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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eratosthenes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratostenes" title="Eratostenes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eratostenes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3" title="إراتوستينس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إراتوستينس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erat%C3%B3stenes" title="Eratóstenes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eratóstenes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C" title="इरेटोस्थेनीज – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इरेटोस्थेनीज" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosfen" title="Eratosfen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eratosfen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="এরাতোস্থেনেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এরাতোস্থেনেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Эратасфен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эратасфен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C" title="इरेटोस्थेनीज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इरेटोस्थेनीज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ератостен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ератостен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨེ་ར་ཐོ་སི་ཐེ་ནེ་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨེ་ར་ཐོ་སི་ཐེ་ནེ་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosten" title="Eratosten – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eratosten" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erat%C3%B2stenes" title="Eratòstenes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eratòstenes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthen%C3%A9s_z_Kyr%C3%A9ny" title="Eratosthenés z Kyrény – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eratosthenés z Kyrény" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%93%DE%AE%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%A9%DE%92%DE%B0" title="އެރަޓޮސްތަނީޒް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެރަޓޮސްތަނީޒް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ερατοσθένης ο Κυρηναίος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερατοσθένης ο Κυρηναίος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erat%C3%B3stenes" title="Eratóstenes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eratóstenes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosteno_de_Kireno" title="Eratosteno de Kireno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eratosteno de Kireno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratostenes" title="Eratostenes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eratostenes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="اراتوستن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اراتوستن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ratosth%C3%A8ne" title="Ératosthène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ératosthène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89arastait%C3%A9anas" title="Éarastaitéanas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éarastaitéanas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erat%C3%B3stenes" title="Eratóstenes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eratóstenes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="에라토스테네스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에라토스테네스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD_%D4%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Էրատոսթենես Կիրենացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էրատոսթենես Կիրենացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C" title="एरेटोस्थेनेज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एरेटोस्थेनेज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosten" title="Eratosten – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eratosten" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratos%C3%BEenes" title="Eratosþenes – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eratosþenes" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratostene_di_Cirene" title="Eratostene di Cirene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eratostene di Cirene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="ארטוסתנס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארטוסתנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎರಟಾಸ್ಥೆನೀಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎರಟಾಸ್ಥೆನೀಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes_ning_Cyrene" title="Eratosthenes ning Cyrene – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Eratosthenes ning Cyrene" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ერატოსთენე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერატოსთენე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Эратосфен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эратосфен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Эратосфен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эратосфен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes_Cyrenaeus" title="Eratosthenes Cyrenaeus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eratosthenes Cyrenaeus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratostens" title="Eratostens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eratostens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratostenas" title="Eratostenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eratostenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratostene" title="Eratostene – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Eratostene" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratoszthen%C3%A9sz_Pentatlosz" title="Eratoszthenész Pentatlosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eratoszthenész Pentatlosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ератостен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ератостен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ratosth%C3%A8ne" title="Ératosthène – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ératosthène" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇറത്തോസ്തനീസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറത്തോസ്തനീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="इरॅथोसिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इरॅथोसिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ერატოსთენე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერატოსთენე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3" title="اراتوسثينس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اراتوسثينس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3" title="اراتوستنس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اراتوستنس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%87%E1%80%BA" title="အဲရာတောစသန်နီးဇ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဲရာတောစသန်နီးဇ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9" title="エラトステネス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エラトステネス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratostenes" title="Eratostenes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eratostenes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosfen" title="Eratosfen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eratosfen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ایراتوستھینز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایراتوستھینز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93" title="អឺរ៉ាតូស្តែន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អឺរ៉ាតូស្តែន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erat%C3%B2stene" title="Eratòstene – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eratòstene" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratostenes" title="Eratostenes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eratostenes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erat%C3%B3stenes" title="Eratóstenes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eratóstenes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratostene" title="Eratostene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eratostene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ератосфен з Кірены – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ератосфен з Кірены" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Эратосфен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эратосфен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosteni" title="Eratosteni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eratosteni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erat%C3%B2stini" title="Eratòstini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eratòstini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ඉරටොස්තනීස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉරටොස්තනීස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes_z_Kyr%C3%A9ny" title="Eratosthenes z Kyrény – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eratosthenes z Kyrény" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosten" title="Eratosten – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eratosten" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%86" title="ئەراتۆستێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەراتۆستێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ератостен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ератостен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosten" title="Eratosten – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eratosten" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratostenes" title="Eratostenes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eratostenes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="எரடோசுதெனீசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரடோசுதெனீசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Эратосфен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эратосфен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎరటోస్తనీస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎరటోస్తనీస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ایراتوستھینز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایراتوستھینز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eratosthenes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%BC" title="埃拉托斯特尼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃拉托斯特尼" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek mathematician, geographer, poet (c. 276 – c. 195/194 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Greek scholar of the third century BC. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eratosthenes (disambiguation)">Eratosthenes (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Eratosthenes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eratosthenes_profile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An etching of a man's head and neck in profile, looking to the left. The man has a beard and is balding." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Eratosthenes_profile.png/220px-Eratosthenes_profile.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Eratosthenes_profile.png 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="275" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Etching of an ancient seal identified as Eratosthenes. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Daniel_Lippert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Daniel Lippert (page does not exist)">Philipp Daniel Lippert</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Daniel_Lippert" class="extiw" title="de:Philipp Daniel Lippert">de</a>]</span>, <i>Dactyliothec</i>, 1767.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">276 BC<sup id="cite_ref-birth_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">194 BC (around age 82)<sup id="cite_ref-death_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Scholar</li><li>Librarian</li><li>Poet</li><li>Inventor</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes" title="Sieve of Eratosthenes">Sieve of Eratosthenes</a></li><li>Founder of Geography</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eratosthenes of Cyrene</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%98%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἐρατοσθένης">Ἐρατοσθένης</a></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[eratostʰénɛːs]</a></span>; <span class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 276 BC</span> – <span class="nowrap"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 195/194 BC</span></span>) was an Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theorist</a>. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a>. His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, and he introduced some of the <a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">terminology</a> still used today.<sup id="cite_ref-roller_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is best known for being the first person known to calculate the <a href="/wiki/Circumference_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumference of the Earth">circumference of the Earth</a>, which he did by using the extensive survey results he could access in his role at the Library. His calculation was remarkably accurate (his error margin turned out to be less than 1%).<sup id="cite_ref-russo273277_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russo273277-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the first person to calculate <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_axial_tilt" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's axial tilt">Earth's axial tilt</a>, which similarly proved to have remarkable accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created the <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes%27_Map_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Eratosthenes' Map of the World">first global projection</a> of the world, incorporating <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">parallels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">meridians</a> based on the available geographic knowledge of his era. </p><p>Eratosthenes was the founder of scientific <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he used Egyptian and Persian records to estimate the dates of the main events of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, dating the sack of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> to 1183 BC. In <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>, he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes" title="Sieve of Eratosthenes">sieve of Eratosthenes</a>, an efficient method of identifying <a href="/wiki/Prime_number" title="Prime number">prime numbers</a> and composite numbers. </p><p>He was a figure of influence in many fields who yearned to understand the complexities of the entire world.<sup id="cite_ref-chambers_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambers-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His devotees nicknamed him <i>Pentathlos</i> after the Olympians who were well rounded competitors, for he had proven himself to be knowledgeable in every area of learning. Yet, according to an entry<sup id="cite_ref-epsilon_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epsilon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i> (a 10th-century encyclopedia), some critics scorned him, calling him <i>Number 2</i> because he always came in second in all his endeavours.<sup id="cite_ref-asimov_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asimov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The son of Aglaos, Eratosthenes was born in 276 BC in <a href="/wiki/Cyrene_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrene (city)">Cyrene</a>. Now part of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, Cyrene had been founded by Greeks centuries earlier and became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Pentapolis_(North_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentapolis (North Africa)">Pentapolis (North Africa)</a>, a country of five cities: Cyrene, <a href="/wiki/Tocra" title="Tocra">Arsinoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berenice" title="Berenice">Berenice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered Cyrene in 332 BC, and following his death in 323 BC, its rule was given to one of his generals, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a>. Under Ptolemaic rule the economy prospered, based largely on the export of horses and <a href="/wiki/Silphium_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silphium (antiquity)">silphium</a>, a plant used for rich seasoning and medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-roller_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyrene became a place of cultivation, where knowledge blossomed. Like any young Greek at the time, Eratosthenes would have studied in the local <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a>, where he would have learned physical skills and social discourse as well as reading, writing, arithmetic, poetry, and music.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eratosthenes_Teaching_in_Alexandria_(Bernardo_Strozzi,_Montreal).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eratosthenes_Teaching_in_Alexandria_%28Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_Montreal%29.jpg/220px-Eratosthenes_Teaching_in_Alexandria_%28Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_Montreal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eratosthenes_Teaching_in_Alexandria_%28Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_Montreal%29.jpg/330px-Eratosthenes_Teaching_in_Alexandria_%28Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_Montreal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eratosthenes_Teaching_in_Alexandria_%28Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_Montreal%29.jpg/440px-Eratosthenes_Teaching_in_Alexandria_%28Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_Montreal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption><i>Eratosthenes teaching in Alexandria</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Strozzi" title="Bernardo Strozzi">Bernardo Strozzi</a> (1635)</figcaption></figure> <p>Eratosthenes went to Athens to further his studies. There he was taught <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a> by its founder, <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a>, in philosophical lectures on living a virtuous life.<sup id="cite_ref-rist_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rist-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then studied under <a href="/wiki/Aristo_of_Chios" title="Aristo of Chios">Aristo of Chios</a>, who led a more <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">cynical</a> school of philosophy. He also studied under the head of the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus_of_Pitane" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcesilaus of Pitane">Arcesilaus of Pitane</a>. His interest in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> led him to write his first work at a scholarly level, <i>Platonikos</i>, inquiring into the mathematical foundation of Plato's philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-chambers_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambers-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eratosthenes was a man of many perspectives and investigated the <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">art of poetry</a> under <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote poems: one in <a href="/wiki/Hexameter" title="Hexameter">hexameters</a> called <i>Hermes</i>, illustrating the god's life history; and another in <a href="/wiki/Elegiac" title="Elegiac">elegiacs</a>, called <i>Erigone</i>, describing the suicide of the Athenian maiden <a href="/wiki/Erigone_(daughter_of_Icarius)" title="Erigone (daughter of Icarius)">Erigone (daughter of Icarius)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chambers_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambers-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote <i>Chronographies</i>, a text that scientifically depicted dates of importance, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. This work was highly esteemed for its accuracy. <a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Syncellus</a> was later able to preserve from <i>Chronographies</i> a list of 38 kings of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Thebes">Egyptian Thebes</a>. Eratosthenes also wrote <i>Olympic Victors</i>, a chronology of the winners of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>. It is not known when he wrote his works, but they highlighted his abilities. </p><p>These works and his great poetic abilities led the king <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> to seek to place him as a librarian at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a> in the year 245 BC. Eratosthenes, then thirty years old, accepted Ptolemy's invitation and traveled to Alexandria, where he lived for the rest of his life. Within about fifty years he became Chief Librarian, a position that the poet <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonius Rhodius">Apollonius Rhodius</a> had previously held. As head of the library Eratosthenes tutored the children of Ptolemy, including <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> who became the fourth Ptolemaic pharaoh. He expanded the library's holdings: in Alexandria all books had to be surrendered for duplication. It was said that these were copied so accurately that it was impossible to tell if the library had returned the original or the copy. He sought to maintain the reputation of the Library of Alexandria against competition from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Pergamum" title="Library of Pergamum">Library of Pergamum</a>. Eratosthenes created a whole section devoted to the examination of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, and acquired original works of great tragic dramas of <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chambers_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambers-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eratosthenes made several important contributions to <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, and was a friend of <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>. Around 255 BC, he invented the <a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">armillary sphere</a>. In <i>On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a> credited him with having calculated the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference" title="Earth's circumference">Earth's circumference</a> around 240 BC, with high accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-russo273277_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russo273277-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eratosthenes believed there was both good and bad in every nation and criticized <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> for arguing that humanity was divided into Greeks and <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>, as well as for arguing that the Greeks should keep themselves racially pure.<sup id="cite_ref-alexander_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexander-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he aged, he contracted <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmia" title="Ophthalmia">ophthalmia</a>, becoming blind around 195 BC. Losing the ability to read and to observe nature plagued and depressed him, leading him to voluntarily starve himself to death. He died in 194 BC at the age of 82 in Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_career">Scholarly career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scholarly career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement_of_Earth's_circumference"><span id="Measurement_of_Earth.27s_circumference"></span>Measurement of Earth's circumference<span class="anchor" id="Earth's_circumference"></span><span class="anchor" id="Arc_measurement"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Measurement of Earth's circumference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference#Eratosthenes" title="Earth's circumference">Earth's circumference § Eratosthenes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eratosthenes_measure_of_Earth_circumference.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eratosthenes_measure_of_Earth_circumference.svg/310px-Eratosthenes_measure_of_Earth_circumference.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eratosthenes_measure_of_Earth_circumference.svg/465px-Eratosthenes_measure_of_Earth_circumference.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eratosthenes_measure_of_Earth_circumference.svg/620px-Eratosthenes_measure_of_Earth_circumference.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Measure of Earth's circumference according to Cleomedes' simplified version, based on the approximation that <a href="/wiki/Syene" class="mw-redirect" title="Syene">Syene</a> is on the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> and on the same meridian as <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The measurement of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference" title="Earth's circumference">Earth's circumference</a> is the most famous among the results obtained by Eratosthenes,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who estimated that the meridian has a length of 252,000 <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stadia</a> (39,060 to 40,320 kilometres (24,270 to 25,050 mi)), with an error on the real value between −2.4% and +0.8% (assuming a value for the stadion between 155 and 160 metres (509 and 525 ft)).<sup id="cite_ref-russo273277_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russo273277-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eratosthenes described his <a href="/wiki/Arc_measurement" title="Arc measurement">arc measurement</a> technique,<sup id="cite_ref-Torge_Müller_2012_p._5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torge_Müller_2012_p._5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a book entitled <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="On_the_Measure_of_the_Earth"></span><span class="vanchor-text">On the Measure of the Earth</span></span></i>, which has not been preserved. However, a simplified version of the method has been preserved, as described by <a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The simplified method works by considering two cities along the same <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian</a> and measuring both the distance between them and the difference in angles of the shadows cast by the sun on a vertical rod (a <a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a>) in each city at noon on the summer <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a>. The two cities used were <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syene" class="mw-redirect" title="Syene">Syene</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>), and the distance between the cities was measured by professional <a href="/wiki/Bematist" title="Bematist">bematists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A geometric calculation reveals that the circumference of the Earth is the distance between the two cities divided by the difference in shadow angles expressed as a fraction of <a href="/wiki/Turn_(angle)" title="Turn (angle)">one turn</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Geography"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mappa_di_Eratostene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Eratosthenes' map of the world (194 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mappa_di_Eratostene.jpg/220px-Mappa_di_Eratostene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mappa_di_Eratostene.jpg/330px-Mappa_di_Eratostene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mappa_di_Eratostene.jpg/440px-Mappa_di_Eratostene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5085" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>19th-century reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes%27_Map_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Eratosthenes' Map of the World">Eratosthenes' map of the (for the Greeks) known world</a>, <span class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 194 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_geodesy" title="History of geodesy">History of geodesy</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_longitude" title="History of longitude">History of longitude</a></div> <p>Eratosthenes now continued from his knowledge about the Earth. Using his discoveries and knowledge of its size and shape, he began to sketch it. In the Library of Alexandria he had access to various travel books, which contained various items of information and representations of the world that needed to be pieced together in some organized format.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his three-volume work <i>Geography</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248666159"><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">Geographika</i></span>), he described and mapped his entire known world, even dividing the Earth into five climate zones:<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two freezing zones around the poles, two temperate zones, and a zone encompassing the equator and the tropics.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchinson_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book is the first recorded instance of many terms still in use today, including the name of the discipline <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-intro1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He placed grids of overlapping lines over the surface of the Earth. He used parallels and meridians to link together every place in the world. It was now possible to estimate one's distance from remote locations with this network over the surface of the Earth. In the <i>Geography</i> the names of over 400 cities and their locations were shown, which had never been achieved before.<sup id="cite_ref-roller_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his <i>Geography</i> has been lost to history, although fragments of the work can be pieced together from other great historians like <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcianus">Marcianus</a>. While this work is the earliest we can trace certain ideas, words, and concepts in the historical record, earlier contributions may have been lost to history. </p> <ul><li>The first book was something of an introduction and gave a review of his predecessors, recognizing their contributions that he compiled in the library. In this book Eratosthenes denounced <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> as not providing any insight into what he now described as geography. His disapproval of Homer's topography angered many who believed the world depicted in the <i>Odyssey</i> to be legitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-chambers_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambers-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eckerman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckerman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also commented on the ideas of the nature and origin of the Earth: he thought of Earth as an immovable globe while its surface was changing. He hypothesized that at one time the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> had been a vast lake that covered the countries that surrounded it and that it only became connected to the ocean to the west when a passage opened up sometime in its history.</li> <li>The second book contains his calculation of the circumference of the Earth. This is where, according to Pliny, "The world was grasped." Here Eratosthenes described his famous story of the well in Syene, wherein at noon each summer solstice, the Sun's rays shone straight down into the city-center well.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book would now be considered a text on <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical geography">mathematical geography</a>.</li> <li>His third book of the <i>Geography</i> contained <a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a>. He cited countries and used parallel lines to divide the map into sections, to give accurate descriptions of the realms. This was a breakthrough and can be considered the beginning of geography. For this, Eratosthenes was named the "Father of Modern Geography."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2005_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>According to Strabo, Eratosthenes argued against the Greek-<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a> dichotomy. He says Alexander ignored his advisers by his regard for all people with law and government.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strabo says that Eratosthenes was wrong to claim that Alexander had disregarded the counsel of his advisers. Strabo argues it was Alexander's interpretation of their "real intent" in recognizing that "in some people there prevail the law-abiding and the political instinct, and the qualities associated with education and powers of speech."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achievements">Achievements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eratosthenes was described by the <a href="/wiki/Suda_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Suda Lexicon">Suda Lexicon</a> as a Πένταθλος (Pentathlos) which can be translated as "All-Rounded", for he was skilled in a variety of things; he was a true polymath. His opponents nicknamed him "Number 2" because he was great at many things and tried to get his hands on every bit of information but never achieved the highest rank in anything; <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> accounts Eratosthenes as a mathematician among geographers and a geographer among mathematicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Dicks1971_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dicks1971-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Preparatio_Evangelica" class="mw-redirect" title="Preparatio Evangelica">Preparatio Evangelica</a></i> includes a brief chapter of three sentences on celestial distances (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_15_book15.htm">Book XV</a>, Chapter 53). He states simply that Eratosthenes found the distance to the Sun to be "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σταδίων μυριάδας τετρακοσίας καὶ ὀκτωκισμυρίας</span></span>" (literally "of <a href="/wiki/Stadia_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadia (length)">stadia</a> <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriads</a> 400 and 80,000") and the distance to the Moon to be 780,000 stadia. The expression for the distance to the Sun has been translated either as 4,080,000 stadia (1903 translation by E. H. Gifford), or as 804,000,000 stadia (edition of Edouard des Places, dated 1974–1991). The meaning depends on whether Eusebius meant 400 myriad plus 80,000 or "400 and 80,000" myriad. With a stade of 185 m (607 ft), 804,000,000 stadia is 149,000,000 km (93,000,000 mi), approximately the distance from the Earth to the Sun.</li> <li>Eratosthenes also calculated the Sun's diameter. According to <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a>, Eratosthenes made the diameter of the Sun to be about 27 times that of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2005_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual figure is approximately 109 times.<sup id="cite_ref-caltech_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caltech-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During his time at the Library of Alexandria, Eratosthenes devised a calendar using his predictions about the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> of the Earth. He calculated that there are 365 days in a year and that every fourth year there would be 366 days.<sup id="cite_ref-manawatu_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manawatu-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He was also very proud of his solution for <a href="/wiki/Doubling_the_Cube" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubling the Cube">Doubling the Cube</a>. His motivation was that he wanted to produce catapults. Eratosthenes constructed a mechanical line drawing device to calculate the cube, called the mesolabio. He dedicated his solution to King Ptolemy, presenting a model in bronze with it a letter and an epigram.<sup id="cite_ref-zhumud_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhumud-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archimedes was Eratosthenes' friend and he, too, worked on the war instrument with mathematics. Archimedes dedicated his book <i>The Method</i> to Eratosthenes, knowing his love for learning and mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-chondros_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chondros-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_theory">Number theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Number theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Sieve_of_Eratosthenes_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="445" height="369" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Sieve of Eratosthenes: algorithm steps for primes below 121 (including optimization of starting from the prime's square).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes" title="Sieve of Eratosthenes">Sieve of Eratosthenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primality_test" title="Primality test">Primality test</a></div> <p>Eratosthenes proposed a simple <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> for finding <a href="/wiki/Prime_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime numbers">prime numbers</a>. This algorithm is known in mathematics as the <a href="/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes" title="Sieve of Eratosthenes">Sieve of Eratosthenes</a>. </p><p>In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes (Greek: κόσκινον Ἐρατοσθένους), one of a number of <a href="/wiki/Prime_number_sieve" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime number sieve">prime number sieves</a>, is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit. It does so by iteratively marking as composite, <i>i.e.</i>, not prime, the multiples of each prime, starting with the multiples of 2. The multiples of a given prime are generated starting from that prime, as a sequence of numbers with the same difference, equal to that prime, between consecutive numbers. This is the sieve's key distinction from using trial division to sequentially test each candidate number for divisibility by each prime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eratosthenes was one of the most pre-eminent scholarly figures of his time, and produced works covering a vast area of knowledge before and during his time at the Library. He wrote on many topics – geography, mathematics, philosophy, chronology, literary criticism, grammar, poetry, and even old comedies. There are no documents left of his work after the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Library_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of the Library of Alexandria">destruction of the Library of Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dicks1971_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dicks1971-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles">Titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Platonikos</i> (lost, quoted by <a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a>)</li> <li><i>Hermes</i></li> <li><i>Erigone</i></li> <li><i>Chronographies</i></li> <li><i>Olympic Victors</i></li> <li><i>Περὶ τῆς ἀναμετρήσεως τῆς γῆς</i> (<i>On the Measurement of the Earth</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-hero_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hero-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (lost, summarized by <a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a>)</li> <li><i>Гεωγραϕικά</i> (<i>Geographika</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Dicks1971_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dicks1971-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (lost, criticized by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>)</li> <li><i>Arsinoe</i> (a memoir of queen <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_of_Egypt" title="Arsinoe III of Egypt">Arsinoe</a>; lost; quoted by <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a></i>)</li> <li><i>Ariston</i> (concerning <a href="/wiki/Aristo_of_Chios" title="Aristo of Chios">Aristo of Chios</a>' addiction to luxury; lost; quoted by <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-ASmith_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASmith-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Catasterismi" title="Catasterismi">Catasterismi</a></i> (<i>Katasterismoi</i>), a lost collection of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> myths about the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 310</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 230 BC</span>), a Greek mathematician who <a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)">calculated</a> the distance from the Earth to the Sun.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes_(crater)" title="Eratosthenes (crater)">Eratosthenes (crater)</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenian" title="Eratosthenian">Eratosthenian</a> period in the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale" title="Lunar geologic timescale">lunar geologic timescale</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes_Seamount" title="Eratosthenes Seamount">Eratosthenes Seamount</a> in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes_Point" title="Eratosthenes Point">Eratosthenes Point</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 190</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120 BC</span>), a Greek mathematician who <a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)">measured</a> the radii of the Sun and the Moon as well as their distances from the Earth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 135</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 51 BC</span>), a Greek astronomer and mathematician who <a href="/wiki/Posidonius#Calculation_of_Earth's_circumference" title="Posidonius">calculated</a> the circumference of the Earth.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birth-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birth_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> states that he was born in the 126th <a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a>, (276–272 BC). <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (<i>Geography</i>, i.2.2), though, states that he was a "pupil" (γνωριμος) of <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a> (who died in 262 BC), which would imply an earlier year of birth (<span class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 285 BC</span>) since he is unlikely to have studied under him at the young age of 14. However, γνωριμος can also mean "acquaintance", and the year of Zeno's death is by no means definite.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-death-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-death_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> states he died at the age of 80, <a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a> (<i>De die natali</i>, 15) at the age of 81, and <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Lucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Lucian">Pseudo-Lucian</a> (<i>Makrobioi</i>, 27) at the age of 82.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-roller-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roller_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roller_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roller_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roller, Duane W. Eratosthenes' Geography. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russo273277-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russo273277_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russo273277_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russo273277_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRusso2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Russo" title="Lucio Russo">Russo, Lucio</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOTpnfz7ZuYC"><i>The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn</i></a>. Berlin: Springer. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-20396-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-20396-6"><bdi>3-540-20396-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52945835">52945835</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240828024309/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Forgotten_Revolution/MOTpnfz7ZuYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Revolution%3A+How+Science+Was+Born+in+300+BC+and+Why+It+Had+to+Be+Reborn&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52945835&rft.isbn=3-540-20396-6&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Lucio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOTpnfz7ZuYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/earth_info.html">"Imagine the Universe – The Earth"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imagine+the+Universe+%E2%80%93+The+Earth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Ffeatures%2Fcosmic%2Fearth_info.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornell-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cornell_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hosting.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/eratosthenes.htm">"Eratosthenes (276–195 B.C.)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224112430/http://hosting.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/eratosthenes.htm">Archived</a> 2021-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cornell University. Accessed 28 July 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/chronology/Greek">"Greek chronology"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+chronology&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fchronology%2FGreek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chambers-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chambers_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chambers_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chambers_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chambers_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chambers_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, James T. "Eratosthenes of Cyrene." in <i>Dictionary of World Biography: The Ancient World January</i> 1998: 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epsilon-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epsilon_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/epsilon/2898">"Entry <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ε</span></span> 2898"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asimov-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asimov_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Asimov, Isaac. <i>Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i>, new revised edition. 1975. Entry #42, "Eratosthenes", p. 29. Pan Books Ltd, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0330243233" title="Special:BookSources/0330243233">0330243233</a>. This was also asserted by Carl Sagan 31 minutes into his Cosmos episode <i>The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bailey-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bailey_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, Ellen. 2006. "Eratosthenes of Cyrene." Eratosthenes Of Cyrene 1–3. Book Collection Nonfiction: High School Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rist-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rist_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rist, J.M. "Zeno and Stoic Consistency," in Phronesis. Vol. 22, No. 2, 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/14757/view/1/1/">"Aratus's "Phenomena," Cleomedes's "On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies," and Nichomachus's "Introduction to Arithmetic" – Viewer – World Digital Library"</a>. <i>www.wdl.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wdl.org&rft.atitle=Aratus%27s+%22Phenomena%2C%22+Cleomedes%27s+%22On+the+Circular+Motions+of+the+Celestial+Bodies%2C%22+and+Nichomachus%27s+%22Introduction+to+Arithmetic%22+%E2%80%93+Viewer+%E2%80%93+World+Digital+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F14757%2Fview%2F1%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alexander-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alexander_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 439 Vol. 1 William Woodthorpe Tarn <i>Alexander the Great</i>. Vol. I, <i>Narrative</i>; Vol. II, <i>Sources and Studies</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948. (New ed., 2002 (paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521531373" title="Special:BookSources/0521531373">0521531373</a>)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Russo" title="Lucio Russo">Russo, Lucio</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOTpnfz7ZuYC"><i>The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn</i></a>. Berlin: Springer. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-20396-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-20396-6"><bdi>3-540-20396-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52945835">52945835</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240828024309/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Forgotten_Revolution/MOTpnfz7ZuYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Revolution%3A+How+Science+Was+Born+in+300+BC+and+Why+It+Had+to+Be+Reborn&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52945835&rft.isbn=3-540-20396-6&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Lucio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOTpnfz7ZuYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torge_Müller_2012_p._5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Torge_Müller_2012_p._5_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorgeMüller2012" class="citation book cs1">Torge, W.; Müller, J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RcfmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6"><i>Geodesy</i></a>. De Gruyter Textbook. De Gruyter. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110250008" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110250008"><bdi>978-3110250008</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geodesy&rft.series=De+Gruyter+Textbook&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3110250008&rft.aulast=Torge&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRcfmBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleomedes, <i>Caelestia</i>, i.7.49–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martianus Capella, <i>De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii</i>, VI.598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2005-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2005_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2005_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2005_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Sir William. "Eratosthenes", in <i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</i>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Terry R. "Eratosthenes of Cyrene." in <i>Encyclopedia Of The Ancient World</i>. November 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutchinson-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2011. "Eratosthenes." Hutchinson's Biography Database 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intro1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-intro1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlmanRenwick2014" class="citation book cs1">Dahlman, Carl; Renwick, William (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pearson.com/store/en-us/pearsonplus/p/9780137504510.html?creative=545445680380&keyword=&matchtype=&network=g&device=c&gclid=CjwKCAjwpKyYBhB7EiwAU2Hn2QPXxmu7Nqnx04A__xcaDqM3GuPh2cbR2wI7G7ihOs2cQpV7CUFAxxoCzLEQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds"><i>Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment</i></a> (6 ed.). Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780137504510" title="Special:BookSources/9780137504510"><bdi>9780137504510</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Geography%3A+People%2C+Places+%26+Environment&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780137504510&rft.aulast=Dahlman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Renwick%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pearson.com%2Fstore%2Fen-us%2Fpearsonplus%2Fp%2F9780137504510.html%3Fcreative%3D545445680380%26keyword%3D%26matchtype%3D%26network%3Dg%26device%3Dc%26gclid%3DCjwKCAjwpKyYBhB7EiwAU2Hn2QPXxmu7Nqnx04A__xcaDqM3GuPh2cbR2wI7G7ihOs2cQpV7CUFAxxoCzLEQAvD_BwE%26gclsrc%3Daw.ds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eckerman-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eckerman_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eckerman, Chris. Review of (D.W.) Roller 'Eratosthenes' Geography. Fragments Collected and Translated, with Commentary and Additional Material. The Classical Review. 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/big-history-project/solar-system-and-earth/knowing-solar-system-earth/a/eratosthenes-of-cyrene">"Eratosthenes of Cyrene"</a>. <i>Khan Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=Eratosthenes+of+Cyrene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fpartner-content%2Fbig-history-project%2Fsolar-system-and-earth%2Fknowing-solar-system-earth%2Fa%2Feratosthenes-of-cyrene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch's similar discussion claiming that Alexander ignored <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s advice in this matter may have been influenced by Eratosthenes, but Plutarch does not give us confirmation of his sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaac, Benjamin. Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton University Press, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dicks1971-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dicks1971_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dicks1971_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dicks1971_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dicks, D.R. "Eratosthenes", in <i>Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caltech-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caltech_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140730214334/http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/5-How-large-is-the-Sun-compared-to-Earth-">"Ask an Astronomer"</a>. <i>Cool Cosmos</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/5-How-large-is-the-Sun-compared-to-Earth-">the original</a> on 2014-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cool+Cosmos&rft.atitle=Ask+an+Astronomer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu%2Fask%2F5-How-large-is-the-Sun-compared-to-Earth-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manawatu-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manawatu_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greek Scholar's Work Shows Usefulness of Measurement." <i>Manawatu Standard</i>, June 19, 2012. 07, Newspaper Source Plus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhumud-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zhumud_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhumud, Leonid. Plato as "Architect of Science". in <i>Phonesis</i>. Vol. 43 (3) 1998. 211–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chondros-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chondros_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chondros, Thomas G. Archimedes Life Works and Machines. in <i>Mechanism and Machine Theory</i>. Vol. 45(11) 2010. 1766–1775.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hero-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hero_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a> in his <i>Dioptra</i>. See p. 272, vol. 2, <i>Selections Illustrating the History of Greek Mathematics</i>, tr. Ivor Thomas, London: William Heinemann Ltd.; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASmith-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASmith_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus7.html#281">"Athenaeus: Deipnosophists – Book 7"</a>. <i>www.attalus.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.attalus.org&rft.atitle=Athenaeus%3A+Deipnosophists+%E2%80%93+Book+7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Fold%2Fathenaeus7.html%23281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eratosthenes</i> entry in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i> (1971)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Aujac, G. (2001). <i>Eratosthène de Cyrène, le pionnier de la géographie</i>. Paris: Édition du CTHS. 224 p.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulmer-Thomas1939–1940" class="citation book cs1">Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor (1939–1940). <i>Selections Illustlating the History of Greek Mathematics</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selections+Illustlating+the+History+of+Greek+Mathematics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1939%2F1940&rft.aulast=Bulmer-Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ivor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicks1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dicks, D. R. (1991). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0002unse_k8v0/page/681/mode/1up">"Eratosthenes"</a></span>. <i>Biographical Dictionary of Mathematicians</i>. Vol. 2 (Dickson–Khwārizmī). New York: Scribner. pp. 681–686.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eratosthenes&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Mathematicians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=681-686&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Dicks&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicaldict0002unse_k8v0%2Fpage%2F681%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiller1934" class="citation journal cs1">Diller, A (1934). "Geographical Latitudes in Eratosthenes, Hipparchus and Posidonius". <i>Klio</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 258–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fklio.1934.27.27.258">10.1524/klio.1934.27.27.258</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194449299">194449299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Klio&rft.atitle=Geographical+Latitudes+in+Eratosthenes%2C+Hipparchus+and+Posidonius&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=258-269&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fklio.1934.27.27.258&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194449299%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Diller&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorofeeva1988" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dorofeeva, A. V. (1988). "Eratosthenes (ca. 276–194 B.C.)". <i>Mat. V Shkole</i> (in Russian) (4): i.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mat.+V+Shkole&rft.atitle=Eratosthenes+%28ca.+276%E2%80%93194+B.C.%29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=i&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Dorofeeva&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutka1993" class="citation journal cs1">Dutka, J. (1993). "Eratosthenes' measurement of the Earth reconsidered". <i>Arch. Hist. Exact Sci</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 55–66. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AHES...46...55D">1993AHES...46...55D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00387726">10.1007/BF00387726</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119522892">119522892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch.+Hist.+Exact+Sci.&rft.atitle=Eratosthenes%27+measurement+of+the+Earth+reconsidered&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-66&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119522892%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00387726&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993AHES...46...55D&rft.aulast=Dutka&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl'natanov1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">El'natanov, B. A. (1983). "A brief outline of the history of the development of the sieve of Eratosthenes". <i>Istor.-Mat. Issled.</i> (in Russian). <b>27</b>: 238–259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Istor.-Mat.+Issled.&rft.atitle=A+brief+outline+of+the+history+of+the+development+of+the+sieve+of+Eratosthenes&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=238-259&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=El%27natanov&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1975" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, I (1975). 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/191065">"Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata"</a>. <i>Klio</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 351–359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fklio.2006.88.2.351">10.1524/klio.2006.88.2.351</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190529073">190529073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Klio&rft.atitle=Eratosthenes%27+Parallel+of+Rhodes+and+the+History+of+the+System+of+Climata&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=351-359&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fklio.2006.88.2.351&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190529073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shcheglov&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F191065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1917" class="citation book cs1">Strabo (1917). <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica"><i>The Geography of Strabo</i></a>. Horace Leonard Jones, trans. New York: Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Strabo&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaisbak1984" class="citation journal cs1">Taisbak, C. M. (1984). "Eleven eighty-thirds. Ptolemy's reference to Eratosthenes in Almagest I.12". <i>Centaurus</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 165–167. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Cent...27..165T">1984Cent...27..165T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1984.tb00766.x">10.1111/j.1600-0498.1984.tb00766.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centaurus&rft.atitle=Eleven+eighty-thirds.+Ptolemy%27s+reference+to+Eratosthenes+in+Almagest+I.12&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-167&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1984.tb00766.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984Cent...27..165T&rft.aulast=Taisbak&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thalamas, A. (1921). <i>La géographe d'Ératosthène</i>. Versailles.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfer1954" class="citation book cs1">Wolfer, E. P. (1954). <i>Eratosthenes von Kyrene als Mathematiker und Philosoph</i>. Groningen-Djakarta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eratosthenes+von+Kyrene+als+Mathematiker+und+Philosoph&rft.pub=Groningen-Djakarta&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Wolfer&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEratosthenes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Eratosthenes&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Eratosthenes">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Eratosthenes&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Eratosthenes</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Eratosthenes&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Eratosthenes">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Eratosthenes&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2017/04/15/cleomedes-how-big-is-the-earth/">English translation of the primary source for Eratosthenes and the size of the Earth</a> at Roger Pearse.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#eratosthenes">Bernhardy, Gottfried: <i>Eratosthenica</i> </a> Berlin, 1822 (PDF) (Latin/Greek), Reprinted Osnabruck 1968 (German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faust.fr.bw.schule.de/mhb/eratosiv.htm">Eratosthenes' sieve in Javascript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010301205532/http://www.faust.fr.bw.schule.de/mhb/eratosiv.htm">Archived</a> 2001-03-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.utah.edu/~pa/Eratosthenes.html">About Eratosthenes' methods, including a Java applet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/lectures/gkastr1.html">How the Greeks estimated the distances to the Moon and Sun</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses//astro201/eratosthenes.htm">Measuring the Earth with Eratosthenes' method</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/greece.html">List of ancient Greek mathematicians and contemporaries of Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01303a.htm">New Advent Encyclopedia article on the Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quitebasic.com/prj/math/eratosthenes/">Eratosthenes' sieve in classic BASIC all-web based interactive programming environment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fondation-lamap.org/en/node/9786'">International pedagogical project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414194605/https://www.fondation-lamap.org/en/node/9786%27">Archived</a> 2019-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> : project <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_main_%C3%A0_la_p%C3%A2te" class="extiw" title="fr:La main à la pâte">fr:La main à la pâte</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/htmltag.php?code=users.sgeducation.lookang.Eratostheneswee_pkg.EratosthenesweeApplet.class&name=Eratostheneswee&muid=14019">Open source Physics Computer Model about Eratosthenes estimation of radius and circumference of Earth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105154547/http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/htmltag.php?code=users.sgeducation.lookang.Eratostheneswee_pkg.EratosthenesweeApplet.class&name=Eratostheneswee&muid=14019">Archived</a> 2020-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030065030/http://www.mozalearn.com/Extra-Videos-Eratosthenes-209501">Eratosthenes, video</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astrologicon.org/eratosthenes/eratosthenes-katasterismoi1.html">Eratosthenes, Katasterismoi (or Astrothesiae), original text</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Head of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Aristophanes of Byzantium">Aristophanes of Byzantium</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Template:Ancient Greek astronomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek astronomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek astronomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_astronomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaonice" title="Aglaonice">Aglaonice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_(astronomer)" title="Agrippa (astronomer)">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Cyrrhus" title="Andronicus of Cyrrhus">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristyllus" title="Aristyllus">Aristyllus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_of_Rhodes" title="Attalus of Rhodes">Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleostratus" title="Cleostratus">Cleostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euctemon" title="Euctemon">Euctemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicetas" title="Hicetas">Hicetas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meton_of_Athens" title="Meton of Athens">Meton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia" title="Seleucus of Seleucia">Seleucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_the_Peripatetic" title="Sosigenes the Peripatetic">Sosigenes the Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocharis" title="Timocharis">Timocharis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest"><i>Almagest</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ptolemy)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catasterismi" title="Catasterismi"><i>Catasterismi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Eratosthenes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens"><i>On the Heavens</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristotle)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">Gnomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callippic_cycle" title="Callippic cycle">Callippic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">Circle of latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchic_cycle" title="Hipparchic cycle">Hipparchic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_and_superior_planets" title="Inferior and superior planets">Inferior and superior planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaeteris" title="Octaeteris">Octaeteris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">Sublunary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Medieval European science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_mathematics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Template:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_mathematics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Ancient Greek mathematics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians">(timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius_of_Tralles" title="Anthemius of Tralles">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus_the_Elder" title="Aristaeus the Elder">Aristaeus the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryson_of_Heraclea" title="Bryson of Heraclea">Bryson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Antioch" title="Carpus of Antioch">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_(mathematician)" title="Diocles (mathematician)">Diocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantus" title="Diophantus">Diophantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinostratus" title="Dinostratus">Dinostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysodorus" title="Dionysodorus">Dionysodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domninus_of_Larissa" title="Domninus of Larissa">Domninus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutocius_of_Ascalon" title="Eutocius of Ascalon">Eutocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_of_Larissa" title="Heliodorus of Larissa">Heliodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Miletus" title="Isidore of Miletus">Isidore of Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_(mathematician)" title="Leon (mathematician)">Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menaechmus" title="Menaechmus">Menaechmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_(grammarian)" title="Metrodorus (grammarian)">Metrodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_(mathematician)" title="Nicomedes (mathematician)">Nicomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicoteles_of_Cyrene" title="Nicoteles of Cyrene">Nicoteles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappus_of_Alexandria" title="Pappus of Alexandria">Pappus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(geometer)" title="Perseus (geometer)">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philon" title="Philon">Philon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philonides_of_Laodicea" title="Philonides of Laodicea">Philonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenus_of_Antino%C3%B6polis" title="Serenus of Antinoöpolis">Serenus </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporus_of_Nicaea" title="Sporus of Nicaea">Sporus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(mathematician)" title="Theaetetus (mathematician)">Theaetetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Cyrene" title="Theodorus of Cyrene">Theodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymaridas" title="Thymaridas">Thymaridas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenodorus_(mathematician)" title="Zenodorus (mathematician)">Zenodorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Palimpsest" title="Archimedes Palimpsest">Archimedes Palimpsest</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arithmetica" title="Arithmetica">Arithmetica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga#Conics" title="Apollonius of Perga"><i>Conics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Apollonius)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">Catoptrics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_(Euclid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (Euclid)"><i>Data</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements"><i>Elements</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Measurement_of_a_Circle" title="Measurement of a Circle">Measurement of a Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Conoids_and_Spheroids" title="On Conoids and Spheroids">On Conoids and Spheroids</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane"><i>On the Moving Sphere</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Autolycus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Optics" title="Euclid's Optics"><i>Optics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Spirals" title="On Spirals">On Spirals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sphere_and_Cylinder" title="On the Sphere and Cylinder">On the Sphere and Cylinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostomachion" title="Ostomachion">Ostomachion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planisphaerium" title="Planisphaerium">Planisphaerium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius%27_Spherics" title="Theodosius' Spherics"><i>Spherics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Theodosius)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria"><i>Spherics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Menelaus)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quadrature_of_the_Parabola" class="mw-redirect" title="The Quadrature of the Parabola">The Quadrature of the Parabola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Reckoner" title="The Sand Reckoner">The Sand Reckoner</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructible_number" title="Constructible number">Constructible numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_trisection" title="Angle trisection">Angle trisection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_the_cube" title="Doubling the cube">Doubling the cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">Squaring the circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Apollonius" title="Problem of Apollonius">Problem of Apollonius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts<br />and definitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">Angle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_angle" title="Central angle">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscribed_angle" title="Inscribed angle">Inscribed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_system" title="Axiomatic system">Axiomatic system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axiom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_(geometry)" title="Chord (geometry)">Chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Apollonius" title="Circles of Apollonius">Circles of Apollonius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_circles" title="Apollonian circles">Apollonian circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_gasket" title="Apollonian gasket">Apollonian gasket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumscribed_circle" title="Circumscribed circle">Circumscribed circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(mathematics)" title="Commensurability (mathematics)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantine_equation" title="Diophantine equation">Diophantine equation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_proportion_(mathematics)" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Doctrine of proportion (mathematics)">Doctrine of proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incircle_and_excircles_of_a_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Incircle and excircles of a triangle">Incircle and excircles of a triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion" title="Method of exhaustion">Method of exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_postulate" title="Parallel postulate">Parallel postulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lune_of_Hippocrates" title="Lune of Hippocrates">Lune of Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratrix_of_Hippias" title="Quadratrix of Hippias">Quadratrix of Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_polygon" title="Regular polygon">Regular polygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge_and_compass_construction" title="Straightedge and compass construction">Straightedge and compass construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_center" title="Triangle center">Triangle center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Results</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclid's elements"><i>Elements</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_bisector_theorem" title="Angle bisector theorem">Angle bisector theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exterior_angle_theorem" title="Exterior angle theorem">Exterior angle theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm" title="Euclidean algorithm">Euclidean algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_theorem" title="Euclid's theorem">Euclid's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean_theorem" title="Geometric mean theorem">Geometric mean theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_geometric_algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek geometric algebra">Greek geometric algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinge_theorem" title="Hinge theorem">Hinge theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscribed_angle_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscribed angle theorem">Inscribed angle theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercept_theorem" title="Intercept theorem">Intercept theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersecting_chords_theorem" title="Intersecting chords theorem">Intersecting chords theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersecting_secants_theorem" title="Intersecting secants theorem">Intersecting secants theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_cosines" title="Law of cosines">Law of cosines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_asinorum" title="Pons asinorum">Pons asinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangent-secant_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangent-secant theorem">Tangent-secant theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales%27s_theorem" title="Thales's theorem">Thales's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorem_of_the_gnomon" title="Theorem of the gnomon">Theorem of the gnomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius%27s_theorem" title="Apollonius's theorem">Apollonius's theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus%27s_inequality" title="Aristarchus's inequality">Aristarchus's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbar_theorem" title="Crossbar theorem">Crossbar theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron%27s_formula" title="Heron's formula">Heron's formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrational_number" title="Irrational number">Irrational numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_sines" title="Law of sines">Law of sines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus%27s_theorem" title="Menelaus's theorem">Menelaus's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappus%27s_area_theorem" title="Pappus's area theorem">Pappus's area theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantus_II.VIII" title="Diophantus II.VIII">Problem II.8 of <i>Arithmetica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_inequality" title="Ptolemy's inequality">Ptolemy's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_table_of_chords" title="Ptolemy's table of chords">Ptolemy's table of chords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_theorem" title="Ptolemy's theorem">Ptolemy's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_Theodorus" title="Spiral of Theodorus">Spiral of Theodorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Mouseion of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">Latin translations of the 12th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">Non-Euclidean geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neusis_construction" title="Neusis construction">Neusis construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Greek_Mathematics" title="A History of Greek Mathematics">A History of Greek Mathematics</a></i> <ul><li>by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heath_(classicist)" title="Thomas Heath (classicist)">Thomas Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_algebra" title="History of algebra">algebra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_algebra" title="Timeline of algebra">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of arithmetic">arithmetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_numerals_and_arithmetic" title="Timeline of numerals and arithmetic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_calculus" title="History of calculus">calculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_calculus_and_mathematical_analysis" title="Timeline of calculus and mathematical analysis">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geometry" title="History of geometry">geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_geometry" title="Timeline of geometry">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_logic" title="History of logic">logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematical_logic" title="Timeline of mathematical logic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">mathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematics" title="Timeline of mathematics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of numbers">numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">prehistoric counting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems" title="History of ancient numeral systems">numeral systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems" title="List of numeral systems">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Arabian/Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mathematics" title="Japanese mathematics">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/16px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/24px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, 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role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43182#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43182#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43182#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081486989">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/69031816">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/227190796">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132160307210657740025">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/731154380952430290754">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/165484407">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/181367732">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/10637135">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316993012">8</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/93994/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118530674">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82081073">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12483904c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12483904c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eratosthenes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV121244">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an61539745">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002161274&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1128886">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072894563">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/95001492">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000765340&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=172478">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftw0p213vxht4v">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810560622905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/30094">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260834505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511927606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14402808">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11746617?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:eratosthenes-of-cyrene.">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/244499">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1842420">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118530674.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118530674">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034042709">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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