CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134f8de9db1fce3',cH: 'CwzNrchEMVXOXDCw8Jm7wTjrpOi_CZoMZEMP43zmUI8-1739786864-1.2.1.1-psaONcR4LU8StAysAEjXSe.A203LTEq8np1mTZtsW7DMrjMeXZrjuxzAVqtQJDH1',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=power%20networks&__cf_chl_tk=UXVD37AFdbi3uC0vLAlmU2P5yGVL.crihaAp5Fh7KsA-1739786864-1.0.1.1-dnAgeU9By3Q14LcpMkwBo4JvGQOnYRI.2a4ylljpwWk",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739786864',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=power%20networks&__cf_chl_f_tk=UXVD37AFdbi3uC0vLAlmU2P5yGVL.crihaAp5Fh7KsA-1739786864-1.0.1.1-dnAgeU9By3Q14LcpMkwBo4JvGQOnYRI.2a4ylljpwWk",md: "acaTXgFGUvPWBdvATvUcNgX8rFoHvvg7AVQPegDr1rA-1739786864-1.2.1.1-VSOLiXIZfK78W5Njl2C6pnvrWalkHGcHhTixvmJb2CWCOinMsK0qviF3wnYLUMn74UgvEa1MKpZkrF9Nc1HLkhxHABm0aGeWkj_Fusl2V7tl4GPYI0sjklCnY9YU1rXY1O7BKcjucp8i63WljpcVZW667jT2xZAVzf2.l.9uFX9tMiJmxPIPu7srG6B8OxyVA4wKwnNSxUhC0r.8i6gxfp6CJRHmg.fVqt4UHkc0LBASWY1dJ9YXxqmAl4yIl2A2dI2VkS1KKjanKDsKACqsVqT3HiY7EKF8CPTIT_dhwk5KDeRMqvrRpumCD_qu_0qRw0k9Wr9JR8hj09Am7BgqTIR1cIElnZTqn.Q5te96x.8GNzK9q2OkVuKVbvGQ1CuZkatIYKpTTQUu5iELpUR3fdFMbo69V9JsQ0QU_nBL26fuBWDXMeLZhWtgNdXbnNJ99R.vK9a0j5fbtqlsglUiH6GJ9PzZAQXQuR3f3GZzgX_n27Sk8CcqHT1BPyb4s7b_WPn5.CS3CFtFnENSgzeqHXWQjW1RAim42YC6KNFLGTJGbaD.p29FontSUHAeCMjngCVKBifdz1ZCSYO1WtcDSmXvnVMWwCvZw9p2eLvJsorufUrHpn3eVUAC224T39JeLHbg0Zj2BE5uVYIrplCl_iFhKAxqRXn3XGSU.L1j2K9QQB4UeIuloCMc4E_2m1mdicv6tRVyHQJXSSqzw71sp8r4RcothnLMbPN3zJvlQkKK6OtsMxeFo.WsZ5xLScVs_1cVkhZRtxqHRRj_4h_GQj4vJ7.KX9FIsQryhYk9y1Pd0Jvm5EXykTJ7e.CMO4iR9EHYQbGbzbTienGZeucnFCw984Ix5D0SNOQvWU0zOGVu6mjMHnRN.brwQM3f2q7pCpV7heNmxIdFouLaWhEHJQe_sitJz4VMRq.I3I3V8.YyxrFG9pGnNsIc0wXXvy7HX1smcxksi4dzvueFiyBsrLZvn3fxCEwFrDgc2NziZVpeE0PfThmqMyKmdaDZC_Fdn2ZeM5MNzNEgS_z421.21fTqXLUKS660wdbNmFDd3nGFlzG3ihrrKMGuVCIgIcoOhJU3c9kEMSu6InEzmb9qrD4GnWPdi6ttTmtQRV1K2DyxDAkniC79XZYGysF5lSh0xaC.CHXs6dehxgbU4W569xqnLh9tIm10yUL554u15TWsQo9vL7j59H1BGMcHgwBSFGCR7Aa.nrVBA9ZgsObP224xLhbBcbDenJ0HR0mxh0rxbNNkY0ULdmZtTTbZaQSm4KYWbJb9rflq32nX_rdWWRd4kL6oj.hy1NAOVwu703QDc4XQbKpT.9vVr_tHCDSsJCErsGhxMVyqCdcnMNz9EUHqZx2FWegEhvtxilKe5mALEYBZAVCwCnJpTSM_pzmggJnr3GDuxGH8WsnVtPe.A2LQ_JY.UJ9XoAzwj1a._tJY.XLz7w7_mJSoBClavbVahLPCv9jSOLPQoJrPcr9twdHU43giIrLBzc42sKJgDNXSupueOZYlJY6H6jidJYPgqzfBmAGajWxHAodW04Gk0FItfFt.PxWiTuhUvNaNEkvE_IlwyRQaw7KC3PUUsp03p21tzdgOfsJKudH286OgKpFsM6NCzz6nQaCwbZRDoNpL3hOh8yUafJK1spO6Qq8Z4CmPmxjk_Pb5w2C7XtOFH8ZoFp.scrI9uaT2LmGgEAFAkOw3STgNxttvtbqbGs_NkZkqBXn4kKWL6NOyYu52BODidXVQzCWX6B1kFNH_Hh07PK6y_pS_f1F5OCPM0r2PXWI3Ir0nAuP1XyZryJb7XPFaCZZ8V7e26G.W8wW6cbWXvXg0UAAOL_7FS8IsojI83u034yk53wHBhk28xPxsp_CiOm2DAgz3OJG8T8.xNXadrvSInxL5D_SlRIvE_tAMJCrcTVUaCzo5zrz8drIwP148BR9LAyr5_T855gwZ39c",mdrd: "5cri0lOCFT92Okrwub1lcu4RpVZe8vWSpEqDICicIls-1739786864-1.2.1.1-_Hlw16sob7sRuZgU46Bos8hSHfOuA9fW4F8b63YlOavbVoawZMMq9_PWzYHHRBWBRqJWNbYUbAgOEB9FioXSYAj.2WjpEsRfGfO4YxRhdwjyQxzWwFRKVa3MOXVRwfx0vmkOAFdfSTa1WM0WXO1INwcDfAWjsnf8x_DfjPxbUltavNLu8BrwDStIJhL1VuJUtZWrXsBGDft7roItBs175WCigSz9CNwRHYKlhPvLsj4emFqDp.5iavnRWyH3DtU.ba1iZcTp37gAXtEDOeRYhQj3RWWEqSrj4AT8mZZLlOSls7dgnNGVQ3.fpVBKM4RyZsijh_uk294hPPKH5GhH63G1QW1LRHWWJKZhkoq5X9JKufl8A86jAkqmjqDER2LNa6mgxy9DmL3.Y3EMuJGo7w69rAjHP_f4raO5iwN1ktbaqrx59JXmBUbjApS.PCp2MNbmfcvC9OGzVF_pFZjxCNaRleNU7OmEth6Mea643vk0ewHzUpcwUi9tmzdSV83nQFYBqkN5zhmtFsDQdl6vzgduHHgm8kc4o9MiEJjGTMncuk8AHqD9FNINAvmccaPG3ZlbQUwERJGcUaco3un4JZiMn8Bzmw9s8Z.W54ICGI7bIPlrrOF5CvkAEgymGySb0gbtDLauRuvfBlvSy.c7jcPJiLKtbe6iq40fhxPSofLoxLxPIFA2RL.MKEFHoXRCtVvGkx71Tj0_HSip6c35uS7uhng2M5vsCDB9WTNJKBvjKuOdlmMhDiKvb_hhVKi.mGgQkn9B_xRe73u5HQQ5HEoZ9v3Mp3D83tROfIzdUxYEOjZb6VE_9uzEXNZ5YNShLftnZJfaMYWFvWccYVHFisU1rdd5uYeVDP1._QWRo2BktiI9XITHpDyRhOjzQc2IDgZ.xFEiU6rG7ELxffB8N.bk62gOE4kAPkFBimjHmWKOwzPmtmfj5qJloY6eGJ7WGgTn35cu_BZKLJrW_3Xpd3ImtHfUHgioALiw3m3LuBapCt4Ef.oGtRAhGbDZhO2odsRDehydUQDtm4UfKmGCCggCzdyD67knwt8_iHEb3PpfnNdkwqWXk0D5j_UL319C2JhO6RPI4pr2rhBwVoE8MwbmrVHIfL7k3RbhpLQlUzhAswX5Suwsu9pyA4.UecREwSfxfPxW.Gahj4lr0DjLSOFtO95AORY7ktH.vFVUxFk9Ob8N8Y5_FCN2shShnLGgRgqMcafB9Rca5pV4E.fw87D8OQS7L4CBjB52.wR2yZzzrElK9JnTfIf0_121OyO0FADT0ZKF9X1NzD3IBrvsFUQO_uuG5aN0Buij4vIMj_SxPM4sQqYIouDKAEWElFXgzIx5u5dy01FLFdwajSvnLb3ePqbA9ovqvCAkotTIwkFi.MZRc1NEvAmX9NaMZbU74Q2OuCkohrJ9yqOjBqQArpWfedAzPoZiyPR5_RKjm0_HuoA5Kt6XJxoMMrMgDfLobWbd6IL4HdBmVA3UnJ9DdF_aXBr9P9etVgYjC9C5nXVQ61Kzdg9iZbjYuYmfJqhwrypCO_blMpKc8Al8l7QPmrJMYEM3Ylqbjbh3lHryxQstsPGjxMi7x.yoE5jkzrhavot_FAleEEJrMoxz9.4rJ10v3KZTNJbPFEwyXPRVCg3eig0vO627yv_gsdjxNiPIFhYjCbz3xQsdoETddCRYdpYH2afjcDFXBrOTWvz0e_Fh9NW2JiL6I5JIqKNqTjoYN8WSSD6bu.emtBuI61lkIPS6uo.gtMX4KHx8d2A0SFb0Oo0N2dHxWYP0kOrWUUuOMEAcizSy9bgO95hYmCaQx91OoNbd.E93X1tmpNsnQ6m8nMQRpprdv04WL2tvWgGMvTIs8cLNKG.njmXsJ9a32cyTam3VKdYcPihocDhdlWhw8VIaDtbNTxzpedYC66JMm8dcAgv_mruK_zZDq9w.xbe_c4G9ejWPLooEr5ypq6Vf3nk3fzNDn_MT84UVr90f1ryeBH2bpIngl.XRtexnmw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134f8de9db1fce3';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=power%20networks&__cf_chl_rt_tk=UXVD37AFdbi3uC0vLAlmU2P5yGVL.crihaAp5Fh7KsA-1739786864-1.0.1.1-dnAgeU9By3Q14LcpMkwBo4JvGQOnYRI.2a4ylljpwWk" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>