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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Saga</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Saga-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sýna/fela Saga undirkafla</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Saga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aðdragandinn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aðdragandinn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Aðdragandinn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aðdragandinn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stjórnarskráin_fyrir_borgarastyrjöldina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stjórnarskráin_fyrir_borgarastyrjöldina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stjórnarskráin fyrir borgarastyrjöldina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stjórnarskráin_fyrir_borgarastyrjöldina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arfleifð_þrettánda_viðaukans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arfleifð_þrettánda_viðaukans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Arfleifð þrettánda viðaukans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arfleifð_þrettánda_viðaukans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staða_viðaukans_nú_á_tímum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staða_viðaukans_nú_á_tímum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Staða viðaukans nú á tímum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staða_viðaukans_nú_á_tímum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TIlvísanir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TIlvísanir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>TIlvísanir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TIlvísanir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heimildir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heimildir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Heimildir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heimildir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tengt_efni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tengt_efni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tengt efni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tengt_efni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Efni" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Þrettándi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Fara á grein á öðru tungumáli. Til staðar á 31 tungumáli" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 tungumál</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C4%93ot%C4%93o%C3%BEa_Geb%C4%93tung_%C3%BE%C3%A6re_Grundgesetnesse_%C3%BE%C4%81ra_Ge%C4%81nedra_R%C4%ABca_American" title="Þrēotēoþa Gebētung þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American – fornenska" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þrēotēoþa Gebētung þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="fornenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="التعديل الثالث عشر لدستور الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية – arabíska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التعديل الثالث عشر لدستور الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Трынаццатая папраўка да Канстытуцыі ЗША – hvítrússneska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трынаццатая папраўка да Канстытуцыі ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="hvítrússneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretzena_esmena_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3_dels_Estats_Units" title="Tretzena esmena de la Constitució dels Estats Units – katalónska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tretzena esmena de la Constitució dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99in%C3%A1ct%C3%BD_dodatek_%C3%9Astavy_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Třináctý dodatek Ústavy Spojených států amerických – tékkneska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Třináctý dodatek Ústavy Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tékkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Gæðagrein"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._Zusatzartikel_zur_Verfassung_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="13. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten – þýska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="13. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="þýska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Gæðagrein"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution – enska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="enska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dektria_Amendo_al_la_Usona_Konstitucio" title="Dektria Amendo al la Usona Konstitucio – esperantó" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dektria Amendo al la Usona Konstitucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimotercera_Enmienda_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Decimotercera Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos – spænska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Decimotercera Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spænska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_p%C3%B5hiseaduse_kolmeteistk%C3%BCmnes_parandus" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide põhiseaduse kolmeteistkümnes parandus – eistneska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide põhiseaduse kolmeteistkümnes parandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eistneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%85_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="متمم سیزدهم قانون اساسی ایالات متحده آمریکا – persneska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متمم سیزدهم قانون اساسی ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_perustuslain_13._lis%C3%A4ys" title="Yhdysvaltain perustuslain 13. lisäys – finnska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain perustuslain 13. lisäys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treizi%C3%A8me_amendement_de_la_Constitution_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Treizième amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Treizième amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94-13_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התיקון ה-13 לחוקת ארצות הברית – hebreska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התיקון ה-13 לחוקת ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_13%E2%80%93%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A8" title="ԱՄՆ Սահմադրության 13–րդ ուղղումը – armenska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ Սահմադրության 13–րդ ուղղումը" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendemen_Ketiga_Belas_Konstitusi_Amerika_Serikat" title="Amendemen Ketiga Belas Konstitusi Amerika Serikat – indónesíska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amendemen Ketiga Belas Konstitusi Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indónesíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_emendamento_della_Costituzione_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="XIII emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America – ítalska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XIII emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ítalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E7%AC%AC13%E6%9D%A1" title="アメリカ合衆国憲法修正第13条 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国憲法修正第13条" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%88%98%EC%A0%95_%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95_%EC%A0%9C13%EC%A1%B0" title="미국 수정 헌법 제13조 – kóreska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 수정 헌법 제13조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kóreska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-oji_JAV_Konstitucijos_pataisa" title="13-oji JAV Konstitucijos pataisa – litháíska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="13-oji JAV Konstitucijos pataisa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litháíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_Konstit%C5%ABcijas_13._labojums" title="ASV Konstitūcijas 13. labojums – lettneska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASV Konstitūcijas 13. labojums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dertiende_amendement_van_de_Grondwet_van_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="Dertiende amendement van de Grondwet van de Verenigde Staten – hollenska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dertiende amendement van de Grondwet van de Verenigde Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment" title="Thirteenth Amendment – norskt bókmál" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thirteenth Amendment" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bókmál" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._poprawka_do_Konstytucji_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="13. poprawka do Konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych – pólska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="13. poprawka do Konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pólska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84" title="د متحده ایالاتو د اساسي قانون دیارلسم تعدیل – pastú" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د متحده ایالاتو د اساسي قانون دیارلسم تعدیل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastú" 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dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Emancipation_proclamation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/350px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/525px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/700px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> skrifar undir felsisveitinguna svokölluðu (e. <i>Emancipation Proclamation</i>) ásamt ríkisstjórn sinni, sem veitti þrælum í <a href="/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADkin" title="Bandaríkin">Bandaríkjunum</a> frelsi árið <a href="/wiki/1863" title="1863">1863</a>, tveimur árum áður en það var staðfest með gildistöku <b>þrettánda viðaukans</b> árið <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Þrettándi viðauki</b> <a href="/wiki/Stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Stjórnarskrá Bandaríkjanna">stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna</a> (e. <i>Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</i> eða <i>Amendment XIII</i>) er stjórnarskrárbreyting sem tók gildi árið <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a> og bannar alfarið <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%A6lahald" title="Þrælahald">þrælahald</a>, og nauðungavinnu nema í þeim tilfellum þar sem glæpamenn eru dæmdir til hegningarvinnu.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> <a href="/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADkjaforseti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandaríkjaforseti">Bandaríkjaforseti</a> (1861-1865) hafði frumkvæði að því að innleiða viðaukann, í þeim tilgangi að binda enda á þrælahald í Bandaríkjunum. Viðaukinn var sá fyrsti af þremur viðaukum stjórnarskrárinnar sem kenndir eru við <a href="/wiki/Endurbyggingat%C3%ADmabil_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Endurbyggingatímabil Bandaríkjanna">endurbyggingatímabil Bandaríkjanna</a>, sem stóð yfir á árunum eftir <a href="/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADska_borgarastr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandaríska borgarastríðið">bandarísku borgarastyrjöldina</a> (e. <i>Reconstruction Amendments</i>). Hinir tveir viðaukarnir eru þeir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fj%C3%B3rt%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fjórtándi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">fjórtándi</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fimmt%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fimmtándi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">fimmtándi</a>, og tóku þeir allir gildi á árunum 1865-1870.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texti">Texti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Breyti hluta: Texti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Texti"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viðaukinn er svohljóðandi á <a href="/wiki/Enska" title="Enska">ensku</a>: </p> <dl><dd><b>Section 1.</b></dd> <dd>„Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.“</dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Section 2.</b></dd> <dd>„Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.“<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Hann hefur verið þýddur á <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dslenska" title="Íslenska">íslensku</a> á eftirfarandi hátt: </p> <dl><dd><b>1. hluti</b></dd> <dd>„Hvorki þrældómur né nauðungarvinna, nema sem hegning fyrir glæp, sem maður hefur verið réttilega sakfelldur fyrir skal eiga sér stað innan Bandaríkjanna eða á nokkrum stað sem þau hafi lögsögu yfir.“</dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>2. hluti</b></dd> <dd>„<a href="/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADkja%C3%BEing" title="Bandaríkjaþing">Sambandsþingið</a> hefur vald til að framfylgja þessu ákvæði með viðeigandi löggjöf.“<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saga">Saga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Breyti hluta: Saga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Saga"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/440px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="3742" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg/170px-Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg/255px-Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg/340px-Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption><b>Þrettándi viðaukinn</b> batt enda á <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%A6lahald" title="Þrælahald">þrælahald</a> í <a href="/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADkin" title="Bandaríkin">Bandaríkjunum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aðdragandinn"><span id="A.C3.B0dragandinn"></span>Aðdragandinn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Breyti hluta: Aðdragandinn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Aðdragandinn"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Þegar <a href="/wiki/Stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Stjórnarskrá Bandaríkjanna">stjórnarskrá Bandaríkjanna</a> var skrifuð árið <a href="/wiki/1787" title="1787">1787</a> stóðu yfir miklar deilur á milli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Su%C3%B0urr%C3%ADki_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suðurríki Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">Suðurríkjanna</a> annars vegar, og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nor%C3%B0urr%C3%ADki_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norðurríki Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">Norðuríkjanna</a> hinsvegar, um mörg málefni og þá sérstaklega <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%A6lahald" title="Þrælahald">þrælahald</a>. Skipulagt þrælahald hafði að mestu verið afnumið í Norðurríkjunum, þar sem efnahagurinn byggðist á alþjóðlegri verslun og <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0nv%C3%A6%C3%B0ing" title="Iðnvæðing">iðnvæðingin</a> var að hefjast. En í Suðurríkjunum var þrælahald enn við lýði og þar byggðist efnahagurinn að mestu á hefðbundnum <a href="/wiki/Landb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" title="Landbúnaður">landbúnaði</a>. Þrælahald var sérstaklega mikilvægt fyrir þann víðtæka plantekrubúskap sem þar var rekinn. Þegar <a href="/wiki/Landsfe%C3%B0ur_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Landsfeður Bandaríkjanna">landsfeður Bandaríkjanna</a> skrifuðu stjórnarskrána var ekki tekið sérstaklega á þessu vandamáli, heldur var deilunni einfaldlega frestað til framtíðarinnar.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stjórnarskráin_fyrir_borgarastyrjöldina"><span id="Stj.C3.B3rnarskr.C3.A1in_fyrir_borgarastyrj.C3.B6ldina"></span>Stjórnarskráin fyrir borgarastyrjöldina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Breyti hluta: Stjórnarskráin fyrir borgarastyrjöldina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Stjórnarskráin fyrir borgarastyrjöldina"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Landsfe%C3%B0ur_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Landsfeður Bandaríkjanna">Landsfeðrum Bandaríkjanna</a> tókst að vissu leyti að miðla málum þegar þeir skrifuðu stjórnarskrána, og koma til móts við yfirstéttina í Suðurríkjunum til þess að stefna ekki hinu nýja ríkjasambandi <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-Amer%C3%ADka" title="Norður-Ameríka">Norður-Ameríku</a> í uppnám, með því sem kallað hefur verið á <a href="/wiki/Enska" title="Enska">ensku</a> „<i>The Three-Fifths Compromise</i>“. Þetta var málamiðlun sem birtist í 2. hluta 1. greinar stjórnarskrárinnar um <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6ggjafarvald" title="Löggjafarvald">löggjafavaldið</a>, sem sagði að telja ætti þræla meðal íbúafjölda þegar meta átti hversu marga fulltrúa hvert <a href="/wiki/Fylki_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Fylki Bandaríkjanna">fylki</a> átta að hafa í <a href="/wiki/Fulltr%C3%BAadeild_Bandar%C3%ADkja%C3%BEings" title="Fulltrúadeild Bandaríkjaþings">fulltrúadeild Bandaríkjaþings</a>, en þó var hver þræll metinn sem þrír-fimmti hluti venjulegs (frjáls) manns.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Þetta ákvæði stjórnarskrárinnar hefur verið kallað „<i>The Three-Fifths Clause</i>,“ og er svohljóðandi á íslensku: </p> <dl><dd>„Fulltrúatölu... skal jafna niður milli þeirra ríkja, sem eru í bandalagi þessu, eftir íbúatölu hvers þeirra, sem ákveðin skal með því að bæta við fulla tölu frjálsra manna - að þeim meðtöldum sem gegna herþjónustu um ákveðinn árafjölda, en að frátöldum indíánum er ekki greiða skatt - þremur fimmtu hlutum allra annarra manna.“<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Bandaríkjaþing lagði ekki bann við þrælasölu fyrr en árið <a href="/wiki/1808" title="1808">1808</a>, en þrælahald hélt áfram óáreitt í Suðurríkjunum.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deilan um þrælahald gerjaðist eftir því sem leið á <a href="/wiki/19._%C3%B6ldin" title="19. öldin">19. öldina</a> og varð síðar ein af höfuðorsökum <a href="/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADska_borgarastr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandaríska borgarastríðið">bandarísku borgarastyrjaldarinnar</a>, sem blossaði upp á milli Suðurríkjanna og Norðurríkjanna á árunum <a href="/wiki/1861" title="1861">1861-</a><a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> hafði verið kosinn forseti árið <a href="/wiki/1861" title="1861">1861</a> fyrir <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblikanaflokkurinn" title="Repúblikanaflokkurinn">Repúblikanaflokkinn</a> og eitt af helstu stefnumálum hans var að afnema þrælahald. Í miðju borgarastríðinu, árið <a href="/wiki/1863" title="1863">1863</a>, veitti Lincoln öllum þrælum Bandaríkjanna frelsi með frelsisveitingunni svokölluðu (e. <i>Emancipation Proclamation</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Um það bil þegar Norðurríkin voru að fara með sigur af hólmi, var þrettándi viðaukinn samþykktur af <a href="/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADkja%C3%BEing" title="Bandaríkjaþing">Bandaríkjaþingi</a> þann <a href="/wiki/31._jan%C3%BAar" title="31. janúar">31. janúar</a> 1865, og tók síðan gildi <a href="/wiki/6._desember" title="6. desember">6. desember</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Endurbyggingat%C3%ADmabil_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Endurbyggingatímabil Bandaríkjanna">Endurbyggingatímabil Bandaríkjanna</a> fylgdi þar á eftir, en á árunum 1865-1877 voru Suðurríkin hernumin af alríkinu sem beitti sér einnig fyrir viðamikilli uppbyggingu á innviðum þeirra, m.a. til að koma til móts við afnám þrælahaldsins.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arfleifð_þrettánda_viðaukans"><span id="Arfleif.C3.B0_.C3.BErett.C3.A1nda_vi.C3.B0aukans"></span>Arfleifð þrettánda viðaukans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Breyti hluta: Arfleifð þrettánda viðaukans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Arfleifð þrettánda viðaukans"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Með gildistöku þrettánda viðaukans féll hið áðurnefnda „<i>Three-Fifths Clause</i>“ ákvæði stjórnarskrárinnar eiginlega úr gildi þar sem allir íbúar Bandaríkjanna voru nú frjálsir að nafninu til. Kosningaákvæði <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fj%C3%B3rt%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fjórtándi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">fjórtánda viðaukans</a> sem tók gildi árið <a href="/wiki/1868" title="1868">1868</a> leysti það af hólmi, en samkvæmt því eru allir menn taldir jafnt þegar meta á fjölda fulltrúa fylkis á Bandaríkjaþingi út frá íbúatölu.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Félagsleg arfleifð þrælahaldsins varði allt fram á <a href="/wiki/7._%C3%A1ratugurinn" class="mw-redirect" title="7. áratugurinn">7. áratug</a> <a href="/wiki/20._%C3%B6ldin" title="20. öldin">20. aldar</a>, þar sem fylki Suðurríkjanna ráku lögbundna aðskilnaðarstefnu og mismunuðu <a href="/wiki/Svartir_Bandar%C3%ADkjamenn" title="Svartir Bandaríkjamenn">blökkufólki</a> á grundvelli litarháttar þeirra, þangað til að <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6stir%C3%A9ttur_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Hæstiréttur Bandaríkjanna">hæstiréttur Bandaríkjanna</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alr%C3%ADkisstj%C3%B3rn_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alríkisstjórn Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">alríkisstjórnin</a> gripu inn í á tímum <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ttindabyltingin" title="Réttindabyltingin">réttindabyltingarinnar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Staða_viðaukans_nú_á_tímum"><span id="Sta.C3.B0a_vi.C3.B0aukans_n.C3.BA_.C3.A1_t.C3.ADmum"></span>Staða viðaukans nú á tímum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Breyti hluta: Staða viðaukans nú á tímum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Staða viðaukans nú á tímum"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ólíkt hinum tveimur viðaukunum, sem kenndir eru við <a href="/wiki/Endurbyggingat%C3%ADmabil_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Endurbyggingatímabil Bandaríkjanna">endurbyggingatímabil Bandaríkjanna</a>, hefur þrettándi viðaukinn verið óumdeildur síðan hann tók gildi og nú á dögum er sjaldan vitnað til hans af dómstólum.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TIlvísanir"><span id="TIlv.C3.ADsanir"></span>TIlvísanir</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Breyti hluta: TIlvísanir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: TIlvísanir"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1744314">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, 2007, bls. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fyrirmynd greinarinnar var „<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" class="extiw" title="en:Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></i>“ á <a href="/wiki/Enska" title="Enska">ensku</a> útgáfu <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>. Sótt 21. nóvember 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1870430">.mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:black}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:white}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:white}}.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1873994">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html">„Amendments 11-27“</a>. National Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Sótt 21. nóvember 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amendments+11-27&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcharters%2Fconstitution_amendments_11-27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi+vi%C3%B0auki+stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r+Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stjornskipun.is/page/bandarikin/">„Stjórnarskrá Bandaríkjanna“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Sótt 21. nóvember 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1+Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stjornskipun.is%2Fpage%2Fbandarikin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi+vi%C3%B0auki+stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r+Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, 2007, bls. 8-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, 2007, bls. 8-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stjornskipun.is/page/bandarikin/">„Stjórnarskrá Bandaríkjanna“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Sótt 21. nóvember 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1+Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stjornskipun.is%2Fpage%2Fbandarikin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi+vi%C3%B0auki+stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r+Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, 2007, bls. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, 2007, bls. 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/185468/Emancipation-Proclamation">„Emancipation Proclamation“</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Sótt 21. nóvember 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emancipation+Proclamation&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F185468%2FEmancipation-Proclamation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi+vi%C3%B0auki+stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r+Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, 2007, bls. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, 2007, bls. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fyrirmynd greinarinnar var „<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Fifths_Compromise" class="extiw" title="en:Three-Fifths Compromise">Three-Fifths Compromise</a></i>“ á <a href="/wiki/Enska" title="Enska">ensku</a> útgáfu <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>. Sótt 21. nóvember 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashbee, 2004, bls. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McKay, 2005, bls. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fyrirmynd greinarinnar var „<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="en:Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></i>“ á <a href="/wiki/Enska" title="Enska">ensku</a> útgáfu <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>. Sótt 21. nóvember 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1744436">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heimildir">Heimildir</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Breyti hluta: Heimildir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Heimildir"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFAshbee,_Edward" class="citation book cs1">Ashbee, Edward (2004). <i>US Politics Today (2. útgáfa)</i>. Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Politics+Today+%282.+%C3%BAtg%C3%A1fa%29&rft.pub=Manchester%3B+New+York%3A+Manchester+University+Press&rft.au=Ashbee%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi+vi%C3%B0auki+stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r+Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKatz,_Richard_S" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Richard S (2007). <i>Political Institutions in the United States</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Institutions+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.au=Katz%2C+Richard+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi+vi%C3%B0auki+stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r+Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay,_David" class="citation book cs1">McKay, David (2005). <i>American Politics and Society (6. útgáfa)</i>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Politics+and+Society+%286.+%C3%BAtg%C3%A1fa%29&rft.pub=Malden%2C+MA%3A+Blackwell+Pub&rft.au=McKay%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi+vi%C3%B0auki+stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r+Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tengt_efni">Tengt efni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Breyti hluta: Tengt efni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Tengt 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href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ttindaskr%C3%A1_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Réttindaskrá Bandaríkjanna">Réttindaskráin</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fyrsti_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Fyrsti viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna">I</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Annar_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Annar viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna">II</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eri%C3%B0ji_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Þriðji viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna">III</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fj%C3%B3r%C3%B0i_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fjórði viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">IV</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fimmti_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fimmti viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">V</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sj%C3%B6tti_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjötti viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">VI</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sj%C3%B6undi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjöundi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">VII</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ttundi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Áttundi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">VIII</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%ADundi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Níundi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">IX</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%ADundi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tíundi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">X</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Aðrir viðaukar</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellefti_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellefti viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XI</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%B3lfti_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tólfti viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XII</a>  •  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">XIII</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fj%C3%B3rt%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fjórtándi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XIV</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fimmt%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fimmtándi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XV</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sext%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sextándi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XVI</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sautj%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sautjándi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XVII</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81tj%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Átjándi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XVIII</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%ADtj%C3%A1ndi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nítjándi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XIX</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuttugasti_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuttugasti viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XX</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuttugasti_og_fyrsti_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuttugasti og fyrsti viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XXI</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuttugasti_og_annar_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuttugasti og annar viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XXII</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuttugasti_og_%C3%BEri%C3%B0ji_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuttugasti og þriðji viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XXIII</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuttugasti_og_fj%C3%B3r%C3%B0i_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuttugasti og fjórði viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XXIV</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuttugasti_og_fimmti_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuttugasti og fimmti viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XXV</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuttugasti_og_sj%C3%B6tti_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuttugasti og sjötti viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XXVI</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuttugasti_og_sj%C3%B6undi_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuttugasti og sjöundi viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna (síða er ekki enn til)">XXVII</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Sótt frá „<a dir="ltr" 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