CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913493fa5d0a3dad',cH: 'sNF5nWUCquSXjJmA_pdMnm.9cz6PTfywZ0bUJW5JxrQ-1739782731-1.2.1.1-uDtYHkjzSyQjJ.YqXnbUxsSuYy4Ndr3kxwE97vpxCtnvKb8GL579BKmQlEAb._I8',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=primary%20school&__cf_chl_tk=Vk.RgCoKglEpmJSkl2OVFxybGFsx01_1UiPCq3OYZ2A-1739782731-1.0.1.1-cGYKqTMpSzdERSibetRZy6EJ.U9VL2swkzMGwXDZ1fk",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739782731',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=primary%20school&__cf_chl_f_tk=Vk.RgCoKglEpmJSkl2OVFxybGFsx01_1UiPCq3OYZ2A-1739782731-1.0.1.1-cGYKqTMpSzdERSibetRZy6EJ.U9VL2swkzMGwXDZ1fk",md: "Qe2vXhA_uNkKKPpbWFm9RwRqZhIvpw6l61iwhK1j6nE-1739782731-1.2.1.1-pjwvUSHMGy.YVrxlpuvcF4Pbl0hcjUVJCrMgcLEMfbVo70w9cO0ZqiPUQX.MLi4RypDPQNDRdZW.JV06jr9uEuE9EflT_lwUE4U6_DZfx3sgOzkVsJkUeH5VU5z1uzCj0ZeSGmJV_jUH732cb1yGrIsvdEvjZvSDfjdU1x9UIVOOY8fIJpvYtHdip._JGoyj6UNjtNWGvr9GByK3P28Uf4JYodF3a7hGMb_DHCf2Dic3KjiuOUuQhjQJQNA.cKxhSLp3Rq7bRS_1OAxlan3xZHfuHF.weioTnvbymExpOkR3.sR87sdFt5lWA3YvfIcSNwf9WPSNfvIXxNdvYvpYBD3OOZlFnOxEfSJd9l5jNqgSUTY058R5XFJ8QL.viB9jLPOzOk1WnObDbcaj73NsvGiOJrifyzH553k6S1xpNZbzWR9QlIl.l1QlB1dkgIvpYoA99qfOyVe1Zvne1ly7XLELA0vpeKmcSNd7ZhDEgBaQuiLFjqYyHt9p_nZolQyTSK7bZyIYAHmIsvEV2YvIT8GM_iNtftZAOF_Rj30fd8mKqCAovi7ia2obB5xOf1TUmtZQ3oKX6LyZTTukbD5tXNKAt103wGzj6a.XUd_NtuvPNdaeSoXloJX51K.sbKMdqmpXOA.J4gDOlMPasTAkcj5MGuM8RFKzsdXmjCxvNyOwendwM45VWGkL.H7RbMGSXvxqdmGfrHh1l7OX7UX.0_mPDUzXWy46SeM1MAIUpEpq4F.PHDlF_mpFU9nqWU_3ORZViMwi2Nhs1lZQXhyyk1u6K_fPEZVrEYJqd6eIf4hHodWtNwXYpWsjgfMiKSly1UVuGMRaO4K.zNlcy9qArSSRUVHwIzNxlVTINolIrCrLM8tWWVI20MlhljsMypm3JGcAmraRXWMW.ORvgFRZ9is2sh2l.dJpbC56L5O2UATKQpEdFJi85bekZ1P35mFVuuTLfJxjk13tj0oknkjcHq2KkE8VlFvIIJtLvJXncqKhyYj0iS49k1t.dFRDE3.ZhieJQkpBSxyJV3jB8meevNWZ.LqJqHzmU46xw_7a93MU5jN5M06ulwwg9YX7YsGMpIVkdZ.52j1iyf0q_pCTmXPqKCX6eoiRb9Q3F7wpRU4Vb60mLZw6HOHcvaWZPlagAr4lV5uq2azrXnU.MumjeOfiHZxI28v4B5gfVdeKIRjEi7CchCe5rTcuiWymxSw1CqUVxfeDwvedPWGx4dMZHlSLIHzTYkJGmZvWsnSgpGcs12FxNpKTm8Yjg0siYtqtnqlO.Y4PN.ScudVCJukUhO6ymQoeO1iQztZpUSad9NhpcN0fxM6W5S1PV8TRFBRjdP8rkIEt07JCe25lrNKnbIGUtZVH6zDDAc5u3Q5QBgWDoDWsQtsvnF76ZJNkn5UYNrL7jrg7XT9P9PME9dH.G_bRrHhjN_z1djQcZZY8Bely6oJIpuTegkqpwEGcJUEhm6yJa5ZeElUbqMbne5e4rWnScdcGTc8X6hs_8pxel2LcYNd4txYEx2y2WOtC5iDnPp.KLKRIi8s3iccYG2NmNAMqjRKyp7cILGsFr690TwwEFSBKX6ePeCtQpObP1GECx0Lpsd4I8CE7bOm2GN4aO5r30cKZa0xpHodhsQGU9IImhj6gdXnc_OvOB6tGeOPUbX_AtbhSj9nKjVPcfGyAaOSJRByrkeqozHCZrg3vORmyOS.YDLJUfHg0TdnaYqK6tGCW9z3F2ZRxb3uVbxeUSvRgSGFnjeLXrMkl63F_ZCVIemAWD4oV7NcctLcTf33kGyQbgwwYUSbZA7Q355Bytq6n9h2c3l_iF.RJBDL1guzFbzaNiMx67LeTWv0xo0fq3sEEccEiGbb55oC0EDKpt9sVlj1YeiXHGDx25EjPL3zSwCWGzF3VUisY4sGdikjpq.cN1aoLozBiXeu3bNBaIJEf0cNxfjAZp2IfChKJeIo",mdrd: "aRggezhXoy5J1YDyEw__XMj4awiGuTlh_ubuHKXWFso-1739782731-1.2.1.1-9eqkLB4YzBMyUGt9zctT03AmgARVWH9RPPHZrmvLrliXMGkAObEwXmVBHZ1ikWKcf97bierBXSt87oPjW257jhsFqvjwXn0ngMH.mb6Jw3ivNA8m5lU0dug_8j8sS8uaohNlB.8.2mSojVydx8boG1fG5sWO5QJ0Fs.A.fHpDT0A_GJcUCgnj5QjctbzANzckIvNNTrnw9reiUVCZhKuGmR2D8UHK7qyR4e8yLiu9idrKz8P7g40uFvXB_OT2.hY95MahXo5xvUCOfwsCKHoMyah0YCIebhsiSRPC3YTG56WqSEF62R3h4xAUdcaF.LY75WtYXt3Xy1LFJuTS5ZkWGAxtqoHPEURvpd8UnLyNbplmtPZfmsTa5IZMNVSAJj7RZ.bw9RvZutEoWgXIXtB2mFdRYiLBZkrNEtd0zYvM1W3hx5X.nvb2mlePMknmV0f8QhQZz46gwaCFkDcohMZyHiLJiyYtIsvNUbdfBz8HM1jJmm8Caz6Ynth4Pss6FLgZfYcARq4aTjleuTUb.Dl3MMfbsTdt175MHyWvGTi51BEGGlrr.AfYm3ovCODvLXElrTJZS67WwpjH7tda99U6hozviUR3AToyXcFJrtv6L064J7F2dAqwHK9LYPxvgarrZSg.31bLzOj3PeLcN0A8WD..j6kQOOq5N0yIJuTzhDKTd5mkJyf_ufe0UVOsXxFW6W7OuXzSN1NzyW5jKN6IPQvfVBUYWWU43asBR7AvUWIYg0KjrNQTomKog6RVTfVWj1UsCh9xE_T_83aDhLWnQdDuS7U.r5OeSoRqnMQ4hGbeuTQqPasZI0GvRj9lejzy2VNVOvLPb9aJ4ueGs9P53sx1YzVyy_95hEbuBonUud4v.c58XzEgIyboIz5JFkOU3OECEtPsSy7e4eErszMOZy7n0U0PE6sF4Lm.dln7gbIk4ITBCcwb.I5B9sQzhfY2zPqp8gOuV7QosDIkrpqpb.5.lebeu.fL2VExzjDH7E3O3EsDTSYJTylXHUx2yicdBx.3IC1AASIRRk4A9CFF2iUqk_GO3wjmyrGfiMaTESUHK3BkOxTVan.RNP0cxuvBjz1T4BmHYaIl22eX7FC9cZU20k8KjdVWGh_x7X._vjYVQnuU2eF2P_kfmxAajYuIaZNP9KW6P7xZ7LH1jvSjcr9bKF7SSePo5.TqnxjJAgr_lyRKpgH3O70Sy1AFKI.a1TEeM38480.vNZIDaXMbGtUq7Oj36MC58lYya3AyfVJ1P7nQi1gD4FAlddsAsj2l5JkALZpVLVMjVb_6mP5lZ3qaNPF75lfr3LD.U1UxEy_jUwRLOL7bqIFonSC6CwzcZirPxo8kYoAt7C6gE66dJky9ndGuBC.kG9S95AbNC7Krgff7Tu8rtja5hQAuYvdJaSeA4P7urzUSiNVfAcS2EN.zGrNhcAu81o.CcIXcQCmm2IaYNfWXv5FnFEsOOrzov83sJ.0pydxHUapf6nxWxJOJTnlaeBkRqajn5t5a2tjFpHQS.ECNtjmE_.OQDIIXwbJMcHQr3pD3e9uDrqaf_Bjsegpw6tLV91KKf25AZMNhx3kZhXrh39pQ2aiVUV17uGeKWphU_oP3FiAJ0IfiEnPDnpoxHaf1PdE5Iq0gKpHdzGCv93GQd0XaBGittOWIEjeeVWtlHT7rbnmKhXGu2jWU.y.Riq9UOyO4akMACLkAwO_jYdBD7CwUNUD_TJaO611R6H.jn1aHNzxPsyFzDoZs6hK4rgsSZM48zCIqyh3KH.ZaUaBNApeexIaaPejn.UqlozoF1NBxDkYK.Z.dCilLid..FUI1Ct5fV5FW7PGkckdgBZ8GXjI1NpLH5dZZ3FL_Gr7gvSrVzhgAj6pS2VWvbew9fcTOZNRwqEAjQWJ7Tvd3VNSUDgP8.NE9hnfehoDmdIy0VW9rYA3Uh2ZAs16Es.Fzs3LSLSc6LL0_FEyMPaSnTkn.JtwGRMf6hn3953_kGhLGwvLQBIvRuHHsA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913493fa5d0a3dad';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=primary%20school&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Vk.RgCoKglEpmJSkl2OVFxybGFsx01_1UiPCq3OYZ2A-1739782731-1.0.1.1-cGYKqTMpSzdERSibetRZy6EJ.U9VL2swkzMGwXDZ1fk" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>