday </a> </li> <li class="submenu__item"> <a href="/programs/all-things-considered/" data-metrics-action="click all things considered" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"all things considered","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/programs/all-things-considered/"}'> <img src="https://media.npr.org/chrome/programs/logos/all-things-considered.png" loading="lazy" alt="" /> All Things Considered </a> </li> <li class="submenu__item"> <a href="/programs/fresh-air/" data-metrics-action="click fresh air" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"fresh air","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/programs/fresh-air/"}'> <img src="https://media.npr.org/chrome/programs/logos/fresh-air.png" loading="lazy" alt="" /> Fresh Air </a> </li> <li class="submenu__item"> <a href="/podcasts/510318/up-first/" data-metrics-action="click up first" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"up first","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/podcasts/510318/up-first/"}'> <img src="https://media.npr.org/chrome/programs/logos/up-first.jpg?version=2" loading="lazy" alt="" /> Up First </a> </li> </ul> <span class="submenu__category submenu__category--featured">Featured</span> <ul class="submenu__list submenu__list--featured"><li class="submenu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510310/npr-politics-podcast" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"the npr politics podcast","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/podcasts\/510310\/npr-politics-podcast"}' > <img src="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2024/01/11/podcast-politics_2023_update1_sq-be7ef464dd058fe663d9e4cfe836fb9309ad0a4d-s100-c100.jpg" data-original="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2024/01/11/podcast-politics_2023_update1_sq-be7ef464dd058fe663d9e4cfe836fb9309ad0a4d-s100.jpg" class=" lazy" alt="" loading="lazy" /> The NPR Politics Podcast </a> </li><li class="submenu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510333/throughline" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"throughline","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/podcasts\/510333\/throughline"}' > <img src="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2024/05/15/throughline_tile-art_sq-b72bcfb6d8705d7761d4f421f0be3047631b709c-s100-c100.jpg" data-original="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2024/05/15/throughline_tile-art_sq-b72bcfb6d8705d7761d4f421f0be3047631b709c-s100.jpg" class=" lazy" alt="" loading="lazy" /> Throughline </a> </li><li class="submenu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510374/trumps-terms" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"trump's terms","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/podcasts\/510374\/trumps-terms"}' > <img src="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2024/11/20/trumps-terms_tile-art_sq-09be0b471c4010c009718fe1a5b962defaf277c8-s100-c100.jpg" data-original="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2024/11/20/trumps-terms_tile-art_sq-09be0b471c4010c009718fe1a5b962defaf277c8-s100.jpg" class=" lazy" alt="" loading="lazy" /> Trump's Terms </a> </li><li class="submenu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510379/wild-card-with-rachel-martin" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"wild card with rachel martin","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/podcasts\/510379\/wild-card-with-rachel-martin"}' > <img src="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2024/04/19/tile-wild-card-with-rachel-martin_sq-c9e842a167bab21c50f45fbde9d7d33776e87eda-s100-c100.jpg" data-original="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2024/04/19/tile-wild-card-with-rachel-martin_sq-c9e842a167bab21c50f45fbde9d7d33776e87eda-s100.jpg" class=" lazy" alt="" loading="lazy" /> Wild Card with Rachel Martin </a> </li></ul> <ul class="submenu__list submenu__list--directories"> <li class="submenu__item"><a href="/podcasts-and-shows/" data-metrics-action="click podcasts & shows" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"podcasts & shows","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/podcasts-and-shows/"}'>More Podcasts & Shows</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--search"> <div class="menu__item-inner"> <a href="/search/" id="navigation_dropdown-search" data-metrics-action="click search" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"search","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/search/"}'>Search</a> </div> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--newsletters"> <div class="menu__item-inner"> <a href="/newsletters/" data-metrics-action="click newsletters" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"newsletters","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/newsletters/"}' target='_blank'>Newsletters</a> </div> </li> <li id="user-account-dropdown-mount-two" class="menu__item menu__item--account"></li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--shop"> <div class="menu__item-inner"> <a href="https://shopnpr.org" data-metrics-action="click npr shop" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"npr shop","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"https://shopnpr.org"}'>NPR Shop</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="menu menu--music" data-metrics-category-ga4="recirculation"> <div class="menu__list-wrap"> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--ecosystem menu__list--music"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--music-home"> <a href="/music/" data-metrics-action="click npr music logo" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"npr music logo","clickType":"global navigation","clickUrl":"/music/"}'> <img src="https://media.npr.org/chrome_svg/music-logo-dark.svg" class="music-logo" alt="NPR Music" /> <img src="https://media.npr.org/chrome_svg/music-logo-light.svg" class="music-logo-alt" alt="NPR Music" /> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-34685/best-music-of-2024" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"best music of 2024","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/series\/g-s1-34685\/best-music-of-2024"}' > Best Music of 2024 </a> </li><li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/allsongs/" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"all songs considered","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/allsongs\/"}' > All Songs Considered </a> </li><li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/series/tiny-desk-concerts/" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"tiny desk","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/series\/tiny-desk-concerts\/"}' > Tiny Desk </a> </li><li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/music-features" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"music features","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/music-features"}' > Music Features </a> </li><li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/series/770565791/npr-music-live-sessions" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"recirculation","action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"live sessions","clickType":"music ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/series\/770565791\/npr-music-live-sessions"}' > Live Sessions </a> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="menu menu--about" data-metrics-category-ga4="recirculation"> <div class="menu__list-wrap"> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--ecosystem menu__list--about"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--about-home"><a href="/about/" data-metrics-action="click about npr" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"about npr","clickType":"about ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"/about/"}'>About NPR</a></li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--about-diversity"><a href="/diversity/" data-metrics-action="click diversity" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"diversity","clickType":"about ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"/diversity/"}'>Diversity</a></li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--about-support"><a href="/support/" data-metrics-action="click support" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"support","clickType":"about ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"/support/"}'>Support</a></li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--about-careers"><a href="/careers/" data-metrics-action="click careers" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"careers","clickType":"about ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"/careers/"}'>Careers</a></li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--about-press"><a href="/series/750003/press-room/" data-metrics-action="click press" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"press","clickType":"about ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"/series/750003/press-room/"}'>Press</a></li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--about-ethics"><a href="/ethics/" data-metrics-action="click ethics" data-metrics-ga4='{"action":"global_navigation_click","clickName":"ethics","clickType":"about ecosystem navigation","clickUrl":"/ethics/"}'>Ethics</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> </nav> </header><main aria-label="main content"><div class="speakable"> <b data-is-speakable>In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking</b> <b data-is-speakable>With a nod to the current financial crisis in Europe, an Italian art exhibition looks at the often controversial role that banking played in expanding trade and helping usher in the Renaissance.</b> </div> <div id="wrapper"> <header class="contentheader contentheader--one"></header> <section id="main-section"><article class="story"><a id="mainContent"></a><div class="slug-wrap"> <h3 class="slug"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/europe/">Europe</a> </h3> </div> <div class="storytitle"> <h1>In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking</h1> <input type="hidden" id="title145731770" value="In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking" /> <input type="hidden" id="shortTitle145731770" value="In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking" /> <input type="hidden" id="modelFullUrl145731770" value="https://www.npr.org/2012/01/31/145731770/in-italy-art-as-a-window-into-modern-banking" /> </div>  <div id="story-meta" class="story-meta has-byline"> <div class="story-meta__one"> <div class="story-meta__one-inner"> <div class="dateblock"> <time datetime="2012-01-31T00:01:00-05:00"> <span class="date">January 31, 2012</span><span class="time">12:01 AM ET</span> </time> </div> <div class="program-block"> Heard on <a href="https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/2012/01/31/146081982/">Morning Edition</a> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div class="story-meta__two"> <div id="storybyline" class="storybyline-wrap linkLocation"> <div class="bucketwrap byline"> <div class="byline-container--block"> <div class="byline byline--block byline--has-link" aria-label="Byline"> <div class="byline__photo"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/people/2101034/sylvia-poggioli" rel="author"> <picture><source srcset="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/06/12/wany3858_sq-99a85b41887a804c40c9decf7b44ad89442bba79.jpg?s=100&c=85&f=webp" class="img" type="image/webp" data-template="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/06/12/wany3858_sq-99a85b41887a804c40c9decf7b44ad89442bba79.jpg?s={width}&c={quality}&f={format}" data-format="webp" /><source srcset="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/06/12/wany3858_sq-99a85b41887a804c40c9decf7b44ad89442bba79.jpg?s=100&c=85&f=jpeg" class="img" type="image/jpeg" data-template="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/06/12/wany3858_sq-99a85b41887a804c40c9decf7b44ad89442bba79.jpg?s={width}&c={quality}&f={format}" data-format="jpeg" /><img src="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/06/12/wany3858_sq-99a85b41887a804c40c9decf7b44ad89442bba79.jpg?s=100&c=85&f=jpeg" class="img" alt="Sylvia" data-template="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/06/12/wany3858_sq-99a85b41887a804c40c9decf7b44ad89442bba79.jpg?s={width}&c={quality}&f={format}" data-format="jpeg" /></picture> </a> </div> <p class="byline__name byline__name--block"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/people/2101034/sylvia-poggioli" rel="author"> Sylvia Poggioli </a> </p> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div>  </div>  <div id="primaryaudio" class="storylocation linkLocation"> <article id="res146127028" class="bucketwrap resaudio" aria-label="audio-module"><div class="audio-module"> <h4 class="audio-module-title">In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking</h4> <div class="audio-module-controls-wrap" data-audio='{"uid":"145731770:146127028","available":true,"duration":255,"title":"In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking","audioUrl":"https:\/\/ondemand.npr.org\/anon.npr-mp3\/npr\/me\/2012\/01\/20120131_me_04.mp3?d=255&e=145731770&t=progseg&seg=4&p=3&sc=siteplayer","storyUrl":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2012\/01\/31\/145731770\/in-italy-art-as-a-window-into-modern-banking","slug":"Europe","program":"Morning Edition","affiliation":"","song":"","artist":"","album":"","track":0,"type":"segment","subtype":"other","skipSponsorship":false,"hasAdsWizz":false,"isStreamAudioType":false}' data-audio-metrics='[]'> <div class="audio-module-controls"> <a class="audio-module-listen" href="https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2012/01/20120131_me_04.mp3?d=255&e=145731770&t=progseg&seg=4&p=3&sc=siteplayer&aw_0_1st.playerid=siteplayer"> <b class="audio-module-listen-inner"> <b class="audio-module-listen-icon icn-play"></b> <b class="audio-module-listen-text"> <b class="audio-module-cta"> Listen </b> <b class="audio-module-listen-duration"> <span>· </span> <span>4:15</span> </b> </b> </b> </a> <time class="audio-module-duration" datetime="P4M,15S"> <span class="audio-module-duration__initial-value">4:15</span> </time> </div> </div> <div class="audio-module-tools"> <a class="audio-tool audio-tool-transcript" href="https://www.npr.org/transcripts/145731770" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"audio","action":"audio_click_transcript","storyId":"145731770","mediaId":"146127028","title":"In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking","type":"ondemand"}' > <b class="icn-transcript"></b> <b class="audio-tool-label">Transcript</b> </a> <button class="audio-module-tools-toggle" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"audio","action":"audio_open_more_options","storyId":"145731770","mediaId":"146127028","title":"In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking","type":"ondemand"}' > <b class="icn-toggle"></b> <b class="label">Toggle more options</b> </button> <ul class="audio-module-more-tools"> <li class="audio-tool audio-tool-download"><a href="https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2012/01/20120131_me_04.mp3?d=255&e=145731770&t=progseg&seg=4&p=3&sc=siteplayer&aw_0_1st.playerid=siteplayer" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"audio","action":"audio_download","storyId":"145731770","mediaId":"146127028","title":"In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking","type":"ondemand"}' ><b class="icn-download"></b><b class="audio-tool-label">Download</b></a> </li> <li class="audio-tool audio-tool-embed" > <button data-embed-url="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/145731770/146127028" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"audio","action":"audio_embed","storyId":"145731770","mediaId":"146127028","title":"In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking","type":"ondemand"}' ><b class="button-inner"><b class="icn-embed"></b><b class="audio-tool-label">Embed</b></b></button> <div class="audio-embed-overlay"> <button class="btn-close"></button> <label class="embed-label"> <b class="audio-embed-overlay__icon"></b> <b class="label">Embed</b> <input class="embed-url embed-url-no-touch" readonly value="<iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/145731770/146127028" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player"></iframe>"> </label> <b class="embed-url embed-url-touch"> <code><b class="punctuation"><</b>iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/145731770/146127028" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player"></code> </b> </div> </li> <li class="audio-tool audio-tool-transcript"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/transcripts/145731770" data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"audio","action":"audio_click_transcript","storyId":"145731770","mediaId":"146127028","title":"In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking","type":"ondemand"}' > <b class="icn-transcript"></b> <b class="audio-tool-label">Transcript</b> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div id="storytext" class="storytext storylocation linkLocation"> <div id="res153385291" class="bucketwrap list slideshow"> <div id="slideshow__gallery--153385291" data-resid="153385291" data-toggle-caption="" class="swipe slideshow__gallery"> <ul> <li class=""> <div class="slideshow__image-wrap"> <picture> <source srcset="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty05_slide-f8e8e17b13fff1cf9258ff3a1341402cf36b766a.jpg?s=800&c=15&f=jpeg" data-original="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty05_slide-f8e8e17b13fff1cf9258ff3a1341402cf36b766a.jpg?s=800&c=100&f=jpeg" data-template="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty05_slide-f8e8e17b13fff1cf9258ff3a1341402cf36b766a.jpg?s={width}&c={quality}&f={format}" data-format="webp" class="slideshowImage lazyOnLoad" type="image/webp" /> <source srcset="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty05_slide-f8e8e17b13fff1cf9258ff3a1341402cf36b766a.jpg?s=800&c=15&f=jpeg" data-original="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty05_slide-f8e8e17b13fff1cf9258ff3a1341402cf36b766a.jpg?s=800&c=100&f=jpeg" data-template="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty05_slide-f8e8e17b13fff1cf9258ff3a1341402cf36b766a.jpg?s={width}&c={quality}&f={format}" data-format="jpeg" class="slideshowImage lazyOnLoad" type="image/jpeg" /> <img src="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty05_slide-f8e8e17b13fff1cf9258ff3a1341402cf36b766a.jpg?s=800&c=15&f=jpeg" data-original="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty05_slide-f8e8e17b13fff1cf9258ff3a1341402cf36b766a.jpg?s=800&c=100&f=jpeg" data-template="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty05_slide-f8e8e17b13fff1cf9258ff3a1341402cf36b766a.jpg?s={width}&c={quality}&f={format}" data-format="jpeg" class="slideshowImage lazyOnLoad" alt="Beautifully decorated tools were constructed to balance and weigh gold and gemstones. This set has a wooden case covered with painted paper, iron and partially gilded silver." loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <div class="slideshow__slide-info-wrap"> <div class="slideshow__slide-info"> <button class="slideshow__button slideshow__button--caption-hide" tabindex="-1"><span>Hide caption</span></button> <div class="slideshow__image-caption"> Beautifully decorated tools were constructed to balance and weigh gold and gemstones. This set has a wooden case covered with painted paper, iron and partially gilded silver. </div>  </div>  <div class="aux"> <button class="slideshow__button slideshow__button--back"><span><span>Previous</span></span></button> <button class="slideshow__button slideshow__button--forward"><span><span>Next</span></span></button> </div>  </div>  <div class="slideshow__image-credit"> Courtesy of Palazzo Strozzi </div>  </li> <li class=""> <div class="slideshow__image-wrap"> <picture> <source srcset="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty09_slide-1064ada06d3bef976d5edc96b8676b0511401377.jpg?s=800&c=15&f=jpeg" data-original="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty09_slide-1064ada06d3bef976d5edc96b8676b0511401377.jpg?s=800&c=100&f=jpeg" data-template="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty09_slide-1064ada06d3bef976d5edc96b8676b0511401377.jpg?s={width}&c={quality}&f={format}" data-format="webp" class="slideshowImage lazyOnLoad" type="image/webp" /> <source srcset="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty09_slide-1064ada06d3bef976d5edc96b8676b0511401377.jpg?s=800&c=15&f=jpeg" data-original="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty09_slide-1064ada06d3bef976d5edc96b8676b0511401377.jpg?s=800&c=100&f=jpeg" data-template="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty09_slide-1064ada06d3bef976d5edc96b8676b0511401377.jpg?s={width}&c={quality}&f={format}" data-format="jpeg" class="slideshowImage lazyOnLoad" type="image/jpeg" /> <img src="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty09_slide-1064ada06d3bef976d5edc96b8676b0511401377.jpg?s=800&c=15&f=jpeg" data-original="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty09_slide-1064ada06d3bef976d5edc96b8676b0511401377.jpg?s=800&c=100&f=jpeg" data-template="https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/01/31/money_beauty09_slide-1064ada06d3bef976d5edc96b8676b0511401377.jpg?s={width}&c={quality}&f={format}" data-format="jpeg" class="slideshowImage lazyOnLoad" alt="This painting, "The Calumny of Apelles" by Sandro Botticelli, is a prime example of how the artist's works reflected the shifts and tensions between secular and sacred." loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <div class="slideshow__slide-info-wrap"> <div class="slideshow__slide-info"> <button class="slideshow__button slideshow__button--caption-hide" tabindex="-1"><span>Hide caption</span></button> <div class="slideshow__image-caption"> This painting, "The Calumny of Apelles" by Sandro Botticelli, is a prime example of how the artist's works reflected the shifts and tensions between secular and sacred. </div>  </div>  <div class="aux"> <button class="slideshow__button slideshow__button--back"><span><span>Previous</span></span></button> <button class="slideshow__button slideshow__button--forward"><span><span>Next</span></span></button> </div>  </div>  <div class="slideshow__image-credit"> Courtesy of Palazzo Strozzi </div>  </li> </ul> <div class="slideshow__controls"> <button class="slideshow__button slideshow__button--back"></button> <button class="slideshow__button slideshow__button--forward"></button> <p class="slideshow__counter"> <span class="slideshow__current-count">1</span> of <span class="slideshow__total-count">2</span> </p> <button class="slideshow__button slideshow__button--toggle-caption">i</a> <button class="slideshow__button slideshow__button--fullscreen">View slideshow</button> </div> </div> </div> <p>As Italy and much of Europe struggle with their finances, the city of Florence has staged an art exhibition looking at the critical — and controversial — role that financial institutions have played for centuries.</p> <p>The recent <em>Money and Beauty</em> exhibit, held in the majestic 15th-century Palazzo Strozzi, illustrated how Florentine merchants got around the Catholic Church's ban on money-lending and bankrolled the Renaissance.</p> <p>With the Bible explicitly condemning usury, the lending of money was relegated to Jews, one of the few professions they were allowed to practice.</p> <p>Yet in Florence, merchants turned the city into a laboratory and invented the financial instruments of international trade.</p> <p>The exhibition starts with a small gold coin — the florin, named after the city. It was first minted in 1252, and a half-century later it was being used throughout Europe.</p> <p>In the audio guide to the show, one of the curators of the exhibition, British writer Tim Parks, says the imagery on the gold coin is important: "On one side, the lily of Florence, on the other St. John the Baptist — civic identity and religious belief fused in cash."</p> <p>As illustrated in the exhibition, Florentines also invented the letter of exchange, whereby a banker would give a client, say, 1,000 florins in one city with a pledge that the loan would be paid back in another within three months in the local currency.</p> <aside id="ad-backstage-wrap" class="ad-wrap backstage" aria-label="advertisement"> <div class="ad-header "><span>Sponsor Message</span></div> <div id="ad-backstage-News_World_Europe" class="ad-config ad-backstage has-refresh-enabled" data-ad-config='{"network":"\/6735\/","site":{"desktop":"n6735.NPR","mobile":"n6735.NPRMOBILE"},"zone":"News_World_Europe","targets":{"testserver":"false","isPodcastEpisode":"false","storyId":"145731770","program":"Morning_Edition"},"location":"backstage","deferred":false,"isBetweenContent":true,"overflowCount":null,"hasRefreshEnabled":true,"isOutstreamVideoEnabled":true}'></div> <div class="ad-footer "></div> </aside> <p>The banker made a profit on the exchange rate. The trader, meanwhile, did not have to carry heavy metal coins on his trip and risk being robbed.</p> <p><strong>The Vocabulary Of Finance</strong></p> <p>Many current financial terms derive from 14th-<sup></sup>century Florence. <em>Rischio</em> — or risk — was the Tuscan word used to denote the costs incurred on, or contingencies of, a loan. It was simply a euphemism for interest, a taboo for the Catholic Church.</p> <div id="res145743169" class="bucketwrap pullquote"> <aside aria-label="pullquote"><div class="bucket"> <p>Many bankers made donations for the salvation of their souls, devoting money to good works or art. It was said, 'great sinners, great cathedrals.'</p> </div>  <p class="byline">Ludovica Sebregondi, curator of an art exhibition on the history of banking</p></aside> </div>  <p>The word "bank" comes from <em>banco</em>, the bench on which itinerant merchants traded. An insolvent merchant would have his <em>banco</em> broken — hence, bankruptcy.</p> <p>One of the objects on display is an account book that illustrates the dangers of sovereign default. When the English King Edward III reneged on war loans he had received from Florentine bankers, it contributed to financial problems in the city in the mid-14th<sup></sup> century.</p> <p>Parks, one of the curators, describes how this new way of doing business soon pervaded every sphere of life.</p> <p>"Suddenly everything has a unit value, and everything can be compared in numbers. A priest has a fee for a wedding and a funeral — is that more or less than the cost of a flask of wine, or a prostitute?" Parks says.</p> <p><strong>Catholic Church Opposition</strong></p> <p>The Catholic Church didn't like what was happening. But art historian Ludovica Sebregondi, who also curated the exhibition, says in the audio guide that some theologians began to make exceptions to the condemnation of money-lending.<strong> </strong></p> <aside id="ad-secondary-wrap" class="ad-wrap secondary" aria-label="advertisement"> <div class="ad-header "><span>Sponsor Message</span></div> <div id="ad-secondary-News_World_Europe" class="ad-config ad-secondary has-refresh-enabled" data-ad-config='{"network":"\/6735\/","site":{"desktop":"NPRSecondary","mobile":"NPRMobileSecondary"},"zone":"News_World_Europe","targets":{"testserver":"false","isPodcastEpisode":"false","storyId":"145731770","program":"Morning_Edition"},"location":"secondary","deferred":false,"isBetweenContent":true,"overflowCount":null,"hasRefreshEnabled":true,"isOutstreamVideoEnabled":false}'></div> <div class="ad-footer "></div> </aside> <p>"Amid this tension between opposing views," she says, "many bankers made donations for the salvation of their souls, devoting money to good works or art. It was said, 'great sinners, great cathedrals.' "</p> <p>And in another hedge against eternal damnation, bankers filled those great cathedrals with great paintings and great sculpture. Through penitential patronage — the fear of God — Florence became the foundry of great artwork and set the stage for the Renaissance.</p> <p>James Bradburne, director of the exhibition space, says <em>Money and Beauty</em> has a particular resonance in today's financially troubled world.</p> <p>"It asks people to think about bankers' bonuses, how bankers make their money. How mysterious was a letter of credit — it was like short-selling, like derivatives," he says. Many of the same questions, Bradburne notes, are being asked today.</p> <p>"Are the bankers the devils? Are they making illegitimate profits, or are they just good chaps?" Bradburne says. "We need the banking system. The dilemma is the same — and it devolves into a social and moral dilemma — then as now."</p> <p>What's less clear is whether today's bankers — perhaps less guilt-ridden than their Florentine forerunners — are willing or able to finance a new renaissance.</p> </div> <div class="share-tools share-tools--secondary" aria-label="Share tools"> <ul> <li class="share-tools__service share-tools__service--facebook"><button class="fbStory145731770" data-share-facebook='{"storyId": "145731770" }' data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"share","action":"share","clickName":"facebook"}' ><b class="share-tools__service-name">Facebook</b></button></li> <li class="share-tools__service share-tools__service--flipboard"><button class="story145731770" data-share-flipboard='{"storyId": "145731770" }' data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"share","action":"share","clickName":"flipboard"}' ><b class="share-tools__service-name">Flipboard</b></button></li> <li class="share-tools__service share-tools__service--email"><button class='share-tools__email-link' data-story-id='145731770' data-metrics-ga4='{"category":"share","action":"share","clickName":"email"}' ><b class="share-tools__service-name">Email</b></button></li> </ul> </div>  <div id="newsletter-acquisition-callout-data" data-newsletter="{"newsletterId":"news","title":"Up First","marketingHeader":"Sign Up For NPR's Up First Newsletter","frequency":"every day","shortDescription":"The stories you need to start your day, hand-picked for you every weekday. Plus, the best of NPR every Sunday.","stickyDescription":"Sign up for the NPR's Up First newsletter for the latest headlines and unique stories from the NPR Network.","contentImage":"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2023\/04\/03\/up-first-newsletter.png","staticMarkupDir":"\/buckets\/topics\/header1001.html","brandingDir":"\/branding\/sections\/news\/","brandingLink":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/news\/","recaptchaSiteKey":"6LcdN9IZAAAAAOHT985BJjbzjkBjKSxdxK3GeKSt"}"> </div>  <div id="callout-end-of-story-mount"> </div>  <div id="callout-end-of-story-mount-piano-wrap" class="callout-end-of-story-mount-piano-wrap"> <div id="callout-end-of-story-mount-piano" class="callout-end-of-story-mount-piano"> </div>  </div>  <aside id="end-of-story-recommendations-mount" class="recommended-stories" aria-label="recommended stories"></aside>  </article><footer id="npr-footer" class="npr-footer" role="contentinfo" aria-label="NPR footer"><div class="npr-footer__content"> <div class="npr-footer__module-group"> <div class="npr-footer__module"> <h6 class="npr-footer__header">Read & Listen</h6> <ul> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/sections/news/">News</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/sections/culture/">Culture</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/music/">Music</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/podcasts-and-shows" >Podcasts & Shows</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="npr-footer__module"> <h6 class="npr-footer__header">Connect</h6> <ul> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/newsletters/" target='_blank'>Newsletters</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NPR/" >Facebook</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/npr/">Instagram</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/press/">Press</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/sections/publiceditor/">Public Editor</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/corrections/">Corrections</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="https://help.npr.org/contact/s/">Contact & Help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="npr-footer__module"> <h6 class="npr-footer__header">About NPR</h6> <ul> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/about/">Overview</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/diversity/">Diversity</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/network/" target="_blank">NPR Network</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/about-npr/1136563345/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/ethics/">Ethics</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/about-npr/178660742/public-radio-finances">Finances</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="npr-footer__module"> <h6 class="npr-footer__header">Get Involved</h6> <ul> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/support/">Support Public Radio</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/about-npr/186948703/corporate-sponsorship">Sponsor NPR</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/careers/">NPR Careers</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="https://shopnpr.org/">NPR Shop</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="https://www.nprpresents.org">NPR Events</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/sections/npr-extra/">NPR Extra</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="npr-footer__module npr-footer__module--secondary"> <ul> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/about-npr/179876898/terms-of-use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/about-npr/179878450/privacy-policy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="/about-npr/179878450/privacy-policy#yourchoices">Your Privacy Choices</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><a href="https://text.npr.org/">Text Only</a></li> <li class="npr-footer__item"><span class="copy-year"></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer><div id="global-stickybar-mount" class="global-stickybar-mount"> </div> <div id="global-stickybar-mount-piano-wrap" class="global-stickybar"> <div id="global-stickybar-mount-piano" class="global-stickybar-mount-piano"> </div> </div> </section> <div id="main-sidebar"> <aside id="ad-standard-wrap" class="ad-wrap standard" aria-label="advertisement"> <div id="ad-standard-News_World_Europe" class="ad-config ad-standard has-refresh-enabled" data-ad-config='{"network":"\/6735\/","site":{"desktop":"n6735.NPR","mobile":"n6735.NPRMOBILE"},"zone":"News_World_Europe","targets":{"testserver":"false","isPodcastEpisode":"false","storyId":"145731770","program":"Morning_Edition"},"location":"standard","deferred":false,"isBetweenContent":false,"overflowCount":null,"hasRefreshEnabled":true,"isOutstreamVideoEnabled":false}'></div> <p class="left">Sponsor Message</p><p class="right"><a href="/about-npr/186948703/corporate-sponsorship">Become an NPR sponsor</a></p> </aside> </div>  </div>  <section id="global-modal-mount"></section>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function () { var loadPageJs = function () { (window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[22],{1104:function(e,n,c){e.exports=c(302)},302:function(e,n,c){"use strict";c.p=NPR.serverVars.webpackPublicPath,Promise.all([c.e(1),c.e(2),c.e(3),c.e(92),c.e(75)]).then(function(e){c(2),c(1075),c(63),c(75),c(36),c(166),c(124),c(64),c(66),c(1076),c(84),c(1077),c(294),c(1078),c(41),c(1079)}.bind(null,c)).catch(c.oe)}},[[1104,0]]]); }; if (document.readyState === 'complete') { loadPageJs(); } else { window.addEventListener('load', function load() { window.removeEventListener('load', load, false); loadPageJs(); }); } })(); </script> </main></body></html>

CINXE.COM

In Italy, Art As A Window Into Modern Banking : NPR