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class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Religious revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Holocaust_Museum_in_Skopje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Holocaust_Museum_in_Skopje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>The Holocaust Museum in Skopje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Holocaust_Museum_in_Skopje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External 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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B9%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Төньяҡ Македония йәһүдтәренең тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төньяҡ Македония йәһүдтәренең тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_Juden_in_Nordmazedonien" title="Geschichte der Juden in Nordmazedonien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte der Juden in Nordmazedonien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%95%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιστορία των Εβραίων στη Βόρεια Μακεδονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία των Εβραίων στη Βόρεια Μακεδονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تاریخ یهودیان در مقدونیه شمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ یهودیان در مقدونیه شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_des_Juifs_en_Mac%C3%A9doine_du_Nord" title="Histoire des Juifs en Macédoine du Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire des Juifs en Macédoine du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorya_de_los_djudios_en_Makedonia" title="Istorya de los djudios en Makedonia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Istorya de los djudios en Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја на Евреите во Македонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Евреите во Македонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История евреев в Северной Македонии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История евреев в Северной Македонии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Историја Јевреја у Северној Македонији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Јевреја у Северној Македонији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Історія євреїв в Північній Македонії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія євреїв в Північній Македонії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3409789#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_North_Macedonia" title="Category:History of North Macedonia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">History of<br />North Macedonia</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Chronological</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="North Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karposh%27s_rebellion" title="Karposh's rebellion">Karposh's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden Uprising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Republic" title="Kruševo Republic">Kruševo Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikve%C5%A1_uprising" title="Tikveš uprising">Tikveš </a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohrid%E2%80%93Debar_uprising" title="Ohrid–Debar uprising">Ohrid uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Serbia_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="South Serbia (1919–1922)">South Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Banovina" title="Vardar Banovina">Vardar Banovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia" title="World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Macedonia_(1944)" title="Independent Macedonia (1944)">Independent State (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-Fascist Assembly (ASNOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Macedonia)" title="National Liberation Front (Macedonia)">National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Greek_Civil_War" title="Refugees of the Greek Civil War">Exodus from Northern Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake" title="1963 Skopje earthquake">1963 Skopje earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Independent Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia">2001 insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prespa_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prespa agreement">Prespa Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="North Macedonia–NATO relations">2020 NATO accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">Accession to the European Union (2005 - )</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Topical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_North_Macedonia" title="Military history of North Macedonia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_North_Macedonia" title="Demographic history of North Macedonia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="History of the Macedonians (ethnic group)">History of the ethnic Macedonian people</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Region of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Naming dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_North_Macedonia" title="Public holidays in North Macedonia">Public holidays</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_North_Macedonia" title="Timeline of the history of North Macedonia">Timeline of the history of North Macedonia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/16px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/24px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Macedonia" title="Portal:North Macedonia">North Macedonia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_North_Macedonia" title="Template:History of North Macedonia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_North_Macedonia" title="Template talk:History of North Macedonia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_North_Macedonia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of North Macedonia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parochet_of_Beth_Jakov_Macedonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Parochet_of_Beth_Jakov_Macedonia.jpg/220px-Parochet_of_Beth_Jakov_Macedonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Parochet_of_Beth_Jakov_Macedonia.jpg/330px-Parochet_of_Beth_Jakov_Macedonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Parochet_of_Beth_Jakov_Macedonia.jpg/440px-Parochet_of_Beth_Jakov_Macedonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Torah_Ark" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah Ark">Torah Ark</a> of the Bet Jakov synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of the Jews in North Macedonia</b> stretches back two thousand years, beginning during <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> antiquity, when Jews first arrived in the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today, following <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> and emigration, especially to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, around 200 <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> remain in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, mostly in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> and a few in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Štip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-denes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-centropa.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centropa.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Roman_times">Ancient Roman times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient Roman times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Jews arrived in the area now known as North Macedonia during Roman times, when Jews fled persecution in other Roman territories, with some settling in the Roman territory of Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of Jews in North Macedonia is attested by <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a>'s letter to <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Stobi" title="Stobi">Stobi</a>, in 165 AD, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius_Polycharmus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiberius Polycharmus (page does not exist)">Tiberius Polycharmus</a>, who is designated "father of the synagogue", converted his villa into a synagogue containing a prayer hall, a <a href="/wiki/Triclinium" title="Triclinium">triclinium</a> (dining hall) and a portico, reserving the upper story of the complex for his residence and that of his successors. The information comes from a very impressive and informative inscription, arguably the most important one found to date in a Diaspora synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-google_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remnants of a Jewish synagogue excavated in Stobi (North Macedonia) date back to that period and the conclusion that a developed Jewish Community existed in that locality those days is based on these findings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_times">Medieval times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jewish community persisted in North Macedonia (as well as in the rest of the Macedonian region) after Roman rule. The medieval Jewish population of North Macedonia consisted until the 14th-15th century primarily of <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Crusade devastated the Jewish population in Pelagonia and Skopje. However, the Jews in North Macedonia continued to have prominent members of their communities. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Leo_II_Mung" title="Leo II Mung">Leo II Mung</a>, the Philosopher, converted to Christianity and succeeded Theophylactus of Ohrid as the archbishop of Ohrid from 1108 to 1120.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A leading Jewish scholar, <a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_ben_Moses_Mosconi" title="Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi">Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi</a>, born in Ohrid in 1328, wrote commentaries stating that incorrect interpretations of scripture often resulted from neglect of grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later became the physician of the king of Majorca, where he assembled a vast library that was used by scholars for centuries to come.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known synagogue in Skopje, Beth Aharon, was built in 1366.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_Rule_and_Sephardic_migrations">Ottoman Rule and Sephardic migrations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ottoman Rule and Sephardic migrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">History of the Jews in Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monastir" title="History of the Jews in Monastir">History of the Jews in Monastir</a></div> <p>The area's Jewish community remained small well into <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> times, with the next major influx of Jews to the area coming with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese</a> Inquisitions, and <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> welcomed Jews who were able to reach his territories. They were granted significant autonomy, with various rights including the right to buy real estate, to build synagogues and to conduct trade throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wealthy merchant cities in the present-day North Macedonia such as <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, Monastir (present-day <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>) and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Štip</a> attracted many Jews. Jews in this area prospered in the fields of trade, banking, medicine, and law, with some even reaching positions of power. The Jewish cemetery in Bitola was established in 1497, soon after the first Sephardic Jews moved to the area. The cemetery is the oldest Jewish cemetery in North Macedonia, if not in the Balkans overall. </p><p>Relations between the Jews and the local non-Jewish population were generally good.<sup id="cite_ref-ce-review.org_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-review.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confirmation of good conditions for Jews in North Macedonia (and the broader Macedonian region) and Ottoman Europe in general comes from a 15th-century letter from the Macedonian Jew, Isaac Jarfati, sent to German and Hungarian Jews advising them of the favorable conditions in the Ottoman Empire, and encouraging them to immigrate to the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Italian traveler wrote in 1560 that in Skopje Jews exceeded other populations in number.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th century, there were 3,000 Jews and two synagogues in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, Beit Aron and Beit Yaacov.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1680, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_of_Gaza" title="Nathan of Gaza">Nathan of Gaza</a> died and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YEnq2cYMTwYC_p._75_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YEnq2cYMTwYC_p._75-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His burial place was a pilgrimage site after his death,<sup id="cite_ref-YEnq2cYMTwYC_p._75_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YEnq2cYMTwYC_p._75-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it would not become a permanent pilgrimage site, since it was destroyed in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one point, <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> had nine synagogues, <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> three and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Štip</a> had two.<sup id="cite_ref-esefarad_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esefarad-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several notable Jewish philosophers are born or lived for a time in North Macedonia, including <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Medina" title="Samuel de Medina">Samuel de Medina</a>, Josef ben Lev, Shlomo Koen, Kirco Blazevski, Jaakov tam David Yahia, Ishaak ben Samuel Adrabi, Aharon ben Josef Sason, and Salamon.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Enea_Silvio_Piccolomini_(general)" title="Enea Silvio Piccolomini (general)">Piccolomini</a>'s burning down of <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> in <a href="/wiki/Skopje_fire_of_1689" title="Skopje fire of 1689">1689</a> and a massive fire in <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> in 1863 significantly diminished the Jewish population in North Macedonia in the two largest Jewish centers.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1689, the Jewish population of Skopje was 3,000 of the total 60,000 population.<sup id="cite_ref-bh.org.il_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh.org.il-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish community was almost entirely <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a>, and most spoke <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a> at home. 1895 the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Israelite_Universelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance Israelite Universelle">Alliance Israelite Universelle</a> established a school in Bitola. More than 30% of Macedonian Jews spoke French at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jews also took part in the liberation movement against Ottoman rule. A great number of Macedonian Jews participated in the <a href="/wiki/Ilinden-Preobrazhenie_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising</a>. One of the most notable participants was <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Moshe_Kamhi" title="Rafael Moshe Kamhi">Rafael Moshe Kamhi</a> who led one of the rebel groups. It was he who took part in the early activities of the movement under the nickname Skanderbeg (<i>Skender-beg</i>). He headed a unit in <a href="/wiki/Debar" title="Debar">Debar</a> during the uprising of 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-jasenovac_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jasenovac-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mentes Kolomonos, Santo Aroesti, the Muson brothers and Avram Nisan are other known participants in the uprising who collected weapons and provided rebels with money.,<sup id="cite_ref-ezrm_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ezrm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wikidot_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidot-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jews from modern-day North Macedonia got their citizen rights after the region became a part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Jewish community of <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a> (the area roughly corresponding to the borders of the present-day republic) was centered on <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> (approximately 8,000 Jews), <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> (approximately 3,000 Jews)<sup id="cite_ref-ce-review.org_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-review.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Štip</a> (approximately 500 Jews).<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish communities during World War I in smaller areas, like Dojran and Strumica, that were close to the front line, were significantly affected by the fighting and fled the area. The partition of the region also adversely impacted the Jews in the smaller centers since it deprived them of free flow for most of their merchant activities to the largest Jewish trading center in the Balkans, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust">World War II and the Holocaust</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II and the Holocaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Bulgaria" title="Fascism in Bulgaria">Fascism in Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Macedonia_during_WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Macedonia during WWII">Yugoslav Macedonia during WWII</a></div> <p>In March 1941, Bulgaria became an ally of the Axis Powers and<sup id="cite_ref-HoloEncBulgaria_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoloEncBulgaria-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in April 1941 the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> army entered Vardar Macedonia, in an effort to recover the region, which it saw as a natural part of its own national homeland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Holocaust_Museum_in_Skopje_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Holocaust_Museum_in_Skopje_31.jpg/300px-The_Holocaust_Museum_in_Skopje_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Holocaust_Museum_in_Skopje_31.jpg/450px-The_Holocaust_Museum_in_Skopje_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Holocaust_Museum_in_Skopje_31.jpg/600px-The_Holocaust_Museum_in_Skopje_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>According to Bulgarian antisemitic laws Jewish houses were labeled (the left sign) and access restrictions were introduced (the sign on the right). The picture is taken at the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Museum_in_Skopje" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Museum in Skopje">Holocaust Museum in Skopje</a>, North Macedonia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Bulgaria had effectively occupied the region, German authorities, who were in charge, recognised only the Bulgarian military administration and not the civil one. The Bulgarian occupational zone included neither Thessaloniki, with its over 55,000 Jews, nor the westernmost part of Vardar Macedonia, including the towns of Debar, Struga, and Tetovo, which were part of Italian-occupied Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Chary_-_45_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chary_-_45-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 4, 1941, the Bulgarian authorities enacted a law prohibiting Jews from engaging in any form of commerce, and forcing them to sell their businesses to non-Jews. However, such laws were not a novelty for the region since the Kingdom of Yugoslavia had had its own anti-Semitic law enacted as early as 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bulgarians then <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettoized</a> the Jews of Bitola, forcing them to move from the Jewish areas of the town, which were relatively affluent, to poorer areas of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:List_of_railway_cars_from_Skopje_to_Treblinka_death_camp_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/List_of_railway_cars_from_Skopje_to_Treblinka_death_camp_1943.jpg/220px-List_of_railway_cars_from_Skopje_to_Treblinka_death_camp_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/List_of_railway_cars_from_Skopje_to_Treblinka_death_camp_1943.jpg/330px-List_of_railway_cars_from_Skopje_to_Treblinka_death_camp_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/List_of_railway_cars_from_Skopje_to_Treblinka_death_camp_1943.jpg/440px-List_of_railway_cars_from_Skopje_to_Treblinka_death_camp_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2778" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption>List of railway cars used in transort of the Jews deported from Skopje to <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka extermination camp</a>, 26 March 1943</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treblinka_death_camp_2018j.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Treblinka_death_camp_2018j.jpg/220px-Treblinka_death_camp_2018j.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Treblinka_death_camp_2018j.jpg/330px-Treblinka_death_camp_2018j.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Treblinka_death_camp_2018j.jpg/440px-Treblinka_death_camp_2018j.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>A stone commemorating Jews from North Macedonia on site of the former Treblinka extermination camp</figcaption></figure> <p>Bulgarian authorities had already adopted an antisemitic law called "<a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a>" in January 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-HoloEncBulgaria_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoloEncBulgaria-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">U.S. Holocaust Museum</a>, "on October 4, 1941, the Bulgarians enforced an extraordinary measure that prohibited the Jews of Macedonia from engaging in any type of industry or commerce."<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.ushmm.org_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.ushmm.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of 1942, they enacted increasingly harsh measures against the Jews under their control in Vardar Macedonia, as well as in occupied northern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. Some of the harsh demands by the Bulgarian government were that all "Jewish households hand over 20 percent of the value of all assets."<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.ushmm.org_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.ushmm.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harsh measures culminated in 1943 with the deportation, upon orders from Germany, of "Macedonian Jews"<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.ushmm.org_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.ushmm.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Jewry" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Jewry">Greek Jewry</a> to the Bulgarian border on the river Danube. From there they were transported with German boats and trains to the German <a href="/wiki/Death_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Death camp">death camp</a> <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a> in occupied <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HoloEncBulgaria_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoloEncBulgaria-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-verar_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verar-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews from Skopje, Stip, and Bitola, approximately a total of 7,215, were kept in "crowded, filthy conditions in four warehouses at Monopol" for 11 days before being put on trains to Treblinka.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.ushmm.org_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.ushmm.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nazi Germany even requested that Bulgaria finance the deportations. On February 22, 1943, an agreement was signed between <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Dannecker" title="Theodor Dannecker">Theodor Dannecker</a>, the special Nazi envoy sent to facilitate the deportations, and the Bulgarian Commissar for Jewish Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Belev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Belev">Alexander Belev</a> to deport 20,000 Jews (12,000 from Vardar Macedonia and Thrace and 8,000 from Bulgaria proper). This is the only agreement that a country ever signed with Nazi Germany for deportation of Jews. Bulgaria had to pay all transportation costs and promise never to claim those Jews as citizens.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esefarad.com/?p=37366">The Miraculous Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews during the Holocaust (1939 – 1945) (The Bulgarian Miracle) (Part 1) by Dr. Marcel Israel</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafael_Kamhi_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rafael_Kamhi_1963.jpg/170px-Rafael_Kamhi_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rafael_Kamhi_1963.jpg/255px-Rafael_Kamhi_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rafael_Kamhi_1963.jpg/340px-Rafael_Kamhi_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Moshe_Kamhi" title="Rafael Moshe Kamhi">Rafael Moshe Kamhi</a> was among the few survivors, after being saved by Bulgarian authorities. Among them were also <a href="/wiki/Ill%C3%A9s_Spitz" title="Illés Spitz">Illés Spitz</a>, Pepo Alaluf and others.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many Jews joined the partisans fighting the Nazis in Yugoslavia. In Vardar Macedonia, <a href="/wiki/Haim_Estreya_Ovadya" title="Haim Estreya Ovadya">Haim Estreya Ovadya</a>, a Jewish woman from <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>, was among the first women to join the partisan movement in 1941. The day before the deportations, the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Macedonia" title="League of Communists of Macedonia">Communist Party of Macedonia</a> gave the Jewish community advance warning of the deportation. Shelters were organized, as well as connections to the partisan units, but unfortunately, few Jews believed that a program for their destruction was underway and chose to stay together in the ghettos instead.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast with the old Bulgarian territories, where widespread protests against the deportations took place, including petitions to the <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> government, in Vardar Macedonia such organized movements were lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early morning of Thursday, March 11, 1943, Bulgarian police and army rounded up the entire Jewish population of Skopje, Bitola and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Štip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ce-review.org_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-review.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HoloMusMac_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoloMusMac-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2011)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia#Dubious" title="Talk:History of the Jews in North Macedonia">discuss</a></i>]</sup> The population was sent to a temporary detention center at "Monopol" the state tobacco warehouse in Skopje.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HoloMusMac_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoloMusMac-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among 7,215 people who were detained in warehouses there were:<sup id="cite_ref-ZK1986_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK1986-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>539 children less than 3 years old,</li> <li>602 children age 3 to 10 years</li> <li>1172 children age 10 to 16 years</li> <li>865 people over 60 years old</li> <li>250 seriously ill persons (who were tied to their beds)</li> <li>4 pregnant women who gave birth while in the detention camp.</li> <li>4 people who had died upon arrival in the camp.</li></ul> <p>Further, the Jews were transported to the Bulgarian border with Romania on the river <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, surrendering them to the Nazi German authorities and thus sending them to their deaths. As a result, the Jewish communities of Bulgarian-controlled Yugoslavia and Greece were almost completely wiped out. There was much harsh treatment before the Jews were transported in German cattle-cars to <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a>. A few dozen Bitola Jews managed to avoid deportation, and four escaped from the transit camp. None of the 3,276 Jews of Bitola deported to <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a> survived.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, one Jew remained in the city that had been home to a <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> community for more than 400 years. Štip's ancient Jewish community was also completely destroyed. </p><p>On 27 March 1943 U.S. President Roosevelt discussed "the question of the 60 or 70 thousand Jews that are in Bulgaria and are threatened with extermination..." with the British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>, who effectively refused such an effort, on the grounds that "if we do that then the Jews of the world will be wanting us to make a similar offer in Poland and Germany [...] there are simply not enough ships."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the Macedonian Jews who happened to be in the rest of the territory of Yugoslavia at the time of the Axis conquest and occupation were murdered in the earlier phase of the Holocaust, before the institutionalization of the Final Solution of the Jewish Question during the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a> in January 1942. There have been uncovered the names of about 200 Macedonian Jews murdered in the early phase of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">German occupier in Serbia</a> and its collaborator, the quisling government of <a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustashas</a> in the Nazi satellite <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yagel_Yaacov_1967_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yagel_Yaacov_1967_B.jpg/220px-Yagel_Yaacov_1967_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yagel_Yaacov_1967_B.jpg/330px-Yagel_Yaacov_1967_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yagel_Yaacov_1967_B.jpg/440px-Yagel_Yaacov_1967_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>A crowd of Jewish immigrants gathered at the gates of the Yagel Yaakov Synagogue in Jerusalem, in preparation for a memorial service for the victims of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monastir" title="History of the Jews in Monastir">Monastir community</a> who were murdered in the Holocaust (1967).</figcaption></figure> <p>After the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a> in 1944, the total number of surviving Jews, according to Society of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia, was 419.<sup id="cite_ref-JA1968_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JA1968-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources state that the remnants of the Jewish community re-gathered in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only about 140 had survived.<sup id="cite_ref-centropa.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centropa.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most had survived by going into hiding or fighting with the <a href="/wiki/Partisans_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisans (Yugoslavia)">Yugoslav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish</a> partisans.<sup id="cite_ref-ce-review.org_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-review.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of those transported to the death camps, nobody survived.<sup id="cite_ref-ZK1986_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK1986-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most survivors chose to immigrate to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, with some returning to North Macedonia, and others remaining in Serbia. As a result of this the number of Jews living in North Macedonia dropped to 81 in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-JA1968_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JA1968-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_awareness_of_the_Holocaust">Research and awareness of the Holocaust</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research and awareness of the Holocaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A combination of circumstances determined little awareness in the decades after the war about the fate of the Macedonian Jews murdered in the Holocaust. Its impact almost annihilated the Macedonian Jews communities and only twelve of those sent to Treblinka are known to have survived to tell the story.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the defeat of the Axis, <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a> became again part of Yugoslavia, in its new iteration as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Communist Yugoslavia</a>. The official line was of avoiding delving into the crimes of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, as they were considered to be capable of potentially destabilizing the internal inter-ethnic Yugoslav relations. This was to some extent relaxed in the Macedonian case, as the perpetrators were German and Bulgarian occupiers. Nevertheless, the mentioning of the fate of the Macedonian Jews was minimal. Only in 1958, the historian Aleksandar Matkovski published <i>The Tragedy of the Jews from Macedonia</i>, in 1959 translated in English under the title <i>The Destruction of Macedonian Jewry in 1943</i> in the yearbook of <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>, and enlarged in a brochure in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Jovan_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jovan-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, Yugoslavia cut diplomatic ties with Israel, as it sided with the Arabs in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>. This appears to have added another layer to the avoidance of researching the Holocaust. In the 1970s, the Yugoslavian authorities ordered the Macedonian historians to counter the increasing Bulgarian claims about the nonexistence of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonian</a> identity. The Institute of National History published several detailed studies on various aspects of the Bulgarian occupation of Vardar Macedonia in World War II, but the Holocaust and Bulgarian anti-Jewish measures were generally not covered.<sup id="cite_ref-Troebst_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troebst-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Bulgaria the post-war communist government increasingly focused the narrative on the rescue of the Bulgarian Jews, maintaining silence around the deportation and subsequent extermination of Jews in <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pirot" title="Pirot">Pirot</a> region in Serbia. In 1983, Matkovski broke the silence by publishing the first Macedonian language <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Jews_in_Macedonia" title="A History of the Jews in Macedonia">A History of the Jews in Macedonia</a></i>. The chapter "The Deportation and Liquidation of the Jews of Macedonia" updates his previous 1962 book. It describes in detail the political, diplomatic and legal preparation of the deportation by the Bulgarian authorities and their German allies, the personnel and the organization of the concentration camp in the "Monopol" Tobacco Factory in Skopje and the three train transports to Treblinka. Four years later, in 1986, the editors <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDamila_Kolonomos" title="Žamila Kolonomos">Žamila Kolonomos</a> and Vera Vesković-Vangeli published the collection of documents <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jews_in_Macedonia_during_the_Second_World_War_(1941-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jews in Macedonia during the Second World War (1941-1945)">The Jews in Macedonia during the Second World War (1941-1945)</a></i>, translated in <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>. The book had an important role in the introduction of this topic in the mainstream of history studies.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2010–2011 project "<a href="/wiki/The_Jews_from_Macedonia_and_the_Holocaust" title="The Jews from Macedonia and the Holocaust">The Jews from Macedonia and the Holocaust</a>" sought to expand the scope of research and the spectrum of interdisciplinary angles around this topic and it materialized in a chrestomathy of fourteen original works and archival documents and also in an exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Presently, the Jewish community of North Macedonia numbers some 200 people.<sup id="cite_ref-denes_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all live in Skopje, with one family in Štip and a single Jew remaining in Bitola.<sup id="cite_ref-centropa.org_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centropa.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The community opened in 2000<sup id="cite_ref-centropa.org_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centropa.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the Beth Yaakov Synagogue, and has a community center in Skopje. The community also maintains ties with Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, while a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> travels to Skopje from Belgrade to aid in the conducting of services.<sup id="cite_ref-denes_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community also recently sent, for the first time, a representative to the annual bible quiz in Israel celebrated every year on <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Israel's independence day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, the government of North Macedonia appointed its first Jewish government cabinet minister, Labour and Social Policy Minister, <a href="/wiki/Rasela_Mizrahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasela Mizrahi">Rasela Mizrahi</a>, a member of <a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO-DPMNE</a>. Immediately following this, she was the target of anti-semitic comments, such as calls for her to prominently place the Star of David in her office. The Simon Wiesenthal Center responded that “antisemitic reactions have been revealing and outrageous."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a month, she was fired from the Minister post for standing in front of a sign with the country's previous name (Macedonia). The charge to remove her was led by the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Spasovski" title="Oliver Spasovski">Oliver Spasovski</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Union_of_Macedonia" title="Social Democratic Union of Macedonia">Social Democratic Union of Macedonia</a>. The majority of the anti-Semitic comments against Mizrahi were directed from supporters of this political party. Mizrahi stated these "anti-Semitic attacks were a surprise. People in Macedonia are not anti-Semitic."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_revival">Religious revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SynagogueBitola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/SynagogueBitola.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>, before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure><p>The First Balkan Rabbinical Conference was also held there, organized by the Jewish Community in North Macedonia "Yeshiva Bet Midrash Sepharadi - Rabbi Shlomo Kassin, World Zionist Organization - Department for Religious Affairs in Diaspora - Jerusalem - Israel", led by Rabbi Yechiel Wasserman and by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of North Macedonia">Government of North Macedonia</a> (a commission for relations with religious communities and groups). </p><p>For this event, about 25 rabbis from all over the world participated including the Chief Rabbis of Moscow, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Strasbourg, Lyon, rabbis from France, Bulgaria, Israel and represents from WJC and Israeli high government members. Also Yeshiva Bet Midrash Sepharadi - Rabbi Ezra Kassin and other rabbis from <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivas</a> who are serving all around the world. </p><p>The president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Jewish_Congress" title="European Jewish Congress">European Jewish Congress</a> - Mr. <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Kantor" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshe Kantor">Moshe Kantor</a> also participated, as well as a Representative of the JDC, <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress" title="World Jewish Congress">World Jewish Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Jewish_Fund" title="European Jewish Fund">European Jewish Fund</a> and many others. The Conference was hosted, in part, by Gligor Tashkovich, Minister of Foreign Investment of the Republic of Macedonia and he also gave a luncheon address. </p><p>This project to train Rabbi Kozma, to serve in a community where the institution of rabbi didn't exist for 60 years, was supported by the Jewish community in North Macedonia, Yeshiva - Rabbinical College Bet Midrash Sepharadi in Jerusalem - Israel and the World Zionist Organization - Department for Religious Affairs in Diaspora - Jerusalem - Israel. From 2000 Rabbi Avi M. Kozma served as an assistant Rabbi and Chazzan to the Chief Rabbi of Serbia Yitzchak Asiel who was also serving Macedonian Jewish Community. Rabbi Avi M. Kozma was appointed in this conference (2008) as the first young Macedonian Jewish orthodox Sephardic rabbi born after the Holocaust to serve as a Chief Rabbi of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Holocaust_Museum_in_Skopje">The Holocaust Museum in Skopje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Holocaust Museum in Skopje"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Center_for_the_Jews_of_Macedonia" title="Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia">Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia</a></div> <p>A museum dedicated to the memory of North Macedonia's Jews who perished in the Holocaust during the Bulgarian rule was inaugurated in the presence of the country's president and representatives of North Macedonia's religious communities and international Jewish organizations in 2011. The modern building is located in the heart of what was once the city's Jewish quarter (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: Еврејско маало), in the center of the Macedonian capital Skopje. North Macedonia's Jewish community benefited from a 2002 law providing for the return of heirless Jewish property to the Jewish community, a law that is widely recognized as one of the best in Europe. <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> was widely hailed for enabling the Jews to regain their heirloom that was lost in the Holocaust. The museum opened in March 2011, with transferring the urns containing the ashes of Macedonian Jews executed in <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_City_of_Skopje" title="Museum of the City of Skopje">Museum of the City of Skopje</a> to the Holocaust Museum. The museum was the first one to be opened in a museum complex that includes the Archeological Museum of Macedonia and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle_(Skopje)" title="Museum of the Macedonian Struggle (Skopje)">Museum of Macedonian Independence</a>. Major landmarks and tourist attractions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)" title="Stone Bridge (Skopje)">Stone Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Fortress" title="Skopje Fortress">Skopje Fortress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Turkish Bazaar</a> are located around the museum. </p><p>Macedonian President <a href="/wiki/Gjorge_Ivanov" title="Gjorge Ivanov">Gjorge Ivanov</a> recalled the long history of co-habitation between Jews and Macedonians and said that with the loss of the Jews "a part of [the Republic of] Macedonia had been torn out and that on the Jewish streets of <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Štip</a>, after the war there was silence." Representatives of the Orthodox, Catholic and Muslim communities joined their Jewish countrymen in the inauguration of the museum. The museum details the history of North Macedonia's Jewish community since ancient times. </p><p>World Jewish Congress (WJC) Research Director Laurence Weinbaum pointed out that no Jewish community in Europe had suffered a greater degree of destruction than the one from North Macedonia. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_Holocaust_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transferring the urns containing ashes of North Macedonia's Jews executed in Treblinka"><img alt="Transferring the urns containing ashes of North Macedonia's Jews executed in Treblinka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Skopje_Holocaust_1.jpg/120px-Skopje_Holocaust_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Skopje_Holocaust_1.jpg/180px-Skopje_Holocaust_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Skopje_Holocaust_1.jpg/240px-Skopje_Holocaust_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transferring the urns containing ashes of North Macedonia's Jews executed in Treblinka</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_Holocaust_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inter-religious inauguration ceremony of the urns containing ashes of North Macedonia's Jews executed in Treblinka as part of the opening of the new Holocaust Museum in Skopje, North Macedonia"><img alt="Inter-religious inauguration ceremony of the urns containing ashes of North Macedonia's Jews executed in Treblinka as part of the opening of the new Holocaust Museum in Skopje, North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Skopje_Holocaust_2.jpg/120px-Skopje_Holocaust_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Skopje_Holocaust_2.jpg/180px-Skopje_Holocaust_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Skopje_Holocaust_2.jpg/240px-Skopje_Holocaust_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inter-religious inauguration ceremony of the urns containing ashes of North Macedonia's Jews executed in Treblinka as part of the opening of the new Holocaust Museum in Skopje, North Macedonia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_Holocaust_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The sign of the Holocaust Museum in Skopje, North Macedonia in Macedonian, Ladino, Hebrew and English"><img alt="The sign of the Holocaust Museum in Skopje, North Macedonia in Macedonian, Ladino, Hebrew and English" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Skopje_Holocaust_3.jpg/120px-Skopje_Holocaust_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Skopje_Holocaust_3.jpg/180px-Skopje_Holocaust_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Skopje_Holocaust_3.jpg/240px-Skopje_Holocaust_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The sign of the Holocaust Museum in Skopje, North Macedonia in Macedonian, Ladino, Hebrew and English</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-denes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-denes_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denes_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denes_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0300/macedonia1.asp">Only 200 strong, Macedonia's Jews celebrate unity and new synagogue</a>, Ruth E. Gruber, Jewish World Review</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-centropa.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-centropa.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-centropa.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-centropa.org_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-centropa.org_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060708141821/http://www.centropa.org/reports.asp?rep=&ID=6759&TypeID=0">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Macedonia's Jews battle the odds of survival", Katka Krosnar, Centropa Reports"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centropa.org/reports.asp?rep=&ID=6759&TypeID=0">the original</a> on July 8, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Macedonia%27s+Jews+battle+the+odds+of+survival%22%2C+Katka+Krosnar%2C+Centropa+Reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centropa.org%2Freports.asp%3Frep%3D%26ID%3D6759%26TypeID%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/macedonia-virtual-jewish-history-tour">"North Macedonia Virtual Jewish History Tour"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=North+Macedonia+Virtual+Jewish+History+Tour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmacedonia-virtual-jewish-history-tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo, "Legatio ad Caium," § 36 [ed. Mangey, ii. 587]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine,_L.I.2000" class="citation book cs1">Levine, L.I. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ke5pM7EryagC"><i>The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300074758" title="Special:BookSources/9780300074758"><bdi>9780300074758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Synagogue%3A+The+First+Thousand+Years&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780300074758&rft.au=Levine%2C+L.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dke5pM7EryagC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman,_L.H.Reinhold,_M." class="citation book cs1">Feldman, L.H.; Reinhold, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOx5S2VJotkC"><i>Jewish Life and Thought Among Greeks and Romans: Primary Readings</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451413144" title="Special:BookSources/9781451413144"><bdi>9781451413144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Life+and+Thought+Among+Greeks+and+Romans%3A+Primary+Readings&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.isbn=9781451413144&rft.au=Feldman%2C+L.H.&rft.au=Reinhold%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOx5S2VJotkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google3_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu,_J.North,_J.A.Rajak,_T.1992" class="citation book cs1">Lieu, J.; North, J.A.; Rajak, T. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uk0-ezJ_lx4C"><i>The Jews Among Pagans and Christians: In the Roman Empire</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bordering+the+Past%3A+The+Elusive+Presences+of+the+Holocaust+in+Socialist+Macedonia+and+Socialist+Bulgaria&rft.pub=S%C3%BCdost-Forschungen&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Nad%C3%A8ge+Ragaru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39288455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ehri-project.eu/content/jews-macedonia-and-holocaust">"The Jews from Macedonia and the Holocaust"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Holocaust_Research_Infrastructure" title="European Holocaust Research Infrastructure">European Holocaust Research Infrastructure</a>. 19 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jews+from+Macedonia+and+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=European+Holocaust+Research+Infrastructure&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehri-project.eu%2Fcontent%2Fjews-macedonia-and-holocaust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/851851.html">World Bible Quiz champ asks to give his prize to runner-up</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ha%27aretz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'aretz">Ha'aretz</a>. April 25, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001130104/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/851851.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJTA2020" class="citation web cs1">JTA (7 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/north-macedonia-names-jewish-cabinet-minister/">"North Macedonia names Jewish cabinet minister"</a>. <i>Times of Israel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=North+Macedonia+names+Jewish+cabinet+minister&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft.au=JTA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishnews.timesofisrael.com%2Fnorth-macedonia-names-jewish-cabinet-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/.premium-north-macedonia-s-first-jewish-minister-fired-after-using-country-s-old-name-1.8561541">"North Macedonia's first Jewish minister fired after using country's old name"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=North+Macedonia%27s+first+Jewish+minister+fired+after+using+country%27s+old+name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fworld-news%2Feurope%2F.premium-north-macedonia-s-first-jewish-minister-fired-after-using-country-s-old-name-1.8561541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChary1972" class="citation book cs1">Chary, Frederick B. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulgarianjewsfin0000char"><i>The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944</i></a></span>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822932512" title="Special:BookSources/9780822932512"><bdi>9780822932512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bulgarian+Jews+and+the+Final+Solution%2C+1940-1944&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780822932512&rft.aulast=Chary&rft.aufirst=Frederick+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbulgarianjewsfin0000char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraabel1994" class="citation book cs1">Kraabel, A. T. (1994). "The diaspora synagogue: archaeological and epigraphic evidence since Sukenik". In Urman, Dan; Flesher, Paul V. M. (eds.). <i>Ancient synagogues: historical analysis and archaeological discovery</i>. New York: Brill. pp. 112–115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+diaspora+synagogue%3A+archaeological+and+epigraphic+evidence+since+Sukenik&rft.btitle=Ancient+synagogues%3A+historical+analysis+and+archaeological+discovery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112-115&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kraabel&rft.aufirst=A.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssa1992" class="citation book cs1">Assa, A. (1992). <i>Macedonia and the Jewish people</i>. Skopje: University of Pittsburgh Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonia+and+the+Jewish+people&rft.place=Skopje&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Assa&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvadiah1998" class="citation book cs1">Ovadiah, Asher (1998). "Ancient Jewish communities in Macedonia and Thrace". <i>Hellenic and Jewish Arts</i>. Tel-Aviv: Ramot Publishing House, Tel Aviv University. pp. 185–198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Jewish+communities+in+Macedonia+and+Thrace&rft.btitle=Hellenic+and+Jewish+Arts&rft.place=Tel-Aviv&rft.pages=185-198&rft.pub=Ramot+Publishing+House%2C+Tel+Aviv+University&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Ovadiah&rft.aufirst=Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachar2007" class="citation book cs1">Sachar, H.M. (2007). <i>A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israel%3A+From+the+Rise+of+Zionism+to+Our+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Sachar&rft.aufirst=H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/monastir/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki">Monastir: The Story of a Sephardic Community in Macedonia</a> an online exhibition by <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105071831/http://www.jewish.org.mk/">A website of the Jewish community in North Macedonia</a> (in Macedonian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkanalysis.com/blog/2007/03/14/macedonia%E2%80%99s-jewish-community-commemorates-the-holocaust-and-embraces-the-future/">A comprehensive article about the past, present and future of Jewish life in North Macedonia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919060930/http://www.balkanalysis.com/blog/2007/03/14/macedonia%E2%80%99s-jewish-community-commemorates-the-holocaust-and-embraces-the-future/">Archived</a> 2020-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esefarad.com/?p=16786">The Jews on the Balkans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elmundosefarad.wikidot.com/jewish-communities-in-macedonia-prior-to-1941">Jewish Communities In Macedonia Prior To 1941</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ezrm.org.mk/index.php/en/history">The History of the Jews in North Macedonia, from the Jewish Community in the Republic of North Macedonia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200127102810/http://ezrm.org.mk/index.php/en/history">Archived</a> 2020-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Empty Boxcars (2011) Documentary *<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2153626/">Empty Boxcars</a> at IMDb <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Czodj7ZDxw&index=2&list=PLniZPxMAxr_dvJOGKr9QvYXfa6NHIEmW_">- YouTube</a> link YouTube</li> <li>Clarifying 70 Years of Whitewashing and Inaccuracies: The Bulgarian Government and its Interaction with Jews During the Holocaust <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12340342/clarifying-70-years-of-whitewashing-and-shelomo-alfassa">Clarifying 70 Years of Whitewashing and ... - Shelomo Alfassa</a></li> <li>The Miraculous Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews during the Holocaust (1939–1945) (The Bulgarian Miracle) (Part 1) by Dr. Marcel Israel <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esefarad.com/?p=37366">The Miraculous Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews during the Holocaust (1939 – 1945) (The Bulgarian Miracle) (Part 1) by Dr. Marcel Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Macedonia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Macedonia_topics" title="Template:North Macedonia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Macedonia_topics" title="Template talk:North Macedonia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Macedonia_topics" 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href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagonia" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Kingdom of Macedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Macedonia" title="Upper Macedonia">Upper Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Roman Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)#Macedonia_Secunda_or_Salutaris" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia Salutaris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Roman Diocese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia#Medieval_period" title="History of North Macedonia">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">Theme of Bulgaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Prilep" title="Lordship of Prilep">Kingdom of Prilep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="North Macedonia under the Ottoman 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style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Bulgarian occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Serbia_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="South Serbia (1919–1922)">South Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_Banovina" title="Vardar Banovina">Vardar Banovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia" title="World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia">War in Yugoslav Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Macedonia_(1944)" title="Independent Macedonia (1944)">Independent Macedonia (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-Fascist Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(ASNOM)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Macedonia)" title="National Liberation Front (Macedonia)">National Liberation Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Greek_Civil_War" title="Refugees of the Greek Civil War">Refugees of the Greek Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake" title="1963 Skopje earthquake">1963 Skopje earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">2001 insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Agreement_(2001)" title="Ohrid Agreement (2001)">Ohrid Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republic_of_Macedonia_inter-ethnic_violence" title="2012 Republic of Macedonia inter-ethnic violence">2012 inter-ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Macedonian_government_building_attack" title="2014 Macedonian government building attack">2014 Macedonian government building attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kumanovo_clashes" title="2015 Kumanovo clashes">2015 Kumanovo clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Macedonian_protests" title="2015 Macedonian protests">2015 Macedonian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Macedonian_protests" title="2016 Macedonian protests">2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_storming_of_the_Macedonian_Parliament" title="2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament">2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prespa_Agreement" title="Prespa Agreement">2018 Prespa agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_North_Macedonia_protests" title="2022 North Macedonia protests">2022 North Macedonia protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geography of North Macedonia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of cities in North Macedonia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia" title="Environmental issues in North Macedonia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geology of North Macedonia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#North_Macedonia" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of mountains in North Macedonia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_North_Macedonia" title="List of rivers of North Macedonia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia" title="Wildlife of North Macedonia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Politics of North Macedonia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Macedonia" title="Constitution of North Macedonia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Macedonia" title="Elections in North Macedonia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_North_Macedonia" title="Assembly of North Macedonia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of political parties in North Macedonia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Macedonia" title="Administrative divisions of North Macedonia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia" title="Municipalities of North Macedonia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_North_Macedonia" title="Statistical regions of North Macedonia">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Macedonia" title="Foreign relations of North Macedonia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Macedonia" title="Human rights in North Macedonia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in North Macedonia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_North_Macedonia" title="Police of North Macedonia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_North_Macedonia" title="Army of North Macedonia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Naming dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Macedonia" title="Agriculture in North Macedonia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_North_Macedonia" title="National Bank of North Macedonia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_denar" title="Macedonian denar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of power stations in North Macedonia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Stock_Exchange" title="Macedonian Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in North Macedonia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Tourism in North Macedonia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Macedonia" title="Transport in North Macedonia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_North_Macedonia" title="Category:Society of North Macedonia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_North_Macedonia" title="Health in North Macedonia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Macedonia" title="Women in North Macedonia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denes_nad_Makedonija" title="Denes nad Makedonija">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Architecture of North Macedonia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_embroidery" title="Macedonian embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Macedonia" title="Flag of North Macedonia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_North_Macedonia" title="Mass media in North Macedonia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Slavic_mythology" title="Macedonian Slavic mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_North_Macedonia" title="National emblem of North Macedonia">National emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_North_Macedonia" title="National symbols of North Macedonia">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_North_Macedonia" title="Public holidays in North Macedonia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of radio stations in North Macedonia">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_North_Macedonia" title="Television in North Macedonia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in North Macedonia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_North_Macedonia" title="Outline of North Macedonia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Macedonia" title="Category:North Macedonia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Macedonia" title="Portal:North Macedonia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Template:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">History of the Jews in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Andorra" title="History of the Jews in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belgium" title="History of the Jews in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Croatia" title="History of the Jews in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iceland" title="History of the Jews in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Liechtenstein" title="History of the Jews in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Luxembourg" title="History of the Jews in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malta" title="History of the Jews in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monaco" title="History of the Jews in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Montenegro" title="History of the Jews in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_San_Marino" title="History of the Jews in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovakia" title="History of the Jews in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovenia" title="History of the Jews in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Switzerland" title="History of the Jews in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kosovo" title="History of the Jews in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Ossetia" title="History of the Jews in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Transnistria" title="History of the Jews in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guernsey" title="History of the Jews in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Jews in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jersey" title="History of the Jews in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sephardi_Jewish_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Template:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Template talk:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sephardi_Jewish_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi Jewish</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Origins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sepharad" title="Sepharad">Sepharad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal">Expulsion from Portugal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Conversos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degredado" title="Degredado">Degredados</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%A7ados" title="Lançados">Lançados</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megorashim" title="Megorashim">Megorashim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Dispersion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sephardim" title="Eastern Sephardim">Eastern Mediterranean</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Croatia" title="History of the Jews in Croatia">Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_Synagogue" title="Dubrovnik Synagogue">Ragusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_Synagogue" title="Split Synagogue">Splicani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Rhodes" title="History of the Jews in Rhodes">Rhodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thessaloniki" title="History of the Jews in Thessaloniki">Thessalonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_Hungary" title="Sephardic Jews in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monastir" title="History of the Jews in Monastir">Monastir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_Romania" title="Sephardic Jews in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Istanbul" title="History of the Jews in Istanbul">Istanbulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_%C4%B0zmir" title="History of the Jews in İzmir">Symirniote</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North Africa</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan#Jewish_presence" title="Tétouan">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Western Europe and overseas</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colonial_America" title="History of the Jews in Colonial America">American</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Jewish_community_in_Antwerp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese Jewish community in Antwerp (page does not exist)">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Aruba" title="History of the Jews in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="History of the Jews in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_arrival_in_New_Amsterdam" title="Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marranos_in_England" title="History of the Marranos in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews#History" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Jewish_community_in_Hamburg" title="Portuguese Jewish community in Hamburg">Hamburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_India" title="Sephardic Jews in India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews#Sephardi_Jews_in_Italy" title="Italian Jews">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Crypto-Sephardim</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belmonte" title="History of the Jews in Belmonte">Belmonte Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">History of the Jews under Muslim rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism in the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagitto" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagitto">Bagitto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Religion and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Rite and customs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sephardi_chief_rabbis_of_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Sephardi chief rabbis of the Land of Israel">Sephardi chief rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Haredim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers_(Israel)" title="Black Panthers (Israel)">Black Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardim_and_Oriental_Communities" title="Sephardim and Oriental Communities">Sephardim and Oriental Communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major communal organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Community_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Community Council">Sephardi Community Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Sephardi_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Sephardi Federation (page does not exist)">World Sephardi Federation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="he:הפדרציה הספרדית העולמית">he</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caracas_Center_of_Sephardic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies (page does not exist)">Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_Estudios_Sefard%C3%ADes_de_Caracas" class="extiw" title="es:Centro de Estudios Sefardíes de Caracas">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Sephardic_Studies_and_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture (page does not exist)">Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Sephardic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for Sephardic Studies (page does not exist)">Institute for Sephardic Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosephardism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosephardism (page does not exist)">Philosephardism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosefardismo" class="extiw" title="es:Filosefardismo">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sephardization (page does not exist)">Sephardization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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