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id="toc-Topical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Topical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systemic_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systemic_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Systemic drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systemic_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substances_proposed_to_act_antipruritically,_but_not_used_medically" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substances_proposed_to_act_antipruritically,_but_not_used_medically"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Substances proposed to act antipruritically, but not used medically</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Substances_proposed_to_act_antipruritically,_but_not_used_medically-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Substances proposed to act antipruritically, but not used medically subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Substances_proposed_to_act_antipruritically,_but_not_used_medically-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alternative treatments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effectiveness subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treating_itch_associated_with_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treating_itch_associated_with_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Treating itch associated with disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treating_itch_associated_with_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treating_itch_directly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treating_itch_directly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Treating itch directly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treating_itch_directly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_Chinese_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Chinese_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Traditional Chinese medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Chinese_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adverse effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Systemic_corticosteroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systemic_corticosteroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Systemic corticosteroids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systemic_corticosteroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topical_corticosteroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topical_corticosteroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Topical corticosteroids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topical_corticosteroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antihistamines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antihistamines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Antihistamines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antihistamines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-μ-Opioid_receptor_antagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#μ-Opioid_receptor_antagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>μ-Opioid receptor antagonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-μ-Opioid_receptor_antagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antidepressants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antidepressants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Antidepressants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antidepressants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immunosuppressants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunosuppressants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Immunosuppressants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunosuppressants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capsaicin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capsaicin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Capsaicin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capsaicin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antipruritic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiprurigin%C3%B3s" title="Antipruriginós – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antipruriginós" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipruriginoso" title="Antipruriginoso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antipruriginoso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="ضدخارش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضدخارش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiprurigineux" title="Antiprurigineux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antiprurigineux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipruritik" title="Antipruritik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antipruritik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipruriginoso" title="Antipruriginoso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antipruriginoso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipruriginoso" title="Antipruriginoso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antipruriginoso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipruritik" title="Antipruritik – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Antipruritik" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipruritik" title="Antipruritik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antipruritik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medications that inhibit itching</div> <p><b>Antipruritics</b>, <b>abirritants</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>anti-itch drugs</b>, are <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a> that inhibit the <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itching</a> (Latin: <i><a href="/wiki/Pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritus">pruritus</a></i>) often associated with <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reactions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">chickenpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungal_infection_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal infection in animals">fungal infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">insect bites and stings</a> like those from <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticaria</a> caused by plants such as <a href="/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy">poison ivy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis" title="Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis">urushiol-induced contact dermatitis</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Stinging_nettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Stinging nettle">stinging nettle</a>. It can also be caused by <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a> and related conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abirritants consist of a large group of drugs belonging to different classes with varying mechanisms to treat <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itch</a>. They may work either directly or indirectly to relieve itch, and evidence on their effectiveness varies from one class to another.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some alternative medicines are also used to treat itch.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Side effects of abirritants also vary depending on the class of the drug. Even before the emergence of modern <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a>, abirritants have already been used in many civilizations, but practices and choice of drugs may differ by <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of drug classes are available as abirritants for itching relief, but there is no one single specific abirritant to treat all forms of itch.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatments may vary depending on the cause. Commonly prescribed abirritants can be broadly divided into <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systemic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic drug">systemic</a> drugs, and may include a combination of one or more drugs, described as below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topical">Topical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Topical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tube_of_Hydrocortison,_Oude_Pekela_(2019)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tube_of_Hydrocortison%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_02.jpg/103px-Tube_of_Hydrocortison%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tube_of_Hydrocortison%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_02.jpg/154px-Tube_of_Hydrocortison%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tube_of_Hydrocortison%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_02.jpg/206px-Tube_of_Hydrocortison%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="4864" /></a><figcaption>Corticosteroid creams can be applied directly on the skin to treat itch.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">Topical</a> formulations are preferred for treating localized itch caused by skin damage, inflammation or dryness.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topical antipruritics in the form of <a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream (pharmaceutical)">creams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spray_(liquid_drop)" title="Spray (liquid drop)">sprays</a> are often available <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-counter drugs">over the counter</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Active_ingredient" title="Active ingredient">active ingredients</a> usually belong to these classes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a> (Benadryl) and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a> topical cream, see <a href="/wiki/Topical_steroid" title="Topical steroid">topical steroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterirritant" title="Counterirritant">Counterirritants</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">menthol</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hercogova_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hercogova-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pramoxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pramoxine">pramoxine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Benzocaine" title="Benzocaine">benzocaine</a> in topical creams or lotions</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Medication </th> <th>Mechanism of Action </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> </td> <td>Suppresses itch originating from immune response and inflammation<sup id="cite_ref-:14_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">Betamethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">Hydrocortisone</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamines</a> </td> <td>Antihistamines have anti-inflammatory properties that can relieve itching by suppressing the underlying inflammation<sup id="cite_ref-:13_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>First generation: <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">Chlorphenamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a></li> <li>Second generation: <a href="/wiki/Fexofenadine" title="Fexofenadine">Fexofenadine</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> </td> <td>Prevents the propagation of nerve signals that would otherwise cause an itching sensation<sup id="cite_ref-:16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramocaine" title="Pramocaine">Pramoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine/prilocaine" title="Lidocaine/prilocaine">Lidocaine/prilocaine</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase-4_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor">Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors</a> </td> <td>Suppresses inflammation to relieve itch<sup id="cite_ref-:16_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roflumilast" title="Roflumilast">Roflumilast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisaborole" title="Crisaborole">Crisaborole</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Desensitizes nerves that cause itch<sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systemic_drugs">Systemic drugs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Systemic drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_strip_of_antihistamine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/A_strip_of_antihistamine.jpg/220px-A_strip_of_antihistamine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/A_strip_of_antihistamine.jpg/330px-A_strip_of_antihistamine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/A_strip_of_antihistamine.jpg/440px-A_strip_of_antihistamine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Antihistamines are commonly used to treat itching associated with allergies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Generalized itch, or itching across the whole body, can be a symptom of a dermatological disorder or an underlying systemic problem.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some systemic diseases can that cause generalized itch include <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney diseases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">liver diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:25_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually treated with systemic agents instead of topical agents.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corticosteroids and antihistamines mentioned above can also be used to treat generalized itch.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common systemic abirritants are listed below: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabapentin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gabapentin.jpg/315px-Gabapentin.jpg" decoding="async" width="315" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gabapentin.jpg/473px-Gabapentin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gabapentin.jpg/630px-Gabapentin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4283" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>Gabapentin is an <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a> which can also be used to treat itch.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Medication </th> <th>Mechanism of Action </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>Corticosteroids </td> <td>Suppresses itch originating from immune response and inflammation<sup id="cite_ref-:14_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">Betamethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">Hydrocortisone</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antihistamines </td> <td>Antihistamines have anti-inflammatory properties that can relieve itching by suppressing the underlying inflammation<sup id="cite_ref-:13_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>First generation: <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">Chlorphenamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a></li> <li>Second generation: <a href="/wiki/Fexofenadine" title="Fexofenadine">Fexofenadine</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptor</a> antagonists </td> <td>Blocks the μ-opioid receptor, the stimulation of which causes itch in clinical settings such as <a href="/wiki/Cholestatic_pruritus" title="Cholestatic pruritus">itch due to liver diseases</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antidepressants </td> <td>Reduces itch by mediating <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> levels in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Two main classes of antidepressants are utilized to relieve itch: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antidepressant" title="Atypical antidepressant">Atypical antidepressants</a> acting on histamine receptors can useful in itching that occurs at night. An example is <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a><sup id="cite_ref-:15_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Selective serotinin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SSRIs) are often used in psychiatric patients with itching. Common SSRIs include <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a><sup id="cite_ref-:15_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Immunosuppressants </td> <td>Suppresses the immune system to reduce inflammation and hence reduce itch<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">Cyclosporin</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anticonvulsants </td> <td>Mechanism of action is unclear, but is thought to prevent itching by desensitizing <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">calcium channels</a> in nerves<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Thalidomide suppresses itching through a number of ways: <ul><li>Acts as a <a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">central depressant</a>;</li> <li>Reduces inflammation;</li> <li>Modulates immune response; and</li> <li>Modulates nerve signal transmission<sup id="cite_ref-:18_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Butorphanol activates the <b><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid receptor</a></b> and blocks the μ-opioid receptor, inhibiting generalized pruritus due to an imbalance between the μ- and κ-opioid systems </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Oral antipruritics are usually <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a>. Those more recently described include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalfurafine" title="Nalfurafine">Nalfurafine</a>, a centrally-acting <a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> approved for <a href="/wiki/Uremic_pruritus" title="Uremic pruritus">uremic pruritus</a> and effective in <a href="/wiki/Animal_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal model">animal models</a> of other prurituses<sup id="cite_ref-Inui2015_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inui2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oclacitinib" title="Oclacitinib">Oclacitinib</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_inhibitor" title="Janus kinase inhibitor">janus kinase inhibitor</a> used to control pruritus in dogs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Substances_proposed_to_act_antipruritically,_but_not_used_medically"><span id="Substances_proposed_to_act_antipruritically.2C_but_not_used_medically"></span>Substances proposed to act antipruritically, but not used medically</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Substances proposed to act antipruritically, but not used medically"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burow%27s_solution" title="Burow's solution">Burow's solution</a>, an astringent aqueous solution of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_triacetate" title="Aluminium triacetate">aluminium triacetate</a>, is shown to soothe and to relieve itching.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewelweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelweed">Jewelweed</a> has been shown to be devoid of any anti-itch activity in several controlled studies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamine_lotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamine lotion">Calamine lotion</a>, containing <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">iron(III) oxide</a>, is a traditional remedy for mild itching, such as that typically associated with chicken pox – although the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> has asserted that it has little if any scientific evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, they subsequently recommended applying topical OTC skin protectants, such as calamine, to relieve the itch caused by poisonous plants such as <a href="/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy">poison ivy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison_oak" title="Poison oak">poison oak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poison_sumac" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison sumac">poison sumac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Paste of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a> (baking soda) and water, applied topically<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Tawrell_2008_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Tawrell_2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium hydroxide">Ammonium hydroxide</a> (household ammonia), applied topically<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Tawrell_2008_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Tawrell_2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papain" title="Papain">Papain</a>-based topical creams.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_treatments">Alternative treatments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alternative treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of herbs have been used to treat itching such as <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portulaca_oleracea" title="Portulaca oleracea">pigweed</a> (<i>Portulaca oleracaea</i>), <a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">ashoka</a> (<i>Saraca asoca</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">fig</a> (<i>Ficus carica</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other unconventional forms of treatment with potential efficacy for treating systemic itch include topical <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoids</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and H4 <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the availability of many forms of treatment, there is only a limited number of case series or small-scale studies examining the efficacy of abirritants.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a lack of evidence on treatment for chronic pruritus of unknown origin.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also little to no evidence on the efficacy and safety of using abirritants during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treating_itch_associated_with_disease">Treating itch associated with disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treating itch associated with disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some abirritants work by indirectly treating itch through treating the causative medical conditions, which means that the itching associated with the condition will often subside when it is properly treated. This includes <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>, which are effective in treating inflammatory disorders of the skin, in particular atopic dermatitis.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successful treatment of atopic dermatitis with either corticosteroids or antihistamines would resolve the associated itching.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treating_itch_directly">Treating itch directly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treating itch directly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some abirritants treat pruritus directly without necessarily treating the causative medical condition. Abirritants that directly treat itching and are established to be effective are reported here in the table below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Medication </th> <th>Effectiveness </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a> </td> <td>Gabapentin was found to be effective in decreasing the severity of <a href="/wiki/Uremic_pruritus" title="Uremic pruritus">uremic pruritus</a> compared to placebo.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a> </td> <td>Continuous intravenous butorphanol reduced the incidence of <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>-induced pruritus significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a> </td> <td>Thalidomide is effective in treating chronic refractory pruritus among patients who had failed conventional therapy (corticosteroids or antihistamines), with a 50% or greater reduction in symptoms and a shorter time to improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>μ-opioid receptor antagonists </td> <td>μ-opioid receptor antagonists such as naltrexone and nalmefene demonstrated significant improvement in treating patients with <a href="/wiki/Cholestatic_pruritus" title="Cholestatic pruritus">cholestatic</a> pruritus, or itch arising from <a href="/wiki/Hives" title="Hives">urticaria</a> and atopic dermatitis.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_Chinese_medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Traditional Chinese medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictamnus_albus_SLO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dictamnus_albus_SLO.jpg/118px-Dictamnus_albus_SLO.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dictamnus_albus_SLO.jpg/178px-Dictamnus_albus_SLO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dictamnus_albus_SLO.jpg/237px-Dictamnus_albus_SLO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="5508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dictamnus" title="Dictamnus">Dictamnus</a> is one of the many herbs used to treat itch in Traditional Chinese Medicine.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a> is extensively used in Asia for relief of itch. It is believed that itching is caused by irritations from wind, dampness or blood stasis, and can be relieved by the use of herbs such as <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gardenia" title="Gardenia">gardenia fruit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">mung bean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes these herbal remedies are used in combination with <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">moxibustion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but their efficacy is still unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sericin" title="Sericin">Sericin</a> cream and oral <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acid</a> supplements may show benefit in reducing itch.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each class of abirritants has its own set of potential adverse effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systemic_corticosteroids">Systemic corticosteroids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Systemic corticosteroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CushingsFace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fat tissue deposits on the sides of the face causes the patient's face to have a rounded appearance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/CushingsFace.jpg/220px-CushingsFace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/CushingsFace.jpg/330px-CushingsFace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/CushingsFace.jpg/440px-CushingsFace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5192" data-file-height="5952" /></a><figcaption>Systemic corticosteroid treatment can cause redistribution of fat tissue, leading to <a href="/wiki/Moon_face" title="Moon face">moon face</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Systemic corticosteroid use has been associated with a wide range of potential adverse effects. In a review article, the following common complications were noted for prolonged use: redistribution of fat tissues (<a href="/wiki/Moon_face" title="Moon face">moon face</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">high blood sugar</a>, infections, delayed wound healing, and <a href="/wiki/HPA_axis_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="HPA axis suppression">HPA axis suppression</a>, where the body's natural production of hormones like <a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">adrenocorticotropic hormone</a> is suppressed as a response to the increased level of corticosteroids in the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a lack of data on adverse effects associated with corticosteroid use of a shorter period and lower dose.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topical_corticosteroids">Topical corticosteroids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Topical corticosteroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both local and systemic side effects can result from topical corticosteroid use, especially in prolonged treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local side effects can occur regularly from prolonged use,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which include skin atrophy (thinning), <a href="/wiki/Stretch_marks" title="Stretch marks">stretch marks</a>, infections, lighter skin color, and <a href="/wiki/Tachyphylaxis" title="Tachyphylaxis">sudden decrease in efficacy of the drug</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Systemic side effects are far less prevalent than local ones.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prolonged high potency corticosteroids use on thin skin, especially in children, increases the risk of systemic side effects since thin skin allows for greater absorption.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One commonly cited systemic side effect from topical use is <a href="/wiki/HPA_axis_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="HPA axis suppression">HPA axis suppression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A meta-analysis of topical corticosteroid use in children concluded that low-potency corticosteroid at recommended dosages and duration do not cause clinically significant HPA suppression.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antihistamines">Antihistamines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Antihistamines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antihistamines target the molecule histamine by blocking the <a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor" title="Histamine H1 receptor">histamine H1 receptor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First-generation antihistamines like <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorpheniramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorpheniramine">chlorpheniramine</a> are able to move from the blood into the brain across the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>, where they block the H1 receptor, reducing the neurotransmitter effect of histamine, leading to central nervous system side effects such as drowsiness and confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second generation antihistamines, such as fexofenadine and <a href="/wiki/Cetirizine" title="Cetirizine">cetirizine</a> are less able to move from blood circulation into the brain and are therefore associated with fewer side effects in usual doses.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="μ-Opioid_receptor_antagonists"><span id=".CE.BC-Opioid_receptor_antagonists"></span>μ-Opioid receptor antagonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: μ-Opioid receptor antagonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>μ-opioid receptor antagonists are usually well-tolerated and have no abuse potential since they do not cause physical dependence.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Side effects are dose-dependent and generally limited to the first two weeks of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">Opioid withdrawal</a> symptoms are rare and may include severe <a href="/wiki/Lightheadedness" title="Lightheadedness">lightheadedness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depersonalization" title="Depersonalization">depersonalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antidepressants">Antidepressants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Antidepressants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including both serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are generally well tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common side effects include: </p> <ul><li>Sexual dysfunction, which is the most common side effect of all serotonin reuptake inhibitors, manifesting as delayed ejaculation, <a href="/wiki/Anorgasmia" title="Anorgasmia">inability to achieve orgasm</a> and decreased libido.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting, which depend on the dose and usually resolve within the first two weeks of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Central nervous system disturbances such as anxiety, insomnia and sedation.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Suicide risk: a combined analysis of placebo-controlled trials of various antidepressants including SSRIs in children and adolescents showed a doubled risk of suicide in those taking antidepressants.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> issued a warning in 2004 regarding the elevated risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children and adolescents.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunosuppressants">Immunosuppressants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Immunosuppressants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immunosuppressants may cause <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunodeficiency</a>, resulting in an increased susceptibility to infection. Other side effects include bone marrow suppression, increased risk of cardiovascular disease and increased risk of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Capsaicin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being the main chemical that causes heat in <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>, the main side effect of capsaicin is a burning sensation that usually persists for several days. A topical anaesthetic can be used to reduce the sensation. In addition, the topical anaesthetic can also provide anti-itch effect on its own.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scilla_cilicica_-_Taurus_Squill_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Scilla_cilicica_-_Taurus_Squill_04.jpg/220px-Scilla_cilicica_-_Taurus_Squill_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Scilla_cilicica_-_Taurus_Squill_04.jpg/330px-Scilla_cilicica_-_Taurus_Squill_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Scilla_cilicica_-_Taurus_Squill_04.jpg/440px-Scilla_cilicica_-_Taurus_Squill_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Squill" title="Squill">Squill</a> was used to treat itch and is commonly listed in ancient pharmacopeia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Abirritants have an extensive history in treating itch. The history of abirritants dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> period, when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Tralles" title="Alexander of Tralles">Alexander of Tralleis</a>, a famous physician, recommended crushed <a href="/wiki/Rue" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue">rue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a> mixed in honey for topical application to the scalp for itching caused by scabby conditions of the head.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 7th century, <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Aegina" title="Paul of Aegina">Paul of Aegina</a>, a famous <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> physician, described a list of drugs for treatment of itch including plants such as the <a href="/wiki/Squill" title="Squill">squill</a>, metallic components, and goat droppings which were applied externally. These drugs are common in ancient <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopoeia" title="Pharmacopoeia">pharmacopeia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Lorscher Azneibuch</i> written in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorsch_monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorsch monastery (page does not exist)">monastery of Lorsch</a> in the 7th century described many preparations of abirritants for both systemic and topical use, such as an ointment prepared from stinging <a href="/wiki/Nettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nettle">nettle seeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a>-coated girdles were used in the 17th century as an expensive treatment to alleviate symptoms of itch caused by <a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">scabies</a>, but mercury toxins in the blood often caused other troubling symptoms in patients.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, many new abirritants for external use emerged, including <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naphthol" title="Naphthol">naphthol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbolic_Acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbolic Acid">carbolic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">thymol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">menthol</a>, which were mostly available in the form of ointments. <a href="/wiki/Alcohols_(medicine)" title="Alcohols (medicine)">Alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> were also commonly prescribed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">Itching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Kidney+Diseases&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+Uremic+Pruritus%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=638-655&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.ajkd.2017.05.018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28720208&rft.aulast=Simonsen&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Komenda%2C+P&rft.au=Lerner%2C+B&rft.au=Askin%2C+N&rft.au=Bohm%2C+C&rft.au=Shaw%2C+J&rft.au=Tangri%2C+N&rft.au=Rigatto%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1053%252Fj.ajkd.2017.05.018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipruritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiSongXieYan2017" 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class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28713436">28713436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evidence-Based+Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Traditional+Chinese+Medicine+and+Relevant+Treatment+for+the+Efficacy+and+Safety+of+Atopic+Dermatitis%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis+of+Randomized+Controlled+Trials&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=6026434&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5497608%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28713436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2017%2F6026434&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=ZF&rft.au=Song%2C+TB&rft.au=Xie%2C+J&rft.au=Yan%2C+YQ&rft.au=Du%2C+YP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5497608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipruritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931201">3931201</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24600196">24600196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacognosy+Reviews&rft.atitle=Plants+used+to+treat+skin+diseases&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=52-60&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3931201%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24600196&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0973-7847.125531&rft.aulast=Tabassum&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Hamdani%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3931201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipruritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisshaarGrüllKönigSchweinfurth2009" class="citation journal cs1">Weisshaar E, Grüll V, König A, Schweinfurth D, Diepgen TL, Eckart WU (December 2009). 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Ulrich Stoll"</a>. <i>Isis</i>. <b>85</b> (2): 314–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F356835">10.1086/356835</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Das+%22Lorscher+Arzneibuch%22%3A+Ein+medizinisches+Kompendium+des+8.+Jahrhunderts+%28Codex+Bambergensis+medicinalis+1%29%3A+Text%2C+Ubersetzung+und+Fachglossar.+Ulrich+Stoll&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=314-315&rft.date=1994-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F356835&rft.issn=0021-1753&rft.aulast=Brevart&rft.aufirst=FB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1086%2F356835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipruritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuzaSuresh2018" class="citation journal cs1">Puza CJ, Suresh V (May 2018). "Scabies and Pruritus-A Historical Review". <i>JAMA Dermatology</i>. <b>154</b> (5): 536. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamadermatol.2018.0147">10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.0147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29801071">29801071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Scabies+and+Pruritus-A+Historical+Review&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=536&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamadermatol.2018.0147&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29801071&rft.aulast=Puza&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Suresh%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipruritic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaus2006" class="citation journal cs1">Paus, R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1451220">"Frontiers in pruritus research: scratching the brain for more effective itch therapy"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Investigation</i>. <b>116</b> (5): 1174–1185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI28553">10.1172/JCI28553</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1451220">1451220</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16670758">16670758</a>.</cite><span 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title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and blood<br />forming organs (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B" title="ATC code B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihemorrhagic" title="Antihemorrhagic">Antihemorrhagics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifibrinolytic" title="Antifibrinolytic">Antifibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>cardiac therapy / <a href="/wiki/Antianginal" title="Antianginal">antianginals</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stimulant" title="Cardiac stimulant">Cardiac stimulants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolipidemic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypolipidemic agent">Antihyperlipidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">Fibrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D" title="ATC code D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">Emollients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatrizant" class="mw-redirect" 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href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H" title="ATC code H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antithyroid_agent" title="Antithyroid agent">Antithyroid agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> and<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">infestations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J" title="ATC code J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P" title="ATC code P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_code_QI" title="ATCvet code QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibacterials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterials</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antivirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">Antiparasitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">Antiprotozoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoparasiticide" title="Ectoparasiticide">Ectoparasiticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin">Intravenous immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L01–L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Anticancer agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">Spindle poisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">Antineoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L03–L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">Immunostimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M" title="ATC code M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Antirheumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N" title="ATC code N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">Anorectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihyperkinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihyperkinetic">Anti-ADHD agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Antiaddictives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidementia_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">Antiparkinson agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants">Hallucinogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">Mood stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation-enhancing_drug" title="Motivation-enhancing drug">Motivation-enhancing drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">Neuroprotectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">Orexigenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenic" title="Serenic">Serenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">Wakefulness-promoting agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R" title="ATC code R">R</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">Decongestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator">Bronchodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">Cough medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist">H<sub>1</sub> antagonists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S" title="ATC code S">S</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmologicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">Otologicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V" title="ATC code V">V</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast medium">Contrast media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medicine)" title="Dressing (medicine)">Dressings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senotherapeutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Senotherapeutics">Senotherapeutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antipruritics_(D04)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antipruritics" title="Template:Antipruritics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antipruritics" title="Template talk:Antipruritics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antipruritics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antipruritics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antipruritics_(D04)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antipruritics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D04" title="ATC code D04">D04</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: Linen"><a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">Antihistamines</a> for <a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">topical</a> use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamipine" title="Bamipine">Bamipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropyramine" title="Chloropyramine">Chloropyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenoxamine" title="Chlorphenoxamine">Chlorphenoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">Clemastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimetindene" title="Dimetindene">Dimetindene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothipendyl" title="Isothipendyl">Isothipendyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">Mepyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">Pheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenalidine" title="Thenalidine">Thenalidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonzylamine" title="Thonzylamine">Thonzylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolpropamine" title="Tolpropamine">Tolpropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">Tripelennamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: Linen"><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> for topical use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzocaine" title="Benzocaine">Benzocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinchocaine" title="Cinchocaine">Cinchocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibucaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibucaine">Dibucaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxybuprocaine" title="Oxybuprocaine">Oxybuprocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramocaine" title="Pramocaine">Pramocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinisocaine" title="Quinisocaine">Quinisocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracaine" title="Tetracaine">Tetracaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: Linen">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterirritant" title="Counterirritant">Counterirritants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">menthol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difelikefalin" title="Difelikefalin">Difelikefalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalfurafine" title="Nalfurafine">Nalfurafine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&oldid=1204246223">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antipruritic&oldid=1204246223</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antipruritics" 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