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In 1786 [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] satirized the stress and emotional mayhem in a single-act farce [[Der Schauspieldirektor|''Der Schauspieldirektor'' (''The Impresario'')]]. [[Antonio Vivaldi]] was unusual in acting as both ''impresario'' and composer; in 1714 he managed seasons at [[Teatro San Angelo]] in Venice, where his opera ''[[Orlando finto pazzo]]'' was followed by numerous others. Alessandro Lanari (1787–1852), who began as the owner of a shop that produced costumes, eliminated the middleman in a series of successful seasons he produced for the [[Teatro della Pergola]], in Florence. He presented the premieres of the first version of [[Giuseppe Verdi]]'s ''[[Macbeth (Verdi)|Macbeth]]'', two of [[Vincenzo Bellini]]'s operas and five of [[Gaetano Donizetti]]'s, including ''[[Lucia di Lammermoor]]''. [[Domenico Barbaia]] (1778–1841) began as a café waiter and made a fortune at [[La Scala]], in Milan, where he was also in charge of the gambling operation and introduced [[roulette]]. [[Duchess Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Five Lives in Music : Women Performers, Composers, and Impresarios from the Baroque to the Present. |last=Porter |first=Cecelia Hopkins |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780252037016 |location=Urbana }}</ref> was a harpsichordist who also presided over seventeenth-century North German court music as an ''impresario''. ==Modern use== The traditional term is still used in the [[Entertainment#Industry|entertainment industry]] to refer to a producer of [[concert]]s, tours and other events in [[music]], [[opera]], [[theatre]],<ref name="CraigThomas"/> and even [[rodeo]].<ref name="TimeRodeo1937"/> Important modern ''impresari'' in the traditional sense include [[Thomas Beecham]], [[Rudolf Bing]], [[David C. Pitman]], [[Sergei Diaghilev]], [[Richard D'Oyly Carte]], [[Fortune Gallo]], [[Sol Hurok]], [[Sarah Caldwell]], [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], [[Aaron Richmond]], and jazz festival producer [[George Wein]]. [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]], who produced music shows at [[The Fillmore]] Auditorium in San Francisco, was known as a rock music impresario. ==Application of term== The term is occasionally applied to others, such as independent art museum [[curator]]s,<ref name="TimeWhitney"/> event planners, and conference organizers<ref name="WurmanMedalistAIGA"/> who have a leading role in orchestrating events. ==Figurative ''impresari''== [[Jacques Cousteau]] said of himself that he was an ''impresario'' of scientists<ref name="BartlebyCouteau"/> as an explorer and filmmaker who worked with scientists in underwater exploration. [[Nicholas Wade]] described [[James Watson]] and [[E. O. Wilson]] in ''The New York Times'' as ''impresari'' of [[Charles Darwin]]'s works.<ref name="WadeNYT"/> ==See also== {{Commons category-inline|Impresarios}} * [[Entrepreneurship|Entrepreneur]] ==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="ImpresarioImpressa">''[[New Oxford American Dictionary]]''. ''Impresa'': enterprise; deed; company. ''[[Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|Mondadori]]'s Pocket Italian–English English–Italian [[Bilingual dictionary|Dictionary]]''. The term is sometimes misspelled ''impressario''.</ref> <ref name="Rosselli">Rosselli, John (1984). ''The Opera Industry in Italy from Cimarosa to Verdi: The Role of the Impresario''. Cambridge University Press. This history is summarized here.</ref> <ref name="CraigThomas">{{cite web |url= http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/nations/0,8782,166488,00.html |title= Private Triumph. |author= Thomas, Craig |work= [[Asia Week]] |date= 13 July 2001 }}</ref> <ref name="TimeRodeo1937">{{cite magazine |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758293,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080602153043/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758293,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= June 2, 2008 |title= Broadway Rodeo |magazine= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= 18 October 1937 }}</ref> <ref name="TimeWhitney">{{cite magazine |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844168,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015050/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844168,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= October 1, 2007 |title= New Impresario for the Showcase |magazine= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= 24 November 1967 }}</ref> <ref name="WurmanMedalistAIGA">[http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/medalist-richardsaulwurman Champion of Explication Through Design and Design Conference Impresario] [[Richard Saul Wurman]], 2004 [[AIGA]] Medalist.</ref> <ref name="BartlebyCouteau">[http://www.bartleby.com/63/1/3101.html Jacques-Yves Cousteau] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203061110/http://www.bartleby.com/63/1/3101.html |date=2007-12-03 }} on ''[[Bartleby.com]]''</ref> <ref name="WadeNYT">{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/25/science/sciencespecial2/25darw.html |title= Long-Ago Rivals Are Dual Impresarios of Darwin's Oeuvre |author= Nicholas Wade |author-link= Nicholas Wade |work= [[The New York Times]] |date= October 25, 2005 }}</ref> }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Impresarios| ]] [[Category:Theatre managers and producers]] [[Category:Occupations in music]] [[Category:Arts occupations]] [[Category:Entertainment occupations]] [[Category:Musical terminology]] 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