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<li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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<li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">East Frisia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos-Friesland" title="Oos-Friesland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oos-Friesland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شرق فريزيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شرق فريزيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Усходняя Фрызія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усходняя Фрызія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friz_ar_Reter" title="Friz ar Reter – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Friz ar Reter" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%ADsia_Oriental" title="Frísia Oriental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frísia Oriental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Fr%C3%ADsko" title="Východní Frísko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Východní Frísko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stfrisland" title="Østfrisland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Østfrisland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostfriesland" title="Ostfriesland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ostfriesland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida-Friisimaa" title="Ida-Friisimaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ida-Friisimaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisia_oriental" title="Frisia oriental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frisia oriental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientfrislando" title="Orientfrislando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orientfrislando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_Frisia" title="Ekialdeko Frisia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko Frisia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frise_orientale" title="Frise orientale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frise orientale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastfrysl%C3%A2n" title="Eastfryslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eastfryslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesland_Timur" title="Friesland Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Friesland Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austur-Fr%C3%ADsland" title="Austur-Frísland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austur-Frísland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisia_Orientale" title="Frisia Orientale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frisia Orientale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פריזיה המזרחית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פריזיה המזרחית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisia_orientalis" title="Frisia orientalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Frisia orientalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt%C5%B3_Fryzija" title="Rytų Fryzija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rytų Fryzija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelet-Fr%C3%ADzf%C3%B6ld" title="Kelet-Frízföld – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kelet-Frízföld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Источна Фризија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Источна Фризија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oost-Friesland" title="Oost-Friesland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oost-Friesland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostfraislaand" title="Oostfraislaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oostfraislaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98st-Friesland" title="Øst-Friesland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øst-Friesland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostfreesland" title="Oostfreesland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oostfreesland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryzja_Wschodnia" title="Fryzja Wschodnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fryzja Wschodnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%ADsia_Oriental" title="Frísia Oriental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frísia Oriental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frislanda_de_Est" title="Frislanda de Est – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frislanda de Est" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Восточная Фризия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточная Фризия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aastfr%C3%A4islound" title="Aastfräislound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aastfräislound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="East Frisia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4-Friisia" title="Itä-Friisia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itä-Friisia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostfriesland" title="Ostfriesland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ostfriesland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="ฟรีเชียตะวันออก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟรีเชียตะวันออก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Східна Фризія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Східна Фризія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ost-Friesland" title="Ôost-Friesland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ôost-Friesland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0" title="东弗里斯兰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.47000°N 7.49000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.47000; 7.49000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic region in Lower Saxony, Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historic region in Lower Saxony. For the medieval county, see <a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">County of East Frisia</a>. For the peninsular region encompassing all traditionally Frisian areas in Lower Saxony, see <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia_(peninsula)" title="East Frisia (peninsula)">East Frisia (peninsula)</a>. For the World War I battleship, see <a href="/wiki/SMS_Ostfriesland" title="SMS Ostfriesland">SMS Ostfriesland</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostfriesland" class="extiw" title="de:Ostfriesland">the corresponding article</a> in German</b>.  <i><small>(April 2024)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Ostfriesland]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|de|Ostfriesland}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:East_Frisia" title="Talk:East Frisia">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Lower Saxony, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media 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.ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">East Frisia</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="de">Ostfriesland</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_East_Frisia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of East Frisia"><img alt="Flag of East Frisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_East_Frisia.svg/120px-Flag_of_East_Frisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_East_Frisia.svg/250px-Flag_of_East_Frisia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostfriesland_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of East Frisia"><img alt="Coat of arms of East Frisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ostfriesland_CoA.svg/85px-Ostfriesland_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ostfriesland_CoA.svg/128px-Ostfriesland_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ostfriesland_CoA.svg/170px-Ostfriesland_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="640" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i><a href="/wiki/Eala_Frya_Fresena" title="Eala Frya Fresena">Eala frya Fresena</a></i> <br /> "Stand up, free Frisians"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostfriesland_hervorgehoben.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="East Frisia in northwestern Lower Saxony"><img alt="East Frisia in northwestern Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ostfriesland_hervorgehoben.svg/250px-Ostfriesland_hervorgehoben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ostfriesland_hervorgehoben.svg/500px-Ostfriesland_hervorgehoben.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">East Frisia in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_Frisia&params=53_28_12_N_7_29_24_E_region:DE-NI_type:adm2nd_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°28′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°29′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.47000°N 7.49000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.47000; 7.49000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aurich_(district)" title="Aurich (district)">Aurich</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Leer_(district)" title="Leer (district)">Leer</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Wittmund_(district)" title="Wittmund (district)">Wittmund</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,142 km<sup>2</sup> (1,213 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(31 December 2020)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">468,919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">150/km<sup>2</sup> (390/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisians" title="East Frisians">East Frisian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>East Frisia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>East Friesland</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ostfriesland</i>; <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Frisian Low Saxon language">East Frisian Low Saxon</a>: <i lang="frs">Oostfräisland</i>; <a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a>: <i lang="stq">Aastfräislound</i>) is a historic region in the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. It is primarily located on the western half of the <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia_(peninsula)" title="East Frisia (peninsula)">East Frisian peninsula</a>, to the east of <a href="/wiki/West_Frisia" title="West Frisia">West Frisia</a> and to the west of <a href="/wiki/Friesland_(district)" title="Friesland (district)">Landkreis Friesland</a>. </p><p>Administratively, East Frisia consists of the districts <a href="/wiki/Aurich_(district)" title="Aurich (district)">Aurich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leer_(district)" title="Leer (district)">Leer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wittmund_(district)" title="Wittmund (district)">Wittmund</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a population of approximately 469,000 people and an area of 3,142 square kilometres (1,213 sq mi). </p><p>There is a chain of islands off the coast, called the <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Islands" title="East Frisian Islands">East Frisian Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ostfriesische Inseln</i>). From west to east, these islands are <a href="/wiki/Borkum" title="Borkum">Borkum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juist" title="Juist">Juist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norderney" title="Norderney">Norderney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltrum" title="Baltrum">Baltrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langeoog" title="Langeoog">Langeoog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiekeroog" title="Spiekeroog">Spiekeroog</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/East_Frisia" title="Special:EditPage/East Frisia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The geographical region of East Frisia was inhabited in Paleolithic times by reindeer hunters of the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_culture" title="Hamburg culture">Hamburg culture</a>. Later there were Mesolithic and Neolithic settlements of various cultures. The period after prehistory can only be reconstructed from archaeological evidence. Access to the early history of East Frisia is possible in part through archaeology and in part through the studying of external sources such as Roman documents. The first proven historical event was the arrival of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Navy">fleet</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a> in 12 BC; the ships sailed into the course of the Ems river and returned. </p><p>The earlier settlements, known solely through material remnants but whose people's name for themselves remains unknown, led up to the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic">Ingvaeonic</a> group. Those were <a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a> mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>. The region between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Ems_(river)" title="Ems (river)">Ems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> was thereupon inhabited by the Chauci; however, after the second century AD there is no mention of the Chauci. They were partly displaced by Frisian expansion after about 500, and were later partially absorbed into the Frisian society. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> also settled the region and the East Frisian population of medieval times is based on a mixture of Frisian and Saxon elements. Nevertheless, the Frisian element is predominant in the coastal area, while the population of the higher <a href="/wiki/Geest" title="Geest">Geest</a> area expresses more Saxon influence. </p><p>Historical information becomes clearer by early Carolingian time, when a <a href="/wiki/Frisian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisian kingdom">Frisian kingdom</a> united the whole area from present-day West Frisia (the Dutch provinces of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a>) throughout East Frisia up to the river <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>. It was ruled by kings like the famous <a href="/wiki/Redbad,_King_of_the_Frisians" class="mw-redirect" title="Redbad, King of the Frisians">Radbod</a> whose known names were still mentioned in folk tales until recent times. Frisia was a short-lived kingdom, and it was crushed by <a href="/wiki/Pippin_of_Herstal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pippin of Herstal">Pippin of Herstal</a> in 689. East Frisia then became part of the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles the Great">Charles the Great</a> then divided East Frisia into two counties. At this time, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianization</a> by the missionaries <a href="/wiki/Ludger" title="Ludger">Liudger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willehad" title="Willehad">Willehad</a> started; one part of East Frisia became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Bremen">diocese of Bremen</a>, the other the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_M%C3%BCnster" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Münster">diocese of Münster</a>. </p><p>With the decay of the Carolingian empire, East Frisia lost its former bindings, and a unity of independent self-governed districts was established. Their elections were held every year to choose the "Redjeven" (councillors), who had to be judges as well as administrators or governors. This system prevented the establishment of a feudalistic system in East Frisia during medieval times. Frisians regarded themselves as free people not obliged to any foreign authority. This period is called the time of the "Friesische Freiheit" (Frisian freedom) and is represented by the still well-known salute "<a href="/wiki/Eala_Frya_Fresena" title="Eala Frya Fresena">Eala Frya Fresena</a>" (Get Up, Free Frisian!) that affirmed the non-existence of any feudality. Frisian representatives of the many districts of the seven coastal areas of Frisia met once a year at the <a href="/wiki/Upstalsboom" title="Upstalsboom">Upstalsboom</a>, located at Rahe (near <a href="/wiki/Aurich" title="Aurich">Aurich</a>). </p><p>In the early Middle Ages, people could only settle on the higher situated <i><a href="/wiki/Geest" title="Geest">Geest</a></i> areas or by erecting in the marsh-areas "<a href="/wiki/Artificial_dwelling_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial dwelling hill">Warften</a>", artificial hills to protect the settlement, whether a single farming estate or a whole village, against the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> floods. </p><p>In about 1000 AD the Frisians started building large dikes along the North Sea shore. This had a great effect on establishing a feeling of national identity and independence. Until the late Middle Ages Ostfriesland resisted the attempts of German states to conquer the coasts. </p><p>During the 14th century adherence to the Redjeven constitution decayed. Catastrophes and epidemics such as pestilence intensified the process of destabilization. This provided an opportunity for influential family-clans to establish a new rule. As <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_chieftains" title="East Frisian chieftains">chieftains</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>: "hovedlinge"; in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">standard German</a>: "Fürsten") they took control over villages, cities, and regions in East Frisia; however, they still did not establish a feudal system as it was known in the rest of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Instead, the system implemented in Frisia was a system of fellowship which has some similarity to older forms of rule known from Germanic cultures of the North. There was a specific relation of dependence between the inhabitants of the ruled area and the chieftain, but the people retained their individual freedom and could move where they wanted. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boat_on_Ems_in_Leer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Boat_on_Ems_in_Leer.jpg/220px-Boat_on_Ems_in_Leer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Boat_on_Ems_in_Leer.jpg/330px-Boat_on_Ems_in_Leer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Boat_on_Ems_in_Leer.jpg/440px-Boat_on_Ems_in_Leer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> West bank of the Ems River in Leer.</figcaption></figure><p>The Frisians controlled the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Ems_(river)" title="Ems (river)">Ems</a> river and threatened the ships coming down the river. For this reason the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Oldenburg" title="County of Oldenburg">County of Oldenburg</a> made several attempts to subjugate East Frisia during the 12th century. Thanks to the swampy terrain, the Frisian peasants defeated the Oldenburgian armies every time. In 1156 even <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a> failed to conquer the region. The conflicts lasted for the next few centuries. In the 14th century Oldenburg gave up on plans to conquer Ostfriesland, restricting their attacks to irregular invasions, killing livestock then leaving. </p><p>The East Frisian chieftains used to provide shelter for pirates such as the famous <a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Michaelsen" title="Gottfried Michaelsen">Gottfried Michaelsen</a>, who were a threat to the ships of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> which they attacked and robbed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1400 a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> of the Hanseatic League against East Frisia succeeded. The chieftains had to promise to discontinue their support for the pirates. In 1402 Störtebeker, who was not a Frisian by birth, was captured and executed in Hamburg. </p><p>The range of power and influence differed between the chieftains. Some clans achieved a predominant state. One of these was the <a href="/wiki/Tom_Broks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Broks">Tom Broks</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Brokmerland" title="Brokmerland">Brokmerland</a> (nowadays: <a href="/wiki/Brookmerland" title="Brookmerland">Brookmerland</a>) who ruled a large part of Eastern Friesland over several generations until a former follower, <a href="/wiki/Focko_Ukena" title="Focko Ukena">Focko Ukena</a> from <a href="/wiki/Leer,_Lower_Saxony" title="Leer, Lower Saxony">Leer</a>, defeated the last Tom Brok. But a party of opposing chieftains under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Cirksena" title="Cirksena">Cirksenas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Greetsiel" title="Greetsiel">Greetsiel</a> defeated and expelled Fokko, who later died near Groningen. </p><p>After 1465 one of the last chieftains from the house of Cirksena was made a <a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">count</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Frederick III</a> and accepted the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. However, in 1514 the emperor ordered that a duke of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> should be the heir to the count of East Frisia. <a href="/wiki/Edzard_I_of_East_Frisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edzard I of East Frisia">Count Edzard of East Frisia</a> refused to accept this order and was outlawed. Twenty-four German dukes and princes invaded Frisia with their armies. Despite their numerical superiority they failed to defeat Edzard, and in 1517 the emperor had to accept Edzard and his descendants as <a href="/wiki/Count_of_East_Frisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of East Frisia">counts of East Frisia</a>. </p><p>East Frisia played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> period. <a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> church, found refuge there. </p><p>In 1654 the counts of East Frisia, seated at Aurich, were elevated to the rank of princes. Their power, however, remained limited because of a number of factors. Externally East Frisia became a satellite of the Netherlands, Dutch garrisons being stationed in different cities permanently. Important cities like Emden were autonomously administered by their citizens, the Prince not having much influence on them. A Frisian Parliament, the Ostfreesk Landschaft, was an assembly of different social groups of East Frisia, jealously protecting the traditional rights and freedoms of the Frisians against the Prince. East Frisian independence ended in 1744, when the region was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> after the last Cirksena prince had died without issue. There was no resistance to this takeover, since it had been arranged by contract beforehand. Prussia respected the traditional autonomy of the Frisians, governed by the Frisian chancellor Sebastian Homfeld. </p><p>In 1806 East Frisia (now called Oostfreesland) was annexed by the Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a> and later became part of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>. Most of East Frisia was renamed the Département Ems-Oriental, while a small strip of land, the Rheiderland, became part of the Dutch Département Ems-Occidental. The French <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Emperor Napoléon I</a> undertook the greatest reform of Frisian society in history: He introduced mayors, where the local administration was still in the hands of autonomous groups of elders (like the Diekgreven, Kerkenolderlings etc.), introduced the Code Civil and reformed the ancient Frisian naming system by newly introducing family names in 1811. In the following years the East Frisians registered their family names, often depending on their father's name, area or (if unfree) master. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> East Frisia was occupied first by Prussian and then by Russian soldiers and in 1813 was it was re-annexed by Prussia. However, in 1815, Prussia had to cede East Frisia to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>, which itself was annexed by Prussia in 1866. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostfriesland_um_1300.png" class="mw-file-description" title="East Frisia at the time of East Frisian chieftains in 1300"><img alt="East Frisia at the time of East Frisian chieftains in 1300" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ostfriesland_um_1300.png/200px-Ostfriesland_um_1300.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ostfriesland_um_1300.png/300px-Ostfriesland_um_1300.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ostfriesland_um_1300.png/400px-Ostfriesland_um_1300.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">East Frisia at the time of <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_chieftains" title="East Frisian chieftains">East Frisian chieftains</a> in 1300</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jever_Ostfriesland_1500.png" class="mw-file-description" title="County of East Frisia in 1500"><img alt="County of East Frisia in 1500" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jever_Ostfriesland_1500.png/200px-Jever_Ostfriesland_1500.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jever_Ostfriesland_1500.png/300px-Jever_Ostfriesland_1500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jever_Ostfriesland_1500.png/400px-Jever_Ostfriesland_1500.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">County of East Frisia in 1500</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HRR_1789_EN_detail.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principality of East Frisia within the Holy Roman Empire in 1789"><img alt="Principality of East Frisia within the Holy Roman Empire in 1789" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HRR_1789_EN_detail.png/250px-HRR_1789_EN_detail.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HRR_1789_EN_detail.png/330px-HRR_1789_EN_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HRR_1789_EN_detail.png/500px-HRR_1789_EN_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Principality of East Frisia within the Holy Roman Empire in 1789</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Kingdom_of_Holland_1807-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Dutch departement of Oost Friesland (upper right) in 1807"><img alt="Royal Dutch departement of Oost Friesland (upper right) in 1807" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_Kingdom_of_Holland_1807-en.svg/126px-Map_Kingdom_of_Holland_1807-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="126" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_Kingdom_of_Holland_1807-en.svg/189px-Map_Kingdom_of_Holland_1807-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_Kingdom_of_Holland_1807-en.svg/253px-Map_Kingdom_of_Holland_1807-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="2258" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Dutch departement of Oost Friesland (upper right) in 1807</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostfriesland_Verkehr-de.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="German Ostfriesland in 2008"><img alt="German Ostfriesland in 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ostfriesland_Verkehr-de.svg/196px-Ostfriesland_Verkehr-de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="196" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ostfriesland_Verkehr-de.svg/293px-Ostfriesland_Verkehr-de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ostfriesland_Verkehr-de.svg/391px-Ostfriesland_Verkehr-de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German Ostfriesland in 2008</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The landscape is influenced by its proximity to the North Sea. The East Frisian Islands stretch for 90 kilometres along the coast. They offer dunes and sand beaches, though in their center they have grass and woods as well. The area between the islands and the coast is unique in the world: the tide leaves a broad stretch of <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflat</a> with <a href="/wiki/Creek_(tidal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek (tidal)">creeks</a> that attract an extraordinary number of species, worms and crabs as well as birds or <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>. For this reason, the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Heritage Fund declared the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a>, which had already been a national park, a global heritage site.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Away from the coastal area, much of the physical geography is <a href="/wiki/Geest_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geest (topography)">"Geest" and Heathland</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morze_Wattowe.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wadden Sea"><img alt="Wadden Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Morze_Wattowe.png/250px-Morze_Wattowe.png" decoding="async" width="191" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Morze_Wattowe.png/330px-Morze_Wattowe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Morze_Wattowe.png/382px-Morze_Wattowe.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wadden Sea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D90_221.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of Langeoog"><img alt="Aerial view of Langeoog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D90_221.jpg/240px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D90_221.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D90_221.jpg/360px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D90_221.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D90_221.jpg/480px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D90_221.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Langeoog" title="Langeoog">Langeoog</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebelostfriesland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morning fog in East Frisia, 2003"><img alt="Morning fog in East Frisia, 2003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nebelostfriesland.jpg/230px-Nebelostfriesland.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nebelostfriesland.jpg/345px-Nebelostfriesland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nebelostfriesland.jpg/460px-Nebelostfriesland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Morning fog in East Frisia, 2003</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_cuisine" title="Lower Saxon cuisine">Lower Saxon cuisine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original language of East Frisia was <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Frisian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Frisian language">East Frisian</a>, which now is almost <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>, largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a>. Original East Frisian survived somewhat longer in several remote places as for example in the islands, such as <a href="/wiki/Wangerooge" title="Wangerooge">Wangerooge</a>. Today a modern variant of East Frisian can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Saterland" title="Saterland">Saterland</a>, a district near East Frisia. In former times people from East Frisia who left their homes under pressure had settled in that remote area surrounded by moors and kept their inherited language alive. This language which forms the smallest language-island in Europe is called <a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a> or, by its own name, <i>Seeltersk</i>. It is spoken by about 1000 people. </p><p><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a> (or Eastern Friesland Low Saxon, as some people prefer to say for a better distinction from East Frisian, which is Frisian but not Low Saxon) is a variant of <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> with many of its own features due to the Frisian substrate and some other influences originating in the varied history of East Frisia. It is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Gronings" class="mw-redirect" title="Gronings">Gronings</a> dialect spoken in the adjacent Netherlands province of Groningen. </p><p>In modern Germany, East Frisians in general are the traditional butt of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">ethnic jokes</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to Polish jokes in the United States. This is mainly the case in the North.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tea">Tea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tee_mit_sahne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tee_mit_sahne.jpg/250px-Tee_mit_sahne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tee_mit_sahne.jpg/330px-Tee_mit_sahne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tee_mit_sahne.jpg/500px-Tee_mit_sahne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption>A cup of East Frisian tea with cream</figcaption></figure> <p>In an otherwise <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> drinking country, East Frisia is noted for its consumption of <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">tea culture</a>. Per capita, the East Frisian people drink more tea than any other people group, about 300 litres per person every year.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strong <a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">black tea</a> is served whenever there are visitors to an East Frisian home or other gathering, as well as with breakfast, in mid-afternoon and mid-evening. The tea is sweetened with <i>kluntjes</i>, a rock candy sugar that melts slowly, allowing multiple cups to be sweetened.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy cream is also used to flavour the tea. The tea is generally served in traditional small cups, with little cookies during the week and cake during special occasions or on weekends as a special treat. Some of the most common traditional cakes and pastries to accompany tea are <a href="/wiki/Apple_strudel" title="Apple strudel">apple strudel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_forest_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Black forest cake">black forest cake</a>, and other cakes flavored with chocolate and hazelnut. </p><p>Brown <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, mixed with <i>kluntjes</i> and left for several months, is also added to black tea in the winter. The tea is alleged to cure headaches, stomach problems, and stress, among many other ailments. </p><p>The tea is not only a kind of beverage for the population, but also part of its cultural tradition. Over the years the region developed a unique tea ceremony that can be strictly observed in older households. As a part of these rules, the oldest woman in the round has to serve the other guests with tea, starting with the second oldest and then going down in age regardless of gender. The "kluntje" must be placed inside the teacup before the tea is poured right on top of it. After that some heavy cream is added carefully just as a top layer so it can make "clouds" (wulkjes) that swim on the tea itself. It's then forbidden to stir the tea, so the layers stay mild, strong and then sweet from top to bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the area of East Frisia, the tea can also be poured out of the cup into its saucer and drunk from there. If you don't want any more tea, you have to put your spoon into the cup or else the host will refill your cup immediately after everyone in the round finished their current cup of tea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>East Frisia is predominantly Protestant. In <a href="/wiki/Rheiderland" title="Rheiderland">Rheiderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krummh%C3%B6rn" title="Krummhörn">Krummhörn</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>) is the dominant church, while in Leer, Norden and Aurich the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> are the dominant church. However, the main church of the Reformed Christians is in Leer. There are 266,000 Lutherans and about 80,000 Reformed<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – so about 346,000 of the approximately 465,000 citizens of East Frisia profess one of the two denominations. The Concordat of Emden in 1599 set rules for the cooperation of Lutherans and Calvinists in the county of East Frisia. Since then it is a special feature of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Landeskirche" title="Landeskirche">Landeskirchen</a> in East Frisia, that Lutherans and Calvinists are members of each other's local church communities in places, where only one of both exists.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>East Frisia is a rural area. However, there are some industrial sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> car factory in Emden and the <a href="/wiki/Enercon" title="Enercon">Enercon</a> (windturbine) company in <a href="/wiki/Aurich" title="Aurich">Aurich</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leer,_Lower_Saxony" title="Leer, Lower Saxony">Leer</a> is, after <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, the second most important location for <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a> companies in Germany. Although just on the other side of the border to <a href="/wiki/Emsland" title="Emsland">Emsland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Werft" title="Meyer Werft">Meyer Werft</a> is an important employer for East Frisians as well. Main industrial sites are the harbours of <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leer,_Lower_Saxony" title="Leer, Lower Saxony">Leer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a> east of East Frisia. </p><p>Around 1900, many people left East Frisia due to lack of jobs and emigrated to the United States or elsewhere. Today the region is again suffering from the loss of young educated people, who go away to find better employment in, for example, southern Germany. Many communities face a rising number of aged people, creating structural problems in the future. There are few academic jobs in the area, and those are focused on engineering. The closest universities are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oldenburg" title="University of Oldenburg">University of Oldenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a> is located in Emden. The former nautical academy in Leer merged with Fachhochschule Emden in 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_East_Frisian_people" title="List of East Frisian people">List of East Frisian people</a></div><p>The people of East Frisia have close cultural ties to those of <a href="/wiki/West_Frisia" title="West Frisia">West Frisia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/North_Frisia" title="North Frisia">North Frisia</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Jutland_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutland peninsula">Jutland peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">County of East Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisians" title="East Frisians">East Frisians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_jokes" title="East Frisian jokes">East Frisian jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Islands" title="Frisian Islands">Frisian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saterland" title="Saterland">Saterland</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/ol/index.jsp?id=109">Satzung der Ostfriesischen Landschaft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101218225446/http://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/ol/index.jsp?id=109">Archived</a> 2010-12-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Artikel I (Grundsätze), Absatz 2: „Ostfriesland umfaßt die kommunalen Gebietskörperschaften Landkreise Aurich, Leer und Wittmund sowie Stadt Emden.“</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interfriesischerrat.de/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=6">Homepage des Interfriesischens Rats</a>: Das östliche Friesland innerhalb des deutschen Bundeslandes Niedersachsen von der niederländischen Grenze bis jenseits der Wesermündung. Es wird häufig Ost-Friesland genannt oder insgesamt <i>(nicht ganz korrekt) als Ostfriesland bezeichnet</i>. Es umfasst <i>das eigentliche Ostfriesland</i>, das oldenburger Friesland (Friesische Wehde, Jeverland, Wilhelmshaven), das ehemalige Rüstringen (Butjadingen u.a.), das Land Wursten und andere Gebiete. (Hervorhebungen nachträglich für das Zitat)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090630130019/http://www.nationalpark-wattenmeer.niedersachsen.de/master/C56191270_N56190322_L20_D0_I5912119.html">"Nationalpark Wattenmeer"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalpark-wattenmeer.niedersachsen.de/master/C56191270_N56190322_L20_D0_I5912119.html">the original</a> on 2009-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationalpark+Wattenmeer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalpark-wattenmeer.niedersachsen.de%2Fmaster%2FC56191270_N56190322_L20_D0_I5912119.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Frisia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAuswärtiges_Amt2006" class="citation web cs1">Auswärtiges Amt (28 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703214011/http://www.eu2007.de/en/Germany/Bundeslaender/Niedersachsen/facts.html">"EU2007.de – Facts and Figures"</a>. <i>eu2007.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu2007.de/en/Germany/Bundeslaender/Niedersachsen/facts.html">the original</a> on 3 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eu2007.de&rft.atitle=EU2007.de+%E2%80%93+Facts+and+Figures&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft.au=Ausw%C3%A4rtiges+Amt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eu2007.de%2Fen%2FGermany%2FBundeslaender%2FNiedersachsen%2Ffacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Frisia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531103723/https://www.teeverband.de/fileadmin/user_upload/WFT_2017_DE.pdf"><i>Tee als Wirtschaftsfaktor 2017</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), Deutscher Teeverband e.V., p. 5, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teeverband.de/fileadmin/user_upload/WFT_2017_DE.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-31</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tee+als+Wirtschaftsfaktor+2017&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Deutscher+Teeverband+e.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teeverband.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FWFT_2017_DE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Frisia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703214011/http://www.eu2007.de/en/Germany/Bundeslaender/Niedersachsen/facts.html">"Facts and Figures: Teatime in East Frisia"</a>. <i>EU2007.de</i>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office (Germany)">Federal Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu2007.de/en/Germany/Bundeslaender/Niedersachsen/facts.html">the original</a> on 2007-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EU2007.de&rft.atitle=Facts+and+Figures%3A+Teatime+in+East+Frisia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eu2007.de%2Fen%2FGermany%2FBundeslaender%2FNiedersachsen%2Ffacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Frisia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2013" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Ian (22 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/24/travel/in-northern-germany-a-robust-tea-culture.html">"In Northern Germany, a Robust Tea Culture"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Northern+Germany%2C+a+Robust+Tea+Culture&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F24%2Ftravel%2Fin-northern-germany-a-robust-tea-culture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Frisia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719084902/http://www.sprengel-ostfriesland.de/statistik/statistik.html#spitze">"Sprengel Statistik"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprengel-ostfriesland.de/statistik/statistik.html#spitze">the original</a> on 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sprengel+Statistik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprengel-ostfriesland.de%2Fstatistik%2Fstatistik.html%23spitze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Frisia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reformiert.de/ostfriesland.html">"Ostfriesland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ostfriesland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freformiert.de%2Fostfriesland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Frisia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/East-Friesland">"East Friesland | cultural region, Germany"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=East+Friesland+%7C+cultural+region%2C+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FEast-Friesland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Frisia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:East_Frisia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:East Frisia">East Frisia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ostfriesland-tourism.com">Ostfriesland Tourismus</a> — Official tourist website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/lowersaxony.htm">Map of Lower Saxony in 1789</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template talk:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories and provinces of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> (1525–1947)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" title="Brandenburg–Prussia">Before 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Cleves</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">Ravensberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">1614</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Farther Pomerania</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halberstadt" title="Principality of Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">1648</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg–Bütow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Draheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">1657</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Duchy of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1680)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Colonies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">St. Thomas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">After 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1707)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Guelders" title="Prussian Guelders">Guelders</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">1713</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minden-Ravensberg" title="Minden-Ravensberg">Minden-Ravensberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1719)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">1720</a> / 1815)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kladsko" title="County of Kladsko">Glatz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau" title="Treaty of Breslau">1742</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">East Frisia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1744)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">East</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">1772–73</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">1793</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">1795</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">Post-Congress of<br />Vienna</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">(1814–15)</a></span></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Principality of Neuchâtel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1814–1848)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1822)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1824–1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1850)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">1866–68</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Territorial reforms<br />after 1918</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia" title="Province of Lower Silesia">Lower</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Province of Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">1919</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Berlin_Act" title="Greater Berlin Act">Greater Berlin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle-Merseburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Magdeburg" title="Province of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Kurhessen" title="Province of Kurhessen">Kurhessen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nassau" title="Province of Nassau">Nassau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Became <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a> in 1848.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>2</small></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_the_Lower_Rhine" title="Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_and_landscapes_of_Lower_Saxony50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_and_landscapes_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Regions and landscapes of Lower Saxony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_and_landscapes_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Template talk:Regions and landscapes of Lower Saxony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_and_landscapes_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions and landscapes of Lower Saxony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_and_landscapes_of_Lower_Saxony50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscapes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim-Verden_Geest" title="Achim-Verden Geest">Achim-Verden Geest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altes_Land" title="Altes Land">Altes Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammerland" title="Ammerland">Ammerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Land" title="Brunswick Land">Brunswick Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calenberg_Land" title="Calenberg Land">Calenberg Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichsfeld" title="Eichsfeld">Eichsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbe%E2%80%93Weser_triangle" title="Elbe–Weser triangle">Elbe–Weser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsland_(region)" title="Emsland (region)">Emsland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Bentheim_(district)" title="County of Bentheim (district)">County of Bentheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Hadeln" title="Land Hadeln">Land Hadeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Wursten" title="Land Wursten">Land Wursten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim_B%C3%B6rde" title="Hildesheim Börde">Hildesheim Börde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCmmling" title="Hümmling">Hümmling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innerste_Uplands" title="Innerste Uplands">Innerste Uplands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehdingen" title="Kehdingen">Kehdingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leine_Uplands" title="Leine Uplands">Leine Uplands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Lüneburg Heath">Lüneburg Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Weser_Region" title="Middle Weser Region">Middle Weser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_Land" title="Oldenburg Land">Oldenburg Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_M%C3%BCnsterland" title="Oldenburg Münsterland">Oldenburg Münsterland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_Land" title="Osnabrück Land">Osnabrück Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalia" title="Eastphalia">Eastphalia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaumburg_Land" title="Schaumburg Land">Schaumburg Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solling" title="Solling">Solling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lower_Saxony" title="South Lower Saxony">South Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Geest" title="Stade Geest">Stade Geest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCchow-Dannenberg" title="Lüchow-Dannenberg">Wendland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser_Uplands" title="Weser Uplands">Weser Uplands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCmme_Depression" title="Wümme Depression">Wümme Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeven_Geest" title="Zeven Geest">Zeven Geest</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lower Saxony"><img alt="Lower Saxony" 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