Cid Kaoui Saïd

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr"> <head> <script type="text/javascript">document.documentElement.className = 'js';</script> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-language" content="fr" /> <title>Cid Kaoui Saïd</title> <link rel="alternate" href="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/pdf/2277" type="application/pdf" title="Cid Kaoui Saïd"/> <meta name="url" content="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2277" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://static.openedition.org/journals/images/favicon.png" /> <meta name="generator" content="Lodel 1.0" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <link rel="schema.MARCREL" href="http://www.loc.gov/loc.terms/relators/"/> <meta name="DC.type" content="Text" /> <meta name="DC.format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.identifier" scheme="URI" content="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2277" /> <meta name="DC.identifier" scheme="ISSN" content="2262-7197" /> <meta name="DC.title" content="Cid Kaoui Saïd" /> <meta name="DC.publisher" content="Éditions Peeters" /> <meta name="DC.language" scheme="RFC3066" content="fr" /> <meta name="DC.type" content="journalArticle" /> <meta name="DC.identifier" scheme="DOI" content="10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2277 " /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2277 " /> <meta name="author" content="Ould Braham, O." /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Ould Braham, O." /> <meta name="keywords" content="Histoire contemporaine" /> <meta name="description" content="Berbérisant algérien, auteur de dictionnaires, Saïd ben Mohammed-Akli Cid Kaoui est né le 12 mars 1859 à Ahammam, village de la puissante tribu des Oulad Abd el Djebar et situé dans la wilaya de Bejaïa près de Oued Amizour. Si sa mère, Chérifa bent Saïd ben Ahmed est née dans ce même secteur, au village de Taourirt, son père, Mohammed Akli (Muḥend Akli), lui, était originaire des Beni Sedka (At Sedqa), tribu de la Kabylie du Djurdjura, et vint s’établir dans cette zone de l’Oued Sahel après l..." /> <meta name="DC.description" content="Berbérisant algérien, auteur de dictionnaires, Saïd ben Mohammed-Akli Cid Kaoui est né le 12 mars 1859 à Ahammam, village de la puissante tribu des Oulad Abd el Djebar et situé dans la wilaya de Bejaïa près de Oued Amizour. Si sa mère, Chérifa bent Saïd ben Ahmed est née dans ce même secteur, au village de Taourirt, son père, Mohammed Akli (Muḥend Akli), lui, était originaire des Beni Sedka (At Sedqa), tribu de la Kabylie du Djurdjura, et vint s’établir dans cette zone de l’Oued Sahel après l..." /> <meta name="DC.subject" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr" content=" Histoire contemporaine" /> <meta name="DC.date" scheme="W3CDTF" content="1994-02-01" /> <meta name="DC.rights" content="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" /> <meta name="DC.relation.isPartOf" content="Encyclopédie berbère, 13 | 1994 13 | Chèvre – Columnatien " /> <meta name="DC.source" content="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Encyclopédie berbère" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Éditions Peeters" /> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Ould Braham, O." /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Cid Kaoui Saïd" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="1994/02/01" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2012/03/13" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1015-7344" /> <meta name="citation_isbn" content="2-85744-696-9" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="13" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1951" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1953" /> <meta name="citation_language" content="fr" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Histoire contemporaine" /> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2277" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/pdf/2277" /> <link title="schema(PRISM)" rel="schema.prism" href="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2277"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Encyclopédie berbère"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="13"/> <meta name="prism.issueName" content="13 | Chèvre – Columnatien"/> <meta name="DC.contributor.edt" content="Camps, Gabriel" /> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1951" /> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="1953" /> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="1994-02-01T00:00:00+01:00"/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1015-7344"/> <meta name="prism.eIssn" content="2262-7197"/> <meta name="prism.teaser" content="Berbérisant algérien, auteur de dictionnaires, Saïd ben Mohammed-Akli Cid Kaoui est né le 12 mars 1859 à Ahammam, village de la puissante tribu des Oulad Abd el Djebar et situé dans la wilaya de Bejaïa près de Oued Amizour. Si sa mère, Chérifa bent Saïd ben Ahmed est née dans ce même secteur, au village de Taourirt, son père, Mohammed Akli (Muḥend Akli), lui, était originaire des Beni Sedka (At Sedqa), tribu de la Kabylie du Djurdjura, et vint s’établir dans cette zone de l’Oued Sahel après l..."/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@OpenEditionActu" /> <meta property="og:url" content="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2277" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Cid Kaoui Saïd" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Berbérisant algérien, auteur de dictionnaires, Saïd ben Mohammed-Akli Cid Kaoui est né le 12 mars 1859 à Ahammam, village de la puissante tribu des Oulad Abd el Djebar et situé dans la wilaya de Be..." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.openedition.org/docannexe/image/8182/encyclopedieberbere_160x75.png" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Encyclopédie berbère, Numéros" href="backend?format=rssnumeros" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Encyclopédie berbère, Documents" href="backend?format=rssdocuments" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/common.css" media="screen" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/base.css" media="screen" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://static.openedition.org/openbarre_/styles/main.css?date=2020-09-01" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/bibliographie.css" media="screen" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="js/fancybox/jquery.fancybox-1.3.1.css" media="screen" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/image.css" media="screen" /> </head> <body id="article-2277" class="textes article ltr"> <div id="access"><a href="#nav">Navigation</a> – <a href="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/?page=map">Plan du site</a></div> <div id="outerHeader"> <div id="header"> <h1 id="siteName" class="ltr"> <a title="Accueil" href="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere"><span>Encyclopédie berbère</span><img src="custom/sitename.png" alt="Encyclopédie berbère" /></a> </h1> </div> </div> <div id="ob-breadcrumb" class="ob-breadcrumb-wwwrevuesorg"> <p class="container"><a class="home" href="index.html">Accueil</a><a href="78">Volumes</a><a href="726">13</a><strong class="current">Cid Kaoui Saïd</strong></p> </div> <div id="outerWrapper"> <div id="wrapper"> <div id="toolbox"> <form id="search" action="https://search.openedition.org/results" method="get"> <p> <input type="text" id="q" name="q" value="Recherche" /> <input name="s" type="hidden" value="Encyclopédie berbère" /> <input name="pf" type="hidden" value="OJ" /> <button type="submit" title="Chercher">Chercher</button> </p> </form> </div> <div id="content"> <div id="main"> <div class="navEntities top"><a rev="contents" class="goContents" href="726" title="13 | 1994 13 | Chèvre – Columnatien">Sommaire</a><span class="separator"> - </span><a rev="prev" class="goPrev" href="2276" title="Christianisme">Document précédent</a><span class="separator"> - </span><a rel="next" class="goNext" href="2279" title="Cidamus">Document suivant</a></div> <div id="docHeader"> <div id="docTopParent" class="numero parent-1"><a href="726"><span class="number">13<span class="period"> | 1994</span></span><br /><span class="title" dir="ltr">13 | Chèvre – Columnatien</span></a></div> <div id="docNumber">C62</div> <h1 id="docTitle" class="directionltr"><span class="text">Cid Kaoui Saïd</span></h1> <div id="docContributors"> <div id="docAuthor"> <strong>O. <span class="familyName">Ould Braham</span></strong></div> </div> <div id="docPagination">p. 1951-1953</div> <div id="doi"><a href="https://doi.org/10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2277 ">https://doi.org/10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2277</a></div> </div> <div id="docBody"> <div id="shortcuts"><a href="#entries">Index</a> | <a href="#text">Texte</a> | <a href="#bibliography">Bibliographie</a> | <a href="#quotation">Citation</a> | <a href="#authors">Auteur</a></div> <div id="entries" class="section"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Entrées d’index</span></h2> <div class="index ltr"> <h3>Mots clés : </h3><a href="167">Histoire contemporaine</a></div><a class="go-top" href="#article-2277">Haut de page</a></div> <div id="text" class="section ltr"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Texte intégral</span></h2> <div id="widgets" class="withTextSize"><a id="wDownload" href="./pdf/2277" title="Télécharger au format PDF" class="pdf"><span class="fileinfo">PDF</span></a> <a id="wSend" href="mailto:?subject=Cid%C2%A0Kaoui%20Sa%C3%AFd&body=Cid%C2%A0Kaoui%20Sa%C3%AFd%20%0AEncyclop%C3%A9die%20berb%C3%A8re%20%0Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F2277%20%0A%0ABerb%C3%A9risant%20alg%C3%A9rien%2C%20auteur%20de%20dictionnaires%2C%20Sa%C3%AFd%20ben%20Mohammed-Akli%20Cid%20Kaoui%20est%20n%C3%A9%20le%2012%20mars%201859%20%C3%A0%20Ahammam%2C%20village%20de%20la%20puissante%20tribu%20des%20Oulad%20Abd%20el%20Djebar%20et%20situ%C3%A9%20dans%20la%20wilaya%20de%20Beja%C3%AFa%20pr%C3%A8s%20de%20Oued%20Amizour.%20Si%20sa%20m%C3%A8re%2C%20Ch%C3%A9rifa%20bent%20Sa%C3%AFd%20ben%20Ahmed%20est%20n%C3%A9e%20dans%20ce%20m%C3%AAme%20secteur%2C%20au%20village%20de%20Taourirt%2C%20son%20p%C3%A8re%2C%20Mohammed%20Akli%20%28Mu%E1%B8%A5end%20Akli%29%2C%20lui%2C%20%C3%A9tait%20originaire%20des%20Beni%20Sedka%20%28At%20Sedqa%29%2C%20tribu%20de%20la%20Kabylie%20du%20Djurdjura%2C%20et%20vint%20s%E2%80%99%C3%A9tablir%20dans%20cette%20zone%20de%20l%E2%80%99Oued%20Sahel%20apr%C3%A8s%20l...%20%0A%0AO.%20Ould%C2%A0Braham%2C%20%C2%AB%20Cid%C2%A0Kaoui%20Sa%C3%AFd%20%C2%BB%2C%20%20Encyclop%C3%A9die%20berb%C3%A8re%20%5BEn%20ligne%5D%2C%2013%20%7C%201994%2C%20document%20C62%2C%20mis%20en%20ligne%20le%2001%20mars%202012%2C%20consult%C3%A9%20le%2024%20novembre%202024.%20URL%20%3A%20http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F2277%20%3B%20DOI%20%3A%2010.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2277%20%0A%0A" title="Partager par e-mail">Partager par e-mail</a></div> <div class="text wResizable "> <p class="texte" dir="ltr"><span class="paranumber">1</span>Berbérisant algérien, auteur de dictionnaires, Saïd ben Mohammed-Akli Cid Kaoui est né le 12 mars 1859 à Ahammam, village de la puissante tribu des Oulad Abd el Djebar et situé dans la wilaya de Bejaïa près de Oued Amizour. Si sa mère, Chérifa bent Saïd ben Ahmed est née dans ce même secteur, au village de Taourirt, son père, Mohammed Akli <em>(Mu</em><span style="font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><em>ḥ</em></span><em>end Akli), </em>lui, était originaire des Beni Sedka <em>(At Sedqa), </em>tribu de la Kabylie du Djurdjura, et vint s’établir dans cette zone de l’Oued Sahel après la conquête de la Kabylie par l’armée française en 1856-57. Est-ce pour y remplir des fonctions de notable, nommé ainsi par la puissance occupante ? Aucune information à ce sujet. Un lettré en langue arabe, c’est certain, qui dut appartenir à la caste maraboutique, témoin l’extrait d’acte judiciaire en date du 9 avril 1887 où il fut fait mention « du jeune Si Essaïd (lire Si Saïd), fils de feu Mohammed Akli Cid Kaoui ». Chacun sait que le titre de « Si » est réservé exclusivement dans ces régions aux marabouts et exceptionnellement aux hommes versés dans la science religieuse.</p> <p class="texte" dir="ltr"><span class="paranumber">2</span>Dans les milieux lettrés musulmans, le père de notre lexicographe dut se faire appeler Mu<span style="font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;">ḥ</span>ammad ’Aklî as-Sadqâwî, et cette <em>nisba </em>servit de nom patronymique au fils quand celui-ci, encore jeune, endossa la tenue militaire. Il se fit en effet enregistrer dans les spahis sous ce vocable mais avec la fantaisie orthographe que l’on connaît. Durant le conflit franco-prussien de 1870, Mohammed Akli se porta comme engagé volontaire pour la durée de la guerre sur le front de Sedan où il reçut plusieurs blessures. Mourut-il peu de temps après ? Cela ne fait pas de doute. À sa majorité, Saïd Cid Kaoui avait perdu ses deux parents comme il est indiqué dans l’extrait d’acte précité.</p> <p class="texte" dir="ltr"><span class="paranumber">3</span>Peu d’informations sur l’enfance et les premières années de jeunesse de notre auteur. Il fréquenta, comme les quelques très rares autochtones de son rang, l’école primaire française de la ville de Bougie, parallèlement à l’étude et la lecture du Coran dans l’école traditionnelle du quartier, avant d’entrer au lycée franco-arabe de Constantine, où il fut doté d’une solide instruction en français et en arabe. Ce qui lui ouvrira, plus tard, les portes de la fonction d’interprète militaire.</p> <p class="texte" dir="ltr"><span class="paranumber">4</span>Avant d’embrasser la carrière en question, à l’âge de 18 ans, il s’enrôla dans les spahis comme engagé volontaire pour une durée de quatre années, avec le grade de brigadier puis celui de maréchal des logis. Libéré de ses fonctions le 5 mars 1881, il obtint une place de surveillant au lycée d’Alger, avant de se rengager dans le 1<sup>er </sup>Régiment de Spahis le 13 juillet 1882 pour quatre nouvelles années. Vers la rentrée de 1880, il s’inscrivit à l’Université d’Alger, en médecine, études qu’il poursuivit pendant deux ans avant d’opter pour un cours d’interprète. Après quoi, ayant réussi ses examens avec succès, il fut recruté le 26 septembre 1886 dans le corps des interprètes militaires. En tant qu’auxiliaire de 2<sup>e</sup> classe, il exerça successivement auprès du Commandant supérieur de Boghar (1886-1888), au Bureau arabe de Ouargla (1888), au Bureau arabe de Boghar (1888-1890), au Bureau arabe de Ghardaïa (1890-1891) et à la subdivision de Dellys (1891-1895). Ce n’est qu’à ce dernier poste qu’il fut promu interprète militaire auxiliaire de 1<sup>e</sup> classe et affecté ensuite à la subdivision de Laghouat (1895) et au Bureau arabe de Chellala (1896-1905) où il devint officier interprète de 1<sup>e</sup> classe, dans le grade de capitaine. Durant les années 1905-1906, il est affecté à la section des affaires indigènes de la Division d’Alger avant de rejoindre le cercle de Bou Sâada, le 6 septembre 1906. Deux années plus tard, le 20 octobre, il fut admis sur sa demande à faire valoir ses droits à la retraite, après plus de trente ans de services.</p> <p class="texte" dir="ltr"><span class="paranumber">5</span>Cid Kaoui s’est marié en 1889 avec une Française d’Algérie, Mlle Léonie Richebois, née en 1868 à L’Arba dans la Mitidja, domiciliée à Bordj Menaïel et fille d’un brigadier de gendarmerie en retraite. Il a obtenu sa naturalisation par décret du 27 janvier 1890. Il eut trois enfants issus de ce mariage : Léon, né à Ghardaïa en 1890 (mort jeune), Marguerite, née à Dellys en 1892 (décédée en 1978 dans les Hautes-Alpes ; a quitté l’Algérie en 1963), Baya-Lucie, née en 1904 (morte de maladie l’année de la mort de son père).</p> <p class="texte" dir="ltr"><span class="paranumber">6</span>Après son passage à l’Université et lors de sa préparation à une carrière dans le corps des interprètes militaires, il fut désigné en 1884 en qualité de juré aux examens de berbère. C’est à partir de cette date, pour répondre à la demande des candidats, qu’il songea à réaliser un dictionnaire kabyle, voulant ainsi dépasser les tentatives des Pères Creuzat (1873) et Olivier (1878). Ce projet qu’il mena simultanément avec la rédaction d’un autre dictionnaire consacré au touareg ne fut pas mené à bonne fin, tel qu’il nous le rapporte lui-même : « Au commencement de 1887 je travaillais à un dictionnaire français-kabyle, lorsque je fus nommé au poste de Ouargla. Avant cette époque, j’avais entrepris déjà de réunir les matériaux nécessaires pour composer un dictionnaire français-tamâhaq ; mais, jusque là, je n’avais pu rassembler qu’un très petit nombre de mots. À mon arrivée à Ouargla, j’entrai en relations avec des Indigènes d’In-Salah connaissant parfaitement la langue tamâhaq, et qui étaient, en même temps, lettrés en langue arabe. » (Avant-propos, <em>Dictionnaire français-tamâhaq).</em></p> <p class="texte" dir="ltr"><span class="paranumber">7</span>Il publia en 1894 son <em>Dictionnaire français-tamâhaq, </em>travail déjà achevé en 1890 mais empêché de voir le jour promptement : retardé par les lenteurs des commissions de publications. Six ans plus tard, c’est le <em>Dictionnaire pratique tamâhaq-français </em>qui parut en librairie ; il est l’abrégé du premier dictionnaire. Il s’intéressa ensuite aux parlers berbères du Maroc Central et du Sud-ouest marocain auxquels il consacra un nouvel ouvrage, le <em>Dictionnaire français-tachelh’it et tamazir’t </em>(1907). Les appréciations continuellement critiques de René Basset, une personne de référence dans le domaine des études berbères de l’époque, ont fait sortir notre auteur de ses gonds, ce qui a donné lieu à l’impression successive de trois brochures – dans lesquelles il essaya d’apporter des arguments pour montrer la justesse de ses vues – qui sont dans l’ordre : <em>À Monsieur René Basset. Réponse à une critique littéraire, </em>11 p., s.d (1908) : <em>À Monsieur René Basset. Réponse à une critique littéraire </em>(suite), 11 p., s.l, s.d (1908) : <em>Étude comparative entre deux dictionnaires français-touareg, publiés respectivement en 1894 et en 1908, </em>13 p., s.l., s.d (1909).</p> <p class="texte" dir="ltr"><span class="paranumber">8</span>Membre de la Société historique algérienne – éditrice de la <em>Revue Africaine -</em>depuis environ 1896, juré aux examens des primes et diplômes de berbère depuis 1884 et ayant accompli une carrière exemplaire, il fut honoré de plusieurs hautes distinctions : Officier du Nichan Iftikhar (1895), Officier d’Académie (1905) et Chevalier de la Légion d’honneur (1904) ; il reçut en outre, lors de son passage à Paris, une médaille de bronze à l’Exposition Universelle de 1900 couronnant ses deux dictionnaires touareg.</p> <p class="texte" dir="ltr"><span class="paranumber">9</span>Il décéda le 15 décembre 1910 à Bordj Menaïel où il s’était retiré avec sa famille.</p> </div><a class="go-top" href="#article-2277">Haut de page</a></div> <div id="bibliography" class="section"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Bibliographie</span></h2> <div class="text"> <p class="bibliographie" dir="ltr"><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p class="bibliographie" dir="ltr"><em>Archives du Gouverneur Général d’Algérie, </em>série H (Aix-en-Provence).</p> <p class="bibliographie" dir="ltr"><em>Fonds Instruction Publique </em>(Paris).</p> <p class="bibliographie" dir="ltr"><em>Fonds Légion d’honneur </em>(Paris).</p> <p class="bibliographie" dir="ltr">Études</p> <p class="bibliographie" dir="ltr"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Cid Kaoui S</span>., « Étude comparative entre deux dictionnaires français-touareg publiés respectivement en 1894 et en 1908 », <em>Études et Documents Berbères, </em>n° 4, 1988, p. 32-48, Paris.</p> <p class="bibliographie" dir="ltr"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ould-Braham O</span>., « Quelques documents autour de l’édition du premier dictionnaire de Cid Kaoui », <em>Études et Documents Berbères, </em>n° 2, 1987, p. 156-162, Paris.</p> </div><a class="go-top" href="#article-2277">Haut de page</a></div> <div id="quotation" class="section"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Pour citer cet article</span></h2> <h3>Référence papier</h3> <p> <strong>O. <span class="familyName">Ould Braham</span></strong>, <span dir="ltr">« Cid Kaoui Saïd »</span>, <em>Encyclopédie berbère</em>, 13 | 1994, 1951-1953.</p> <h3>Référence électronique</h3> <p> <strong>O. <span class="familyName">Ould Braham</span></strong>, <span dir="ltr">« Cid Kaoui Saïd »</span>, <em>Encyclopédie berbère</em> [En ligne], 13 | 1994, document C62, mis en ligne le <span dir="ltr">01 mars 2012</span>, consulté le <span dir="ltr">24 novembre 2024</span>. <span dir="ltr">URL</span> : http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2277 ; <span dir="ltr">DOI</span> : https://doi.org/10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2277</p><a class="go-top" href="#article-2277">Haut de page</a></div> <div id="authors" class="section authors"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Auteur</span></h2> <h3><a href="2278">O. <span class="familyName">Ould Braham</span></a></h3> <h4>Articles du même auteur</h4> <ul class="documents"> <li class="directionltr"> <div class="title"><a href="2221" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" dir="ltr">Darğînî (al-)</a> <span class="fullText"> [Texte intégral] </span></div> <div class="description"><span class="docnumber">Article D19</span></div> <div class="in">Paru dans <em>Encyclopédie berbère</em>, <a href="720">15 | 1995</a></div> </li> </ul><a class="go-top" href="#article-2277">Haut de page</a></div> <div id="license" class="section"> <h2 class="section"><span class="text">Droits d’auteur</span></h2> <p style="margin-bottom:10px;"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"><img src="https://static.openedition.org/images/cc/cc-by-nc-nd.png" alt="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0" /></a></p> <p>Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</a>. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.</p><a class="go-top" href="#article-2277">Haut de page</a></div></div> <div class="navEntities bottom"><a rev="contents" class="goContents" href="726" title="13 | 1994 13 | Chèvre – Columnatien">Sommaire</a><span class="separator"> - </span><a rev="prev" class="goPrev" href="2276" title="Christianisme">Document précédent</a><span class="separator"> - </span><a rel="next" class="goNext" href="2279" title="Cidamus">Document suivant</a></div></div></div> <div id="barre"> <div id="nav"> <h1 class="hidden">Navigation</h1> <div id="navEntries"> <h2>Index</h2> <ul> <li><a href="47">Auteurs</a></li> <li><a href="52">Mots clés</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="navIssues"> <h2>Derniers numéros</h2> <ul class="issues"> <li><a href="3895"><span class="number">39 | 2015</span><br /><span class="title">39| Protohistoire-Quinquegentanei</span></a></li> <li><a href="3600"><span class="number">38 | 2015</span><br /><span class="title">38| Phouti-Protoberbère</span></a></li> <li><a href="3255"><span class="number">37 | 2015</span><br /><span class="title">37| Pacte - Phonologie</span></a></li> <li><a href="2833"><span class="number">36 | 2013</span><br /><span class="title">36| Oryx - Ozoutae</span></a></li> <li><a href="2789"><span class="number">35 | 2013</span><br /><span class="title">35| Oasitae - Ortaïas</span></a></li> <li><a href="2709"><span class="number">34 | 2012</span><br /><span class="title">34| Nemencha - Nybgenii</span></a></li> <li><a href="2659"><span class="number">33 | 2012</span><br /><span class="title">33| N - Nektiberes</span></a></li> <li><a href="93"><span class="number">32 | 2010</span><br /><span class="title">32 | Mgild – Mzab</span></a></li> <li><a href="91"><span class="number">31 | 2010</span><br /><span class="title">31 | Matmora – Meẓrag</span></a></li> <li><a href="82"><span class="number">30 | 2010</span><br /><span class="title">30 | Maaziz – Matmata</span></a></li> <li><a href="83"><span class="number">28-29 | 2008</span><br /><span class="title">28-29 | Kirtēsii – Lutte</span></a></li> <li><a href="87"><span class="number">27 | 2005</span><br /><span class="title">27 | Kairouan – Kifan Bel-Ghomari</span></a></li> <li><a href="683"><span class="number">26 | 2004</span><br /><span class="title">26 | Judaïsme – Kabylie</span></a></li> <li><a href="686"><span class="number">25 | 2003</span><br /><span class="title">25 | Iseqqemâren – Juba</span></a></li> <li><a href="692"><span class="number">24 | 2001</span><br /><span class="title">24 | Ida – Issamadanen</span></a></li> <li><a href="694"><span class="number">23 | 2000</span><br /><span class="title">23 | Hiempsal – Icosium</span></a></li> <li><a href="698"><span class="number">22 | 2000</span><br /><span class="title">22 | Hadrumetum – Hidjaba</span></a></li> <li><a href="700"><span class="number">21 | 1999</span><br /><span class="title">21 | Gland – Hadjarien</span></a></li> <li><a href="702"><span class="number">20 | 1998</span><br /><span class="title">20 | Gauda – Girrei</span></a></li> <li><a href="706"><span class="number">19 | 1998</span><br /><span class="title">19 | Filage – Gastel</span></a></li> <li><a href="710"><span class="number">18 | 1997</span><br /><span class="title">18 | Escargotière – Figuig</span></a></li> <li><a href="714"><span class="number">17 | 1996</span><br /><span class="title">17 | Douiret – Eropaei</span></a></li> <li><a href="718"><span class="number">16 | 1995</span><br /><span class="title">16 | Djalut – Dougga</span></a></li> <li><a href="720"><span class="number">15 | 1995</span><br /><span class="title">15 | Daphnitae – Djado</span></a></li> <li><a href="722"><span class="number">14 | 1994</span><br /><span class="title">14 | Conseil – Danse</span></a></li> <li><a href="726"><span class="number">13 | 1994</span><br /><span class="title">13 | Chèvre – Columnatien</span></a></li> <li><a href="728"><span class="number">12 | 1993</span><br /><span class="title">12 | Capsa – Cheval</span></a></li> <li><a href="730"><span class="number">11 | 1992</span><br /><span class="title">11 | Bracelets – Caprarienses</span></a></li> <li><a href="734"><span class="number">10 | 1991</span><br /><span class="title">10 | Beni Isguen – Bouzeis</span></a></li> <li><a href="736"><span class="number">9 | 1991</span><br /><span class="title">9 | Baal – Ben Yasla</span></a></li> <li><a href="142"><span class="number">8 | 1990</span><br /><span class="title">8 | Aurès – Azrou</span></a></li> <li><a href="738"><span class="number">7 | 1989</span><br /><span class="title">7 | Asarakae – Aurès</span></a></li> <li><a href="740"><span class="number">6 | 1989</span><br /><span class="title">6 | Antilopes – Arzuges</span></a></li> <li><a href="742"><span class="number">5 | 1988</span><br /><span class="title">5 | Anacutas – Anti-Atlas</span></a></li> <li><a href="744"><span class="number">4 | 1986</span><br /><span class="title">4 | Alger – Amzwar</span></a></li> <li><a href="746"><span class="number">3 | 1986</span><br /><span class="title">3 | Ahaggar – Alī ben Ghaniya</span></a></li> <li><a href="748"><span class="number">2 | 1985</span><br /><span class="title">2 | Ad – Ağuh-n-Tahlé</span></a></li> <li><a href="750"><span class="number">1 | 1984</span><br /><span class="title">1 | Abadir – Acridophagie</span></a></li> </ul> <h2 id="allIssues"><a href="78">Tous les numéros</a></h2> </div> <div id="navCollectionsSecondary"> <h2>Portraits d’auteurs</h2> <ul> <li><a href="2778"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Abdellah Bounfour</span></a></li> <li><a href="2534"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Salem Chaker</span></a></li> <li><a href="2779"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Hélène Claudot-Hawad</span></a></li> <li><a href="2631">Jehan Desanges</a></li> <li><a href="2777"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Jean-Pierre Laporte</span></a></li> <li><a href="3053">Daniela Merolla</a></li> <li><a href="2541"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Amina Mettouchi</span></a></li> <li><a href="2641"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Kamal Nait-Zerrad</span></a></li> <li><a href="2919"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Colette Roubet</span></a></li> <li><a href="2536">Pol Trousset</a></li> </ul> <h2>Hommages</h2> <ul> <li><a href="752"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Gabriel Camps</span></a></li> <li><a href="265"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Yves <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">M</span>odéran</span></a></li> <li><a href="267"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Marceau <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">G</span>ast</span></a></li> <li><a href="2538">Camille Lacoste-Dujardin (1929-2018)</a></li> <li><a href="2776"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Jean-Marie <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">L</span>assère</span></a></li> <li><a href="2934"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Lionel Galand</span></a></li> <li><a href="2939"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Karl-Gottfried Prasse</span></a></li> <li><a href="3244">Jehan Desanges</a></li> </ul> <h2>À propos</h2> <ul> <li><a href="2635"><span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Présentation</span></a></li> <li><a href="133">Comité et conseil scientifiques</a></li> </ul> <h2>Informations</h2> <ul> <li><a href="2643">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="2642">Crédits</a></li> <li><a href="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere?page=informations">Politiques de publication</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="navSyndication"> <h2>Suivez-nous</h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/backend" title="Flux RSS"><img alt="Flux RSS" src="images/social-icons/rss.png" width="16" height="16" /> Flux RSS</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="navNewsletters"> <h2>Lettres d’information</h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://newsletter.openedition.org">La Lettre d’OpenEdition</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="logos"> <h2 class="hidden">Affiliations/partenaires</h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://iremam.univ-provence.fr/" title="IREMAM"><img alt="Logo IREMAM" src="docannexe/image/2638/logo-iremamx80.png" width="80" height="89" /></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.inalco.fr/" title="INALCO"><img alt="Logo INALCO" src="docannexe/image/2654/logo-inalco-small120.png" width="120" height="47" /></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.aibl.fr/" title="AIBL"><img alt="Logo AIBL" src="docannexe/image/2640/logo-aibl-small120.png" width="120" height="34" /></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.peeters-leuven.be/" title="Peeters"><img alt="Logo Peeters" src="docannexe/image/2639/logo-peetersx80.png" width="80" height="93" /></a></li> <li><a href="http://journals.openedition.org/" title="OpenEdition Journals"><img alt="OpenEdition Journals" src="images/logo-oej.png" /></a></li> </ul> </div></div></div> <div id="footer"> <p class="first">ISSN électronique 2262-7197</p> <p><a href="https://www.openedition.org/8182">Voir la notice dans le catalogue OpenEdition</a> </p> <p><a href="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/?page=map">Plan du site</a> – <a href="2643">Contacts</a> – <a href="2642">Crédits</a> – <a href="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/?page=backend">Flux de syndication</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openedition.org/19362">Politique de confidentialité</a> – <a href="https://www.openedition.org/37235">Gestion des cookies</a> – <a href="https://www.openedition.org/41101">Signaler un problème</a></p> <p class="last"><a href="http://journals.openedition.org/">Nous adhérons à OpenEdition</a> – <a href="http://www.lodel.org/">Édité avec Lodel</a> – <a href="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/lodel/">Accès réservé</a></p> </div></div></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/common.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ var translations = { // Widgets strWidget: { largest: "Taille du texte : très grande", large : "Taille du texte : grande", medium : "Taille du texte : normale", print : "Imprimer ce document" }, // Zoom images strTextIcon: { prev : "Précédent", next : "Suivant", close : "Fermer", original : "Original", magnify : "Agrandir" }, // Divers strArticle: { illustrations : "Illustrations" } }; //]]></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/fancybox/jquery.fancybox-1.3.1.pack.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/article.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ jQuery(document).ready(function() { jQuery.ajax({ async: true, url: "2277?format=bibliographie&norecordurl=1&annotated=1", success: function( returnedData ) { jQuery( '#bibliography div.text' ).html( returnedData ); } }); }); //]]></script> <script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ jQuery(document).ready(function() { jQuery.ajax({ async: true, url: "2277?format=citedby&norecordurl=1", success: function( returnedDataCitedby ) { if(returnedDataCitedby){ jQuery( '#quotation' ).after( returnedDataCitedby ); jQuery( '#shortcuts a[href="#quotation"]' ).after( ' | <a href="#citedby">Cité par</a>' ); jQuery( '#citedby li' ).css( "margin","1em 0" ); } } }); }); //]]></script> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function($) { // DOM ready if ($('a#wDownload').length) { var awDownloadObj = $('a#wDownload'); if ($('a#wDownload').hasClass('facsimile')) { var pdftype='facsimile'; } else { var pdftype='pdf'; } $('#widgets').prepend('<'+'div id="wDownload" class="'+pdftype+' init"></div>'); $('a#wDownload > span.fileinfo').clone().appendTo('div#wDownload'); $('a#wDownload').remove(); var pdfStatus = function() { var waitingElements = $('#wDownload.waiting,#wDownload.init'); if(!waitingElements.length) { if(interval) interval = clearInterval(interval); return; } var locationport=""; if (window.location.port != ''){ locationport=":" + window.location.port; } waitingElements.each(function() { $.ajax({ url: window.location.protocol + '//' + window.location.hostname + locationport + window.location.pathname + '?format=pdfepubstatus&f=pdf&norecordurl=1', cache: false, error:function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown) { $('#wDownload').removeClass('waiting init'); $('#wDownload').addClass('error'); $('#wDownload > span.fileinfo').text('Format non disponible'); return; }, success:function(data, textStatus, jqXHR) { if(!data) { $('#wDownload').removeClass('waiting init'); $('#wDownload').addClass('error'); $('#wDownload > span.fileinfo').text('Format non disponible'); return; } else { var response=$.parseJSON(data); if (response.pdfstatus == 'available') { $('#widgets').prepend(awDownloadObj); $('a#wDownload').removeClass('waiting init'); $('a#wDownload').addClass('available'); $('div#wDownload').remove(); } else if (response.pdfstatus == 'waiting') { $('#wDownload').removeClass('waiting init'); $('#wDownload').addClass('waiting'); } else if (response.pdfstatus == 'unavailable') { $('#wDownload').removeClass('waiting init'); $('#wDownload').addClass('unavailable'); } else { $('#wDownload').removeClass('waiting init'); $('#wDownload').addClass('error'); $('#wDownload > span.fileinfo').text('Format non disponible'); } if (response.accesstype == 'freemium') { $('#wDownload').wrap('<'+'div class="dl"></div>'); $('div.dl, #wDownload').css('opacity','0'); $('#wDownload').wrap('<'+'div class="main"></div>'); $('div.dl>div.main').append('<'+'div class="accesstype freemium"></div><'+'div class="info"><span>Info</span></div>'); $('div.dl>div.main>div.info').click(function(){ $('div.dl>div.accessdetails').toggle(100, function() { $('#widgets').toggleClass('border-bottom'); }); }); $('div.dl div.main div.accesstype.freemium').append('<'+'span>Open Access Freemium</span>'); $('div.dl').append('<'+'div class="accessdetails"></div>'); $('div.dl div.accessdetails').hide(); if (response.pdfstatus == 'available' && response.longname.length!=0) { $('div.dl div.accessdetails').append('<strong>' + response.longname + '</strong>'); $('div.dl div.accessdetails').append(" souscrit à l'abonnement <"+"a href=\"https://www.openedition.org/13053\">OpenEdition Freemium for Journals</a> et vous donne accès à ce PDF."); } else { $('div.dl div.accessdetails').text("Les formats PDF et ePub de ce document sont disponibles pour les usagers des institutions abonnées à OpenEdition freemium for Journals. "); $('div.dl div.accessdetails').append(' <a class="auth" href="https://auth.openedition.org">Votre institution est-elle abonnée ?</a>') } $('div.dl, #wDownload').css('opacity', '1');; } return } } }); }); }; pdfStatus(); var interval = setInterval(pdfStatus, 5000); } });</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://static.openedition.org/tarteaucitron/tarteaucitron.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> tarteaucitron.init({ "privacyUrl": "https://www.openedition.org/19362", /* Privacy policy url */ "hashtag": "#tarteaucitron", /* Open the panel with this hashtag */ "cookieName": "tarteaucitron", /* Cookie name */ "orientation": "popup", /* Banner position (top - bottom) */ "groupServices": false, /* Group services by category */ "showAlertSmall": false, /* Show the small banner on bottom right */ "cookieslist": false, /* Show the cookie list */ "closePopup": false, /* Show a close X on the banner */ "showIcon": true, /* Show cookie icon to manage cookies */ "iconSrc": "data:image/png;base64, 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", /* Optionnal: URL or base64 encoded image */ "iconPosition": "BottomLeft", /* BottomRight, BottomLeft, TopRight and TopLeft */ "adblocker": false, /* Show a Warning if an adblocker is detected */ "DenyAllCta" : true, /* Show the deny all button */ "AcceptAllCta" : true, /* Show the accept all button when highPrivacy on */ "highPrivacy": true, /* HIGHLY RECOMMANDED Disable auto consent */ "handleBrowserDNTRequest": false, /* If Do Not Track == 1, disallow all */ "removeCredit": false, /* Remove credit link */ "moreInfoLink": true, /* Show more info link */ "useExternalCss": false, /* If false, the tarteaucitron.css file will be loaded */ "useExternalJs": false, /* If false, the tarteaucitron.js file will be loaded */ //"cookieDomain": ".my-multisite-domaine.fr", /* Shared cookie for multisite */ "readmoreLink": "https://www.openedition.org/37235", /* Change the default readmore link */ "mandatory": true, /* Show a message about mandatory cookies */ }); var tarteaucitronForceLanguage = 'fr'; </script> <script type="text/javascript">tarteaucitron.services.archivecremcnrs = { "key": "archivecremcnrs", "type": "video", "name": "Centre de Recherche en Ethnomusicologie", "uri": "https://archives.crem-cnrs.fr", "needConsent": true, "cookies": ['__utma','__utmb','__utmc','__utmt','__utmz'], "js": function () { "use strict"; tarteaucitron.fallback(['archivecremcnrs_player'], function (x) { var video_src = tarteaucitron.getElemAttr(x, "data-src"), video_width = tarteaucitron.getElemAttr(x, "data-width"), frame_width = 'width=', video_height = tarteaucitron.getElemAttr(x, "data-height"), frame_height = 'height=', video_frame; if (video_src === undefined) { return ""; } if (video_width !== undefined) { frame_width += '"' + video_width + '" '; } else { frame_width += '"" '; } if (video_height !== undefined) { frame_height += '"' + video_height + '" '; } else { frame_height += '"" '; } video_frame = '<'+'iframe '+ frame_width + frame_height + ' frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="' + video_src + '"></iframe>'; return video_frame; }); }, "fallback": function () { "use strict"; var id = 'archivecremcnrs'; tarteaucitron.fallback(['archivecremcnrs_player'], function (elem) { elem.style.width = elem.getAttribute('data-width') + 'px'; elem.style.height = elem.getAttribute('data-height') + 'px'; return tarteaucitron.engage(id); }); } }; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (tarteaucitron.job = tarteaucitron.job || []).push('youtube'); (tarteaucitron.job = tarteaucitron.job || []).push('archive'); (tarteaucitron.job = tarteaucitron.job || []).push('vimeo'); (tarteaucitron.job = tarteaucitron.job || []).push('dailymotion'); (tarteaucitron.job = tarteaucitron.job || []).push('canalu'); (tarteaucitron.job = tarteaucitron.job || []).push('soundcloud'); (tarteaucitron.job = tarteaucitron.job || []).push('archivecremcnrs'); (tarteaucitron.job = tarteaucitron.job || []).push('gallica'); (tarteaucitron.job = tarteaucitron.job || []).push('maps_noapi'); (tarteaucitron.job = tarteaucitron.job || []).push('openstreetmap'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = _paq || []; // tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" _paq.push(['setCustomVariable', 1, 'Domain', document.domain, 'visit']); _paq.push(['setCustomVariable', 2, 'Site', 'encyclopedieberbere', 'visit']); _paq.push(['enableCrossDomainLinking']); _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", "encyclopedieberbere" + " | " + document.title]); _paq.push(['setDownloadExtensions', "pdf|epub"]); _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://analytics.openedition.org/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '167']); var secondaryTrackerUrl = 'https://pk.labocleo.org/matomo.php'; var secondaryWebsiteId = '3'; _paq.push(['addTracker', secondaryTrackerUrl, secondaryWebsiteId]); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script>  <script type="text/javascript">(function( $ ) { 'use strict'; $(function() { $('body').prepend($('#ob-breadcrumb')); $('body').prepend($('#ob-search')); $('body').prepend($('#ob-header')); }); })(jQuery);</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://static.openedition.org/openbarre_/scripts/main.js?date=2020-09-01"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://static.openedition.org/js/jquery.jsonp-latest.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"></script> <div id="ob-bar-opacity"></div> <div id="ob-search-modal-content" class="ob-modal"> <div class="ob-modal-content"> <div class="ob-modal-content-header"> <i class="ob-icons ob-icons-search-openedition" aria-hidden="true"></i> <button type="button" title="Fermer" id="ob-search-modal-close"><i class="ob-icons ob-icons-modal-close" aria-hidden="true"></i></button> </div> <script> (function( $ ) { 'use strict'; $(function() { $("input[name='s']").change(function() { var pfVal = $(this).val() == "" ? "" : "OJ"; $("input[name='pf']").val(pfVal); }); }); })(jQuery);</script> <form action="https://search.openedition.org/results" method="get"> <fieldset> <legend>Rechercher dans OpenEdition Search</legend> <p>Vous allez être redirigé vers OpenEdition Search</p> <input class="ob-search-field" name="q" type="search" title="Expression ou mot-clé" placeholder="Expression ou mot-clé"> <div class="ob-form-group"> <input type="radio" id="choice-1" name="s" value="" /> <label for="choice-1">Dans tout OpenEdition</label> </div> <div class="ob-form-group"> <input type="radio" id="choice-2" name="s" value="Encyclopédie berbère" checked="checked" /> <input type="hidden" id="pf-1" name="pf" value="OJ"> <label for="choice-2">Dans Encyclopédie berbère</label> </div> <button type="submit">Rechercher</button> </fieldset> </form> </div> </div> <div id="ob-header" class="ob-header-wwwrevuesorg" role="banner"> <div class="ob-header-view"> <div class="ob-header-container"> <div class="ob-header-top"> <div class="ob-header-top-right"> <div class="ob-authdata ob-header-top-right-foundation"></div> <div class="ob-header-top-right-langues" role="navigation" aria-label="languageNavigation"> <div id="languagesNavigation"> <ul class="nav"> <li class="link"> <a id="ob-switchLanguage" class="main" href="#" aria-controls="ob-language" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0"> <i class="ob-icons ob-icons-langues"></i> <span>Français</span> </a> <ul id="ob-language" class="sub" aria-hidden="true" role="menu"> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="/encyclopedieberbere/2277?lang=en">English</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="ob-header-top-right-share"> <div id="socialNetworksNavigation"> <ul class="nav" aria-hidden="true"> <li class="link"> <a id="ob-socialShare" class="main" href="#" aria-controls="ob-share" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0"> <span>Partager</span> <i class="ob-icons ob-icons-partager"></i> </a> <ul id="ob-share" class="sub" aria-hidden="true" role="menu"> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2F%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F2277&title=Cid%C2%A0Kaoui+Sa%C3%AFd"><i class="ob-icons ob-icons-fb-partage" title="Facebook"></i>Facebook</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="http://twitter.com/share?text=Cid%C2%A0Kaoui+Sa%C3%AFd&url=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2F%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F2277&via=OpenEditionActu"><i class="ob-icons ob-icons-tweet-partage" title="Twitter"></i>Twitter</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2F%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F2277&title=Cid%C2%A0Kaoui+Sa%C3%AFd"><i class="ob-icons ob-icons-google-partage" title="Google+"></i>Google+</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ob-header-bottom"> <div class="ob-header-bottom-bar"> <div class="ob-header-bottom-row"> <div class="ob-header-bottom-logo"> <a href="/" title="Home" tabindex="1"><svg class="ob-icons ob-icons-logo wwwrevuesorg">"> <use xlink:href="#icon-logo_wwwrevuesorg"></use> </svg></a> </div> <div class="ob-header-bottom-nav-container"> <div class="ob-header-bottom-nav-mobile"> <button type="button" id="ob-sidenav-button"> <i class="ob-icons ob-icons-hamb"></i> </button> </div> <div class="ob-header-bottom-nav nosearch"> <nav id="ob-mobile-sidenav" class="ob-header-main-nav"> <ul aria-hidden="true" role="menu" class="ob-mobile-sidenav"> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://journals.openedition.org">Accueil</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-2"> <a href="https://www.openedition.org/catalogue-journals">Catalogue des 649 revues</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <a href="javascript:;" class="ob-search2-modal-open"> <span class="openedition-word-1">OpenEdition</span> <span class="openedition-word-2">Search</span> <i class="ob-icons ob-icons-search"></i> </a> </div> <div class="ob-header-bottom-tout-OE"> <div class="ob-header-bottom-tout-OE-content"> <button id="ob-grid-nav-content-open"> <span class="ob-all-openedition">Tout OpenEdition</span> <i class="ob-icons ob-icons-tout-OE"></i> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav id="ob-grid-nav-content" class="ob-header-bottom-tout-OE-content-dropdown"> <div class="ob-header-bottom-tout-OE-content-dropdown-nav"> <div class="ob-authdata ob-header-bottom-tout-OE-content-dropdown-nav-titles ob-header-bottom-tout-OE-foundation"></div> <div class="ob-header-bottom-tout-OE-content-dropdown-nav-titles ob-header-bottom-tout-OE-locales"> <button class="ob-header-bottom-tout-OE-locales-button"> <i class="ob-icons ob-icons-langues"></i> Français </button> <ul> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="/encyclopedieberbere/2277?lang=en">English</a></li> </ul> </div> <span class="ob-gray-separator">Portail de ressources électroniques en sciences humaines et sociales</span> <div class="ob-header-bottom-tout-OE-content-dropdown-nav-titles"> <a href="https://www.openedition.org" class="openedition-text">OpenEdition</a> </div> <span class="ob-gray-separator">Nos plateformes</span> <div class="ob-header-bottom-tout-OE-content-dropdown-nav-titles"> <a href="https://books.openedition.org" class="books-text">OpenEdition Books</a> <a href="https://journals.openedition.org" class="journals-text">OpenEdition Journals</a> <a href="https://hypotheses.org" class="hypotheses-text">Hypotheses</a> <a href="https://calenda.org" class="calenda-text">Calenda</a> </div><span class="ob-gray-separator">Bibliothèques et institutions</span><div class="ob-header-bottom-tout-OE-content-dropdown-nav-links"> <a href="https://www.openedition.org/14043">OpenEdition Freemium</a> </div> <span class="ob-gray-separator">Nos services</span> <div class="ob-header-bottom-tout-OE-content-dropdown-nav-links"> <a href="https://search.openedition.org">OpenEdition Search</a> <a href="https://newsletter.openedition.org">La lettre d'OpenEdition</a> </div> <span class="ob-gray-separator">Suivez-nous</span> <div class="ob-header-bottom-tout-OE-content-dropdown-nav-social"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/openedition" class="facebook" title="Facebook"> <i class="ob-icons ob-icons-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/OpenEditionActu" class="twitter" title="Twitter"> <i class="ob-icons ob-icons-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a><a href="https://www.openedition.org/backend" class="rss" title="Rss"> <i class="ob-icons ob-icons-rss" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <svg aria-hidden="true" style="position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden;" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs> <symbol id="icon-logo_books" viewBox="0 0 125 32"> <title>OpenEdition Books</title> <path fill="#93117e" style="fill: var(--color15, #93117e)" d="M39.658 1.37c3.455 0 5.416 2.335 5.416 5.665s-1.899 5.728-5.416 5.728c-3.549 0-5.416-2.366-5.416-5.728 0.031-3.362 1.93-5.665 5.416-5.665zM39.658 11.051c2.272 0 3.082-1.992 3.082-3.984 0-1.93-0.903-3.922-3.082-3.922-2.21 0-3.082 1.992-3.082 3.922 0 1.961 0.84 3.984 3.082 3.984z"></path> <path fill="#93117e" style="fill: var(--color15, #93117e)" d="M46.91 4.451h2.023v1.152h0.031c0.467-0.778 1.276-1.339 2.521-1.339 2.49 0 3.424 1.992 3.424 4.233s-0.903 4.296-3.455 4.296c-0.903 0-1.65-0.218-2.397-1.121h-0.031v4.265h-2.117v-11.486zM49.027 8.498c0 1.152 0.467 2.646 1.868 2.646s1.774-1.525 1.774-2.646c0-1.090-0.374-2.584-1.743-2.584s-1.899 1.463-1.899 2.584z"></path> <path fill="#93117e" style="fill: var(--color15, #93117e)" d="M63.066 12.14c-0.778 0.436-1.65 0.654-2.802 0.654-2.677 0-4.265-1.556-4.265-4.233 0-2.366 1.245-4.296 3.767-4.296 3.019 0 3.86 2.054 3.86 4.918h-5.634c0.093 1.307 0.996 2.054 2.335 2.054 1.027 0 1.899-0.374 2.708-0.809v1.712zM61.665 7.72c-0.062-1.027-0.529-1.899-1.712-1.899s-1.774 0.809-1.868 1.899h3.58z"></path> <path fill="#93117e" style="fill: var(--color15, #93117e)" d="M65.339 4.451h1.992v1.121h0.031c0.654-0.934 1.556-1.307 2.677-1.307 1.93 0 2.77 1.37 2.77 3.206v5.136h-2.117v-4.358c0-0.996-0.031-2.335-1.37-2.335-1.525 0-1.868 1.65-1.868 2.708v3.984h-2.117v-8.156z"></path> <path fill="#93117e" style="fill: var(--color15, #93117e)" d="M75.175 1.556h6.506v1.743h-4.296v2.708h3.922v1.743h-3.922v3.113h4.327v1.743h-6.537z"></path> <path fill="#93117e" style="fill: var(--color15, #93117e)" d="M89.183 11.673h-0.031c-0.623 0.778-1.494 1.121-2.49 1.121-2.49 0-3.424-2.054-3.424-4.296s0.903-4.233 3.424-4.233c1.058 0 1.805 0.374 2.428 1.152h0.031v-4.669h2.117v11.86h-2.054v-0.934zM87.222 11.144c1.401 0 1.868-1.494 1.868-2.646s-0.529-2.584-1.899-2.584c-1.37 0-1.743 1.494-1.743 2.584 0 1.121 0.405 2.646 1.774 2.646z"></path> <path fill="#93117e" style="fill: var(--color15, #93117e)" d="M93.447 0.965h2.117v2.023h-2.117v-2.023zM93.447 4.451h2.117v8.125h-2.117v-8.124z"></path> <path fill="#93117e" style="fill: var(--color15, #93117e)" d="M98.49 6.008h-1.556v-1.556h1.556v-1.619l2.117-0.685v2.304h1.868v1.556h-1.868v3.798c0 0.685 0.187 1.339 0.996 1.339 0.374 0 0.747-0.093 0.965-0.218l0.062 1.681c-0.436 0.124-0.934 0.187-1.556 0.187-1.65 0-2.584-1.027-2.584-2.646v-4.14z"></path> <path fill="#93117e" style="fill: var(--color15, #93117e)" d="M104 0.965h2.117v2.023h-2.117v-2.023zM104 4.451h2.117v8.125h-2.117v-8.124z"></path> <path fill="#93117e" style="fill: var(--color15, #93117e)" d="M112.062 4.265c2.428 0 4.265 1.619 4.265 4.327 0 2.335-1.556 4.202-4.265 4.202-2.677 0-4.233-1.868-4.233-4.202-0.031-2.708 1.837-4.327 4.233-4.327zM112.062 11.144c1.619 0 2.054-1.463 2.054-2.802 0-1.245-0.654-2.428-2.054-2.428-1.37 0-2.023 1.214-2.023 2.428 0 1.339 0.405 2.802 2.023 2.802z"></path> <path fill="#93117e" style="fill: var(--color15, #93117e)" d="M117.977 4.451h1.992v1.121h0.031c0.654-0.934 1.556-1.307 2.677-1.307 1.93 0 2.77 1.37 2.77 3.206v5.136h-2.117v-4.358c0-0.996-0.031-2.335-1.37-2.335-1.525 0-1.868 1.65-1.868 2.708v3.984h-2.117v-8.156z"></path> <path fill="#b73288" style="fill: var(--color10, #b73288)" d="M16.093 32c5.323 0.156 10.459-2.926 12.7-8.124 0 0 0-0.031 0-0.031-7.035-0.374-12.607 6.973-12.7 8.156z"></path> <path fill="#b73288" style="fill: var(--color10, #b73288)" d="M0 20.389c5.323 0.062 10.335 3.331 12.358 8.623 0 0 0 0.031 0 0.031-7.035 0.093-12.14-6.039-12.358-8.654z"></path> <path fill="#b73288" style="fill: var(--color10, #b73288)" d="M14.163 17.307c-3.673-1.494-5.323-4.825-4.14-7.751 1.027-2.521 3.735-3.642 5.977-2.739 2.584 1.027 3.642 3.86 2.708 6.226-0.467 1.152-1.432 2.086-2.397 2.833 3.673 1.339 7.782 0.124 9.121-1.868 1.65-2.49-0.374-7.315-0.374-7.315-1.121-2.49-3.144-4.607-6.163-5.821-6.101-2.459-12.981 0.467-15.409 6.537-2.428 6.039 0.498 12.918 6.537 15.377 0.903 0.374 1.805 0.591 2.739 0.747l0.809 8.498h1.494l0.809-8.467c4.14-0.529 7.876-3.206 9.525-7.346 0 0 0 0 0-0.031-2.802 1.743-6.973 2.833-11.237 1.121z"></path> <path fill="#b73288" style="fill: var(--color10, #b73288)" d="M36.669 18.708c0-1.090-0.062-1.401-0.716-1.432l-0.467-0.031c-0.124-0.093-0.093-0.311 0-0.374 0.809-0.062 1.805-0.125 3.206-0.125 0.934 0 1.837 0.062 2.49 0.405 0.654 0.311 1.121 0.903 1.121 1.868 0 1.058-0.623 1.619-1.525 2.054 0 0.156 0.124 0.187 0.28 0.218 0.809 0.156 1.992 0.903 1.992 2.49 0 1.743-1.276 2.895-3.953 2.895-0.436 0-1.152-0.031-1.805-0.031s-1.152 0.031-1.712 0.031c-0.093-0.031-0.124-0.28-0.031-0.374l0.28-0.031c0.778-0.125 0.809-0.311 0.809-1.868v-5.697zM37.883 20.7c0 0.405 0 0.436 0.778 0.405 1.525-0.062 2.335-0.498 2.335-1.899 0-1.463-1.090-2.023-2.21-2.023-0.342 0-0.56 0.031-0.685 0.093-0.156 0.031-0.218 0.125-0.218 0.374v3.051zM37.883 24.156c0 0.529 0.031 1.307 0.311 1.619 0.28 0.342 0.716 0.405 1.183 0.405 1.339 0 2.335-0.591 2.335-2.086 0-1.183-0.591-2.553-2.957-2.553-0.809 0-0.872 0.093-0.872 0.374v2.241z"></path> <path fill="#b73288" style="fill: var(--color10, #b73288)" d="M50.521 23.626c0 1.868-1.276 3.206-3.144 3.206-1.712 0-3.051-1.214-3.051-3.082s1.432-3.237 3.175-3.237c1.65 0.031 3.019 1.276 3.019 3.113zM47.315 20.981c-0.996 0-1.712 0.934-1.712 2.584 0 1.37 0.623 2.833 1.93 2.833s1.712-1.37 1.712-2.521c-0.031-1.276-0.529-2.895-1.93-2.895z"></path> <path fill="#b73288" style="fill: var(--color10, #b73288)" d="M57.743 23.626c0 1.868-1.276 3.206-3.144 3.206-1.712 0-3.051-1.214-3.051-3.082s1.432-3.237 3.175-3.237c1.681 0.031 3.019 1.276 3.019 3.113zM54.537 20.981c-0.996 0-1.712 0.934-1.712 2.584 0 1.37 0.623 2.833 1.93 2.833s1.712-1.37 1.712-2.521c0-1.276-0.498-2.895-1.93-2.895z"></path> <path fill="#b73288" style="fill: var(--color10, #b73288)" d="M59.58 18.21c0-0.872 0-0.965-0.467-1.245l-0.156-0.093c-0.062-0.031-0.062-0.249 0-0.311 0.374-0.125 1.090-0.342 1.619-0.623 0.062 0 0.124 0.031 0.156 0.093 0 0.436-0.031 1.183-0.031 1.837v5.105c0 0.187 0 0.218 0.28 0.218 0.342 0 0.623-0.156 1.027-0.591l0.623-0.654c0.405-0.436 0.529-0.623 0.529-0.685s-0.062-0.125-0.342-0.156l-0.374-0.031c-0.124-0.031-0.124-0.342 0-0.374h0.342c0.654 0 1.525-0.031 2.366-0.125 0.093 0.031 0.124 0.311 0.031 0.374l-0.467 0.093c-0.311 0.062-0.56 0.218-0.934 0.529-0.591 0.467-1.090 0.996-1.37 1.245-0.187 0.156-0.187 0.249-0.093 0.342 0.249 0.342 0.498 0.623 0.996 1.183 0.591 0.654 1.089 1.245 1.401 1.525 0.218 0.187 0.498 0.28 0.778 0.342l0.218 0.031c0.093 0.062 0.093 0.342-0.031 0.374-0.436-0.031-0.934-0.031-1.432-0.031-0.591 0-1.121 0-1.556 0.031-0.124-0.062-0.124-0.311-0.031-0.374l0.28-0.031c0.218-0.031 0.374-0.062 0.374-0.156s-0.062-0.187-0.249-0.405l-1.588-1.837c-0.124-0.156-0.311-0.218-0.467-0.218-0.28 0-0.28 0.031-0.28 0.498v0.809c0 1.090 0.031 1.214 0.56 1.307l0.342 0.031c0.093 0.062 0.062 0.342-0.031 0.374-0.498-0.031-0.934-0.031-1.432-0.031-0.529 0-0.996 0-1.432 0.031-0.093-0.031-0.124-0.311 0-0.374l0.342-0.031c0.56-0.062 0.56-0.218 0.56-1.307v-6.693z"></path> <path fill="#b73288" style="fill: var(--color10, #b73288)" d="M69.541 20.794c0.124 0.342 0.249 0.809 0.249 1.214-0.062 0.093-0.28 0.125-0.374 0.031-0.249-0.654-0.716-1.090-1.307-1.090s-0.965 0.374-0.965 0.903c0 0.623 0.623 0.934 1.152 1.245 0.778 0.436 1.525 0.965 1.525 2.023 0 1.121-1.058 1.712-2.148 1.712-0.716 0-1.214-0.156-1.588-0.436-0.124-0.28-0.218-1.027-0.187-1.494 0.062-0.093 0.28-0.093 0.342 0 0.249 0.809 0.716 1.525 1.588 1.525 0.529 0 0.996-0.311 0.996-0.965 0-0.685-0.591-1.058-1.152-1.37-0.872-0.498-1.463-1.027-1.463-1.837 0-1.090 0.903-1.712 2.023-1.712 0.623 0 1.183 0.156 1.307 0.249z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-logo_calenda" viewBox="0 0 100 32"> <title>Calenda</title> <path fill="#fff" style="fill: var(--color1, #fff)" d="M42.903 19.856c-0.886 0.177-1.95 0.355-2.837 0.355-4.078 0-6.914-2.039-6.914-6.294 0-4.343 2.659-6.737 6.914-6.737 0.798 0 1.95 0.177 2.837 0.532l-0.177 2.127c-0.975-0.532-1.773-0.709-2.748-0.709-2.571 0-4.166 1.95-4.166 4.521s1.596 4.521 4.255 4.521c0.975 0 2.127-0.177 2.748-0.532l0.089 2.216z"></path> <path fill="#fff" style="fill: var(--color1, #fff)" d="M44.942 11.258c0.975-0.443 2.216-0.709 3.191-0.709 2.837 0 3.989 1.152 3.989 3.9v1.152c0 0.975 0 1.596 0 2.305s0.089 1.33 0.089 2.039h-2.127c-0.089-0.443-0.089-1.064-0.089-1.418v0c-0.532 1.064-1.773 1.596-2.837 1.596-1.596 0-3.28-0.975-3.28-2.748 0-1.418 0.709-2.216 1.596-2.659s2.127-0.532 3.102-0.532h1.33c0-1.507-0.709-2.039-2.127-2.039-1.064 0-2.039 0.355-2.837 0.975v-1.861zM47.778 18.526c0.709 0 1.33-0.355 1.684-0.798 0.355-0.532 0.532-1.152 0.532-1.95h-1.064c-1.064 0-2.659 0.177-2.659 1.596 0 0.798 0.709 1.152 1.507 1.152z"></path> <path fill="#fff" style="fill: var(--color1, #fff)" d="M54.604 6.56h2.393v13.474h-2.393v-13.474z"></path> <path fill="#fff" style="fill: var(--color1, #fff)" d="M67.014 19.501c-0.886 0.443-1.862 0.709-3.191 0.709-3.102 0-4.875-1.773-4.875-4.787 0-2.659 1.418-4.875 4.343-4.875 3.457 0 4.432 2.393 4.432 5.584h-6.382c0.089 1.507 1.152 2.305 2.659 2.305 1.152 0 2.216-0.443 3.103-0.975v2.039zM65.418 14.537c-0.089-1.152-0.621-2.216-1.95-2.216s-2.039 0.975-2.127 2.216h4.078z"></path> <path fill="#fff" style="fill: var(--color1, #fff)" d="M69.585 10.814h2.305v1.241c0.798-1.064 1.773-1.507 3.014-1.507 2.216 0 3.191 1.507 3.191 3.634v5.85h-2.393v-4.964c0-1.152 0-2.659-1.596-2.659-1.773 0-2.127 1.861-2.127 3.103v4.521h-2.393v-9.219z"></path> <path fill="#fff" style="fill: var(--color1, #fff)" d="M86.781 18.97v0c-0.798 0.886-1.773 1.241-2.837 1.241-2.837 0-3.9-2.305-3.9-4.875s1.064-4.787 3.9-4.787c1.241 0 2.039 0.443 2.748 1.33v0-5.319h2.393v13.474h-2.305v-1.064zM84.565 18.349c1.596 0 2.127-1.684 2.127-3.014s-0.621-2.925-2.127-2.925c-1.596 0-2.039 1.684-2.039 2.925 0 1.33 0.443 3.014 2.039 3.014z"></path> <path fill="#fff" style="fill: var(--color1, #fff)" d="M92.011 11.258c0.975-0.443 2.216-0.709 3.191-0.709 2.837 0 3.989 1.152 3.989 3.9v1.152c0 0.975 0 1.596 0 2.305s0.089 1.33 0.089 2.039h-2.127c-0.089-0.443-0.089-1.064-0.089-1.418v0c-0.532 1.064-1.773 1.596-2.837 1.596-1.596 0-3.28-0.975-3.28-2.748 0-1.418 0.709-2.216 1.596-2.659s2.127-0.532 3.103-0.532h1.33c0-1.507-0.709-2.039-2.127-2.039-1.064 0-2.039 0.355-2.837 0.975v-1.861zM94.848 18.526c0.709 0 1.33-0.355 1.684-0.798 0.355-0.532 0.532-1.152 0.532-1.95h-1.064c-1.064 0-2.659 0.177-2.659 1.596-0.089 0.798 0.621 1.152 1.507 1.152z"></path> <path fill="#6faa46" style="fill: var(--color16, #6faa46)" d="M42.903 19.856c-0.886 0.177-1.95 0.355-2.837 0.355-4.078 0-6.914-2.039-6.914-6.294 0-4.343 2.659-6.737 6.914-6.737 0.798 0 1.95 0.177 2.837 0.532l-0.177 2.127c-0.975-0.532-1.773-0.709-2.748-0.709-2.571 0-4.166 1.95-4.166 4.521s1.596 4.521 4.255 4.521c0.975 0 2.127-0.177 2.748-0.532l0.089 2.216z"></path> <path fill="#6faa46" style="fill: var(--color16, #6faa46)" d="M44.942 11.258c0.975-0.443 2.216-0.709 3.191-0.709 2.837 0 3.989 1.152 3.989 3.9v1.152c0 0.975 0 1.596 0 2.305s0.089 1.33 0.089 2.039h-2.127c-0.089-0.443-0.089-1.064-0.089-1.418v0c-0.532 1.064-1.773 1.596-2.837 1.596-1.596 0-3.28-0.975-3.28-2.748 0-1.418 0.709-2.216 1.596-2.659s2.127-0.532 3.102-0.532h1.33c0-1.507-0.709-2.039-2.127-2.039-1.064 0-2.039 0.355-2.837 0.975v-1.861zM47.778 18.526c0.709 0 1.33-0.355 1.684-0.798 0.355-0.532 0.532-1.152 0.532-1.95h-1.064c-1.064 0-2.659 0.177-2.659 1.596 0 0.798 0.709 1.152 1.507 1.152z"></path> <path fill="#6faa46" style="fill: var(--color16, #6faa46)" d="M54.604 6.56h2.393v13.474h-2.393v-13.474z"></path> <path fill="#6faa46" style="fill: var(--color16, #6faa46)" d="M67.014 19.501c-0.886 0.443-1.862 0.709-3.191 0.709-3.102 0-4.875-1.773-4.875-4.787 0-2.659 1.418-4.875 4.343-4.875 3.457 0 4.432 2.393 4.432 5.584h-6.382c0.089 1.507 1.152 2.305 2.659 2.305 1.152 0 2.216-0.443 3.103-0.975v2.039zM65.418 14.537c-0.089-1.152-0.621-2.216-1.95-2.216s-2.039 0.975-2.127 2.216h4.078z"></path> <path fill="#6faa46" style="fill: var(--color16, #6faa46)" d="M69.585 10.814h2.305v1.241c0.798-1.064 1.773-1.507 3.014-1.507 2.216 0 3.191 1.507 3.191 3.634v5.85h-2.393v-4.964c0-1.152 0-2.659-1.596-2.659-1.773 0-2.127 1.861-2.127 3.103v4.521h-2.393v-9.219z"></path> <path fill="#6faa46" style="fill: var(--color16, #6faa46)" d="M86.781 18.97v0c-0.798 0.886-1.773 1.241-2.837 1.241-2.837 0-3.9-2.305-3.9-4.875s1.064-4.787 3.9-4.787c1.241 0 2.039 0.443 2.748 1.33v0-5.319h2.393v13.474h-2.305v-1.064zM84.565 18.349c1.596 0 2.127-1.684 2.127-3.014s-0.621-2.925-2.127-2.925c-1.596 0-2.039 1.684-2.039 2.925 0 1.33 0.443 3.014 2.039 3.014z"></path> <path fill="#6faa46" style="fill: var(--color16, #6faa46)" d="M92.011 11.258c0.975-0.443 2.216-0.709 3.191-0.709 2.837 0 3.989 1.152 3.989 3.9v1.152c0 0.975 0 1.596 0 2.305s0.089 1.33 0.089 2.039h-2.127c-0.089-0.443-0.089-1.064-0.089-1.418v0c-0.532 1.064-1.773 1.596-2.837 1.596-1.596 0-3.28-0.975-3.28-2.748 0-1.418 0.709-2.216 1.596-2.659s2.127-0.532 3.103-0.532h1.33c0-1.507-0.709-2.039-2.127-2.039-1.064 0-2.039 0.355-2.837 0.975v-1.861zM94.848 18.526c0.709 0 1.33-0.355 1.684-0.798 0.355-0.532 0.532-1.152 0.532-1.95h-1.064c-1.064 0-2.659 0.177-2.659 1.596-0.089 0.798 0.621 1.152 1.507 1.152z"></path> <path fill="#8ebc23" style="fill: var(--color17, #8ebc23)" d="M16.044 32c5.319 0.177 10.46-2.925 12.676-8.066 0 0 0 0 0 0-7.003-0.443-12.499 6.825-12.676 8.066z"></path> <path fill="#8ebc23" style="fill: var(--color17, #8ebc23)" d="M0 20.388c5.319 0.089 10.371 3.28 12.321 8.598 0 0 0 0 0 0-7.003 0.089-12.055-6.028-12.321-8.598z"></path> <path fill="#8ebc23" style="fill: var(--color17, #8ebc23)" d="M14.183 17.285c-3.634-1.507-5.319-4.787-4.166-7.712 0.975-2.482 3.723-3.634 5.939-2.748 2.571 1.064 3.634 3.9 2.659 6.205-0.443 1.152-1.418 2.127-2.393 2.837 3.634 1.33 7.801 0.089 9.13-1.861 1.596-2.482-0.355-7.357-0.355-7.357-1.152-2.482-3.102-4.609-6.116-5.85-6.116-2.393-12.942 0.532-15.424 6.56-2.393 6.028 0.532 12.942 6.56 15.335 0.886 0.355 1.773 0.62 2.748 0.709l0.798 8.51h1.507l0.798-8.51c4.078-0.532 7.801-3.191 9.485-7.269 0 0 0 0 0 0-2.748 1.773-6.914 2.837-11.169 1.152z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-logo_hypothesesorg" viewBox="0 0 140 32"> <title>Hypothèses</title> <path fill="#cc071e" style="fill: var(--color18, #cc071e)" d="M33.941 6.353h2.765v5.529h5.471v-5.529h2.765v13.706h-2.765v-6h-5.471v6h-2.765v-13.706z"></path> <path fill="#cc071e" style="fill: var(--color18, #cc071e)" d="M52.059 17.353v0l2.471-7.353h2.647l-3.765 10c-0.824 2.235-1.471 4.412-4.176 4.412-0.647 0-1.235-0.118-1.882-0.294l0.176-1.941c0.353 0.118 0.706 0.176 1.353 0.176 1.059 0 1.706-0.706 1.706-1.824l-3.882-10.588h2.882l2.471 7.412z"></path> <path fill="#cc071e" style="fill: var(--color18, #cc071e)" d="M58.765 9.941h2.529v1.412h0.059c0.588-1 1.588-1.647 3.118-1.647 3.118 0 4.235 2.471 4.235 5.235s-1.118 5.294-4.294 5.294c-1.118 0-2.059-0.294-2.941-1.412h-0.059v5.294h-2.647v-14.176zM61.412 15c0 1.412 0.588 3.294 2.294 3.294s2.235-1.882 2.235-3.294c0-1.353-0.471-3.235-2.176-3.235s-2.353 1.824-2.353 3.235z"></path> <path fill="#cc071e" style="fill: var(--color18, #cc071e)" d="M75.353 9.706c3 0 5.294 2 5.294 5.353 0 2.882-1.941 5.235-5.294 5.235s-5.294-2.294-5.294-5.235c0-3.294 2.294-5.353 5.294-5.353zM75.353 18.235c2 0 2.529-1.824 2.529-3.471 0-1.529-0.824-3-2.529-3s-2.529 1.471-2.529 3c0 1.647 0.529 3.471 2.529 3.471z"></path> <path fill="#cc071e" style="fill: var(--color18, #cc071e)" d="M83.588 11.882h-1.941v-1.941h1.941v-2l2.647-0.824v2.882h2.353v1.941h-2.353v4.706c0 0.882 0.235 1.647 1.235 1.647 0.471 0 0.941-0.118 1.176-0.294l0.059 2.059c-0.529 0.176-1.176 0.235-1.941 0.235-2.059 0-3.176-1.294-3.176-3.294v-5.118z"></path> <path fill="#cc071e" style="fill: var(--color18, #cc071e)" d="M90.353 5.353h2.647v6h0.059c0.647-1 1.824-1.588 3.176-1.588 2.412 0 3.412 1.706 3.412 3.941v6.353h-2.647v-5.412c0-1.235 0-2.882-1.706-2.882-1.882 0-2.294 2.059-2.294 3.353v4.941h-2.647v-14.706z"></path> <path fill="#cc071e" style="fill: var(--color18, #cc071e)" d="M110.412 19.471c-0.941 0.529-2.059 0.824-3.471 0.824-3.353 0-5.294-1.941-5.294-5.235 0-2.941 1.529-5.353 4.706-5.353 3.765 0 4.824 2.588 4.824 6.118h-7c0.118 1.647 1.235 2.529 2.882 2.529 1.294 0 2.353-0.471 3.353-1v2.118zM108.647 14c-0.059-1.294-0.647-2.353-2.118-2.353s-2.235 1-2.353 2.353h4.471z"></path> <path fill="#cc071e" style="fill: var(--color18, #cc071e)" d="M119.176 12.059c-0.824-0.294-1.412-0.412-2.353-0.412-0.706 0-1.529 0.235-1.529 1.118 0 1.588 4.588 0.588 4.588 4.235 0 2.353-2.118 3.294-4.235 3.294-1 0-2-0.176-3-0.412l0.176-2.176c0.824 0.412 1.706 0.647 2.588 0.647 0.647 0 1.706-0.235 1.706-1.235 0-2-4.588-0.647-4.588-4.294 0-2.176 1.882-3.118 3.941-3.118 1.235 0 2.059 0.176 2.882 0.353l-0.176 2z"></path> <path fill="#cc071e" style="fill: var(--color18, #cc071e)" d="M130 19.471c-0.941 0.529-2.059 0.824-3.471 0.824-3.353 0-5.294-1.941-5.294-5.235 0-2.941 1.529-5.353 4.706-5.353 3.765 0 4.824 2.588 4.824 6.118h-7c0.118 1.647 1.235 2.529 2.882 2.529 1.294 0 2.353-0.471 3.353-1v2.118zM128.235 14c-0.059-1.294-0.647-2.353-2.118-2.353s-2.235 1-2.353 2.353h4.471z"></path> <path fill="#cc071e" style="fill: var(--color18, #cc071e)" d="M138.824 12.059c-0.824-0.294-1.412-0.412-2.353-0.412-0.706 0-1.529 0.235-1.529 1.118 0 1.588 4.588 0.588 4.588 4.235 0 2.353-2.118 3.294-4.235 3.294-1 0-2-0.176-3-0.412l0.176-2.176c0.824 0.412 1.706 0.647 2.588 0.647 0.647 0 1.706-0.235 1.706-1.235 0-2-4.588-0.647-4.588-4.294 0-2.176 1.882-3.118 3.941-3.118 1.235 0 2.059 0.176 2.882 0.353l-0.176 2z"></path> <path fill="#ec5a4f" style="fill: var(--color19, #ec5a4f)" d="M16.059 32c5.353 0.176 10.471-2.882 12.706-8.118 0 0 0 0 0 0-7.059-0.412-12.588 6.882-12.706 8.118z"></path> <path fill="#ec5a4f" style="fill: var(--color19, #ec5a4f)" d="M0 20.353c5.353 0.059 10.353 3.294 12.353 8.588 0 0 0 0 0 0-7.059 0.176-12.118-5.941-12.353-8.588z"></path> <path fill="#ec5a4f" style="fill: var(--color19, #ec5a4f)" d="M14.176 17.294c-3.647-1.471-5.353-4.824-4.176-7.765 1-2.529 3.706-3.647 5.941-2.706 2.588 1.059 3.647 3.882 2.706 6.235-0.471 1.176-1.412 2.059-2.412 2.824 3.647 1.353 7.765 0.118 9.118-1.882 1.647-2.471-0.353-7.294-0.353-7.294-1.118-2.529-3.118-4.647-6.176-5.824-6.059-2.412-12.941 0.471-15.353 6.529-2.412 6 0.529 12.882 6.529 15.353 0.882 0.353 1.824 0.588 2.706 0.765l0.824 8.471h1.529l0.824-8.471c4.118-0.529 7.824-3.176 9.529-7.294 0 0 0 0 0 0-2.824 1.706-7 2.765-11.235 1.059z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-logo_wwwrevuesorg" viewBox="0 0 125 32"> <title>OpenEdition Journals</title> <path fill="#0089b5" style="fill: var(--color20, #0089b5)" d="M39.669 1.41c3.438 0 5.377 2.292 5.377 5.642s-1.939 5.73-5.377 5.73c-3.526 0-5.377-2.38-5.377-5.73s1.851-5.642 5.377-5.642zM39.669 11.019c2.292 0 3.085-2.028 3.085-3.967s-0.882-3.967-3.085-3.967c-2.204 0-3.085 2.028-3.085 3.967 0 2.028 0.793 3.967 3.085 3.967z"></path> <path fill="#0089b5" style="fill: var(--color20, #0089b5)" d="M46.898 4.496h2.028v1.146c0.441-0.793 1.322-1.322 2.556-1.322 2.468 0 3.438 2.028 3.438 4.231s-0.882 4.231-3.438 4.231c-0.882 0-1.675-0.176-2.38-1.146v0 4.231h-2.116v-11.372zM49.014 8.551c0 1.146 0.441 2.645 1.851 2.645s1.763-1.499 1.763-2.645c0-1.058-0.353-2.556-1.763-2.556-1.322-0.088-1.851 1.41-1.851 2.556z"></path> <path fill="#0089b5" style="fill: var(--color20, #0089b5)" d="M63.030 12.165c-0.793 0.441-1.675 0.617-2.821 0.617-2.645 0-4.231-1.587-4.231-4.231 0-2.38 1.234-4.32 3.791-4.32 2.997 0 3.879 2.028 3.879 4.937h-5.642c0.088 1.322 0.97 2.028 2.292 2.028 1.058 0 1.939-0.353 2.733-0.793v1.763zM61.62 7.758c-0.088-1.058-0.529-1.939-1.675-1.939s-1.763 0.793-1.851 1.939h3.526z"></path> <path fill="#0089b5" style="fill: var(--color20, #0089b5)" d="M65.234 4.496h2.028v1.146c0.705-0.97 1.587-1.322 2.645-1.322 1.939 0 2.733 1.322 2.733 3.174v5.113h-2.116v-4.32c0-0.97 0-2.292-1.41-2.292-1.499 0-1.851 1.675-1.851 2.733v3.967h-2.028v-8.198z"></path> <path fill="#0089b5" style="fill: var(--color20, #0089b5)" d="M75.107 1.587h6.523v1.763h-4.32v2.645h3.879v1.763h-3.879v3.085h4.32v1.763h-6.523z"></path> <path fill="#0089b5" style="fill: var(--color20, #0089b5)" d="M89.124 11.636v0c-0.705 0.793-1.499 1.146-2.556 1.146-2.468 0-3.438-2.028-3.438-4.231s0.882-4.231 3.438-4.231c1.058 0 1.763 0.353 2.468 1.146v0-4.672h2.116v11.813h-2.028v-0.97zM87.185 11.107c1.41 0 1.851-1.499 1.851-2.645s-0.529-2.556-1.851-2.556c-1.41 0-1.763 1.499-1.763 2.556-0.088 1.146 0.353 2.645 1.763 2.645z"></path> <path fill="#0089b5" style="fill: var(--color20, #0089b5)" d="M93.355 0.97h2.116v2.028h-2.116v-2.028zM93.355 4.496h2.116v8.11h-2.116v-8.11z"></path> <path fill="#0089b5" style="fill: var(--color20, #0089b5)" d="M98.38 5.995h-1.587v-1.499h1.587v-1.675l2.116-0.705v2.292h1.851v1.587h-1.851v3.791c0 0.705 0.176 1.322 0.97 1.322 0.353 0 0.705-0.088 0.97-0.176l0.088 1.675c-0.441 0.088-0.97 0.176-1.587 0.176-1.675 0-2.556-1.058-2.556-2.645v-4.143z"></path> <path fill="#0089b5" style="fill: var(--color20, #0089b5)" d="M103.846 0.97h2.116v2.028h-2.116v-2.028zM103.846 4.496h2.116v8.11h-2.116v-8.11z"></path> <path fill="#0089b5" style="fill: var(--color20, #0089b5)" d="M111.956 4.32c2.38 0 4.231 1.587 4.231 4.32 0 2.292-1.587 4.231-4.231 4.231s-4.231-1.851-4.231-4.231c0-2.733 1.851-4.32 4.231-4.32zM111.956 11.107c1.587 0 2.028-1.41 2.028-2.821 0-1.234-0.705-2.38-2.028-2.38-1.41 0-2.028 1.234-2.028 2.38 0 1.41 0.353 2.821 2.028 2.821z"></path> <path fill="#0089b5" style="fill: var(--color20, #0089b5)" d="M117.862 4.496h2.028v1.146c0.705-0.97 1.587-1.322 2.645-1.322 1.939 0 2.733 1.322 2.733 3.174v5.113h-2.116v-4.32c0-0.97 0-2.292-1.41-2.292-1.499 0-1.851 1.675-1.851 2.733v3.967h-2.116v-8.198z"></path> <path fill="#0ab7d9" style="fill: var(--color21, #0ab7d9)" d="M16.044 32c5.377 0.176 10.49-2.909 12.694-8.11 0 0 0 0 0 0-6.964-0.441-12.518 6.964-12.694 8.11z"></path> <path fill="#0ab7d9" style="fill: var(--color21, #0ab7d9)" d="M0 20.364c5.377 0.088 10.314 3.35 12.342 8.639 0 0 0 0 0 0-7.052 0.088-12.077-5.995-12.342-8.639z"></path> <path fill="#0ab7d9" style="fill: var(--color21, #0ab7d9)" d="M14.193 17.278c-3.702-1.499-5.377-4.848-4.143-7.758 1.058-2.556 3.702-3.614 5.995-2.733 2.556 1.058 3.614 3.879 2.733 6.259-0.441 1.146-1.41 2.116-2.38 2.821 3.702 1.322 7.758 0.088 9.080-1.851 1.675-2.468-0.353-7.317-0.353-7.317-1.146-2.468-3.174-4.584-6.171-5.818-6.171-2.468-13.047 0.441-15.427 6.523-2.468 6.083 0.529 12.959 6.523 15.339 0.882 0.353 1.851 0.617 2.733 0.705l0.793 8.551h1.499l0.793-8.463c4.143-0.529 7.846-3.174 9.521-7.317 0 0 0 0 0 0-2.821 1.675-6.964 2.821-11.196 1.058z"></path> <path fill="#0ab7d9" style="fill: var(--color21, #0ab7d9)" d="M36.849 18.953c0-1.675-0.176-1.851-1.058-1.851h-0.353c-0.088-0.088-0.088-0.353 0-0.353 0.882 0 1.322 0.088 1.939 0.088s1.058 0 1.675-0.088c0.088 0.088 0.088 0.353 0 0.353h-0.264c-0.882 0.088-0.882 0.353-0.882 1.851v5.466c0 1.146-0.088 2.204-0.353 2.821-0.529 1.146-1.499 2.116-2.909 2.116-0.176 0-0.617 0-0.617-0.264s0.176-0.705 0.529-0.705c0.176 0 0.353 0 0.529 0.088s0.441 0.088 0.617 0.088c0.353 0 0.529-0.176 0.617-0.353 0.353-0.705 0.353-2.909 0.353-3.702v-5.554z"></path> <path fill="#0ab7d9" style="fill: var(--color21, #0ab7d9)" d="M46.017 23.449c0 1.851-1.234 3.174-3.085 3.174-1.675 0-2.997-1.146-2.997-2.997s1.41-3.174 3.174-3.174c1.587-0.088 2.909 1.146 2.909 2.997zM42.843 20.804c-0.97 0-1.675 0.97-1.675 2.556 0 1.322 0.617 2.821 1.939 2.821s1.675-1.322 1.675-2.468c0-1.322-0.529-2.909-1.939-2.909z"></path> <path fill="#0ab7d9" style="fill: var(--color21, #0ab7d9)" d="M48.837 24.242c0 1.058 0.264 1.675 1.41 1.675 0.441 0 0.882-0.176 1.234-0.441 0.176-0.176 0.264-0.353 0.264-0.882v-2.38c0-0.97-0.088-0.97-0.529-1.146l-0.176-0.088c-0.088-0.088-0.088-0.264 0-0.353 0.617 0 1.41-0.088 1.763-0.264 0.088 0 0.088 0.088 0.176 0.088 0 0.264-0.088 0.705-0.088 1.322v2.468c0 1.146 0.088 1.587 0.441 1.587 0.176 0 0.353 0 0.617-0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.353 0 0.441-0.529 0.088-1.41 0.264-1.939 0.529-0.088 0-0.176 0-0.176-0.088v-0.617c0-0.176-0.088-0.176-0.088-0.176-0.441 0.264-1.146 0.793-2.028 0.793-1.322 0-1.763-0.617-1.763-1.851v-2.468c0-0.882 0-1.058-0.441-1.234l-0.176-0.088c-0.088-0.088-0.088-0.264 0-0.353 0.705 0 1.234-0.176 1.587-0.264 0.088 0 0.088 0.088 0.176 0.088 0 0.264-0.088 0.529-0.088 1.322v2.468z"></path> <path fill="#0ab7d9" style="fill: var(--color21, #0ab7d9)" d="M55.537 22.127c0-0.529 0-0.617-0.441-0.882l-0.088-0.088c-0.088-0.088-0.088-0.264 0-0.264 0.353-0.088 1.146-0.529 1.499-0.705 0.088 0 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088v0.882c0 0.088 0 0.088 0.088 0.176 0.529-0.441 1.058-0.882 1.587-0.882 0.353 0 0.705 0.264 0.705 0.617 0 0.529-0.353 0.705-0.617 0.705-0.176 0-0.176 0-0.353-0.088-0.176-0.176-0.441-0.264-0.617-0.264-0.264 0-0.441 0.176-0.529 0.264-0.176 0.176-0.176 0.617-0.176 1.146v2.028c0 1.058 0 1.234 0.617 1.322l0.529 0.088c0.088 0.088 0.088 0.353 0 0.353-0.705 0-1.146 0-1.675 0s-0.97 0-1.322 0c-0.088 0-0.088-0.264 0-0.353l0.264-0.088c0.529-0.088 0.529-0.176 0.529-1.322v-2.733z"></path> <path fill="#0ab7d9" style="fill: var(--color21, #0ab7d9)" d="M60.386 22.127c0-0.529 0-0.617-0.441-0.882l-0.088-0.088c-0.088-0.088-0.088-0.264 0-0.264 0.353-0.088 1.146-0.529 1.499-0.705 0.088 0 0.088 0 0.176 0.088 0 0.353 0 0.529 0 0.705 0 0.088 0.088 0.176 0.176 0.176 0.617-0.353 1.322-0.793 2.028-0.793 1.234 0 1.763 0.882 1.763 1.851v2.556c0 1.058 0 1.234 0.529 1.322l0.353 0.088c0.088 0.088 0.088 0.353 0 0.353-0.441 0-0.882 0-1.41 0s-0.97 0-1.41 0c-0.088 0-0.176-0.264 0-0.353l0.264-0.088c0.529-0.088 0.529-0.176 0.529-1.322v-2.204c0-0.882-0.353-1.499-1.41-1.499-0.529 0-1.058 0.264-1.234 0.529s-0.264 0.441-0.264 0.882v2.292c0 1.058 0 1.234 0.529 1.322l0.264 0.088c0.088 0.088 0.088 0.353 0 0.353-0.353 0-0.793 0-1.322 0s-0.97 0-1.41 0c-0.088 0-0.176-0.264 0-0.353l0.353-0.088c0.529-0.088 0.529-0.176 0.529-1.322v-2.645z"></path> <path fill="#0ab7d9" style="fill: var(--color21, #0ab7d9)" d="M70.171 23.361c0.176-0.088 0.264-0.176 0.264-0.441v-0.705c0-0.529-0.176-1.322-1.058-1.322-0.441 0-0.882 0.176-0.97 0.705 0 0.264 0 0.441-0.176 0.529-0.176 0.176-0.617 0.264-0.793 0.264s-0.176-0.088-0.176-0.176c0-0.793 1.675-1.851 2.733-1.851s1.587 0.617 1.499 1.763l-0.088 2.556c0 0.705 0.088 1.322 0.705 1.322 0.176 0 0.264 0 0.353-0.088 0.088 0 0.176-0.088 0.176-0.088 0.088 0 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.176s-0.529 0.617-1.234 0.617c-0.353 0-0.705-0.088-0.97-0.441-0.088-0.088-0.176-0.176-0.264-0.176s-0.264 0.176-0.529 0.264c-0.353 0.176-0.617 0.353-1.058 0.353s-0.793-0.088-1.058-0.353c-0.264-0.264-0.441-0.617-0.441-1.058 0-0.529 0.264-0.882 1.234-1.234l1.763-0.617zM69.201 25.917c0.264 0 0.793-0.176 0.882-0.353 0.176-0.176 0.176-0.353 0.176-0.705v-0.882c0-0.176-0.088-0.176-0.176-0.176s-0.353 0.088-0.617 0.176c-0.882 0.264-1.322 0.529-1.322 1.058 0.176 0.264 0.353 0.882 1.058 0.882z"></path> <path fill="#0ab7d9" style="fill: var(--color21, #0ab7d9)" d="M74.931 24.771c0 1.058 0 1.234 0.529 1.322l0.353 0.088c0.088 0.088 0.088 0.353 0 0.353-0.441 0-0.882 0-1.41 0s-0.97 0-1.41 0c-0.088 0-0.088-0.264 0-0.353l0.353-0.088c0.529-0.088 0.529-0.176 0.529-1.322v-6.612c0-0.882 0-0.97-0.441-1.234l-0.176-0.176c-0.088-0.088-0.088-0.264 0-0.264 0.353-0.088 1.058-0.353 1.587-0.617 0.088 0 0.088 0 0.176 0.088 0 0.441 0 1.146 0 1.851v6.964z"></path> <path fill="#0ab7d9" style="fill: var(--color21, #0ab7d9)" d="M80.22 20.628c0.176 0.353 0.264 0.793 0.264 1.234-0.088 0.088-0.264 0.088-0.353 0-0.264-0.617-0.705-1.058-1.322-1.058s-0.97 0.353-0.97 0.882c0 0.617 0.617 0.97 1.146 1.234 0.793 0.441 1.499 0.97 1.499 2.028 0 1.146-1.058 1.675-2.116 1.675-0.705 0-1.234-0.176-1.587-0.441-0.088-0.353-0.176-1.058-0.088-1.499 0.088-0.088 0.264-0.088 0.353 0 0.264 0.793 0.705 1.499 1.587 1.499 0.529 0 0.97-0.353 0.97-0.97 0-0.705-0.617-1.058-1.146-1.322-0.882-0.441-1.499-0.97-1.499-1.851 0-1.058 0.882-1.675 2.028-1.675 0.617 0 1.146 0.176 1.234 0.264z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-logo_wwwopeneditionorg" viewBox="0 0 152.7 34.8"> <title>OpenEdition</title> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M42.4,8.4c4.4,0,6.9,3,6.9,7.3s-2.5,7.4-6.9,7.4-6.9-3-6.9-7.4S37.9,8.4,42.4,8.4Zm0,12.4c2.9,0,4-2.6,4-5.1s-1.2-5.1-4-5.1-4,2.6-4,5.1S39.5,20.8,42.4,20.8Z"/> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M51.7,12.3h2.6v1.5h0a3.47,3.47,0,0,1,3.2-1.7c3.2,0,4.4,2.6,4.4,5.4S60.7,23,57.5,23a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-3.1-1.4h0V27H51.7Zm2.7,5.2c0,1.5.6,3.4,2.4,3.4s2.3-1.9,2.3-3.4-.5-3.3-2.3-3.3S54.4,16.1,54.4,17.5Z"/> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M72.5,22.2a7.67,7.67,0,0,1-3.6.8c-3.5,0-5.5-2-5.5-5.4,0-3,1.6-5.5,4.9-5.5,3.9,0,5,2.7,5,6.3H66A2.69,2.69,0,0,0,69,21a6.9,6.9,0,0,0,3.5-1.1Zm-1.8-5.7c-.1-1.3-.7-2.5-2.2-2.5a2.39,2.39,0,0,0-2.4,2.5Z"/> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M75.4,12.3H78v1.4h0A4,4,0,0,1,81.4,12c2.5,0,3.6,1.7,3.6,4.1v6.6H82.3V17.1c0-1.3,0-3-1.8-3-2,0-2.4,2.1-2.4,3.5v5.1H75.4Z"/> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M88,8.6h8.4v2.2H90.9v3.5H96v2.2H90.9v4h5.6v2.2H88Z"/> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M106,21.6h0a4.12,4.12,0,0,1-3.2,1.4c-3.2,0-4.4-2.6-4.4-5.5s1.2-5.4,4.4-5.4a3.62,3.62,0,0,1,3.1,1.5h0v-6h2.7V22.8H106Zm-2.4-.7c1.8,0,2.4-1.9,2.4-3.4s-.7-3.3-2.4-3.3-2.3,1.9-2.3,3.3S101.8,20.9,103.6,20.9Z"/> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M111.6,7.8h2.7v2.6h-2.7Zm0,4.5h2.7V22.8h-2.7Z"/> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M118,14.3h-2v-2h2V10.2l2.7-.9v3h2.4v2h-2.4v4.9c0,.9.2,1.7,1.3,1.7a1.92,1.92,0,0,0,1.2-.3l.1,2.2a6.17,6.17,0,0,1-2,.2,3.08,3.08,0,0,1-3.3-3.4Z"/> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M125.1,7.8h2.7v2.6h-2.7Zm0,4.5h2.7V22.8h-2.7Z"/> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M135.5,12.1a5.25,5.25,0,0,1,5.5,5.5,5.5,5.5,0,0,1-11,0A5.25,5.25,0,0,1,135.5,12.1Zm0,8.8c2.1,0,2.6-1.9,2.6-3.6s-.9-3.1-2.6-3.1-2.6,1.5-2.6,3.1S133.4,20.9,135.5,20.9Z"/> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M143.1,12.3h2.6v1.4h0a4,4,0,0,1,3.4-1.7c2.5,0,3.6,1.7,3.6,4.1v6.6H150V17.1c0-1.3,0-3-1.8-3-2,0-2.4,2.1-2.4,3.5v5.1h-2.7Z"/> <path fill="#f74a00" style="fill: var(--color22, #f74a00)" d="M42.4,8.4c4.4,0,6.9,3,6.9,7.3s-2.5,7.4-6.9,7.4-6.9-3-6.9-7.4S37.9,8.4,42.4,8.4Zm0,12.4c2.9,0,4-2.6,4-5.1s-1.2-5.1-4-5.1-4,2.6-4,5.1S39.5,20.8,42.4,20.8Z"/> <path fill="#f74a00" style="fill: var(--color22, #f74a00)" d="M51.7,12.3h2.6v1.5h0a3.47,3.47,0,0,1,3.2-1.7c3.2,0,4.4,2.6,4.4,5.4S60.7,23,57.5,23a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-3.1-1.4h0V27H51.7Zm2.7,5.2c0,1.5.6,3.4,2.4,3.4s2.3-1.9,2.3-3.4-.5-3.3-2.3-3.3S54.4,16.1,54.4,17.5Z"/> <path fill="#f74a00" style="fill: var(--color22, #f74a00)" d="M72.5,22.2a7.67,7.67,0,0,1-3.6.8c-3.5,0-5.5-2-5.5-5.4,0-3,1.6-5.5,4.9-5.5,3.9,0,5,2.7,5,6.3H66A2.69,2.69,0,0,0,69,21a6.9,6.9,0,0,0,3.5-1.1Zm-1.8-5.7c-.1-1.3-.7-2.5-2.2-2.5a2.39,2.39,0,0,0-2.4,2.5Z"/> <path fill="#f74a00" style="fill: var(--color22, #f74a00)" d="M75.4,12.3H78v1.4h0A4,4,0,0,1,81.4,12c2.5,0,3.6,1.7,3.6,4.1v6.6H82.3V17.1c0-1.3,0-3-1.8-3-2,0-2.4,2.1-2.4,3.5v5.1H75.4Z"/> <path fill="#f74a00" style="fill: var(--color22, #f74a00)" d="M88,8.6h8.4v2.2H90.9v3.5H96v2.2H90.9v4h5.6v2.2H88Z"/> <path fill="#f74a00" style="fill: var(--color22, #f74a00)" d="M106,21.6h0a4.12,4.12,0,0,1-3.2,1.4c-3.2,0-4.4-2.6-4.4-5.5s1.2-5.4,4.4-5.4a3.62,3.62,0,0,1,3.1,1.5h0v-6h2.7V22.8H106Zm-2.4-.7c1.8,0,2.4-1.9,2.4-3.4s-.7-3.3-2.4-3.3-2.3,1.9-2.3,3.3S101.8,20.9,103.6,20.9Z"/> <path fill="#f74a00" style="fill: var(--color22, #f74a00)" d="M111.6,7.8h2.7v2.6h-2.7Zm0,4.5h2.7V22.8h-2.7Z"/> <path fill="#f74a00" style="fill: var(--color22, #f74a00)" d="M118,14.3h-2v-2h2V10.2l2.7-.9v3h2.4v2h-2.4v4.9c0,.9.2,1.7,1.3,1.7a1.92,1.92,0,0,0,1.2-.3l.1,2.2a6.17,6.17,0,0,1-2,.2,3.08,3.08,0,0,1-3.3-3.4Z"/> <path fill="#f74a00" style="fill: var(--color22, #f74a00)" d="M125.1,7.8h2.7v2.6h-2.7Zm0,4.5h2.7V22.8h-2.7Z"/> <path fill="#f74a00" style="fill: var(--color22, #f74a00)" d="M135.5,12.1a5.25,5.25,0,0,1,5.5,5.5,5.5,5.5,0,0,1-11,0A5.25,5.25,0,0,1,135.5,12.1Zm0,8.8c2.1,0,2.6-1.9,2.6-3.6s-.9-3.1-2.6-3.1-2.6,1.5-2.6,3.1S133.4,20.9,135.5,20.9Z"/> <path fill="#f74a00" style="fill: var(--color22, #f74a00)" d="M143.1,12.3h2.6v1.4h0a4,4,0,0,1,3.4-1.7c2.5,0,3.6,1.7,3.6,4.1v6.6H150V17.1c0-1.3,0-3-1.8-3-2,0-2.4,2.1-2.4,3.5v5.1h-2.7Z"/> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M17.5,34.8A14.55,14.55,0,0,0,31.3,26h0C23.6,25.5,17.6,33.5,17.5,34.8Z"/> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M0,22.2a14.52,14.52,0,0,1,13.4,9.4h0C5.8,31.7.2,25,0,22.2Z"/> <path fill="#fc7c00" style="fill: var(--color13, #fc7c00)" d="M15.4,18.8c-4-1.6-5.8-5.2-4.5-8.4a5.07,5.07,0,1,1,9.4,3.8,8.64,8.64,0,0,1-2.6,3.1c4,1.4,8.5.1,9.9-2,1.8-2.7-.4-8-.4-8A11.91,11.91,0,0,0,20.5,1a12.79,12.79,0,1,0-9.6,23.7,11.14,11.14,0,0,0,3,.8l.9,9.2h1.6l.9-9.2a12.93,12.93,0,0,0,10.3-7.9h0A13.39,13.39,0,0,1,15.4,18.8Z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-logo_search" viewBox="0 0 247 68"> <title>OpenEdition Search</title> <path fill="#F74A00" style="fill: var(--color13, #F74A00)" d="M80.3,6.6c6.5,0,10.1,4.4,10.1,10.6S86.9,28,80.3,28c-6.6,0-10.1-4.4-10.1-10.7C70.2,10.9,73.8,6.6,80.3,6.6z M80.3,24.7c4.2,0,5.8-3.8,5.8-7.5c0-3.6-1.7-7.4-5.8-7.4c-4.1,0-5.8,3.7-5.8,7.4C74.5,20.9,76.1,24.7,80.3,24.7z"/> <path fill="#F74A00" style="fill: var(--color13, #F74A00)" d="M93.9,12.4h3.8v2.2h0.1c0.9-1.5,2.4-2.5,4.7-2.5c4.7,0,6.4,3.7,6.4,7.9c0,4.2-1.7,8-6.5,8c-1.7,0-3.1-0.4-4.5-2.1h-0.1v8h-4V12.4z M97.9,19.9c0,2.2,0.9,4.9,3.5,4.9c2.6,0,3.3-2.8,3.3-4.9c0-2-0.7-4.9-3.3-4.9C98.9,15.1,97.9,17.8,97.9,19.9z"/> <path fill="#F74A00" style="fill: var(--color13, #F74A00)" d="M124.2,26.7c-1.4,0.8-3.1,1.2-5.2,1.2c-5,0-8-2.9-8-7.9c0-4.4,2.3-8,7.1-8c5.7,0,7.2,3.9,7.2,9.2h-10.5c0.2,2.5,1.9,3.8,4.3,3.8c1.9,0,3.6-0.7,5.1-1.5V26.7z M121.5,18.5c-0.1-1.9-1-3.6-3.2-3.6c-2.2,0-3.3,1.5-3.5,3.6H121.5z"/> <path fill="#F74A00" style="fill: var(--color13, #F74A00)" d="M128.4,12.4h3.8v2.1h0.1c1.2-1.7,2.9-2.4,5-2.4c3.6,0,5.2,2.5,5.2,6v9.6h-4v-8.1c0-1.9,0-4.4-2.6-4.4c-2.9,0-3.5,3.1-3.5,5.1v7.5h-4V12.4z"/> <path fill="#F74A00" style="fill: var(--color13, #F74A00)" d="M146.8,7H159v3.3h-8v5.1h7.4v3.3H151v5.8h8.1v3.3h-12.2V7z"/> <path fill="#F74A00" style="fill: var(--color13, #F74A00)" d="M173.1,25.9L173.1,25.9c-1.2,1.5-2.9,2.1-4.7,2.1c-4.7,0-6.4-3.8-6.4-8c0-4.2,1.7-7.9,6.4-7.9c2,0,3.4,0.7,4.6,2.1h0.1V5.4h4v22.2h-3.8V25.9z M169.4,24.9c2.6,0,3.5-2.8,3.5-4.9c0-2.1-1-4.9-3.6-4.9c-2.6,0-3.3,2.8-3.3,4.9C166.1,22,166.8,24.9,169.4,24.9z"/> <path fill="#F74A00" style="fill: var(--color13, #F74A00)" d="M181.1,5.8h4v3.8h-4V5.8z M181.1,12.4h4v15.2h-4V12.4z"/> <path fill="#F74A00" style="fill: var(--color13, #F74A00)" d="M190.5,15.3h-2.9v-2.9h2.9v-3l4-1.3v4.3h3.5v2.9h-3.5v7.1c0,1.3,0.4,2.5,1.9,2.5c0.7,0,1.4-0.1,1.8-0.4l0.1,3.1c-0.8,0.2-1.7,0.4-2.9,0.4c-3.1,0-4.8-1.9-4.8-4.9V15.3z"/> <path fill="#F74A00" style="fill: var(--color13, #F74A00)" d="M200.8,5.8h4v3.8h-4V5.8z M200.8,12.4h4v15.2h-4V12.4z"/> <path fill="#F74A00" style="fill: var(--color13, #F74A00)" d="M215.9,12c4.5,0,8,3,8,8.1c0,4.4-2.9,7.9-8,7.9c-5,0-8-3.5-8-7.9C208,15.1,211.4,12,215.9,12z M215.9,24.9c3,0,3.8-2.7,3.8-5.3c0-2.3-1.2-4.5-3.8-4.5c-2.6,0-3.8,2.2-3.8,4.5C212.1,22.1,212.9,24.9,215.9,24.9z"/> <path fill="#F74A00" style="fill: var(--color13, #F74A00)" d="M227,12.4h3.8v2.1h0.1c1.2-1.7,2.9-2.4,5-2.4c3.6,0,5.2,2.5,5.2,6v9.6h-4v-8.1c0-1.9,0-4.4-2.6-4.4c-2.9,0-3.5,3.1-3.5,5.1v7.5h-4V12.4z"/> <path fill="#FC7C00" style="fill: var(--color14, #FC7C00)" d="M36.1,64c10,0.3,19.6-5.5,23.8-15.2c0,0,0,0,0-0.1C46.8,48,36.4,61.7,36.1,64z"/> <path fill="#FC7C00" style="fill: var(--color14, #FC7C00)" d="M6,42.2c10,0.1,19.4,6.2,23.2,16.2c0,0,0,0,0,0.1C16,58.6,6.4,47.1,6,42.2z"/> <path fill="#FC7C00" style="fill: var(--color14, #FC7C00)" d="M32.5,36.4c-6.9-2.8-10-9-7.8-14.5c1.9-4.7,7-6.8,11.2-5.1c4.8,2,6.8,7.3,5.1,11.7c-0.9,2.2-2.7,3.9-4.5,5.3c6.9,2.5,14.6,0.2,17.1-3.5c3.1-4.7-0.7-13.7-0.7-13.7C50.8,11.9,47,7.9,41.3,5.6C30,1,17.1,6.5,12.5,17.9C8,29.2,13.5,42.1,24.8,46.7c1.7,0.7,3.4,1.1,5.1,1.4L31.5,64h2.8l1.5-15.9c7.7-1,14.7-6,17.8-13.7c0,0,0,0,0,0C48.4,37.6,40.5,39.7,32.5,36.4z"/> <path fill="#FC7C00" style="fill: var(--color14, #FC7C00)" d="M77.4,53.9c-2.3,0-3.8-0.7-4.4-1c-0.3-0.6-0.7-2.6-0.8-3.9c0.1-0.2,0.6-0.3,0.7-0.1c0.4,1.4,1.6,4.2,4.8,4.2c2.3,0,3.5-1.5,3.5-3.2c0-1.2-0.3-2.6-2.3-3.9l-2.7-1.7c-1.4-0.9-3-2.5-3-4.8c0-2.7,2.1-4.8,5.7-4.8c0.9,0,1.9,0.2,2.6,0.4c0.4,0.1,0.8,0.2,1,0.2c0.3,0.7,0.5,2.2,0.5,3.4c-0.1,0.2-0.6,0.3-0.7,0.1c-0.4-1.3-1.1-3.2-3.8-3.2c-2.7,0-3.3,1.8-3.3,3.1c0,1.6,1.3,2.8,2.4,3.4l2.2,1.4c1.8,1.1,3.5,2.7,3.5,5.4C83.3,51.8,81,53.9,77.4,53.9z"/> <path fill="#FC7C00" style="fill: var(--color14, #FC7C00)" d="M88.1,46.3c-0.7,0-0.8,0.1-0.8,0.8c0,2.8,1.6,5.2,4.6,5.2c0.9,0,1.7-0.3,2.6-1.4c0.3-0.1,0.5,0.1,0.5,0.3c-0.9,1.9-2.9,2.6-4.4,2.6c-1.8,0-3.2-0.8-4-1.8c-0.8-1.1-1.2-2.4-1.2-3.6c0-3.4,2.3-6.3,5.6-6.3c2.4,0,4,1.6,4,3.3c0,0.4-0.1,0.6-0.1,0.7c-0.1,0.2-0.5,0.2-1.6,0.2H88.1z M89.8,45.4c2.1,0,2.7-0.1,2.9-0.3c0.1-0.1,0.2-0.2,0.2-0.5c0-0.8-0.5-1.8-2.2-1.8c-1.6,0-3.1,1.5-3.1,2.4c0,0.1,0,0.1,0.2,0.1H89.8z"/> <path fill="#FC7C00" style="fill: var(--color14, #FC7C00)" d="M102.1,47.7c0.4-0.1,0.5-0.4,0.5-0.8l0-1.3c0-1-0.3-2.4-2-2.4c-0.8,0-1.7,0.4-1.8,1.3c0,0.4-0.1,0.8-0.3,0.9c-0.4,0.3-1.2,0.5-1.6,0.5c-0.3,0-0.4-0.1-0.4-0.4c0-1.5,3.2-3.4,5.2-3.4c2,0,3,1.2,2.9,3.3l-0.2,4.9c-0.1,1.3,0.2,2.4,1.3,2.4c0.3,0,0.5-0.1,0.7-0.2c0.1-0.1,0.3-0.2,0.4-0.2c0.1,0,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.4c0,0.1-1,1.2-2.3,1.2c-0.7,0-1.3-0.3-1.8-0.9c-0.1-0.2-0.3-0.4-0.4-0.4c-0.2,0-0.5,0.3-1.1,0.6c-0.6,0.3-1.2,0.7-2,0.7c-0.8,0-1.5-0.2-2-0.6c-0.5-0.5-0.9-1.2-0.9-2c0-1.1,0.5-1.7,2.3-2.4L102.1,47.7z M100.4,52.6c0.6,0,1.4-0.4,1.7-0.7c0.3-0.3,0.3-0.7,0.4-1.3l0.1-1.6c0-0.3-0.1-0.4-0.3-0.4c-0.2,0-0.6,0.1-1.1,0.3c-1.6,0.6-2.5,1-2.5,2.1C98.7,51.4,99,52.6,100.4,52.6z"/> <path fill="#FC7C00" style="fill: var(--color14, #FC7C00)" d="M109.5,45.4c0-1.1,0-1.2-0.8-1.7l-0.3-0.2c-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.4,0-0.5c0.6-0.2,2.1-0.9,2.8-1.4c0.1,0,0.2,0.1,0.2,0.2v1.6c0,0.1,0,0.2,0.1,0.3c1-0.8,2-1.7,3.1-1.7c0.7,0,1.3,0.4,1.3,1.1c0,0.9-0.8,1.3-1.2,1.3c-0.3,0-0.4-0.1-0.6-0.2c-0.4-0.3-0.8-0.4-1.2-0.4c-0.4,0-0.8,0.3-1,0.6c-0.3,0.4-0.4,1.2-0.4,2.2v3.8c0,2,0.1,2.3,1.1,2.4l1,0.1c0.2,0.1,0.1,0.6-0.1,0.7c-1.3-0.1-2.1-0.1-3.1-0.1c-1,0-1.8,0-2.6,0.1c-0.2-0.1-0.3-0.6-0.1-0.7l0.5-0.1c1-0.2,1.1-0.4,1.1-2.4V45.4z"/> <path fill="#FC7C00" style="fill: var(--color14, #FC7C00)" d="M126.2,42.5c0.2,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.4,1.1c0,0.5-0.3,1-0.6,1c-0.1,0-0.3-0.1-0.4-0.2c-0.6-0.8-1.6-1.5-2.8-1.5c-2,0-3.9,1.5-3.9,4.5c0,2.2,1.5,4.8,4.5,4.8c1.6,0,2.5-0.7,3.1-1.7c0.2-0.1,0.5,0.1,0.5,0.4c-0.9,2.1-3,2.8-4.7,2.8c-1.5,0-2.8-0.5-3.8-1.4c-1-0.9-1.6-2.3-1.6-4.1c0-3,2.1-6.2,6.8-6.2C124.3,42,125.4,42.2,126.2,42.5z"/> <path fill="#FC7C00" style="fill: var(--color14, #FC7C00)" d="M129.5,37.7c0-1.6,0-1.8-0.9-2.3l-0.3-0.2c-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.5,0-0.6c0.7-0.2,2-0.6,3-1.2c0.1,0,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.2c0,0.8-0.1,2.2-0.1,3.5V43c0,0.3,0,0.5,0.1,0.5c1-0.8,2.3-1.5,3.8-1.5c2.7,0,3.6,1.6,3.6,3.6v4.7c0,2,0.1,2.3,1.1,2.4l0.8,0.1c0.2,0.1,0.1,0.6-0.1,0.7c-1-0.1-1.8-0.1-2.8-0.1c-1,0-1.8,0-2.6,0.1c-0.2-0.1-0.3-0.6-0.1-0.7l0.6-0.1c1-0.2,1.1-0.4,1.1-2.4v-4c0-1.8-0.9-3-2.7-3c-0.9,0-1.7,0.3-2.2,0.8c-0.5,0.4-0.6,0.6-0.6,1.5v4.7c0,2,0.1,2.3,1.1,2.4l0.6,0.1c0.2,0.1,0.1,0.6-0.1,0.7c-0.8-0.1-1.6-0.1-2.6-0.1c-1,0-1.8,0-2.7,0.1c-0.2-0.1-0.3-0.6-0.1-0.7l0.7-0.1c1-0.1,1.1-0.4,1.1-2.4V37.7z"/> </symbol> </defs> </svg> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Cid Kaoui Saïd