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<li id="toc-Early_years_and_14_July_Revolution:_1951–1958" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years_and_14_July_Revolution:_1951–1958"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years and 14 July Revolution: 1951–1958</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_and_14_July_Revolution:_1951–1958-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qasim's_Iraq:_1958–1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qasim's_Iraq:_1958–1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Qasim's Iraq: 1958–1963</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qasim's_Iraq:_1958–1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_power:_February–September_1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_power:_February–September_1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>In power: February–September 1963</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_power:_February–September_1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union_talks_with_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_talks_with_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Union talks with Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_talks_with_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilateral_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilateral_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Bilateral union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilateral_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground:_1963–1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground:_1963–1968"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Underground: 1963–1968</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground:_1963–1968-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ba'athist_Iraq:_1968–2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ba'athist_Iraq:_1968–2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Ba'athist Iraq: 1968–2003</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ba'athist_Iraq:_1968–2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003_invasion_and_new_Iraqi_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003_invasion_and_new_Iraqi_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>2003 invasion and new Iraqi government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003_invasion_and_new_Iraqi_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Downfall_and_de-Ba'athification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall_and_de-Ba'athification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Downfall and de-Ba'athification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall_and_de-Ba'athification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saddam's_death_and_party_split:_2006–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saddam's_death_and_party_split:_2006–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Saddam's death and party split: 2006–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saddam's_death_and_party_split:_2006–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization and structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization_and_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization and structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_(central)_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_(central)_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Regional (central) level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_(central)_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lower levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Security functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discipline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Discipline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Assembly_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Assembly_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>National Assembly elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Assembly_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82)" title="حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي (العراق) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي (العراق)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Baaz_%C3%80rab_Socialista_(Iraq)" title="Partit Baaz Àrab Socialista (Iraq) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Baaz Àrab Socialista (Iraq)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B1%CE%B8_%E2%80%93_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%99%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Αραβικό Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα Μπάαθ – Περιφέρεια Ιράκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραβικό Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα Μπάαθ – Περιφέρεια Ιράκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Baaz_%C3%81rabe_Socialista_(Irak)" title="Partido Baaz Árabe Socialista (Irak) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Baaz Árabe Socialista (Irak)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_(%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82)" title="حزب بعث سوسیالیست عرب (عراق) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب بعث سوسیالیست عرب (عراق)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Baas_irakien" title="Parti Baas irakien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti Baas irakien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%8B%B9_(%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC)" title="바트당 (이라크) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바트당 (이라크)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Sosialis_Arab_Ba%27th_%E2%80%93_Wilayah_Irak" title="Partai Sosialis Arab Ba'th – Wilayah Irak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Sosialis Arab Ba'th – Wilayah Irak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Ba%27th_(Iraq)" title="Partito Ba'th (Iraq) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Ba'th (Iraq)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Socialistische_Ba%27ath-partij_(Irak)" title="Arabische Socialistische Ba'ath-partij (Irak) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabische Socialistische Ba'ath-partij (Irak)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Baas_(Irak)" title="Partia Baas (Irak) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia Baas (Irak)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="حیزبی بەعسی عێراق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حیزبی بەعسی عێراق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baathpartiet_(Irak)" title="Baathpartiet (Irak) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baathpartiet (Irak)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_Sosyalist_Baas_Partisi_-_Irak_B%C3%B6lgesi" title="Arap Sosyalist Baas Partisi - Irak Bölgesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arap Sosyalist Baas Partisi - Irak Bölgesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A%E2%80%94%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="阿拉伯复兴社会党—伊拉克地区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯复兴社会党—伊拉克地区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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For the pan-Arab Ba'ath Party, which is Iraqi-led but has branches in multiple countries, see <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Talk:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about the party's activities after 2012.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Talk:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #017B48; border-bottom:2px solid #017B48; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org"><span class="nowrap">Arab Socialist Baʿth Party – Iraq Region</span></div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname" lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي في العراق</span></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Regional Command</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region#Structure" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Younis_al-Ahmed" title="Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed">Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed</a><sup id="cite_ref-noteDisputed_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noteDisputed-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Late 1940s<sup id="cite_ref-Sheffer-Ma'oz-Metz-Ghareeb-Dougherty_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheffer-Ma'oz-Metz-Ghareeb-Dougherty-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or early 1950s<sup id="cite_ref-Polk-Sheffer-Tariq_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polk-Sheffer-Tariq-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Banned</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">16 May 2003<span class="noprint">; 21 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">16 May 2003</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Note-Order_Number_1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note-Order_Number_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawra_(newspaper)" title="Al-Thawra (newspaper)">Al-Thawra</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">Paramilitary wing</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Popular_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Popular Army">People's Militia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970–1991)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Coughlin_p.44-46_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coughlin_p.44-46-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-globalsecurity_IPA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalsecurity_IPA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen_Saddam" title="Fedayeen Saddam">Fedayeen Saddam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–2003)</span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.5 million (2003 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-nbcnews.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 102,900 (2013 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-Membership_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Membership-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a><sup id="cite_ref-noteSaddamism_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noteSaddamism-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bengio-Niblock-al-Marashi-Salama_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengio-Niblock-al-Marashi-Salama-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Militarism_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Militarism-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Seddon2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seddon2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2024-Stokes2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2024-Stokes2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Musallam1996-Alnasrawi1994-Tripp2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musallam1996-Alnasrawi1994-Tripp2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <small>(from 1991)</small><sup id="cite_ref-noteSunni_Islamism_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noteSunni_Islamism-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Islamism_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islamism-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Populism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Seddon2013_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seddon2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-CNN-WWICS_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-CNN-WWICS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Anti-Zionism_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anti-Zionism-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><b>Historical:</b></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Pro-<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Muftah-_Corrêa-Heath-Williams_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muftah-_Corrêa-Heath-Williams-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1993)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2024-Stokes2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2024-Stokes2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">Political alliance</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Union Front (Iraq)">National Union Front</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">1958</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-GhareebDoughertyBeth2004-Almada2019_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GhareebDoughertyBeth2004-Almada2019-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Progressive Front (Iraq)">Progressive Front</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 2003)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Regional affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966</a>)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Iraq" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Pro-Iraqi Ba'ath Party</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">from 1966)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007a3d; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ce1126; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"Unity, Freedom, Socialism"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Anthem</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"The Flame of the Ba’ath is my Morning!"<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albasrah.net/maqalat/ba3th_2003.htm">Statements of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #017B48;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics of Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li></ul></div><hr /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-noteDisputed-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noteDisputed_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(since 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> disputed with <a href="/wiki/Salah_Al-Mukhtar" title="Salah Al-Mukhtar">Salah Al-Mukhtar</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noteSaddamism-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noteSaddamism_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(from 22 July 1979; see the <a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">Ba'ath Party Purge</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noteSunni_Islamism-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noteSunni_Islamism_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(from 1993; see the <a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva 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#017B48"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#CE1126;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.png/75px-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.png/113px-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.png/150px-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="603" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#CE1126;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Saddam Hussein</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein#Early_life_and_education" title="Saddam Hussein">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Family of Saddam Hussein">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uday_Hussein" title="Uday Hussein">Uday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghad_Hussein" title="Raghad Hussein">Raghad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Hussein" title="Rana Hussein">Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajida_Talfah" title="Sajida Talfah">Sajida Talfah</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Affiliations</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq-based Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Political offices</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President of Iraq</a> (1979–2003)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a> (1979–1991, 1994–2003)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iraq" title="Vice President of Iraq">Vice President of Iraq</a> (1968–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council</a> (1979–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party</a> (1964–1966, 1979–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Secretary General of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party</a> (1992–2006)</li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Rise to power</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement" title="1975 Algiers Agreement">1975 Algiers Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidency</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran" title="Iraqi invasion of Iran">Iraqi invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dujail_massacre" title="Dujail massacre">Dujail massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabja_massacre" title="Halabja massacre">Halabja massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_missile_attacks_against_Israel" title="1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel">missile attacks on Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_ballistic_missile_attacks_on_Saudi_Arabia" title="Iraqi ballistic missile attacks on Saudi Arabia">missile attacks on U.S. bases in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">Battle of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square_statue_destruction" title="Firdos Square statue destruction">Firdos Square statue destruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">Human rights record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">Al-Qaeda link allegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Timeline of Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Nuclear weapon program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Desposition</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Interrogation of Saddam Hussein">Interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Trial of Saddam Hussein">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">Execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein">Reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Elections and referendums</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Iraqi_presidential_referendum" title="1995 Iraqi presidential referendum">1995 Iraqi presidential referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Iraqi_presidential_referendum" title="2002 Iraqi presidential referendum">2002 Iraqi presidential referendum</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%27s_novels" title="Saddam Hussein's novels">Novels</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Quran" title="Blood Quran">Blood Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabibah_and_the_King" title="Zabibah and the King">Zabibah and the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fortified_Castle" title="The Fortified Castle">The Fortified Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_and_the_City" title="Men and the City">Men and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begone,_Demons" title="Begone, Demons">Begone, Demons</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein's signature"><img alt="Saddam Hussein's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg/120px-Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg/180px-Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg/240px-Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="261" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_(1991%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saddam_Hussein_series" title="Template:Saddam Hussein series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Saddam_Hussein_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Saddam Hussein series (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saddam_Hussein_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saddam Hussein series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي في العراق</span> <i>Ḥizb al-Ba‘th al-'Arabī al-Ishtirākī fī al-'Irāq</i>), officially the <b>Iraqi Regional Branch</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athist</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> founded in 1951 by <a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a>. It was the Iraqi regional branch of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">original Ba'ath Party</a>, before changing its allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Iraqi-dominated Ba'ath movement</a> following the <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat#Intra-Ba'athist_split" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 split</a> within the original party. The party was officially banned following the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">American invasion of Iraq</a> in 2003, but despite this it still continues to function underground. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_and_14_July_Revolution:_1951–1958"><span id="Early_years_and_14_July_Revolution:_1951.E2.80.931958"></span>Early years and 14 July Revolution: 1951–1958</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years and 14 July Revolution: 1951–1958"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rikabi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rikabi.jpg/155px-Rikabi.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rikabi.jpg/233px-Rikabi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rikabi.jpg/310px-Rikabi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Rikabi was one of the leading figures in early Ba'athist history</figcaption></figure> <p>The Iraqi Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party was established in 1951<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhareebDougherty2004194_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhareebDougherty2004194-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians claim that the Iraqi Regional Branch was established by Abd ar Rahman ad Damin and Abd al Khaliq al Khudayri in 1947 after their return from the founding congress of the Ba'ath Party held in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Metz_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metz-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. WP:RSSELF (July 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> In another version, <a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a> established the Iraqi Regional Branch in 1948 with Sa'dun Hamadi, a <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, but became secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Regional Command</a> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShefferMa'oz2002174_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShefferMa'oz2002174-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iraqi Regional Branch was <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalist</a> and vague in its <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripp2002143_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripp2002143-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Rikabi, expelled from the party in 1961 for being a <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2005200_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005200-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an early follower of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2005320_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005320-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the party's early days, members discussed topics regarding Arab nationalism, the <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequalities</a> that had grown out of the British "<a href="/wiki/Tribal_Criminal_and_Civil_Disputes_Regulation" title="Tribal Criminal and Civil Disputes Regulation">Tribal Criminal and Civil Disputes Regulation</a>", and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Iraqi Parliament's</a> Law 28 of 1932 "Governing the Rights and Duties of Cultivators".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1953, the party, led by al-Rikabi, was engaged in <a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">subversive</a> activities against the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2010229_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2010229-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party initially consisted of a majority of Shia Muslims, as al-Rikabi primarily recruited his friends and family, but it slowly became <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>-dominated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakash2003136_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakash2003136-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ba'ath Party, and others of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arab</a> orientation, found it increasingly difficult to recruit Shia members within the party organisation. Most Shias saw pan-Arab as largely Sunni, since most <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> are Sunni. As a result, more Shias joined the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraqi Communist Party</a> than the Ba'ath Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1950s, eight of 17 members of the Ba'ath leadership were Shia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a>, the Ba'ath foreign minister in the <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> government, the sectarian background of the leading Ba'ath members was considered of little importance because most Ba'athists did not know each other's <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sectarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denominations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1952 and 1963, 54% of the members of the Ba'ath Regional Command were Shia Muslims, largely because of al-Rikabi's effective recruitment drive in Shia areas. Between 1963 and 1970, after al-Rikabi's resignation, Shia representation in the Regional Command had fallen to 14 percent. However, of the three factions within the Ba'ath Party, two out of three <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">faction</a> leaders were Shia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShefferMa'oz2002174–175_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShefferMa'oz2002174–175-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 1951, the party had at least 50 members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2008185_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2008185-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the collapse of the pan-Arabist <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (UAR), several leading Ba'ath members, including al-Rikabi, resigned from the party in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005224_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005224-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, the year of the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a> that overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemite</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">monarchy</a>, the Ba'ath Party had 300 members nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200522_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200522-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a>, the leader of the Free Officers Movement which overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Faisal_II_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal II of Iraq">king</a>, supported joining the UAR, but changed his position when he took power. Several members of the Free Officer Movement were also members of the Ba'ath Party. The Ba'ath Party considered the President of Egypt <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, the leader of the pan-Arab movement, to be the leader most likely to succeed, and supported Iraq's joining the union. Of the 16 members of Qasim's cabinet, 12 were Ba'ath Party members. However, the Ba'ath Party supported Qasim on the grounds that he would join Nasser's UAR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qasim's_Iraq:_1958–1963"><span id="Qasim.27s_Iraq:_1958.E2.80.931963"></span>Qasim's Iraq: 1958–1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Qasim's Iraq: 1958–1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iraq" title="CIA activities in Iraq">CIA activities in Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaddamCairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SaddamCairo.jpg/220px-SaddamCairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SaddamCairo.jpg/330px-SaddamCairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/SaddamCairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> and the Ba'ath Party student cell, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, in the period 1959–1963</figcaption></figure> <p>Qasim, reluctant to tie himself too closely to Nasser's Egypt, sided with various groups within Iraq (notably the <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a>) that told him such an action would be dangerous. Instead Qasim adopted a <i>wataniyah</i> policy of "Iraq First".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To strengthen his own position within the government, Qasim created an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraqi Communist Party</a>, which was opposed to the notion of pan-Arabism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200525–26_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200525–26-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qasim_in_uniform.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Qasim in 1959" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Qasim_in_uniform.png/175px-Qasim_in_uniform.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Qasim_in_uniform.png/263px-Qasim_in_uniform.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Qasim_in_uniform.png/350px-Qasim_in_uniform.png 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim in 1959.</figcaption></figure> <p>Qasim's policies angered several pan-Arab organisations, including the Ba'ath Party, which later began plotting to assassinate Qasim at Al-Rashid Street on 7 October 1959 and take power. One assassin was to kill those sitting in the back of the car, the rest would kill those in front. Abdul Karim al-Shaikhly, the leader of the assassination plot, recruited a young Saddam Hussein to join the conspiracy after one of the would-be assassins left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200529_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200529-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the ambush, Saddam (who was only supposed to provide cover) began shooting prematurely, which disorganised the whole operation. Qasim's chauffeur was killed and Qasim was hit in the arm and shoulder. The assassins thought they had killed him and quickly retreated to their headquarters, but Qasim survived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200529_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200529-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sale_(journalist)" title="Richard Sale (journalist)">Richard Sale</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a> (UPI), citing former U.S. diplomat and intelligence officials, <a href="/wiki/Adel_Darwish" title="Adel Darwish">Adel Darwish</a>, and other experts, reported that the unsuccessful 7 October 1959 assassination attempt on Qasim involving a young <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> and other Ba'athist conspirators was a collaboration between the CIA and <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)">Egyptian intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pertinent contemporary records relating to CIA operations in Iraq have remained classified or heavily redacted, thus "allow[ing] for plausible deniability."<sup id="cite_ref-Osgood_p._16_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osgood_p._16-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally accepted that Egypt, in some capacity, was involved in the assassination attempt, and that "[t]he United States was working with Nasser on some level."<sup id="cite_ref-Osgood_pp._21–23_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osgood_pp._21–23-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sale and Darwish's account has been disputed by historian Bryan R. Gibson who concludes that available U.S. declassified documents show that "while the United States was aware of several plots against Qasim, it had still adhered to [a] nonintervention policy."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, historian Kenneth Osgood writes that "the circumstantial evidence is such that the possibility of US–UAR collaboration with Ba'ath Party activists cannot be ruled out," concluding that "[w]hatever the validity of [Sale's] charges, at the very least currently declassified documents reveal that US officials were actively considering various plots against Qasim and that the CIA was building up assets for covert operations in Iraq."<sup id="cite_ref-Osgood_pp._21–23_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osgood_pp._21–23-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assassins, including Saddam, escaped to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt "where they enjoyed Nasser's protection for the remainder of Qasim's tenure in power."<sup id="cite_ref-WH2021_1959_2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH2021_1959_2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the attack, the Ba'ath Party had less than 1,000 members,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200530_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200530-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the failed assassination attempt led to widespread exposure for Saddam and the Ba'ath within Iraq, where both had previously languished in obscurity, and later became a crucial part of Saddam's public image during his tenure as <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">president of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Osgood_pp._21–23_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osgood_pp._21–23-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi government arrested some members of the operation and took them into custody. At the <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a>, six of the defendants were sentenced to death and, for unknown reasons, the sentences were not carried out. Aflaq, the leader of the Ba'athist movement, organised the expulsion of leading Iraqi Ba'athist members, such as <a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a>, on the grounds that the party should not have initiated the attempt on Qasim's life. At the same time, Aflaq secured seats in the Iraqi Ba'ath leadership for his supporters, including Saddam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200534_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200534-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abd_al-Karim_death.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abd_al-Karim_death.jpg/220px-Abd_al-Karim_death.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abd_al-Karim_death.jpg/330px-Abd_al-Karim_death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Abd_al-Karim_death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Qasim was executed by the Ba'athists inside the Iraqi Ministry of Defence building; the Ba'athists desecrated his corpse on Iraqi television.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1962, both the Ba'ath Party and the United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) began plotting to overthrow Qasim.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 February 1963, Qasim was finally overthrown by the Ba'athists in the <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a>; long suspected to be supported by the CIA,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however pertinent contemporary documents relating to the CIA's operations in Iraq have remained classified by the U.S. government,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the Iraqi Ba'athists are documented to have maintained supportive relationships with U.S. officials before, during, and after the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several army units refused to support the Ba'athist coup. The fighting lasted for two days,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200540_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200540-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which 1,500–5,000 were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qasim was captured on 9 February and, an hour later, was <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">killed by firing squad</a>. To assure the Iraqi public that Qasim was dead, as well as to terrorize his supporters, the Ba'athists broadcast a five minute long propaganda video called <i>The End of the Criminals</i> of Qasim's corpse being desecrated.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200540_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200540-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the Ba'athist ascension to power, Saddam would return to Iraq after spending nearly three years living in exile, becoming a key organizer within the Ba'ath Party's civilian wing.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its ascension to power, the Ba'athists "methodically hunted down Communists" thanks to "mimeographed lists [...] complete with home addresses and auto license plate numbers,"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and while it is unlikely that the Ba'athists would've needed assistance in identifying Iraqi communists,<sup id="cite_ref-Batatu_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batatu-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is widely believed that the CIA provided the Ba'athist National Guard with lists of communists and other leftists, who were then arrested or killed.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibson emphasizes that the Ba'athists compiled their own lists, citing <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Intelligence_and_Research" title="Bureau of Intelligence and Research">Bureau of Intelligence and Research</a> reports.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, historians Nathan Citino and Brandon Wolfe-Hunnicutt consider the assertions plausible because the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Baghdad" title="Embassy of the United States, Baghdad">U.S. embassy in Iraq</a> had actually compiled such lists, were known to be in contact with the National Guard during the purge, and because National Guard members involved in the purge received training in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Wolfe-Hunnicutt, citing contemporary U.S. counterinsurgency doctrine, notes that the assertions "would be consistent with American special warfare doctrine" regarding U.S. covert support to anti-communist "Hunter-Killer" teams "seeking the violent overthrow of a communist dominated and supported government",<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and draws parallels to other CIA operations in which lists of suspected communists were compiled, such as <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">Guatemala in 1954</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesia in 1965–66</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_power:_February–September_1963"><span id="In_power:_February.E2.80.93September_1963"></span>In power: February–September 1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In power: February–September 1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a> became the president of Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">prime minister</a> after taking power in <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">February 1963</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a>, secretary-general of the Regional Command of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, became <a href="/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister" title="Deputy prime minister">deputy prime minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Interior (Iraq)">Minister of Interior</a> – a post he lost on 11 May. Despite not being prime minister, al-Sadi had effective control over the Iraqi Ba'ath Party. Seven out of nine members supported his leadership in the party's Regional Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996161_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996161-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Coughlin, in the aftermath of the coup, the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Iraq)" title="National Guard (Iraq)">National Guard</a> initiated an "orgy of violence" against all communist and other <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period led to the establishment in Baghdad of several interrogation chambers. The government requisitioned several private houses and public facilities, and an entire section of Kifah Street was used by the National Guard. Many of the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Rout" title="Rout">rout</a> were innocent, or were victims of personal <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">vendettas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541–42_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541–42-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Coughlin, the most notorious <a href="/wiki/Torture_chamber" title="Torture chamber">torture chamber</a> was located at the "Palace of the End," where the royal family was killed in 1958.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nadhim Kazzer, who became director of the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_General_Security" title="Directorate of General Security">Directorate of General Security</a>, was responsible for the acts committed there. </p><p>The party was <a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">ousted</a> from government in November 1963, due to factionalism. The question within the Ba'ath Party was whether or not it would pursue its ideological goal of establishing a union with Syria, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> or both. Al-Sadi supported a union with Syria, which was ruled by the Ba'ath Party, while the more conservative military wing supported Qasim's "Iraq first policy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200544_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200544-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factionalism and the ill-disciplined behaviour of the National Guard led the military wing to initiate a coup against the party's leadership. Al-Sadi was forced into exile in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. </p><p>Al-Bakr, in an attempt to save the party, called for a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/National_Command_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="National Command of the Ba'ath Party">National Command of the Ba'ath Party</a>. The meeting exacerbated the party's problems. Aflaq, who saw himself as the leader of the pan-Arab Ba'athist movement, declared his intent to take control of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party. The "Iraq first" wing was outraged. President Arif lost patience with the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, and the party was ousted from government on 18 November 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200545_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200545-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 12 Ba'ath members of the government were forced to resign, and the National Guard was dissolved and replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Republican Guard (Iraq)">Republican Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200545–46_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200545–46-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authorities believe that Aflaq supported Arif's coup against the Ba'athist government in order to weaken al-Sadi's position within the party and strengthen his own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996165_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996165-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_talks_with_Syria">Union talks with Syria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Union talks with Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg/220px-Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg/330px-Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg/440px-Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a>, as seen in 1974, led the Ba'athist coups of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">1963</a> and <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">1968</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of al-Sadi's removal from the post of Interior Minister, factionalism and discontent were growing within the party. al-Sadi and Mundur al-Windawi, the leader of the Ba'ath Party's National Guard, led the civilian wing. President Arif led the military wing and <a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a> led the pro-Aflaq wing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996161_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996161-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a bigger schism was underway in the international Ba'athist movement. Four major factions were being created: the Old Guard led by Aflaq; a civilian alliance between the secretaries-general of the Regional Commands of Syria and Iraq, led by <a href="/wiki/Hammud_al-Shufi" title="Hammud al-Shufi">Hammud al-Shufi</a> and al-Sadi respectively; the Syrian Ba'ath Military Committee, represented by <a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Umran" title="Muhammad Umran">Muhammad Umran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salim_Hatum" title="Salim Hatum">Salim Hatum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a>; and the Iraqi military wing, which supported Arif's presidency, represented by al-Bakr, <a href="/wiki/Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Salih Mahdi Ammash">Salih Mahdi Ammash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Tahir Yahya</a> and Hardan Tikriti. The military wings in Syria and Iraq opposed the creation of a pan-Arab state, whereas al-Shufi and al-Sadi supported it. Aflaq officially supported it, but privately opposed it because he was afraid al-Sadi would challenge his position as secretary-general of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party, the leader of the international Ba'athist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996159_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996159-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bilateral_union">Bilateral union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bilateral union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both Syria and Iraq were under Ba'athist rule in 1963. When President Arif visited Syria on a state visit, <a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Jundi" title="Sami al-Jundi">Sami al-Jundi</a>, a Syrian cabinet minister, proposed the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">bilateral</a> union between the two countries. Both Arif and <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President of Syria</a>, supported the idea. al-Jundi was given the task of setting up a committee to begin establishing the union. al-Jundi selected al-Sadi as Iraq's chief representative in the committee in a bid to strengthen al-Sadi's position within the Ba'ath Party. </p><p>Work on the union continued with the signing of the Military Unity Charter which established the Higher Military Council, an organ which oversaw the integration and control over the Syrian and Iraqi military. Ammash, the Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Defence (Iraq)">Minister of Defence</a>, became the chairman of the Higher Military Council. The unified headquarters was in Syria. The establishment of the military union became evident on 20 October 1963, when Syrian soldiers were found fighting alongside the Iraqi military in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996160_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996160-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this stage, both Iraqi and Syrian Ba'athists feared excluding Nasser from the union talks since he had a large following.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996160–161_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996160–161-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syrian state and its <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Ba'ath Party</a> criticised the fall of al-Bakr's first government but relented when they discovered that some members of the Iraqi cabinet were Ba'ath Party members. However, the remaining Ba'athists were slowly removed from office. The <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Revolutionary_Command" title="National Council for the Revolutionary Command">Syrian Revolutionary Command Council</a> responded by <a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">abrogating</a> the Military Unity Charter on 26 April 1964, ending the bilateral unification process between Iraq and Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996165_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996165-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground:_1963–1968"><span id="Underground:_1963.E2.80.931968"></span>Underground: 1963–1968</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Underground: 1963–1968"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of the coup-led against the Ba'ath Party, al-Bakr became the party's dominant driving force and was elected secretary-general of the Regional Command in 1964. Saddam Hussein received full party membership and a seat in the Regional Command of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party because he was a close protege of al-Bakr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200545–46_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200545–46-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With al-Bakr's consent, Hussein initiated a drive to improve the party's internal security. In 1964, Hussein established the Jihaz Haneen, the party's secretive security apparatus, to act as a counterweight to the military officers in the party and to weaken the military's hold on the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200548_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200548-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ba'athist_Iraq:_1968–2003"><span id="Ba.27athist_Iraq:_1968.E2.80.932003"></span>Ba'athist Iraq: 1968–2003</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ba'athist Iraq: 1968–2003"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baath_Eagle_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baath_Eagle_Arabia.jpg/220px-Baath_Eagle_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baath_Eagle_Arabia.jpg/330px-Baath_Eagle_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baath_Eagle_Arabia.jpg/440px-Baath_Eagle_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Eagle of Saladin served as the logo of the Baathist newspaper <i>Ath-Thawra</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast to the coup of 1963, the 1968 coup was led by civilian Ba'ath Party members. According to historian Con Coughlin, the President of Iraq <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a>, who had taken over from his brother, was a weak leader. Before the coup, Hussein, through the Jihaz Haneen, contacted several military officers who either supported the Ba'ath Party or wanted to use it as a vehicle to power. Some officers, such as <a href="/wiki/Hardan_al-Tikriti" title="Hardan al-Tikriti">Hardan al-Tikriti</a>, were already members of the party, while <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Razzak_al-Naif" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Razzak al-Naif">Abdul Razzak al-Naif</a>, the deputy head of military intelligence, and Colonel Ibrahim Daud, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Republican Guard (Iraq)">Republican Guard</a>, were neither party members nor sympathisers. </p><p>On 16 July 1968, al-Naif and Daud were summoned to the <a href="/wiki/Radwaniyah_Palace" title="Radwaniyah Palace">Presidential Palace</a> by Arif, who asked them if they knew of an imminent coup against him. Both al-Naif and Daud denied knowledge of any coup. However, when the Ba'ath Party leadership obtained this information, they quickly convened a meeting at al-Bakr's house. The coup had to be initiated as quickly as possible, even if they had to concede to give al-Naif and Daud the posts of Prime Minister and Defence Minister, respectively. Hussein said at the meeting, "I am aware that the two officers have been imposed on us and that they want to stab the party in the back in the service of some interest or other, but we have no choice. We should collaborate with them and liquidate immediately during, or after, the revolution. And I volunteer to carry out the task".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200555_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200555-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddam_Hussein_and_Hassan_al-Bakr_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Saddam_Hussein_and_Hassan_al-Bakr_1978.jpg/220px-Saddam_Hussein_and_Hassan_al-Bakr_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Saddam_Hussein_and_Hassan_al-Bakr_1978.jpg/330px-Saddam_Hussein_and_Hassan_al-Bakr_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Saddam_Hussein_and_Hassan_al-Bakr_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Then Iraqi President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr (right) and Saddam Hussein as seen in Baghdad, 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a> was a military coup, not a popular revolt against the incumbent government. According to Coughlin, compared to the coups of 1958 and 1963, the 1968 coup was a "relatively civil affair". The coup begun in the early morning of 17 July, when the military and Ba'ath Party <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activists</a> seized several key positions in Baghdad, such as the headquarters of the Ministry of Defence, television and radio stations and the electricity station. All the city's bridges were captured, all telephone lines were cut and at exactly 03:00, the order was given to march on the Presidential Palace. President Arif was asleep and had no control over the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200552_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200552-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> al-Bakr masterminded the plot,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200553_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200553-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Hussein and <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Omar_al-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Saleh Omar al-Ali">Saleh Omar al-Ali</a> led operations on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200552_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200552-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A power struggle began between the Ba'ath Party led by al-Naif and the military led by Daud, which al-Bakr had anticipated and planned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200556_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200556-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daud lost his ministership during an official visit to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, while al-Naif was exiled after Hussein threatened him and his family with death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200557_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200557-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_President_Saddam_Hussein_with_Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_in_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Iraqi_President_Saddam_Hussein_with_Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_in_1979.jpg/240px-Iraqi_President_Saddam_Hussein_with_Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_in_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Iraqi_President_Saddam_Hussein_with_Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_in_1979.jpg/360px-Iraqi_President_Saddam_Hussein_with_Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_in_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Iraqi_President_Saddam_Hussein_with_Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_in_1979.jpg/480px-Iraqi_President_Saddam_Hussein_with_Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_in_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi President <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> with Ba'ath Party founder <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> in 1979</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of the 1968 coup, only 5,000 people were members;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200574_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200574-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the late 1970s, membership had increased to 1.2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin2005120_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin2005120-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, the Iraqi Ba'athists formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Progressive Front (Iraq)">National Progressive Front</a> to broaden support for the government's initiatives. Wrangling within the party continued, and the government periodically purged its <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissident</a> members,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200594_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200594-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a>, the party's first secretary-general of the Regional Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200585_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200585-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emerging as the party strongman,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200598_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200598-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hussein used his growing power<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin2005106_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin2005106-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to push al-Bakr aside in 1979 and ruled Iraq until the <a href="/wiki/2003_Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Invasion of Iraq">2003 Invasion of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin2005150_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin2005150-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several major infrastructures were laid down to assist the country's growth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin2005107_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin2005107-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Iraqi oil industry was nationalised<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin2005105_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin2005105-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with help from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a>, Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)">USSR Council of Ministers</a>, signed the bilateral Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin2005106_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin2005106-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003_invasion_and_new_Iraqi_government">2003 invasion and new Iraqi government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2003 invasion and new Iraqi government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Downfall_and_de-Ba'athification"><span id="Downfall_and_de-Ba.27athification"></span>Downfall and de-Ba'athification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Downfall and de-Ba'athification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of Saddam's fall in April 2003, the Ba'ath Party had 1.5 million members.<sup id="cite_ref-nbcnews.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2003, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> banned the Ba'ath Party, and banned all members of the party's top four tiers from the new government and from <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a> and colleges, a move which some criticised for blocking too many experienced people from participating in the new government. Thousands were removed from their positions, including doctors, professors, school teachers and bureaucrats. Many teachers lost their jobs, causing protests and demonstrations at schools and universities. </p><p>Under the Ba'ath Party, one could not reach high positions in the government or in schools without becoming a party member. Membership was also a prerequisite for university admission. While many Ba'athists joined for ideological reasons, many more joined as a way to improve their options. After much pressure by the U.S., the policy of <a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">de-Ba'athification</a> was addressed by the Iraqi government in January 2008 in the highly controversial "Accountability and Justice Act," which was supposed to ease the policy, but which many feared would lead to further dismissals.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</a>, approved by a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> on 15 October 2005, reaffirmed the Ba'ath Party ban, stating that "No entity or program, under any name, may adopt <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, the calling of others <a href="/wiki/Infidel" title="Infidel">infidels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, or incite, facilitate, glorify, promote, or justify thereto, especially the Saddamist Ba'ath in Iraq and its symbols, regardless of the name that it adopts. This may not be part of the political <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">pluralism</a> in Iraq." </p><p>Some or many of its members in the Iraqi Ba'ath Party who were purged and dismissed went on to join <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> which eventually morphed into the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saddam's_death_and_party_split:_2006–present"><span id="Saddam.27s_death_and_party_split:_2006.E2.80.93present"></span>Saddam's death and party split: 2006–present</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Saddam's death and party split: 2006–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 31 December 2006, one day after <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%27s_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam Hussein's execution">Saddam Hussein's execution</a> by hanging, a previously unknown group called the Baghdad Citizens Gathering publicly issued a statement in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan, at the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Jordanian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party</a> endorsing <a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a> as the new president of Iraq and the party's secretary-general following Saddam's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FoxBCG_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoxBCG-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement referred to Iraqis killed in the 1980–88 war with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> over Kuwait and the 13 years of sanctions afterwards, and went on to say, "We vow to liberate our country from the heinous criminals, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">neo-Zionists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> in order to restore Iraq's unity".<sup id="cite_ref-FoxBCG_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoxBCG-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's armed wing since al-Douri's ascension is the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a>. </p><p>According to Abu Muhammad, a Ba'ath Party spokesman from al-Douri's faction, on the eve of Saddam's death, "Comrade Izzat has been leading the [Ba'ath] party's political and resistance factions since 2003, but it is a matter of <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(politics)" title="Protocol (politics)">protocol</a> and internal regulation to appoint him officially as the party's secretary-general."<sup id="cite_ref-dourielection_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dourielection-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Douri was elected the party's secretary-general in early January.<sup id="cite_ref-dourielection_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dourielection-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite al-Douri's succession, another high ranking Ba'athist, <a href="/wiki/Younis_al-Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Younis al-Ahmed">Younis al-Ahmed</a>, called for a General Conference of the Iraqi Ba'ath party in Syria to elect a new leadership (the faction's armed wing is <a href="/wiki/The_Return_(guerilla_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Return (guerilla organization)">The Return</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This move caused a significant amount of controversy within the party, with al-Douri issuing a statement criticizing Syria for what al-Douri claimed was an American-supported attempt to undermine the Iraqi Ba'ath party, although this statement was later downplayed.<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference elected al-Ahmed as secretary-general, and al-Ahmed issued an order expelling al-Douri from the party, resulting in al-Douri issuing a counter order expelling al-Ahmed and 150 other party members.<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events led to the existence, in effect, of two Iraqi Ba'ath Parties: the main party led by al-Douri, and a <a href="/wiki/The_Return_(guerrilla_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Return (guerrilla organization)">splinter party</a> led by al-Ahmed.<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>al-Ahmed's Ba'ath Party is based in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed to contain most of the remaining leading party figures who were not arrested or executed,<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ar:مزهر مطني العواد">Mezher Motni Awad</a>, To'ma Di'aiyef Getan, Jabbar Haddoosh, Sajer Zubair, and Nihad alDulaimi.<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to al-Douri's group, al-Ahmad's faction has had success in recruiting Shi'as to the party.<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While al-Ahmed and the faction's senior leaders are Sunnis, there are many Shiites who are working in the organization's middle level.<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his election as leader, an al-Ahmed's faction statement said he was "of Shia origins and coming from Shia areas in <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> governorate".<sup id="cite_ref-baathsectarianism_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baathsectarianism-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to al-Ahmed, al-Douri has stuck to a more conservative policy, recruiting members from a largely Sunni-dominated areas.<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It could be said that al-Ahmed has returned to the Ba'ath Party's original ideology of secular pan-Arab nationalism which, in many cases, has proven successful in Iraq's Shi'a dominated southern provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite his attempts, al-Ahmed has failed in his goal to overthrow al-Douri.<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Douri's faction is the largest and the most active on the Internet, and the large majority of Ba'athist websites are aligned to al-Douri.<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another failure is that al-Ahmed's faction, which is based in Syria, does not have exclusive Syrian support<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, considering that it is based in Syria, the party is susceptible to Syrian interference in its affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite the differences between the al-Douri and al-Ahmed factions, both of them adhere to Ba'athist thought.<sup id="cite_ref-ADOURIAHMED_112-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADOURIAHMED-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 January 2012, the Organizations of Central <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and the South (OCES), believed to be headed by Hamed Manfi al-Karafi, issued a statement condemning <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a> within the party, specifically criticizing al-Douri's faction.<sup id="cite_ref-baathsectarianism_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baathsectarianism-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OCES condemned the leadership's decision of creating a primary Sunni leadership and a reserve Shiite leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-baathsectarianism_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baathsectarianism-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This decision by the al-Douri faction leadership was a response to complaints by Ba'athist organizations in Shiite-dominated areas on what they considered policy errors which led to marginalization and exclusion of Shiite members.<sup id="cite_ref-baathsectarianism_113-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baathsectarianism-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OCES rejected the decision, and considered them illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-baathsectarianism_113-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baathsectarianism-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its statement, the OCES stated that "the failure to implement [its] decisions is considered a rebellion against legitimate authority [...]" and "a conscious and explicit threat, and an attempt to impose a bitter reality through decisions that are tainted by sectarian and regional motivations."<sup id="cite_ref-baathsectarianism_113-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baathsectarianism-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its ending remarks, the OCES statement read "any connection or link with any member of the Iraqi branch leadership locally or abroad, while continuing organizational activities according to the Organizations of Central Euphrates and the South leadership's decisions that were reached last year based on prior understandings with the national leadership".<sup id="cite_ref-baathsectarianism_113-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baathsectarianism-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite breaking with al-Douri's faction, al-Karafi's faction has not aligned itself with either al-Ahmed's faction or Resurrection and Renewal Movement, a third Ba'athist group.<sup id="cite_ref-baathsectarianism_113-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baathsectarianism-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>al-Douri has been considered more of a symbol, but he doesn't actually hold that much power over the party. In a discussion with the American embassy in Amman, Jordan, in 2007, retired Lieutenant General Khalid al-Jibouri stated that he believed "a powerful shadow group of personnel [was] behind him who really constitute the operational leadership of his faction". He further noted that the party was modernizing, in the sense that it recognized it would be impossible to return to power alone, while, at the same time, it returned to its old, Ba'athist ideological roots. In another note, al-Jibouri noted that the Ba'ath Party had become a major enemy of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaida_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qaida in Iraq">al-Qaida in Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jibouribaath_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jibouribaath-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan Civil War">downfall</a>, the new Libyan government sent documents to the Iraqi government which claimed that Ba'athists, with help from Gaddafi, were planning a coup.<sup id="cite_ref-gadafficoup_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gadafficoup-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the revelations, the Iraqi government initiated a purge of thousands of public officials.<sup id="cite_ref-gadafficoup_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gadafficoup-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purge triggered Sunni protests, with many calling for Sunni <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> within Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-gadafficoup_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gadafficoup-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surprisingly to outside observers, al-Douri's Ba'ath party opposed Sunni autonomy and, in a statement, referred to it as "a dangerous plan to divide Iraq along sectarian lines."<sup id="cite_ref-gadafficoup_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gadafficoup-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this condemnation was mostly symbolic as Al-Douri's group participated in protests where calls for Sunni Autonomy were present and allied with groups that believed in and agitated for autonomy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In July 2012, the Ba'ath Party published a videotaped speech of al-Douri, in which he condemned the existing government and American interference in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-douriamerica_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douriamerica-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in a change of tone, al-Douri stated he wished to establish good relations with the United States when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">American forces</a> had been withdrawn and when the government had been toppled.<sup id="cite_ref-douriamerica_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douriamerica-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013, it has been reported that al-Douri is living in the city of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, having left Syria because of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">ongoing civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dourcivilwar_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dourcivilwar-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many analysts are afraid that the Ba'ath Party has the potential power to initiate another civil war in Iraq because of al-Douri's popularity in localities with Sunni majorities.<sup id="cite_ref-dourcivilwar_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dourcivilwar-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_structure">Organization and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Organization and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region##" title="Talk:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Arab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region%22">"Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Arab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Arab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Arab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Arab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Arab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_(central)_level"><span id="Regional_.28central.29_level"></span>Regional (central) level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regional (central) level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a></div> <p>The Regional Command (RC) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">al-qiyada al-qutriyya</i>) was the Iraqi Regional Branch highest decision-making organ. Throughout its history, the RC has normally had 19-21 members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201236_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201236-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When in power, the Directorate of Security Affairs was responsible for the security of the president and the senior members of the Regional Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201299_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201299-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Regional Congress was (in theory) the <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> decision-making organ on <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> regional affairs when in session, but was (in practice) a tool in control of the Regional Command. </p> <dl><dt>Congresses held</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li>1st Regional Congress (December 1955)</li> <li>2nd Regional Congress (late 1957)</li> <li>3rd Regional Congress (July 1960)</li> <li>4th Regional Congress (May 1962)</li> <li>5th Regional Congress (13–25 September 1963)</li> <li>6th Regional Congress (October 1966)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li>7th Regional Congress (1969)</li> <li>8th Regional Congress (1974)</li> <li>9th Regional Congress (June 1982)</li> <li>10th Regional Congress (September 1991)</li> <li>11th Regional Congress (1993)</li> <li>12th Regional Congress (May 2001)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The Ba'ath Party had its own <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(administrative_office)" title="Secretariat (administrative office)">secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">maktab amanat sir al-qutr</i>), through which every major decision in the country was channelled. According to Joseph Sassoon, the secretariat functioned as the "party's <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201211_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201211-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overseeing the running of the party branches which, in turn, controlled and collected information about <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> life throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201211–12_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201211–12-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secretariat had the power to propose marriages and, in certain cases, to approve and disapprove marriages for the sake of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201212_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201212-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 8th Regional Congress, the leadership laid emphasis on building "a strong and central national authority."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201235_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201235-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party leadership's response to the party's apparent lack of <a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">centralisation</a> came with a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a> resolution which stated that "all correspondence between state ministries and party organisations are to be sent through the party secretariat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201235_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201235-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The head of the secretariat was the deputy director, who was the second in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence" title="Order of precedence">order of precedence</a>. The office of director of the secretariat was the leading organ within the body. The secretariat had 11 departments: the Military and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Armaments</a> Department, <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational Schools</a> Department, Courses Department, Finance Department, Organisational and Political Department, Party Affairs and Information Department, Personnel and Administrative Department, Technical Department, Information and Studies Department, Legal Department and the Audit Department. The only non-department under the direct responsibility of the secretariat was the Saddam Institute for the Study of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon2012285_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon2012285-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The functions and responsibilities of the secretariat were drawn up in a detailed manner. The Office of the President issued a directive to formulate its <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, and the functions of the sections and departments were clearly defined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201235_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201235-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secretariat encompassed all party branches. This system led to the <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucratisation</a> of the party, and decision-making was often cumbersome and inefficient. This inefficiency meant that Saddam could govern without fearing any rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201236_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201236-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Department for Organisational and Political Affairs (DOPA) was the most important department of the secretariat. It prepared material for discussion that the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General">secretary-general</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">amin sir</i>), the party's leader, personally ordered. The DOPA also was responsible for following up on political matters in party branches. One of DOPA's sections was responsible for gathering information for candidates for important positions within the party or the government. Some departments had a similar job to the DOPA section, and were responsible for admissions to the <a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">military colleges</a>, institutions for higher education and the Saddam Institute for the Study of the Qur'an. The party sought to control these institutions so that no single opposition party could gain a foothold in them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201236_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201236-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_levels">Lower levels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lower levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below the Regional Command were the bureau structures (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">maktab al-tandhimat</i>), which would gather all party activities in a single geographic area into the responsibility of a single unit. Until 1989, there were six bureau structures in the country: in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Al-Forat, the centre, southern and northern Iraq, and one bureau for military affairs. By 2002, there were 17.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201237_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201237-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below the bureau structures was the branch (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">Fir</i>), which supervised the activities of the sections, divisions and cells (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">shu'ba, firqa and khaliyya)</i>. Several of these organs were merged or split, and the number of branches had increased to 69 branches by 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201237_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201237-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numbers of sections and divisions varied between provinces. As membership increased, new sections and divisions were established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201237–38_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201237–38-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Maysan_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Maysan province">Maysan province</a>, the number of sections increased from five in 1989 to 20 in 2002, each section in turn having 93 divisions. By September 2002, there existed 4,468 party offices in the country, and there were 32,000 cells.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201238_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201238-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_functions">Security functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Security functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nationally, the Ba'ath Party functioned as an institution acting as the eyes and ears of the government. During its rule, the party gained influence over the military, the government bureaucracy, labour, professional unions and, not least, the building of the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> of Saddam. From the 1990s until the fall of the Ba'ath Party in 2003, it became involved in the handling of food distribution, the pursuing and apprehension of military <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserters</a> and, by the end,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201238_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201238-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was responsible for the preparations for the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. Branches and sections enjoyed powers similar to those of the police in the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">West</a>. Outside of Baghdad, they were "legally authorised to incarcerate suspects using <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial procedures</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201239_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201239-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the party's most important functions was gathering information about its opponents. In <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Northern Iraq</a>, the Ba'ath gathered information about the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Democratic Party">Kurdish Democratic Party</a> by tracking their activities among the local population. They tried to recruit members from <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurd</a>-dominated areas through supplying food or a <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201239_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201239-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the drive to Arabise <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, the party resettled several hundred loyal party officials there to strengthen the party in the area. Kurds who had moved from Kurdistan would, in most instances, not be allowed back unless they were loyal Ba'ath Party members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201239–40_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201239–40-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Military and Armament Department was responsible for coordinating the distribution of arms to party officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201240_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201240-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span 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plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27athism" title="Category:Ba'athism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0; font-size: 175%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Ba'ath Party"><img alt="Flag of the Ba'ath Party" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Major_groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1947–1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1968–2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Syrian)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahib_al-Ghanim" title="Wahib al-Ghanim">Wahib al-Ghanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">UN sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Baathist Syria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Committee_to_Help_Iraq" title="Syrian Committee to Help Iraq">Syrian Committee to Help Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963</a> / <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup d'états</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_intervention_in_the_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War">Intervention in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assadist-Saddamist_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadist-Saddamist conflict">Assadist-Saddamist conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Regional_branches" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Regional organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;text-align:center;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Algeria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_of_Algeria" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Algeria" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Bahrain</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Assembly" title="Nationalist Democratic Assembly">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Bahrain" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Egypt</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Egypt_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Egypt" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Iraq</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Iraq" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Jordan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Progressive_Party" title="Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Kuwait</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Kuwait" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Lebanon</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Arab_Lebanon_Vanguard_Party" title="Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Libya</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Mauritania</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party" title="National Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Socialist Democratic Unionist Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Palestine</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Sudan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Organization_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Syria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Syria" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Tunisia</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Tunisian Ba'ath Movement">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Tunisia" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Yemen</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Splinter-groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Splinter groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Revolutionary_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1960–1962/63</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Lebanon" title="Socialist Lebanon">Socialist Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1965–1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1970–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Sudanese Ba'ath Party">Sudanese Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2002–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discipline">Discipline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Discipline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ba'ath Party instilled party <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a> in its members. According to a statement in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a> (RCC), "Party members are expected to inspire others by their exemplary behavior, sense of discipline, political consciousness, and willingness to sacrifice themselves in the interests of the Party and state."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201242_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201242-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saddam was a great believer in discipline, and believed that lack of discipline and organisation were behind any failure. In accordance with this view, the party issued a myriad of rules and regulations to combat laziness, <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> and abuses of power. Members found breaching the party code were either demoted or expelled from the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201243_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201243-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ba'ath Party was supported financially by the RCC, the highest executive and legislative body of government. Members were required to pays fees commensurate with their ranks. For instance, a supporting member would pay 25 Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinar</a> for membership, while a branch member would pay 3,000 Iraqi dinars. Fees were important in the party's balance sheet. The central party leadership often emphasised the importance of members' financial abilities. The leadership encouraged members to contribute more to party finances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201241_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201241-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jawad Hashim, a former Minister of Planning and the RCC Economic Advisor, Saddam gave the Ba'ath Party the five percent of Iraqi oil revenues, which were previously owned by the Gulbenkin Foundation. Saddam's reasoning was that, if a counter-<a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> took place and the Ba'ath Party was forced from power, as had been the case in <a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963</a>, the party needed financial security so that it could reclaim power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201241_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201241-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By Hasim's estimates, the Ba'ath Party had accumulated <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$10 billion</span> in external revenues by 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201242_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201242-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership">Membership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the party came to power in 1968 in the <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a>, it was determined to increase party membership so that it could compete with <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> opponents such as the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraqi Communist Party</a>. Saddam had a clear plan, and on 25 February 1976 he said, "It should be our ambition to make all Iraqis in the country Ba'athists in membership and belief or in the latter only."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201245_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201245-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is contrary to his statements in the 1990s, when increasing membership was more important than recruiting members who adhered to Ba'athist ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201246_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201246-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like most parties, the Ba'ath membership was organised in a hierarchical manner. The head of a branch, division or section was the secretary-general, who was responsible to the secretariat. At the bottom was sympathiser, a member seeking to climb the party ranks with the status of active members, which could take five to 10 years. In certain provinces, "national activity" was the status given to the lowest level of the hierarchy. Where this level existed, it could take two to three years to climb up to the rank of sympathiser.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201246_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201246-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report to the 10th National Congress stated that "It is not sufficient for a member just to believe in the idea of the party, but what is required is total commitment and not simply a political affiliation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201247_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201247-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Election</b> </th> <th>Party candidate </th> <th><b>Votes</b> </th> <th><b>%</b> </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1995_Iraqi_presidential_referendum" title="1995 Iraqi presidential referendum">1995</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> </td> <td>8,348,700 </td> <td>99.99% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_Iraqi_presidential_referendum" title="2002 Iraqi presidential referendum">2002</a> </td> <td>11,445,638 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Assembly_elections">National Assembly elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: National Assembly elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Election</b> </th> <th>Party leader </th> <th><b>Seats</b> </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="1980 Iraqi parliamentary election">1980</a> </td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">187 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 75%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 187 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Iraqi parliamentary election">1984</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">183 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 73%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1989_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="1989 Iraqi parliamentary election">1989</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">207 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 83%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="1996 Iraqi parliamentary election">1996</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">161 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 64%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 46 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="2000 Iraqi parliamentary election">2000</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">165 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 66%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election">January 2005</a> </td> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey">Banned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/December_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="December 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election">December 2005</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Iraqi parliamentary election">2010</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Iraqi parliamentary election">2014</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Iraqi parliamentary election">2018</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Iraqi parliamentary election">2021</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Younis_al-Ahmed" title="Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed">Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_archives" title="Ba'ath Party archives">Ba'ath Party archives</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Iraqi Ba'athists support a combination of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Niblock1982-Bashkin2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niblock1982-Bashkin2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Arab nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Faath2006-Dawisha2003-Kienle1991-Motyl2001-Tripp2002_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faath2006-Dawisha2003-Kienle1991-Motyl2001-Tripp2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saddam Hussein believed the ancient Mesopotamian origins and heritage of Iraqi Arabs complemented Arab nationalism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Iraqi Ba'ath represents the "right-wing"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201230The_rift_between_the_Ba'th_parties_in_Syria_and_Iraq_widened._In_February_1966,_a_military_coup_by_the_party's_left_wing_in_Syria_forced_'Aflaq_and_the_Syrian_leadership_to_seek_refuge_in_Iraq._From_that_point_on,_despite_short_periods_of_rapprochement,_the_chasm_between_the_so-called_left-wing_in_Syria_and_the_right-wing_supported_by_al-Bakr_and_Saddam_Hussein_was_never_bridged._29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201230The_rift_between_the_Ba'th_parties_in_Syria_and_Iraq_widened._In_February_1966,_a_military_coup_by_the_party's_left_wing_in_Syria_forced_'Aflaq_and_the_Syrian_leadership_to_seek_refuge_in_Iraq._From_that_point_on,_despite_short_periods_of_rapprochement,_the_chasm_between_the_so-called_left-wing_in_Syria_and_the_right-wing_supported_by_al-Bakr_and_Saddam_Hussein_was_never_bridged.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Right_Ba'athism_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Right_Ba'athism-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Ba'ath movement.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sassoon, Joseph (2012). <i>Saddam Hussein's Ba'th Party: Inside an Authoritarian Regime</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 36, 99. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14915-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14915-0">978-0-521-14915-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vk.com/wall-153203112_39299">Преемником Иззата Ибрагима ад-Дури на посту Генерального секретаря партии «Баас» стал заслуженный дипломат Саддама Хусейна</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807062627/https://vk.com/wall-153203112_39299">Archived</a> 2021-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // Голос Арабов, 18 лістапада 2020 (суполка ў «<a href="/wiki/VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">УКантакце</a>»)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheffer-Ma'oz-Metz-Ghareeb-Dougherty-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sheffer-Ma'oz-Metz-Ghareeb-Dougherty_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). <i>Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Academic_Press" title="Sussex Academic Press">Sussex Academic Press</a>. p. 174. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-84-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-84-1">978-1-902210-84-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz,_Helen_Chapin" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Metz, Helen Chapin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/iraq/77.htm">"Iraq – Politics: The Baath Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+%E2%80%93+Politics%3A+The+Baath+Party&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.au=Metz%2C+Helen+Chapin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Firaq%2F77.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth K. (2004). <i>Historical Dictionary of Iraq</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scarecrow Press">The Scarecrow Press</a>, Ltd. p. 194. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810865686" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810865686">978-0810865686</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Polk-Sheffer-Tariq-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polk-Sheffer-Tariq_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Polk, William Roe (2006). <i>Understanding Iraq: A Whistlestop Tour from Ancient Babylon to Occupied Baghdad</i>. I.B. Tauris. p. 109. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-123-6">978-1-84511-123-6</a>.</li> <li>Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). <i>Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas</i>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 174. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-84-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-84-1">978-1-902210-84-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli,_Tariq2004" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Tariq (2004). <i>Bush in Babylon: The Recolonisation of Iraq</i>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Verso Paper">Verso</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKwJ7RhON3sC&pg=PA106">106–107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-512-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-512-8"><bdi>978-1-84467-512-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bush+in+Babylon%3A+The+Recolonisation+of+Iraq&rft.pages=106-107&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-512-8&rft.au=Ali%2C+Tariq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Note-Order_Number_1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note-Order_Number_1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Although being officially banned by the U.S.-led <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> and then reaffirmed by referendum in October 2005, national leadership stopped functioning, but regional chapters are still active in Iraq.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040621014307/http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20030516_CPAORD_1_De-Ba_athification_of_Iraqi_Society_.pdf">"Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 1: De-Ba'athification of Iraqi Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Coalition Provisional Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20030516_CPAORD_1_De-Ba_athification_of_Iraqi_Society_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coalition+Provisional+Authority+Order+Number+1%3A+De-Ba%27athification+of+Iraqi+Society&rft.pub=Coalition+Provisional+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqcoalition.org%2Fregulations%2F20030516_CPAORD_1_De-Ba_athification_of_Iraqi_Society_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Coughlin_p.44-46-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coughlin_p.44-46_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/44"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/44">44–46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=44-46&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globalsecurity_IPA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-globalsecurity_IPA_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/militia.htm">"People's Army / Popular Army / People's Militia"</a>. Globalsecurity.org. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411021919/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/militia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People%27s+Army+%2F+Popular+Army+%2F+People%27s+Militia&rft.pub=Globalsecurity.org&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Firaq%2Fmilitia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A19574-2003Mar24?language=printer">"Fedayeen Enforces Loyalty Among Iraq Army"</a> <i>Washington Post</i>, March 24, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbcnews.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nbcnews.com_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbcnews.com_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna10585658">"Iraq to remove 90 former Baathists from ballots"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 23 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Iraq+to+remove+90+former+Baathists+from+ballots&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna10585658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Membership-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Membership_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Freeman2013" class="citation web cs1">Colin Freeman (18 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10065919/Izzat-Ibrahim-al-Douri-the-King-of-Clubs-is-back-and-he-may-yet-prove-to-be-Saddam-Husseins-trump-card.html">"Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Izzat+Ibrahim+al-Douri%3A+the+King+of+Clubs+is+back%2C+and+he+may+yet+prove+to+be+Saddam+Hussein%27s+trump+card&rft.pub=The+Telegraph&rft.date=2013-05-18&rft.au=Colin+Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq%2F10065919%2FIzzat-Ibrahim-al-Douri-the-King-of-Clubs-is-back-and-he-may-yet-prove-to-be-Saddam-Husseins-trump-card.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeras" class="citation news cs1">Heras, Nicholas A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42554&cHash=5ce0babbb2face2fa0e67b07a91048c5#.VBM2RvmSxDA">"The Tribal Component of Iraq's Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries"</a>. <i>Jamestown</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=The+Tribal+Component+of+Iraq%27s+Sunni+Rebellion%3A+The+General+Military+Council+for+Iraqi+Revolutionaries&rft.aulast=Heras&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fprograms%2Ftm%2Fsingle%2F%3Ftx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D42554%26cHash%3D5ce0babbb2face2fa0e67b07a91048c5%23.VBM2RvmSxDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Cassman" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Cassman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/5">"Islamic Army in Iraq | Mapping Militant Organizations"</a>. Stanford.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Army+in+Iraq+%26%23124%3B+Mapping+Militant+Organizations&rft.pub=Stanford.edu&rft.au=Daniel+Cassman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fmappingmilitants%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgroups%2Fview%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/11/20121112193038751565.html">"How Syria's civil war is spilling over - Middle East"</a>. Al Jazeera English<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Syria%27s+civil+war+is+spilling+over+-+Middle+East&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2012%2F11%2F20121112193038751565.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bengio-Niblock-al-Marashi-Salama-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bengio-Niblock-al-Marashi-Salama_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Bengio, Ofra (1998). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddamswordpolit0000beng">Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 208. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195151855" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195151855">978-0195151855</a>.</li> <li>Niblock, Tim (1982). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraqcontemporary00nibl">Iraq, the contemporary state</a></i>. Croom Helm, Ltd. p. 62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-1810-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-1810-3">978-0-7099-1810-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Marashi,_IbrahimSalama,_Sammy2008" class="citation book cs1">al-Marashi, Ibrahim; Salama, Sammy (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraqsarmedforces0000alma"><i>Iraq's Armed Forces: an Analytical History</i></a></span> (Paperback). Oxon, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraqsarmedforces0000alma/page/108">108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40078-7"><bdi>978-0-415-40078-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Armed+Forces%3A+an+Analytical+History&rft.place=Oxon%2C+England%2C+UK%3B+New+York%2C+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-40078-7&rft.au=al-Marashi%2C+Ibrahim&rft.au=Salama%2C+Sammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firaqsarmedforces0000alma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Militarism-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Militarism_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C">World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia</a></i>, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 82-84. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576079409" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576079409">978-1576079409</a>.</li> <li>Kieran, Matthew (1998). <i>The Myth of Saddam Hussein: New Militarism and the Propaganda Function of the Human Interest Story</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203003619" title="Special:BookSources/978-0203003619">978-0203003619</a>.</li> <li>Niblock, Tim (1982). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraqcontemporary00nibl">Iraq, the Contemporary State</a></i>. Croom Helm, Ltd. p. 65. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-1810-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-1810-3">978-0-7099-1810-3</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Seddon2013-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seddon2013_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seddon2013_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeddon2013" class="citation book cs1">Seddon, David (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buyrxARN_H0C&pg=PT93"><i>A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East</i></a>. Routledge. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35561-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35561-6"><bdi>978-1-135-35561-6</bdi></a>. <q>By the mid-to-late 1980s, however, the 'socialism' had been filtered out of Ba'ath ideology, to leave a form of authoritarian populism, with some latitude given to the private sector, and Arab nationalism giving way to Iraqi nationalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+and+Economic+Dictionary+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-135-35561-6&rft.aulast=Seddon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbuyrxARN_H0C%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica2024-Stokes2009-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2024-Stokes2009_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2024-Stokes2009_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-Arabism">"Pan-Arabism"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 2024. <q>Despite the decline in enthusiasm for Pan-Arabist policies, Syria's Ḥāfiẓ al-Assad, Iraq's Saddam Hussein, and Libya's Muammar al-Qaddafi were among those who tried to assume the mantle of Arab leadership after Nasser.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pan-Arabism&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPan-Arabism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2009" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Jamie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA322"><i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-2676-0</bdi></a>. <q>Following two more coups in 1963 and 1968, the Baath Party, a socialist Pan-Arab political party with branches in neighboring Syria and other Arab states, established itself in power. The Baath Party was to rule Iraq for the next 35 years, for 24 of those years under President Saddam Hussein... A dominant feature of the Baath Party's ideology in Iraq was its secularism. This is a feature it shared with other Pan-Arab groups. In general, the Pan-Arab movement wanted to create secular, socialist states for Arabs in which infighting between religious sects would not occur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dstl97FdyRswC%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Musallam1996-Alnasrawi1994-Tripp2002-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Musallam1996-Alnasrawi1994-Tripp2002_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusallam,_Musallam_Ali1996" class="citation book cs1">Musallam, Musallam Ali (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraqiinvasionofk00musa/page/62"><i>The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait: Saddam Hussein, His State and International Power Politics</i></a>. British Academic Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFYWLcxx-RcC&pg=PA62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-020-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-020-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-020-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iraqi+Invasion+of+Kuwait%3A+Saddam+Hussein%2C+His+State+and+International+Power+Politics&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=British+Academic+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-020-9&rft.au=Musallam%2C+Musallam+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firaqiinvasionofk00musa%2Fpage%2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/112"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/112">112–113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles</a>, (2002). <i>A History of Iraq</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 143. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52900-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52900-6">978-0-521-52900-6</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Islamism-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Islamism_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, David (10 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004466753/BP000022.xml?language=en">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"So Let Today Be All the Arabs Muḥammad": The Prophet in the Discourse of the Iraqi Baʿth Party"</a>. <i>The Presence of the Prophet in Early Modern and Contemporary Islam</i>. <b>2</b>. Brill: 323–345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004466753_014">10.1163/9789004466753_014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244288193">244288193</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Presence+of+the+Prophet+in+Early+Modern+and+Contemporary+Islam&rft.atitle=%22So+Let+Today+Be+All+the+Arabs+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad%22%3A+The+Prophet+in+the+Discourse+of+the+Iraqi+Ba%CA%BFth+Party&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=323-345&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004466753_014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244288193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004466753%2FBP000022.xml%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Baram, Amatzia (October 2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722184035/http://www.wilson"><center.org/sites/default/files/From%20Militant%20Secularism%20to%20Islamism.pdf From Militant Secularism to Islamism: The Iraqi Ba'th Regime 1968-2003</a>" (PDF). Occasional Papers. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>: History & Public Policy Program. Archived from the original (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/From%20Militant%20Secularism%20to%20Islamism.pdf">PDF</a>) on 22 July 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Paul (21 August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/21/world/iraq-bans-public-use-of-alcohol.html">"Iraq Bans Public Use Of Alcohol"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iraq+Bans+Public+Use+Of+Alcohol&rft.date=1994-08-21&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F08%2F21%2Fworld%2Firaq-bans-public-use-of-alcohol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2018/07/saddam-and-islam-interview-with-univ-of.html">"Saddam and Islam Interview With Univ of Penn's Dr Samuel Helfont"</a>. <i>Musings on Iraq</i>. BlogSpot. 2 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>Throughout the 1990s, it appears that Iraqi society became more religious, more sectarian, and more prone toward Islamism, Salafism, and other militant ideologies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Musings+on+Iraq&rft.atitle=Saddam+and+Islam+Interview+With+Univ+of+Penn%27s+Dr+Samuel+Helfont&rft.date=2018-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusingsoniraq.blogspot.com%2F2018%2F07%2Fsaddam-and-islam-interview-with-univ-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchive" class="citation web cs1">Archive, Wilson Center Digital. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/110091">"Wilson Center Digital Archive"</a>. <i>digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=Wilson+Center+Digital+Archive&rft.aulast=Archive&rft.aufirst=Wilson+Center+Digital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org%2Fdocument%2F110091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rayburn, Joel (2014). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Za4_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">Saddam's Faith Campaign and the promotion of Salafism</a></i>. Iraq after America: Strongmen, Sectarians, Resistance. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Press">Hoover Institution Press</a>. pp. 101–104. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1694-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1694-7">978-0-8179-1694-7</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Niblock1982-Bashkin2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Niblock1982-Bashkin2009_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Niblock, Tim (1982). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraqcontemporary00nibl">Iraq, the contemporary state</a></i>. Croom Helm, Ltd. p. 64. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-1810-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-1810-3">978-0-7099-1810-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashkin2009" class="citation book cs1">Bashkin, Orit (2009). <i>The other Iraq: pluralism and culture in Hashemite Iraq</i>. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804774154" title="Special:BookSources/9780804774154"><bdi>9780804774154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+other+Iraq%3A+pluralism+and+culture+in+Hashemite+Iraq&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California%2C+USA&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780804774154&rft.aulast=Bashkin&rft.aufirst=Orit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Faath2006-Dawisha2003-Kienle1991-Motyl2001-Tripp2002-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faath2006-Dawisha2003-Kienle1991-Motyl2001-Tripp2002_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaath2006" class="citation book cs1">Faath, Sigrid (2006). <i>Anti-Americanism in the Islamic World</i>. Hurst. p. 156. <q>Considering the ultra-nationalist, anti-American rhetoric of the ruling Baath Party...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Faath&rft.aufirst=Sigrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/518/requiem-for-arab-nationalism">Requiem for Arab Nationalism</a>" by Adeed Dawisha, <i>Middle East Quarterly</i>, Winter 2003</li> <li>Kienle, Eberhard (1991). <i>Ba'th versus Ba'th: The Conflict between Syria and Iraq 1968–1989</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. 38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-192-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-192-2">1-85043-192-2</a>.</li> <li>Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). <i>Encyclopedia of Nationalism: Leaders, Movements, and Concepts:</i> Volume II. <a href="/wiki/Credo_Reference" title="Credo Reference">Credo Reference</a>. Academic Press. p. 240. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0122272325" title="Special:BookSources/978-0122272325">978-0122272325</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles</a> (2002). <i>A History of Iraq</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 143. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52900-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52900-6">978-0-521-52900-6</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtenyoLindJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Otenyo, Eric E.; Lind, Nancy S.; Jones, Lawrence R. (24 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_T08WvTyc5MC&pg=PA943"><i>Comparative Public Administration: The Essential Readings</i></a>. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 943. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7623-1359-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7623-1359-4"><bdi>978-0-7623-1359-4</bdi></a>. <q>Saddam Hussein's Baathist Party regime in Iraq may also be seen as a populist dictatorship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Public+Administration%3A+The+Essential+Readings&rft.pages=943&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2006-07-24&rft.isbn=978-0-7623-1359-4&rft.aulast=Otenyo&rft.aufirst=Eric+E.&rft.au=Lind%2C+Nancy+S.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Lawrence+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_T08WvTyc5MC%26pg%3DPA943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-CNN-WWICS-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-CNN-WWICS_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bath-Party">"Baʿath Party"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 2020. <q>The Baʿath Party espoused nonalignment and opposition to imperialism and colonialism...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ba%CA%BFath+Party&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBath-Party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813060324/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html">"Attacks draw mixed response in Mideast"</a>. CNN. 12 September 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Attacks+draw+mixed+response+in+Mideast&rft.date=2001-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cnn.com%2F2001%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F09%2F12%2Fmideast.reaction%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>February 24, 1972. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121072.pdf?v=effdfe2288f4bf3541a754c6c7957757">Report on the Visit of Saddam Hussein to the USSR</a></i>. History and Public Policy: Program Digital Archive, Translated for CWIHP by Daniel Rozas. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>. p. 3.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Anti-Zionism-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anti-Zionism_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zionism-israel.com/iraq_war_jews.htm">"The Jews started the War – Again (this time it's the Iraq war)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jews+started+the+War+%E2%80%93+Again+%28this+time+it%27s+the+Iraq+war%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zionism-israel.com%2Firaq_war_jews.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/jul/1/20040701-120129-6565r/?page=all">"Saddam to be formally charged"</a>, <i>The Washington Times</i>, July 1, 2004. Retrieved 2011-10-09.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/25/iraq">"Saddam calls for jihad against Israel"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>, 25 Dec 2000.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmolansky,_OlegSmolansky,_Bettie1991" class="citation book cs1">Smolansky, Oleg; Smolansky, Bettie (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ussriraq00oles"><i>The USSR and Iraq: The Soviet Quest for Influence</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ussriraq00oles/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1116-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1116-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-1116-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+USSR+and+Iraq%3A+The+Soviet+Quest+for+Influence&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1116-4&rft.au=Smolansky%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Smolansky%2C+Bettie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fussriraq00oles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muftah-_Corrêa-Heath-Williams-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muftah-_Corrêa-Heath-Williams_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/freehou/2005/en/50718">"Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa - Iraq"</a>. 14 October 2005. <q>Until the mid-1980s, women were guaranteed equal access to education and employment opportunities under the Ba'ath regime; Iraqi women achieved significant strides in the political, economic, and educational spheres.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Rights+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa+-+Iraq&rft.date=2005-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Freference%2Fcountryrep%2Ffreehou%2F2005%2Fen%2F50718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peacewomen.org/content/iraq-was-life-iraqi-women-better-under-saddam">"Was Life for Iraqi Women Better Under Saddam?"</a>. 19 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Life+for+Iraqi+Women+Better+Under+Saddam%3F&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peacewomen.org%2Fcontent%2Firaq-was-life-iraqi-women-better-under-saddam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sonia Corrêa, Rosalind Petchesky, Richard Parker: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqR4BkJYHaoC&dq=iraq+unveiled+women+baath&pg=PA258">Sexuality, Health and Human Rights</a></i>, s. 258</li> <li>Jennifer Heath: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ7ssQn7V1MC&q=+veil+iraq&pg=PA332">The Veil: Women Writers on Its History, Lore, and Politics</a></i>, s. 37</li> <li>Brian Glyn Williams: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_x82DQAAQBAJ&dq=iraq+qasim+Ba%27ath+Party+veil&pg=PA21">Counter Jihad: America's Military Experience in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria</a></i>, s. 21</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefevre2013" class="citation book cs1">Lefevre, Raphael (1 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=UQixAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129"><i>Ashes of Hama: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936533-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936533-3"><bdi>978-0-19-936533-3</bdi></a>. <q>However, by 1966 the Ba'ath Party had separated into two competing branches, a left-wing Syrian "neo-Ba'ath" and a more centrist Iraqi Ba'ath which welcomed Syrian dissidents belonging to the "old guard" such as Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashes+of+Hama%3A+The+Muslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936533-3&rft.aulast=Lefevre&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQixAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201230The_rift_between_the_Ba'th_parties_in_Syria_and_Iraq_widened._In_February_1966,_a_military_coup_by_the_party's_left_wing_in_Syria_forced_'Aflaq_and_the_Syrian_leadership_to_seek_refuge_in_Iraq._From_that_point_on,_despite_short_periods_of_rapprochement,_the_chasm_between_the_so-called_left-wing_in_Syria_and_the_right-wing_supported_by_al-Bakr_and_Saddam_Hussein_was_never_bridged.-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201230The_rift_between_the_Ba'th_parties_in_Syria_and_Iraq_widened._In_February_1966,_a_military_coup_by_the_party's_left_wing_in_Syria_forced_'Aflaq_and_the_Syrian_leadership_to_seek_refuge_in_Iraq._From_that_point_on,_despite_short_periods_of_rapprochement,_the_chasm_between_the_so-called_left-wing_in_Syria_and_the_right-wing_supported_by_al-Bakr_and_Saddam_Hussein_was_never_bridged._29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 30, The rift between the Ba'th parties in Syria and Iraq widened. In February 1966, a military coup by the party's left wing in Syria forced 'Aflaq and the Syrian leadership to seek refuge in Iraq. From that point on, despite short periods of rapprochement, the chasm between the so-called left-wing in Syria and the right-wing supported by al-Bakr and Saddam Hussein was never bridged..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Right_Ba'athism-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Right_Ba'athism_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlla1974" class="citation book cs1">Alla, Malumud Ata (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=msy6AAAAIAAJ"><i>Arab Struggle for Economic Independence</i></a>. Progress. p. 62. <q>This struggle sharpened after the Right-wing Baathists seized power in Iraq in 1963 and instituted a reign of terror against the Communists and other progressive forces, which considerably weakened the influence of the Baath Party in all the Arab countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Struggle+for+Economic+Independence&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Progress&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Alla&rft.aufirst=Malumud+Ata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmsy6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Coughlin, Con (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc">Saddam: His Rise and Fall</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. 41. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5">0-06-050543-5</a>.</li> <li>A. I. Dawisha, (1976). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1954672">Egypt in the Arab World: The Elements of Foreign Policy</a></i>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2gKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA">p. 56</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333191958" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333191958">978-0333191958</a>. "Then in July 1968, a coup occurred in Baghdad which brought in the right-wing faction of the Baath party."</li> <li>Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C">World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia</a></i>, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 82-84. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576079409" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576079409">978-1576079409</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_John_Day1983" class="citation book cs1">Alan John Day, ed. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IlSGAAAAMAAJ&q=Political%20Dissent:%20An%20International%20Guide%20to%20Dissident,%20Extra-parliamentary,%20Guerrilla,%20and%20Illegal%20Political%20Movements"><i>Political Dissent An International Guide to Dissident, Extra-parliamentary, Guerrilla, and Illegal Political Movements</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Gale_Research_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Research Company">Gale Research Company</a>. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810320505" title="Special:BookSources/9780810320505"><bdi>9780810320505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Dissent+An+International+Guide+to+Dissident%2C+Extra-parliamentary%2C+Guerrilla%2C+and+Illegal+Political+Movements&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Gale+Research+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780810320505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIlSGAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DPolitical%2520Dissent%3A%2520An%2520International%2520Guide%2520to%2520Dissident%2C%2520Extra-parliamentary%2C%2520Guerrilla%2C%2520and%2520Illegal%2520Political%2520Movements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-GhareebDoughertyBeth2004-Almada2019-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GhareebDoughertyBeth2004-Almada2019_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth K. <i>Historical Dictionary of Iraq</i>. Lanham, Maryland and Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, Ltd., 2004. pp. 170-171.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Qaisy2019" class="citation web cs1">Al-Qaisy (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021440/http://almadasupplements.com/news.php?action=view&id=20740#sthash.mKrc7aAH.dpbs">"National Union Front and the fall of the monarchy"</a>. <i>Al-Mada</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://almadasupplements.com/news.php?action=view&id=20740#sthash.mKrc7aAH.dpbs">the original</a> on 18 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Mada&rft.atitle=National+Union+Front+and+the+fall+of+the+monarchy&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Al-Qaisy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falmadasupplements.com%2Fnews.php%3Faction%3Dview%26id%3D20740%23sthash.mKrc7aAH.dpbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وحدة، حرية، اشتراكية</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wahda, Hurriyah, Ishtirakiyah</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengio, Ofra (1998). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddamswordpolit0000beng">Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq</a></i> (Paperback). Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511439-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511439-3">978-0-19-511439-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شعلة البعث صباحي  !</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">shuelat al-ba’athi sabahi!</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byavfBvRsmw">"فرقة ألانشاد ( شعلة البعث صباحي ) 1978 في الذكرى 60 لثورة 8 شباط عروس الثورات"</a>. <i>youtube.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=youtube.com&rft.atitle=%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF+%28+%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB+%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A+%29+1978+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89+60+%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9+8+%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DbyavfBvRsmw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk2006109_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolk2006">Polk 2006</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhareebDougherty2004194-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhareebDougherty2004194_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhareebDougherty2004">Ghareeb & Dougherty 2004</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metz-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metz_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz,_Helen_Chapin" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Metz, Helen Chapin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/iraq/77.htm">"Iraq – Politics: The Baath Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+%E2%80%93+Politics%3A+The+Baath+Party&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.au=Metz%2C+Helen+Chapin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Firaq%2F77.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShefferMa'oz2002174-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShefferMa'oz2002174_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShefferMa'oz2002">Sheffer & Ma'oz 2002</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripp2002143-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripp2002143_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripp2002">Tripp 2002</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005200-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2005200_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2005">Davies 2005</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005320-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2005320_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2005">Davies 2005</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2010229-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2010229_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatterson2010">Patterson 2010</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakash2003136-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakash2003136_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakash2003">Nakash 2003</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005174_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawisha2005">Dawisha 2005</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShefferMa'oz2002174–175-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShefferMa'oz2002174–175_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShefferMa'oz2002">Sheffer & Ma'oz 2002</a>, pp. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2008185-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2008185_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2008">Tucker 2008</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005224-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawisha2005224_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawisha2005">Dawisha 2005</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200522-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200522_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200524–25_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk2005" class="citation book cs1">Polk, William Roe (2005). <i>Understanding Iraq</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857717641" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857717641"><bdi>978-0857717641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Iraq&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0857717641&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=William+Roe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons1996" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Geoff (1996). <i>Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam</i>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312160524" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312160524"><bdi>978-0312160524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+From+Sumer+to+Saddam&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0312160524&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200525–26-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200525–26_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200529-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200529_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200529_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSale2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sale_(journalist)" title="Richard Sale (journalist)">Sale, Richard</a> (10 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/">"Exclusive: Saddam Key in Early CIA Plot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Saddam+Key+in+Early+CIA+Plot&rft.date=2003-04-10&rft.aulast=Sale&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FExclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot%2F65571050017416%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osgood_p._16-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osgood_p._16_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsgood2009" class="citation book cs1">Osgood, Kenneth (2009). "Eisenhower and regime change in Iraq: the United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958". <i>America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134036721" title="Special:BookSources/9781134036721"><bdi>9781134036721</bdi></a>. <q>The documentary record is filled with holes. A remarkable volume of material remains classified, and those records that are available are obscured by redactions – large blacked-out sections that allow for plausible deniability. While it is difficult to know exactly what actions were taken to destabilize or overthrow Qasim's regime, we can discern fairly clearly what was on the planning table. We also can see clues as to what was authorized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eisenhower+and+regime+change+in+Iraq%3A+the+United+States+and+the+Iraqi+Revolution+of+1958&rft.btitle=America+and+Iraq%3A+Policy-making%2C+Intervention+and+Regional+Politics&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781134036721&rft.aulast=Osgood&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osgood_pp._21–23-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osgood_pp._21–23_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osgood_pp._21–23_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osgood_pp._21–23_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsgood2009" class="citation book cs1">Osgood, Kenneth (2009). "Eisenhower and regime change in Iraq: the United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958". <i>America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 21–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134036721" title="Special:BookSources/9781134036721"><bdi>9781134036721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eisenhower+and+regime+change+in+Iraq%3A+the+United+States+and+the+Iraqi+Revolution+of+1958&rft.btitle=America+and+Iraq%3A+Policy-making%2C+Intervention+and+Regional+Politics&rft.pages=21-23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781134036721&rft.aulast=Osgood&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Bryan R. (2015). <i>Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7"><bdi>978-1-137-48711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sold+Out%3F+US+Foreign+Policy%2C+Iraq%2C+the+Kurds%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-48711-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WH2021_1959_2-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WH2021_1959_2_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). <i>The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200530-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200530_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarshRautsi2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Karsh, Efraim</a>; Rautsi, Inari (2002). <i>Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. pp. 15–22, 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3978-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3978-8"><bdi>978-0-8021-3978-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam+Hussein%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pages=15-22%2C+25&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3978-8&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rft.au=Rautsi%2C+Inari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakiya1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kanan_Makiya" title="Kanan Makiya">Makiya, Kanan</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicoffearpo00maki"><i>Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicoffearpo00maki/page/118">118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92124-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92124-5"><bdi>978-0-520-92124-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Fear%3A+The+Politics+of+Modern+Iraq%2C+Updated+Edition&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92124-5&rft.aulast=Makiya&rft.aufirst=Kanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicoffearpo00maki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200534-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200534_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). <i>The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq</i>. Stanford University Press. pp. 86–87, 93–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=86-87%2C+93-102&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Bryan R. (2015). <i>Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 35–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7"><bdi>978-1-137-48711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sold+Out%3F+US+Foreign+Policy%2C+Iraq%2C+the+Kurds%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=35-45&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-48711-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For sources that agree or sympathize with assertions of U.S. involvement, see: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-HunnicuttMiddle_East_Studies_Pedagogy_Initiative_(MESPI)2018" class="citation web cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon; Middle East Studies Pedagogy Initiative (MESPI) (20 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/37783/Essential-Readings-The-US-and-Iraq">"Essential Readings: The United States and Iraq before Saddam Hussein's Rule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jadaliyya" title="Jadaliyya">Jadaliyya</a></i>. <q>CIA involvement in the 1963 coup that first brought the Ba'th to power in Iraq has been an open secret for decades. American government and media have never been asked to fully account for the CIA's role in the coup. On the contrary, the US government has put forward and official narrative riddled with holes–redactions that cannot be declassified for "national security" reasons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jadaliyya&rft.atitle=Essential+Readings%3A+The+United+States+and+Iraq+before+Saddam+Hussein%27s+Rule&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft.au=Middle+East+Studies+Pedagogy+Initiative+%28MESPI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jadaliyya.com%2FDetails%2F37783%2FEssential-Readings-The-US-and-Iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitino2017" class="citation book cs1">Citino, Nathan J. (2017). "The People's Court". <i>Envisioning the Arab Future: Modernization in US-Arab Relations, 1945–1967</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 182–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-10755-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-10755-6"><bdi>978-1-108-10755-6</bdi></a>. <q>Washington backed the movement by military officers linked to the pan-Arab Ba'th Party that overthrew Qasim in a coup on February 8, 1963.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+People%27s+Court&rft.btitle=Envisioning+the+Arab+Future%3A+Modernization+in+US-Arab+Relations%2C+1945%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=182-183&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-108-10755-6&rft.aulast=Citino&rft.aufirst=Nathan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobsen, E. (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/dh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/dh/dht049">"A Coincidence of Interests: Kennedy, U.S. Assistance, and the 1963 Iraqi Ba'th Regime"</a>. <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>37</b> (5): 1029–1059. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht049">10.1093/dh/dht049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <q>There is ample evidence that the CIA not only had contacts with the Iraqi Ba'th in the early sixties, but also assisted in the planning of the coup.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=A+Coincidence+of+Interests%3A+Kennedy%2C+U.S.+Assistance%2C+and+the+1963+Iraqi+Ba%27th+Regime&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1029-1059&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht049&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fdh%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmaelIsmaelPerry2016" class="citation book cs1">Ismael, Tareq Y.; Ismael, Jacqueline S.; Perry, Glenn E. (2016). <i>Government and Politics of the Contemporary Middle East: Continuity and Change</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-66282-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-66282-2"><bdi>978-1-317-66282-2</bdi></a>. <q>Ba'thist forces and army officers overthrew Qasim on February 8, 1963, in collaboration with the CIA.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+and+Politics+of+the+Contemporary+Middle+East%3A+Continuity+and+Change&rft.pages=240&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-66282-2&rft.aulast=Ismael&rft.aufirst=Tareq+Y.&rft.au=Ismael%2C+Jacqueline+S.&rft.au=Perry%2C+Glenn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2004" class="citation journal cs1">Little, Douglas (14 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/dh/article-abstract/28/5/663/337167">"Mission Impossible: The CIA and the Cult of Covert Action in the Middle East"</a>. <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>28</b> (5): 663–701. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2004.00446.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00446.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-7709">1467-7709</a>. <q>Such self-serving denials notwithstanding, the CIA actually appears to have had a great deal to do with the bloody Ba'athist coup that toppled Qassim in February 1963. Deeply troubled by Qassim's steady drift to the left, by his threats to invade Kuwait, and by his attempt to cancel Western oil concessions, U.S. intelligence made contact with anticommunist Ba'ath activists both inside and outside the Iraqi army during the early 1960s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Mission+Impossible%3A+The+CIA+and+the+Cult+of+Covert+Action+in+the+Middle+East&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=663-701&rft.date=2004-10-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2004.00446.x&rft.issn=1467-7709&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fdh%2Farticle-abstract%2F28%2F5%2F663%2F337167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsgood2009" class="citation book cs1">Osgood, Kenneth (2009). "Eisenhower and regime change in Iraq: the United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958". <i>America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134036721" title="Special:BookSources/9781134036721"><bdi>9781134036721</bdi></a>. <q>Working with Nasser, the Ba'ath Party, and other opposition elements, including some in the Iraqi army, the CIA by 1963 was well positioned to help assemble the coalition that overthrew Qasim in February of that year. It is not clear whether Qasim's assassination, as Said Aburish has written, was 'one of the most elaborate CIA operations in the history of the Middle East.' That judgment remains to be proven. But the trail linking the CIA is suggestive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eisenhower+and+regime+change+in+Iraq%3A+the+United+States+and+the+Iraqi+Revolution+of+1958&rft.btitle=America+and+Iraq%3A+Policy-making%2C+Intervention+and+Regional+Politics&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781134036721&rft.aulast=Osgood&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSluglett" class="citation web cs1">Sluglett, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/wp-content/files_mf/1389811754d4Sluglett.pdf">"The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers (Review)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Democratiya" title="Democratiya">Democratiya</a></i>. p. 9. <q>Batatu infers on pp. 985-86 that the CIA was involved in the coup of 1963 (which brought the Ba'ath briefly to power): Even if the evidence here is somewhat circumstantial, there can be no question about the Ba'ath's fervent anti-communism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democratiya&rft.atitle=The+Old+Social+Classes+and+the+Revolutionary+Movements+of+Iraq%3A+A+Study+of+Iraq%27s+Old+Landed+and+Commercial+Classes+and+of+its+Communists%2C+Ba%27thists+and+Free+Officers+%28Review%29&rft.pages=9&rft.aulast=Sluglett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Fwp-content%2Ffiles_mf%2F1389811754d4Sluglett.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). <i>The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>. <q>Weldon Matthews, Malik Mufti, Douglas Little, William Zeman, and Eric Jacobsen have all drawn on declassified American records to largely substantiate the plausibility of Batatu's account. Peter Hahn and Bryan Gibson (in separate works) argue that the available evidence does support the claim of CIA collusion with the Ba'th. However, each makes this argument in the course of a much broader study, and neither examines the question in any detail.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchel2002" class="citation book cs1">Mitchel, Timothy (2002). <i>Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520928251" title="Special:BookSources/9780520928251"><bdi>9780520928251</bdi></a>. <q>Qasim was killed three years later in a coup welcomed and possibly aided by the CIA, which brought to power the Ba'ath, the party of Saddam Hussein.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rule+of+Experts%3A+Egypt%2C+Techno-Politics%2C+Modernity&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780520928251&rft.aulast=Mitchel&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Weiner" title="Tim Weiner">Weiner, Tim</a> (2008). <i>Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307455628" title="Special:BookSources/9780307455628"><bdi>9780307455628</bdi></a>. <q>The agency finally backed a successful coup in Iraq in the name of American influence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+Ashes%3A+The+History+of+the+CIA&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780307455628&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For sources that dispute assertions of U.S. involvement, see: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Bryan R. (2015). <i>Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7"><bdi>978-1-137-48711-7</bdi></a>. <q>Barring the release of new information, the balance of evidence suggests that while the United States was actively plotting the overthrow of the Qasim regime, it did not appear to be directly involved in the February 1963 coup.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sold+Out%3F+US+Foreign+Policy%2C+Iraq%2C+the+Kurds%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-48711-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2011" class="citation book cs1">Hahn, Peter (2011). <i>Missions Accomplished?: The United States and Iraq Since World War I</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195333381" title="Special:BookSources/9780195333381"><bdi>9780195333381</bdi></a>. <q>Declassified U.S. government documents offer no evidence to support these suggestions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missions+Accomplished%3F%3A+The+United+States+and+Iraq+Since+World+War+I&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780195333381&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2007" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Roby C. (2007). <i>The Greater Middle East and the Cold War: US Foreign Policy Under Eisenhower and Kennedy</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. 451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857713087" title="Special:BookSources/9780857713087"><bdi>9780857713087</bdi></a>. <q>Washington wanted to see Qasim and his Communist supporters removed, but that is a far cry from Batatu's inference that the U.S. had somehow engineered the coup. The U.S. lacked the operational capability to organize and carry out the coup, but certainly after it had occurred the U.S. government preferred the Nasserists and Ba'athists in power, and provided encouragement and probably some peripheral assistance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greater+Middle+East+and+the+Cold+War%3A+US+Foreign+Policy+Under+Eisenhower+and+Kennedy&rft.pages=451&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780857713087&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Roby+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2017" class="citation book cs1">West, Nigel (2017). <i>Encyclopedia of Political Assassinations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538102398" title="Special:BookSources/9781538102398"><bdi>9781538102398</bdi></a>. <q>Although Qasim was regarded as an adversary by the West, having nationalized the Iraq Petroleum Company, which had joint Anglo-American ownership, no plans had been made to depose him, principally because of the absence of a plausible successor. Nevertheless, the CIA pursued other schemes to prevent Iraq from coming under Soviet influence, and one such target was an unidentified colonel, thought to have been Qasim's cousin, the notorious Fadhil Abbas al-Mahdawi who was appointed military prosecutor to try members of the previous Hashemite monarchy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Assassinations&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781538102398&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). <i>The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>. <q>What really happened in Iraq in February 1963 remains shrouded behind a veil of official secrecy. Many of the most relevant documents remain classified. Others were destroyed. And still others were never created in the first place.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2011" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/kennedy-administration-counterinsurgency-and-iraqs-first-bathist-regime/B4DA680E1CD37E8293DCEE8788C7C826">"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a></i>. <b>43</b> (4): 635–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743811000882">10.1017/S0020743811000882</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6380">1471-6380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159490612">159490612</a>. <q>Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or cataloged.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kennedy+Administration%2C+Counterinsurgency%2C+and+Iraq%27s+First+Ba%27thist+Regime&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=635-653&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159490612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1471-6380&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743811000882&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Weldon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fkennedy-administration-counterinsurgency-and-iraqs-first-bathist-regime%2FB4DA680E1CD37E8293DCEE8788C7C826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2011" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743811000882/type/journal_article">"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a></i>. <b>43</b> (4): 635–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743811000882">10.1017/S0020743811000882</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159490612">159490612</a>. <q>[Kennedy] Administration officials viewed the Iraqi Ba'th Party in 1963 as an agent of counterinsurgency directed against Iraqi communists, and they cultivated supportive relationships with Ba'thist officials, police commanders, and members of the Ba'th Party militia. The American relationship with militia members and senior police commanders had begun even before the February coup, and Ba'thist police commanders involved in the coup had been trained in the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kennedy+Administration%2C+Counterinsurgency%2C+and+Iraq%27s+First+Ba%27thist+Regime&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=635-653&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159490612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743811000882&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Weldon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0020743811000882%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (1 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/dh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/dh/dht121">"Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad"</a>. <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 98–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121">10.1093/dh/dht121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Embracing+Regime+Change+in+Iraq%3A+American+Foreign+Policy+and+the+1963+Coup+d%27etat+in+Baghdad&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-125&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fdh%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200540-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200540_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200540_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitino2017" class="citation book cs1">Citino, Nathan J. (2017). "The People's Court". <i>Envisioning the Arab Future: Modernization in US-Arab Relations, 1945–1967</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108107556" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108107556"><bdi>978-1108107556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+People%27s+Court&rft.btitle=Envisioning+the+Arab+Future%3A+Modernization+in+US-Arab+Relations%2C+1945%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1108107556&rft.aulast=Citino&rft.aufirst=Nathan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). <i>The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,828007,00.html">"Iraq: Green Armbands, Red Blood"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 22 February 1963. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+Green+Armbands%2C+Red+Blood&rft.date=1963-02-22&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C828007%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batatu-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Batatu_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatatu1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Batatu" title="Hanna Batatu">Batatu, Hanna</a> (1978). <i>The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 985–987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0863565205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0863565205"><bdi>978-0863565205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Social+Classes+and+the+Revolutionary+Movements+of+Iraq%3A+A+Study+of+Iraq%27s+Old+Landed+and+Commercial+Classes+and+of+its+Communists%2C+Ba%27thists+and+Free+Officers&rft.pages=985-987&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0863565205&rft.aulast=Batatu&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2011" class="citation web cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:tm772zz7352/Concessionary%20Regime%20%5Be-submit%5D-augmented.pdf">"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 84–85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Concessionary+Regime%3A+Oil+and+American+Power+in+Iraq%2C+1958-1972&rft.pages=84-85&rft.date=2011-03&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstacks.stanford.edu%2Ffile%2Fdruid%3Atm772zz7352%2FConcessionary%2520Regime%2520%255Be-submit%255D-augmented.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarouk–SluglettSluglett2001" class="citation book cs1">Farouk–Sluglett, Marion; Sluglett, Peter (2001). <i>Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857713735" title="Special:BookSources/9780857713735"><bdi>9780857713735</bdi></a>. <q>Although individual leftists had been murdered intermittently over the previous years, the scale on which the killings and arrests took place in the spring and summer of 1963 indicates a closely coordinated campaign, and it is almost certain that those who carried out the raid on suspects' homes were working from lists supplied to them. Precisely how these lists had been compiled is a matter of conjecture, but it is certain that some of the Ba'th leaders were in touch with American intelligence networks, and it is also undeniable that a variety of different groups in Iraq and elsewhere in the Middle East had a strong vested interest in breaking what was probably the strongest and most popular communist party in the region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+Since+1958%3A+From+Revolution+to+Dictatorship&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780857713735&rft.aulast=Farouk%E2%80%93Sluglett&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft.au=Sluglett%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Bryan R. (2015). <i>Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7"><bdi>978-1-137-48711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sold+Out%3F+US+Foreign+Policy%2C+Iraq%2C+the+Kurds%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-48711-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitino2017" class="citation book cs1">Citino, Nathan J. (2017). "The People's Court". <i>Envisioning the Arab Future: Modernization in US–Arab Relations, 1945–1967</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 220–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-10755-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-10755-6"><bdi>978-1-108-10755-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+People%27s+Court&rft.btitle=Envisioning+the+Arab+Future%3A+Modernization+in+US%E2%80%93Arab+Relations%2C+1945%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=220-222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-108-10755-6&rft.aulast=Citino&rft.aufirst=Nathan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2011" class="citation web cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:tm772zz7352/Concessionary%20Regime%20%5Be-submit%5D-augmented.pdf">"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 84–85. <q>One study from 1961 or 1962 included a section on "the capability of the U.S. Government to provide support to friendly groups, not in power, who are seeking the violent overthrow of a communist dominated and supported government." The study went on to discuss providing "covert assistance" to such groups and advised that, "Pinpointing of enemy concentrations and hideouts can permit effective use of 'Hunter‐Killer' teams." Given the Embassy's concern with the immediate suppression of Baghdad's sarifa population, it seems likely that American intelligence services would be interested in providing support to the Ba'thist "'Hunter‐Killer' teams."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Concessionary+Regime%3A+Oil+and+American+Power+in+Iraq%2C+1958-1972&rft.pages=84-85&rft.date=2011-03&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstacks.stanford.edu%2Ffile%2Fdruid%3Atm772zz7352%2FConcessionary%2520Regime%2520%255Be-submit%255D-augmented.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). <i>The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>. <q>The CIA had long employed the method of targeted assassination in its global crusade against Communism. In 1954, a CIA team involved in the overthrow of Guatemalan leader Jacobo Arbenz compiled a veritable "Handbook of Assassination," replete with precise instructions for committing "political murder" and a list of suspected Guatemalan Communists to be targeted for "executive action." In the 1960s, the Kennedy administration made this rather ad hoc practice into a science. According to its special warfare doctrines, covertly armed and trained "Hunter-Killer teams" were a highly effective instrument in the root-and-branch eradication of Communist threats in developing nations. In what became known as the "Jakarta Method"—named for the systematic CIA-backed purge of Indonesian Communists in 1965—the CIA was involved in countless campaigns of mass murder in the name of anti-Communism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996161-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996161_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996161_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMufti1996">Mufti 1996</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541–42-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200541–42_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200544-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200544_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200545-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200545_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200545–46-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200545–46_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200545–46_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996165-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996165_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996165_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMufti1996">Mufti 1996</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996159-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996159_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMufti1996">Mufti 1996</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996160-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996160_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMufti1996">Mufti 1996</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti1996160–161-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti1996160–161_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMufti1996">Mufti 1996</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200548-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200548_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200555-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200555_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200552-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200552_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200552_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200553-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200553_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200556-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200556_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200557-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200557_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin200574-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoughlin200574_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoughlin2005">Coughlin 2005</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Izzat+Ibrahim+al-Douri%3A+the+King+of+Clubs+is+back%2C+and+he+may+yet+prove+to+be+Saddam+Hussein%27s+trump+card&rft.date=2013-05-18&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq%2F10065919%2FIzzat-Ibrahim-al-Douri-the-King-of-Clubs-is-back-and-he-may-yet-prove-to-be-Saddam-Husseins-trump-card.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201236-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201236_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201236_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201236_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201299-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201299_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201211-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201211_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201211–12-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201211–12_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201212-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201212_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201235-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201235_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201235_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201235_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon2012285-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon2012285_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201237-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201237_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201237_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201237–38-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201237–38_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201238-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201238_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201238_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201239-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201239_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201239_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201239–40-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201239–40_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201240-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201240_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201242-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201242_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201242_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201243-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201243_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201241-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201241_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201241_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201245-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201245_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201246-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201246_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201246_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon201247-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon201247_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon2012">Sassoon 2012</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlnasrawi1994" class="citation book cs1">Alnasrawi, Abbas (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VxMKNYNzUbIC"><i>The Economy of Iraq: Oil, Wars, Destruction of Development and Prospects, 1950-2010</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29186-9"><bdi>978-0-313-29186-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+Iraq%3A+Oil%2C+Wars%2C+Destruction+of+Development+and+Prospects%2C+1950-2010&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29186-9&rft.aulast=Alnasrawi&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVxMKNYNzUbIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengio1998" class="citation book cs1">Bengio, Ofra (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddamswordpolit0000beng"><i>Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511439-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511439-6"><bdi>0-19-511439-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%27s+Word%3A+Political+Discourse+in+Iraq&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-511439-6&rft.aulast=Bengio&rft.aufirst=Ofra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddamswordpolit0000beng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-050543-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-050543-1"><bdi>978-0-06-050543-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-050543-1&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Eric (2005). <i>Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in modern Iraq</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23546-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23546-5"><bdi>978-0-520-23546-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories+of+State%3A+Politics%2C+History%2C+and+Collective+Identity+in+modern+Iraq&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23546-5&rft.au=Davies%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawisha2005" class="citation book cs1">Dawisha, Addid (2005). <i>Arab nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691102733" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691102733"><bdi>978-0691102733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+nationalism+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+From+Triumph+to+Despair&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0691102733&rft.aulast=Dawisha&rft.aufirst=Addid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarouk-SluglettSluglett2001" class="citation book cs1">Farouk-Sluglett, Marion; Sluglett, Peter (2001). <i>Iraq since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship</i>. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/I.B.Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B.Tauris">I.B.Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-622-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-622-5"><bdi>978-1-86064-622-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+since+1958%3A+From+Revolution+to+Dictatorship&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-622-5&rft.aulast=Farouk-Sluglett&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft.au=Sluglett%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhareebDougherty2004" class="citation book cs1">Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth K. (2004). <i>Historical Dictionary of Iraq</i>. The Scarecrow Press, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4330-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4330-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-4330-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Iraq&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4330-1&rft.aulast=Ghareeb&rft.aufirst=Edmund+A.&rft.au=Dougherty%2C+Beth+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1997" class="citation book cs1">Harris, William (1997). <i>Challenges to Democracy in the Middle East</i>. Markus Wiener Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-149-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-149-0"><bdi>978-1-55876-149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenges+to+Democracy+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-149-0&rft.au=Harris%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMufti1996" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Mufti (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovereigncreatio00muft"><i>Sovereign Creations: pan-Arabism and Political order in Syria and Iraq</i></a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3168-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3168-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-3168-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+Creations%3A+pan-Arabism+and+Political+order+in+Syria+and+Iraq&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3168-5&rft.au=Malik%2C+Mufti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovereigncreatio00muft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakash2003" class="citation book cs1">Nakash, Yitzhak (2003). <i>The Shi'is of Iraq</i> (Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11575-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11575-7"><bdi>978-0-691-11575-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27is+of+Iraq&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11575-7&rft.au=Nakash%2C+Yitzhak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiblock1982" class="citation book cs1">Niblock, Tim (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraqcontemporary00nibl"><i>Iraq, the contemporary state</i></a></span>. Croom Helm, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-1810-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-1810-3"><bdi>978-0-7099-1810-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%2C+the+contemporary+state&rft.pub=Croom+Helm%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-1810-3&rft.aulast=Niblock&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firaqcontemporary00nibl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2010" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, David (2010). <i>A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13261-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13261-9"><bdi>978-0-521-13261-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Genealogy+of+Evil%3A+Anti-Semitism+from+Nazism+to+Islamic+Jihad&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13261-9&rft.au=Patterson%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Roe_Polk" class="mw-redirect" title="William Roe Polk">Polk, William Roe</a> (2006). <i>Understanding Iraq: A Whistlestop Tour from Ancient Babylon to Occupied Baghdad</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-123-6"><bdi>978-1-84511-123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Iraq%3A+A+Whistlestop+Tour+from+Ancient+Babylon+to+Occupied+Baghdad&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-123-6&rft.au=Polk%2C+William+Roe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalem1994" class="citation book cs1">Salem, Paul (1994). <i>Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2628-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2628-2"><bdi>978-0-8156-2628-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bitter+Legacy%3A+Ideology+and+Politics+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2628-2&rft.aulast=Salem&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassoon2012" class="citation book cs1">Sassoon, Joseph (2012). <i>Saddam Hussein's Ba'th Party: Inside an Authoritarian Regime</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14915-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14915-0"><bdi>978-0-521-14915-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam+Hussein%27s+Ba%27th+Party%3A+Inside+an+Authoritarian+Regime&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-14915-0&rft.aulast=Sassoon&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShefferMa'oz2002" class="citation book cs1">Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). <i>Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Academic_Press" title="Sussex Academic Press">Sussex Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-84-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-84-1"><bdi>978-1-902210-84-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Eastern+Minorities+and+Diasporas&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-902210-84-1&rft.au=Sheffer%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=Ma%27oz%2C+Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles</a> (2002). <i>A History of Iraq</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52900-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52900-6"><bdi>978-0-521-52900-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52900-6&rft.au=Tripp%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2008" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2008). <i>The encyclopedia of the Arab–Israeli conflict: a Political, Social, and Military History: A–F</i>. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-841-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-841-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-841-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+the+Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+conflict%3A+a+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History%3A+A%E2%80%93F&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-841-5&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Iraq+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Iraq_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraqi_political_parties" title="Template:Iraqi political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraqi_political_parties" title="Template talk:Iraqi political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraqi_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraqi political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Iraq_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties in Iraq</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadrist_Movement" title="Sadrist Movement">Sadrists</a> (73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iraq)" title="Progress Party (Iraq)">Progress Party</a> (37)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a> (33) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Organisation" title="Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation">Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a> (17) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sadiqoun_Bloc" title="Al-Sadiqoun Bloc">Al-Sadiqoun Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Iraq" title="Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq">Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azem_Alliance" title="Azem Alliance">Azem Alliance</a> (14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emtidad_Movement" title="Emtidad Movement">Emtidad Movement</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Movement" title="New Generation Movement">New Generation Movement</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishraqat_Kanoon" title="Ishraqat Kanoon">Ishraqat Kanoon</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmim_Alliance" title="Tasmim Alliance">Tasmim Alliance</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Alliance" title="Victory Alliance">Victory Alliance</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Justice_Group" title="Kurdistan Justice Group">Kurdistan Justice Group</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_Front" title="Iraqi Turkmen Front">Iraqi Turkmen Front</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reserved Christian seats (5)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Movement" title="Babylon Movement">Babylon Movement</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athra_Alliance" title="Athra Alliance">Athra Alliance</a> (1) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Patriotic_Party" title="Assyrian Patriotic Party">Assyrian Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Nahrin_Patriotic_Union" title="Beth Nahrin Patriotic Union">Beth Nahrin Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syriac_Assyrian_Popular_Council" title="Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council">Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reserved minority seats (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hareth_Shanshal_Sunaid" title="Hareth Shanshal Sunaid">Hareth Shanshal Sunaid</a> (1) [Mandaean seat]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_Movement_for_Reform_and_Progress" title="Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress">Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress</a> (1) [Yazidi seat]</li> <li>Council of Free Shabaks (1) [Shabak seat]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrepresented in parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Iraqis_(party)" title="The Iraqis (party)">The Iraqis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li>Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pan-Arab organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Arab Liberation Front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics of Iraq</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Socialist_Ba&#039;ath_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Template:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Template talk:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Socialist_Ba&#039;ath_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;;background:#017B48;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraqi-dominated faction</span></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syrian-dominated faction</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="History of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">History</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Committee_to_Help_Iraq" title="Syrian Committee to Help Iraq">Syrian Committee to Help Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Pre-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Revolutionary_Command" title="National Council for the Revolutionary Command">National Council for the Revolutionary Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rashid_revolt" title="Ar-Rashid revolt">Ar-Rashid revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Post-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Revolutionary_Command_Council_under_Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="List of members of the Revolutionary Command Council under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Belt">Arab Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Arabization_campaigns_in_northern_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq">Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assadist%E2%80%93Saddamist_conflict" title="Assadist–Saddamist conflict">Assadist–Saddamist conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_archives" title="Ba'ath Party archives">Ba'ath Party archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">General Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Pre-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraqi-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Al-Mukhtar" title="Salah Al-Mukhtar">Salah Al-Mukhtar</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syrian-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar <small><i>(de facto)</i></small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Regional Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Younis_al-Ahmed" title="Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed">Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Jordan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Homsi" title="Akram al-Homsi">Akram al-Homsi</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assem_Qanso" title="Assem Qanso">Assem Qanso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Majid_al-Rafei" title="Abd al-Majid al-Rafei">Abd al-Majid al-Rafei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isam_al-Qadi" title="Isam al-Qadi">Isam al-Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakad_Salem" title="Rakad Salem">Rakad Salem</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammud_al-Shufi" title="Hammud al-Shufi">Hammud al-Shufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_National_Command_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Members</span></a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Command_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="National Command of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">National Command</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Khalaf_Abbas" title="Hadiya Khalaf Abbas">Hadiya Khalaf Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Ayyoub" title="Ali Abdullah Ayyoub">Ali Abdullah Ayyoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Farah" title="Elias Farah">Elias Farah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakem_Al-Fayez" title="Hakem Al-Fayez">Hakem Al-Fayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahib_al-Ghanim" title="Wahib al-Ghanim">Wahib al-Ghanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuheir_Mohsen" title="Zuheir Mohsen">Zuheir Mohsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Yashruti" title="Khaled Yashruti">Khaled Yashruti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Members of the Regional Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humam_Abd_al-Khaliq_Abd_al-Ghafur" title="Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur">Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanim_Abdul-Jalil" title="Ghanim Abdul-Jalil">Ghanim Abdul-Jalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_Abdul-Majid" title="Saad Abdul-Majid">Saad Abdul-Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Mustafa_Abdullah" title="Jamal Mustafa Abdullah">Jamal Mustafa Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Younis_al-Ahmed" title="Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed">Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Omar_al-Ali" title="Salah Omar al-Ali">Salah Omar al-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huda_Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash">Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Salih Mahdi Ammash">Salih Mahdi Ammash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Al-Awadi" title="Hussein Al-Awadi">Hussein Al-Awadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_Abdullah_Mahdi_Al-Douri" title="Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri">Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadoun_Ghaidan" title="Saadoun Ghaidan">Saadoun Ghaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadil_Mahmud_Gharib" title="Fadil Mahmud Gharib">Fadil Mahmud Gharib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27dun_Hammadi" title="Sa'dun Hammadi">Sa'dun Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latif_Nassif_Jassim" title="Latif Nassif Jassim">Latif Nassif Jassim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Taan_Kazim" title="Rashid Taan Kazim">Rashid Taan Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Khayr_Allah" title="Adnan Khayr Allah">Adnan Khayr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhyi_Abdul-Hussein_Mashhadi" title="Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi">Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Saleh_Al-Numan" title="Aziz Saleh Al-Numan">Aziz Saleh Al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Hamoud_Al-Obaidi" title="Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi">Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Yassin_Ramadan" title="Taha Yassin Ramadan">Taha Yassin Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Mutlaq_al-Rawi" title="Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi">Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Rifai" title="Rashid al-Rifai">Rashid al-Rifai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Al-Baqi_Abd_Karim_Al-Sadun" title="Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun">Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zimam_al-Sadun" title="Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun">Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Khaliq_al-Samarra%27i" title="Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i">Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Sallum_al-Samarra%27i" title="Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i">Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayef_Shindakh_Thamer" title="Nayef Shindakh Thamer">Nayef Shindakh Thamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamis_Sirhan" title="Khamis Sirhan">Khamis Sirhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardan_al-Tikriti" title="Hardan al-Tikriti">Hardan al-Tikriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Abdallah_al-Ubaydi" title="Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi">Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Tahir Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hamza_Zubeidi" title="Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi">Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Shuaib" title="Musa Shuaib">Musa Shuaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Khalaf_Abbas" title="Hadiya Khalaf Abbas">Hadiya Khalaf Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Arnous" title="Hussein Arnous">Hussein Arnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Ayyoub" title="Ali Abdullah Ayyoub">Ali Abdullah Ayyoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Saeed_Bekheitan" title="Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan">Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsen_Bilal" title="Muhsen Bilal">Muhsen Bilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Dakhlallah" title="Mahdi Dakhlallah">Mahdi Dakhlallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Diyab" title="Ahmad Diyab">Ahmad Diyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Duba" title="Ali Duba">Ali Duba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Habash" title="Marwan Habash">Marwan Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Hadid" title="Ibrahim al-Hadid">Ibrahim al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Halabi" title="Muhammad Ali al-Halabi">Muhammad Ali al-Halabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Badr_Hassan" title="Adnan Badr Hassan">Adnan Badr Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Hatum" title="Salim Hatum">Salim Hatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilal_Hilal" title="Hilal Hilal">Hilal Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_al-Hussein" title="Mohammad al-Hussein">Mohammad al-Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_Ikhtiyar" title="Hisham Ikhtiyar">Hisham Ikhtiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_al-Jundi" title="Abdul-Karim al-Jundi">Abdul-Karim al-Jundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Jundi" title="Sami al-Jundi">Sami al-Jundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_al-Kasm" title="Abdul Rauf al-Kasm">Abdul Rauf al-Kasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis" title="Imad Khamis">Imad Khamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Khatib" title="Ahmad al-Khatib">Ahmad al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Khleifawi" title="Abdul Rahman Khleifawi">Abdul Rahman Khleifawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Jihad_al-Laham" title="Mohammad Jihad al-Laham">Mohammad Jihad al-Laham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Makhous" title="Ibrahim Makhous">Ibrahim Makhous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuhair_Masharqa" title="Zuhair Masharqa">Zuhair Masharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Mero" title="Muhammad Mustafa Mero">Muhammad Mustafa Mero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Qaddura" title="Abdul Qadir Qaddura">Abdul Qadir Qaddura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammouda_Sabbagh" title="Hammouda Sabbagh">Hammouda Sabbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farouk_al-Sharaa" title="Farouk al-Sharaa">Farouk al-Sharaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_al-Shihabi" title="Hikmat al-Shihabi">Hikmat al-Shihabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammud_al-Shufi" title="Hammud al-Shufi">Hammud al-Shufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Tlass" title="Mustafa Tlass">Mustafa Tlass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Turkmani" title="Hasan Turkmani">Hasan Turkmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Umran" title="Muhammad Umran">Muhammad Umran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Yasin" title="Salim Yasin">Salim Yasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Zuayyin" title="Yusuf Zuayyin">Yusuf Zuayyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Ahmad_Nasser_al-Dhahab" title="Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab">Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Heads of state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Khatib" title="Ahmad al-Khatib">Ahmad al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam <small><i>(interim)</i></small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Heads of government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27dun_Hammadi" title="Sa'dun Hammadi">Sa'dun Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hamza_Zubeidi" title="Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi">Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Husayn_Khudayir_as-Samarrai" title="Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai">Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Syria" title="List of prime ministers of Syria"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Zuayyin" title="Yusuf Zuayyin">Yusuf Zuayyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Khleifawi" title="Abdul Rahman Khleifawi">Abdul Rahman Khleifawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Ayyubi" title="Mahmoud al-Ayyubi">Mahmoud al-Ayyubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Halabi" title="Muhammad Ali al-Halabi">Muhammad Ali al-Halabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_al-Kasm" title="Abdul Rauf al-Kasm">Abdul Rauf al-Kasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Al-Zoubi" title="Mahmoud Al-Zoubi">Mahmoud Al-Zoubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Mero" title="Muhammad Mustafa Mero">Muhammad Mustafa Mero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ibrahim_Ghalawanji" title="Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji">Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis" title="Imad Khamis">Imad Khamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Arnous" title="Hussein Arnous">Hussein Arnous</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div>* = incumbent</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organization_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Organization of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Organization</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27athist_regional_branches" title="Category:Ba'athist regional branches"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Regional branches</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraqi-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_of_Algeria" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Assembly" title="Nationalist Democratic Assembly">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Egypt_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region">Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Regional Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Arab_Lebanon_Vanguard_Party" title="Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party" title="National Vanguard Party">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Tunisian Ba'ath Movement">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syrian-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Progressive_Party" title="Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Socialist Democratic Unionist Party">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vanguard_Party_(South_Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Vanguard Party (South Yemen)">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Organization_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="History of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">National Security Bureau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ba%27ath" title="Al-Ba'ath">Al-Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawt_al-Jamahir" title="Sawt al-Jamahir">Sawt al-Jamahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawra_(newspaper)" title="Al-Thawra (newspaper)">Al-Thawra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Popular fronts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Progressive Front (Iraq)">National Progressive Front (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front (Syria)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Brigades" title="Ba'ath Brigades">Ba'ath Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen_Saddam" title="Fedayeen Saddam">Fedayeen Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Battalions_(Iraq)" title="National Defense Battalions (Iraq)">National Defense Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Army_(Iraq)" title="Popular Army (Iraq)">Popular Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Youth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Union" title="Revolutionary Youth Union">Revolutionary Youth Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_associated_with_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Organizations associated with the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Associated organizations</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Armed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abud_Network" title="Al-Abud Network">Al-Abud Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Iraqi_Army" title="Free Iraqi Army">Free Iraqi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeish_Muhammad" title="Jeish Muhammad">Jeish Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionists" title="Rejectionists">Rejectionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Party" title="Snake Party">Snake Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27ath_Party_breakaway_groups" title="Category:Ba'ath Party breakaway groups"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Breakaway groups</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement_(Damascus_branch)" title="Arab Socialist Movement (Damascus branch)">Damascus branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Revolutionary_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Toilers%27_Movement" title="Arabic Toilers' Movement">Arabic Toilers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arab_Front" title="Palestinian Arab Front">Palestinian Arab Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Lebanon" title="Socialist Lebanon">Socialist Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Sudanese Ba'ath Party">Sudanese Ba'ath Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Political alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Palestinian_Forces" title="Alliance of Palestinian Forces">Alliance of Palestinian Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change" title="Forces of Freedom and Change">Forces of Freedom and Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Consensus_Forces" title="National Consensus Forces">National Consensus Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(Sudan)" title="National Democratic Alliance (Sudan)">National Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_and_Islamic_Forces" title="Palestinian National and Islamic Forces">Palestinian National and Islamic Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahd_Bloc" title="Ahd Bloc">Ahd Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_Patriotic_and_National_Parties" title="Front of Patriotic and National Parties">Front of Patriotic and National Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front" title="Lebanese National Resistance Front">Lebanese National Resistance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_the_Liberation_of_Syria" title="National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria">National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Union Front (Iraq)">National Union Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Alliance" title="Palestinian National Alliance">Palestinian National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Salvation_Front" title="Palestinian National Salvation Front">Palestinian National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Union_Party" title="Arab Democratic Union Party">Arab Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Unionist Party">Democratic Socialist Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Revolutionary_Party" title="Kurdistan Revolutionary Party">Kurdistan Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Movement" title="Libyan National Movement">Libyan National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant_Party" title="National Covenant Party">National Covenant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Party_(Iraq)" title="Popular Unity Party (Iraq)">Popular Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawab_(Mauritania)" title="Sawab (Mauritania)">Sawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Unionists" title="Social Democratic Unionists">Social Democratic Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unionist_Party_(Syria)" title="Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)">Socialist Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Bakdash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">Unified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon">in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Trade_Unions_(Syria)" title="General Federation of Trade Unions (Syria)">General Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Peasants" title="General Union of Peasants">General Union of Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Syrian_Women" title="General Union of Syrian Women">General Union of Syrian Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Miscellaneous" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Miscellaneous</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Symbolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardulfurataini" title="Ardulfurataini">Arḍ ul-Furātayn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1878844#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1878844#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1878844#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000111936259">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157126585">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ḥizb al-Baʿṯ al-ʿArabī al-Ištirākī. al-Quṭr al-ʿIrāqī"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2063754-8">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82059480">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262637305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_–_Iraq_Region&oldid=1257046064">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_–_Iraq_Region&oldid=1257046064</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist 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