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years</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inter-war_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inter-war years subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inter-war_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Oxford</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage,_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage,_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Marriage, family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage,_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomat,_public_servant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomat,_public_servant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Diplomat, public servant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomat,_public_servant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World War II and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs_(1948–1957)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs_(1948–1957)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Secretary of State for External Affairs (1948–1957)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs_(1948–1957)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secretary of State for External Affairs (1948–1957) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs_(1948–1957)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vetoed_by_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vetoed_by_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vetoed by the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vetoed_by_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_Suez_crisis_leads_to_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Suez_crisis_leads_to_Nobel_Peace_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Role in Suez crisis leads to Nobel Peace Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Suez_crisis_leads_to_Nobel_Peace_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Party leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1963–1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1963–1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prime Minister (1963–1968)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1963–1968)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister (1963–1968) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1963–1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy_and_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy_and_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Domestic policy and events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy_and_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Supreme Court appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>After politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle After politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-After_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Illness and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Order_of_Canada_Citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_Canada_Citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Order of Canada Citation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_Canada_Citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_and_academic_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_and_academic_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Educational and academic institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_and_academic_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civic_and_civil_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_and_civil_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Civic and civil infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_and_civil_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Honorary degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.1</span> <span>Freedom of the City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Electoral record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lester B. Pearson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%88%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD_%E1%8D%92%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B6%E1%8A%95" title="ለስተር ፒርሶን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ለስተር ፒርሶን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ليستر بولز بيرسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليستر بولز بيرسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Bowles_Pearson" title="Lester Bowles Pearson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lester Bowles Pearson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Pirson" title="Lester Pirson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lester Pirson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="লেস্টার বি পিয়ারসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেস্টার বি পিয়ারসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лестэр Боўлс Пірсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лестэр Боўлс Пірсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лэстэр Боўлз Пірсан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лэстэр Боўлз Пірсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Лестър Пиърсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лестър Пиърсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Bowles_Pearson" title="Lester Bowles Pearson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lester Bowles Pearson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Pearson" title="Lester Pearson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lester Pearson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A0%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Λέστερ Πήρσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λέστερ Πήρσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Bowles_Pearson" title="Lester Bowles Pearson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lester Bowles Pearson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="لستر بولز پیرسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لستر بولز پیرسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Bowles_Pearson" title="Lester Bowles Pearson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lester Bowles Pearson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8,%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D" title="पीअर्सन,लॅस्टर बोल्झ – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पीअर्सन,लॅस्टर बोल्झ" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_B._%ED%94%BC%EC%96%B4%EC%8A%A8" title="레스터 B. 피어슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레스터 B. 피어슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Bowles_Pearson" title="Lester Bowles Pearson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lester Bowles Pearson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Bowles_Pearson" title="Lester Bowles Pearson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lester Bowles Pearson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Pearson" title="Lester Pearson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lester Pearson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="לסטר פירסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לסטר פירסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლესტერ პირსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლესტერ პირსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пирсон Лестер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пирсон Лестер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Pearson" title="Lester Pearson – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lester Pearson" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Pearson" title="Lester Pearson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lester Pearson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesters_P%C4%ABrsons" title="Lesters Pīrsons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lesters Pīrsons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Bowles_Pearson" title="Lester Bowles Pearson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lester Bowles Pearson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лестер Пирсон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лестер Пирсон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Bowles_Pearson" title="Lester Bowles Pearson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lester Bowles Pearson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80._%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="लेस्टर बी. पियरसन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लेस्टर बी. पियरसन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ليستر بولز بيرسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليستر بولز بيرسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="لستر بیرسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لستر بیرسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Bowles_Pearson" title="Lester Bowles Pearson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lester Bowles Pearson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80._%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="लेस्टर बी. पियरसन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लेस्टर बी. पियरसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BBB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="レスター・B・ピアソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レスター・B・ピアソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Bowles_Pearson" title="Lester Bowles Pearson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lester Bowles Pearson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86" title="لسٹر پیرسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لسٹر پیرسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A._%D9%BE%DB%90%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="لېسټر بي. پېیرسون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لېسټر بي. پېیرسون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Pearson" title="Lester Pearson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lester Pearson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Pearson" title="Lester Pearson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lester Pearson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пирсон, Лестер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пирсон, Лестер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лестер Пирсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лестер Пирсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Pearson" title="Lester Pearson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lester Pearson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лестер Пірсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лестер Пірсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86" title="لسٹر پیرسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لسٹر پیرسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lester B. Pearson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lester B. 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searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Canada from 1963 to 1968</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mike Pearson" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pearson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mike Pearson (disambiguation)">Mike Pearson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Les_Pearson" title="Les Pearson">Les Pearson</a> (rugby player), or <a href="/wiki/Les_Pearson_(baseball)" title="Les Pearson (baseball)">Les Pearson (baseball)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Lester B. Pearson</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lester_B._Pearson_(1963_ABC_press_photo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Lester_B._Pearson_%281963_ABC_press_photo%29.jpg/220px-Lester_B._Pearson_%281963_ABC_press_photo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Lester_B._Pearson_%281963_ABC_press_photo%29.jpg/330px-Lester_B._Pearson_%281963_ABC_press_photo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Lester_B._Pearson_%281963_ABC_press_photo%29.jpg/440px-Lester_B._Pearson_%281963_ABC_press_photo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Pearson, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1963</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 April 1963<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1963-04-22</span>)</span> – 20 April 1968<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1968-04-20</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vanier" title="Georges Vanier">Georges Vanier</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roland_Michener" title="Roland Michener">Roland Michener</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Leader of the Liberal Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 January 1958<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1958-01-16</span>)</span> – 6 April 1968<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1968-04-06</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Pierre Trudeau</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 January 1958<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1958-01-16</span>)</span> – 22 April 1963<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1963-04-22</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Louis St. Laurent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John Diefenbaker</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Secretary of State for External Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 September 1948<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1948-09-10</span>)</span> – 20 June 1957<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1957-06-20</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">W. L. Mackenzie King</a><br />Louis St. Laurent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Louis St. Laurent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John Diefenbaker</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_ambassadors_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian ambassadors to the United States">Ambassador of Canada to the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 1944<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1944-07</span>)</span> – September 1946<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1946-09</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">W. L. Mackenzie King</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leighton_McCarthy" title="Leighton McCarthy">Leighton McCarthy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Wrong" class="mw-redirect" title="H. H. Wrong">H. H. Wrong</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">President of the United Nations General Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 October 1952<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1952-10-14</span>)</span> – 23 April 1953<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1953-04-23</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Padilla_Nervo" title="Luis Padilla Nervo">Luis Padilla Nervo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Algoma_East" title="Algoma East">Algoma East</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 October 1948<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1948-10-25</span>)</span> – 23 April 1968<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1968-04-23</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farquhar" title="Thomas Farquhar">Thomas Farquhar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Riding dissolved</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lester Bowles Pearson</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1897-04-23</span>)</span>23 April 1897<br /><a href="/wiki/Newtonbrook" title="Newtonbrook">Newtonbrook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 December 1972<span style="display:none">(1972-12-27)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Maclaren_Cemetery" title="Maclaren Cemetery">Maclaren Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Quebec" title="Wakefield, Quebec">Wakefield, Quebec</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maryon_Pearson" title="Maryon Pearson">Maryon Moody</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1925)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Pearson" title="Geoffrey Pearson">Geoffrey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St John's College, Oxford">St John's College, Oxford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)">MA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Diplomat</li><li>historian</li><li>soldier</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1957)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lester_B_Pearson_Signature_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lester B. Pearson's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lester_B_Pearson_Signature_2.svg/128px-Lester_B_Pearson_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lester_B_Pearson_Signature_2.svg/192px-Lester_B_Pearson_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lester_B_Pearson_Signature_2.svg/256px-Lester_B_Pearson_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="171" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">Mike</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Permanent Active Militia">Permanent Active Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1915–1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Lieutenant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying Officer">Flying Officer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lester Bowles Pearson</b> (23 April 1897 – 27 December 1972) was a Canadian politician, diplomat, statesman, and scholar who served as the 14th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> from 1963 to 1968. He also served as MP for Algoma East, whose largest municipality was the then-new City of Elliot Lake. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Newtonbrook" title="Newtonbrook">Newtonbrook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>), Pearson pursued a career in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Department of External Affairs</a>. He served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Canada to the United States">Canadian ambassador to the United States</a> from 1944 to 1946 and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">secretary of state for external affairs</a> from 1948 to 1957 under <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a>. He was a candidate to become <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">secretary-general of the United Nations</a> in <a href="/wiki/1953_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="1953 United Nations Secretary-General selection">1953</a>, but was vetoed by the Soviet Union. However, he won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1957 for organizing the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force" title="United Nations Emergency Force">United Nations Emergency Force</a> to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Crisis">Suez Canal Crisis</a>, which earned him attention worldwide. After the Liberals' defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1957_Canadian_federal_election" title="1957 Canadian federal election">1957 federal election</a>, Pearson easily won the <a href="/wiki/1958_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1958 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">leadership of the Liberal Party in 1958</a>. Pearson suffered two consecutive defeats by <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> in <a href="/wiki/1958_Canadian_federal_election" title="1958 Canadian federal election">1958</a> and <a href="/wiki/1962_Canadian_federal_election" title="1962 Canadian federal election">1962</a>, only to successfully challenge him for a third time in the <a href="/wiki/1963_Canadian_federal_election" title="1963 Canadian federal election">1963 federal election</a>. Pearson would win re-election in <a href="/wiki/1965_Canadian_federal_election" title="1965 Canadian federal election">1965</a>. </p><p>Pearson ran two back-to-back <a href="/wiki/Minority_governments_in_Canada" title="Minority governments in Canada">minority governments</a> during his tenure, and the Liberals not having a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> meant he needed support from the opposition parties. With that support, Pearson launched progressive policies such as <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">universal health care</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Student_Loan_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Student Loan Program">Canada Student Loan Program</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Pension_Plan" title="Canada Pension Plan">Canada Pension Plan</a>. Pearson also introduced the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Bilingualism_and_Biculturalism" title="Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism">Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism</a>, and oversaw <a href="/wiki/Great_Canadian_flag_debate" title="Great Canadian flag debate">the creation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Maple Leaf flag</a> that was implemented in 1965. His government <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces">unified the Canadian Armed Forces</a> and kept <a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada out of the Vietnam War</a>. In 1967, Canada became the first country in the world to implement a <a href="/wiki/Points-based_immigration_system#Canada" title="Points-based immigration system">points-based immigration system</a>. After a half-decade in power, Pearson resigned as prime minister and retired from politics. </p><p>With his government programs and policies, together with his groundbreaking work at the United Nations and in international diplomacy, which included his role in ending the Suez Crisis, Pearson is generally considered among the most influential Canadians of the 20th century and is <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">ranked among the greatest Canadian prime ministers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-irpp.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irpp.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maclean's_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maclean's-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_family,_and_education"><span id="Early_life.2C_family.2C_and_education"></span>Early life, family, and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, family, and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birthplace_of_Lester_B._Pearson_plaque_(photo_by_Djuradj_Vujcic).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Birthplace_of_Lester_B._Pearson_plaque_%28photo_by_Djuradj_Vujcic%29.jpg/195px-Birthplace_of_Lester_B._Pearson_plaque_%28photo_by_Djuradj_Vujcic%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Birthplace_of_Lester_B._Pearson_plaque_%28photo_by_Djuradj_Vujcic%29.jpg/293px-Birthplace_of_Lester_B._Pearson_plaque_%28photo_by_Djuradj_Vujcic%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Birthplace_of_Lester_B._Pearson_plaque_%28photo_by_Djuradj_Vujcic%29.jpg/390px-Birthplace_of_Lester_B._Pearson_plaque_%28photo_by_Djuradj_Vujcic%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>A memorial plaque on the location of his birthplace</figcaption></figure> <p>Pearson was born in <a href="/wiki/Newtonbrook" title="Newtonbrook">Newtonbrook</a> (now a part of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>) in the township of <a href="/wiki/York,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="York, Toronto">York</a>, Ontario, the son of Annie Sarah (née Bowles) and Edwin Arthur Pearson, a <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> (later <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>) minister. Lester was the brother of Vaughan Whitier Pearson and Marmaduke (Duke) Pearson.<sup id="cite_ref-DictCdnBio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictCdnBio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Pearson was one month old, his family moved to 1984 Yonge Street. Lester Pearson's father moved the young family north of Toronto to <a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Ontario" title="Aurora, Ontario">Aurora, Ontario</a>, where he was the minister at Aurora Methodist Church on <a href="/wiki/Yonge_Street" title="Yonge Street">Yonge Street</a>. Lester spent his early years in Aurora and attended the public school on Church Street. The family lived at 39 Catherine Avenue. Pearson was a member of the Aurora Rugby team. </p><p>Pearson graduated from Hamilton Collegiate Institute in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a>, in 1913 at the age of 16. Later that same year, he entered <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_in_the_University_of_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria University in the University of Toronto">Victoria College</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DictCdnBio_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictCdnBio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he lived in residence in Gate House and shared a room with his brother Duke. He was later elected to the <a href="/wiki/Pi_Gamma_Mu" title="Pi Gamma Mu">Pi Gamma Mu</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> honour society's chapter at the University of Toronto for his outstanding scholastic performance in history and psychology. Just as <a href="/wiki/Norman_Jewison" title="Norman Jewison">Norman Jewison</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._J._Pratt" title="E. J. Pratt">E. J. Pratt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a> and his student <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> would, Pearson participated in the sophomore theatrical tradition of <i>The Bob Comedy Revue</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Victoria College, Pearson won a scholarship to study at <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St John's College, Oxford">St John's College, Oxford</a>, from 1921 to 1923. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sporting_interests">Sporting interests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sporting interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the University of Toronto, Pearson became a noted athlete, excelling in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> and also playing <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>. He later also played for the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Ice_Hockey_Club" title="Oxford University Ice Hockey Club">Oxford University Ice Hockey Club</a> while on a scholarship at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, a team that won the first <a href="/wiki/Spengler_Cup" title="Spengler Cup">Spengler Cup</a> in 1923. Pearson also excelled in <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a> as a youth. His baseball talents as an <a href="/wiki/Infielder" title="Infielder">infielder</a> were strong enough for a summer of semi-pro play with the <a href="/wiki/Guelph_Maple_Leafs" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelph Maple Leafs">Guelph Maple Leafs</a> of the Ontario <a href="/wiki/Intercounty_Baseball_League" title="Intercounty Baseball League">Intercounty Baseball League</a>. Pearson toured North America with a combined Oxford and Cambridge Universities lacrosse team in 1923. After he joined the University of Toronto's History Department as an instructor, he helped to coach the U of T's football and <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> teams. He played <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> to high standards as an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-LifeofLP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LifeofLP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearson_in_World_War_One.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pearson_in_World_War_One.jpg/150px-Pearson_in_World_War_One.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pearson_in_World_War_One.jpg/225px-Pearson_in_World_War_One.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pearson_in_World_War_One.jpg/300px-Pearson_in_World_War_One.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Pearson serving with the Canadian Army Medical Corps in World War I in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Salonika</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Pearson volunteered for service as a medical orderly with the University of Toronto Hospital Unit. In 1915, he entered overseas service with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army_Medical_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Army Medical Corps">Canadian Army Medical Corps</a> as a stretcher-bearer with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">private</a>, and was subsequently promoted to <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">corporal</a>. During this period of service, he spent nearly two years in Southern Europe, being shipped to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and thereafter served on the <a href="/wiki/Salonika_front" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonika front">Salonika front</a>. He also served alongside the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Campaign_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Campaign of World War I">Serbian Army</a> as a medical orderly.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Oldest_Filling_in_the_World_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Oldest_Filling_in_the_World-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 August 1917, Pearson was commissioned a temporary lieutenant.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> did not exist at that time, so Pearson transferred to Britain's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a>, where he served as a <a href="/wiki/Flying_officer" title="Flying officer">flying officer</a>. It was as a pilot that he received the nickname of "Mike", given to him by a flight instructor who felt that "Lester" was too mild a name for an airman: "That’s a sissy’s name. You’re Mike," the instructor said.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, Pearson would use the name "Lester" on official documents and in public life, but was always addressed as "Mike" by friends and family.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearson learned to fly at an air training school in <a href="/wiki/Hendon" title="Hendon">Hendon</a>, England. He survived an airplane crash during his first flight.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, Pearson was hit by a bus in London during a citywide <a href="/wiki/Blackout_(wartime)" title="Blackout (wartime)">blackout</a> and he was sent home to recuperate, but then he was discharged from the service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inter-war_years">Inter-war years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inter-war years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_hockey_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ice_hockey_1922.jpg/220px-Ice_hockey_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ice_hockey_1922.jpg/330px-Ice_hockey_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ice_hockey_1922.jpg/440px-Ice_hockey_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Ice hockey in Europe; Oxford University vs. <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, 1922. Future Canadian Prime Minister Lester Pearson is at right front. His nickname from the Swiss was "Herr Zig-Zag".</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, he returned to school, receiving his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Arts degree">Bachelor of Arts degree</a> (BA) from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was able to complete his degree after one more term, under a ruling in force at the time, since he had served in the military during the war. He and his brother Duke then spent a year working in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a>, and in Chicago, in the meat-packing industry at <a href="/wiki/Armour_and_Company" title="Armour and Company">Armour and Company</a> (whose president at the time, Frank Edson White, was his uncle through marriage to Lillian Sophia Pearson White<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he did not enjoy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxford">Oxford</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oxford"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon receiving a scholarship from the <a href="/wiki/Massey_Foundation" title="Massey Foundation">Massey Foundation</a>, he studied for two years at <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St John's College, Oxford">St John's College</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, where he received a BA degree with Second-Class honours in modern history in 1923, and the <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Degrees of Oxford University">M.A.</a> in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Oxford, he returned to Canada and taught history at the University of Toronto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage,_family"><span id="Marriage.2C_family"></span>Marriage, family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marriage, family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ross_Mclean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/John_Ross_Mclean.jpg/170px-John_Ross_Mclean.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/John_Ross_Mclean.jpg/255px-John_Ross_Mclean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/John_Ross_Mclean.jpg/340px-John_Ross_Mclean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Pearson with <a href="/wiki/Ross_McLean_(civil_servant)" title="Ross McLean (civil servant)">John Ross McLean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Vanier" title="Georges Vanier">Georges Vanier</a> on 1 January 1938 at <a href="/wiki/Canada_House" title="Canada House">Canada House</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1925, he married <a href="/wiki/Maryon_Moody" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryon Moody">Maryon Moody</a>, from Winnipeg, who had been one of his students at the University of Toronto. Together, they had one son, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Pearson" title="Geoffrey Pearson">Geoffrey</a>, and one daughter, Patricia.<sup id="cite_ref-LifeofLP_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LifeofLP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maryon was confident and outspoken and she supported her husband in all his political endeavours.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomat,_public_servant"><span id="Diplomat.2C_public_servant"></span>Diplomat, public servant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diplomat, public servant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1927, after scoring top marks on the Canadian foreign service entry exam, he then embarked on a career in the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Affairs Canada">Department of External Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LifeofLP_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LifeofLP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a> was a noted talent spotter. He took note of, and encouraged, the young Pearson in the early 1930s, and appointed Pearson to significant roles on two major government inquiries: the 1931 Royal Commission on Grain Futures, and the 1934 Royal Commission on Price Spreads. Bennett saw that Pearson was recognized with an <a href="/wiki/OBE" class="mw-redirect" title="OBE">OBE</a> after he shone in that work, arranged a bonus of <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$1,800</span>, and invited him to a London conference. Pearson was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Canada_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commission of Canada in the United Kingdom">High Commission of Canada in the United Kingdom</a> in 1935. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_and_aftermath">World War II and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lester_Bowles_Pearson_presiding_at_a_plenary_session_of_the_founding_conference_of_the_United_Nations_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lester_Bowles_Pearson_presiding_at_a_plenary_session_of_the_founding_conference_of_the_United_Nations_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization.jpg/220px-Lester_Bowles_Pearson_presiding_at_a_plenary_session_of_the_founding_conference_of_the_United_Nations_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lester_Bowles_Pearson_presiding_at_a_plenary_session_of_the_founding_conference_of_the_United_Nations_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization.jpg/330px-Lester_Bowles_Pearson_presiding_at_a_plenary_session_of_the_founding_conference_of_the_United_Nations_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lester_Bowles_Pearson_presiding_at_a_plenary_session_of_the_founding_conference_of_the_United_Nations_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization.jpg/440px-Lester_Bowles_Pearson_presiding_at_a_plenary_session_of_the_founding_conference_of_the_United_Nations_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Pearson presiding at a plenary session of the founding conference of the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> in 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pearson continued to serve at <a href="/wiki/Canada_House" title="Canada House">Canada House</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> from 1939 through 1942 as the second-in-command, where he coordinated military supply and refugee problems, serving under High Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LifeofLP_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LifeofLP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearson returned to <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> for a few months, where he was an assistant under secretary from 1941 through 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaCanadiana_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaCanadiana-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1942 he was posted to the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C., as a ministerial counsellor.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaCanadiana_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaCanadiana-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as second-in-command for nearly two years. Promoted minister <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a> in 1944, he became the second <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ambassador_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Ambassador to the United States">Canadian Ambassador to the United States</a> on 1 January 1945. He remained in this position through September 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-LifeofLP_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LifeofLP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaCanadiana_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaCanadiana-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearson had an important part in founding both the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearson nearly became the first <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> in 1946, but he was vetoed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LifeofLP_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LifeofLP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the leading candidate for Secretary-General in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection,_1953" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1953">1953 selection</a>, when the British conducted a vigorous campaign on his behalf. He placed first with 10 out of 11 votes in the Security Council, but the lone negative vote was another Soviet veto.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes19530313_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes19530313-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scr_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scr-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Security Council instead settled on <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> of Sweden; all UN Secretaries-General would come from neutral countries for the rest of the Cold War. </p><p>The Canadian Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a>, tried to recruit Pearson into his government as the war wound down. Pearson felt honoured by King's approach, but he resisted at the time, due to his personal dislike of King's poor personal style and political methods.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearson did not make the move into politics until a few years later, after King had announced his retirement as the Prime Minister of Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs_(1948–1957)"><span id="Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs_.281948.E2.80.931957.29"></span>Secretary of State for External Affairs (1948–1957)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secretary of State for External Affairs (1948–1957)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StLaurnet_Pearson_and_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/StLaurnet_Pearson_and_Churchill.jpg/250px-StLaurnet_Pearson_and_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/StLaurnet_Pearson_and_Churchill.jpg/375px-StLaurnet_Pearson_and_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/StLaurnet_Pearson_and_Churchill.jpg/500px-StLaurnet_Pearson_and_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a> (far left) and Pearson (far right) welcome <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">UK Prime Minister</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and Foreign Secretary Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ottawa/Rockcliffe_Airport" title="Ottawa/Rockcliffe Airport">Rockcliffe Airport</a>, Ottawa, on 29 June 1954.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LevesqueinterviewsPearsoninMoscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/LevesqueinterviewsPearsoninMoscow.jpg/220px-LevesqueinterviewsPearsoninMoscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/LevesqueinterviewsPearsoninMoscow.jpg/330px-LevesqueinterviewsPearsoninMoscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/LevesqueinterviewsPearsoninMoscow.jpg/440px-LevesqueinterviewsPearsoninMoscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Levesque" class="mw-redirect" title="René Levesque">René Levesque</a> interviews Pearson in Moscow, 1955</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1948, before his retirement, Prime Minister King appointed Pearson <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for External Affairs (Canada)">Secretary of State for External Affairs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> government. Shortly afterward, Pearson won a seat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, for the federal riding of <a href="/wiki/Algoma_East" title="Algoma East">Algoma East</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearson then served as Secretary of State for External Affairs for Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a>, until the defeat of the St. Laurent government in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vetoed_by_the_Soviet_Union">Vetoed by the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vetoed by the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 November 1952, <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Lie" title="Trygve Lie">Trygve Lie</a> announced his resignation as <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a>. Several months of negotiations ensued between the Western powers and the Soviet Union without reaching an agreement on his successor. On 13 and 19 March 1953, the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a> voted on four candidates. This came one week after <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>'s death but before <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a>'s rise to power. Pearson was the only candidate to receive the required majority, but he was vetoed by the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes19530320_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes19530320-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_Suez_crisis_leads_to_Nobel_Peace_Prize">Role in Suez crisis leads to Nobel Peace Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Role in Suez crisis leads to Nobel Peace Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1957, for his role in resolving the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> through the United Nations one year earlier, Pearson was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The selection committee argued that Pearson had "saved the world", but critics accused him of betraying the motherland and Canada's ties with the UK. Pearson and UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> are considered the fathers of the modern concept of <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a>. Together, they were able to organize the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force" title="United Nations Emergency Force">United Nations Emergency Force</a> by way of a five-day fly-around in early November 1956 after the <a href="/wiki/First_emergency_special_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="First emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly">First emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly</a>. His Nobel medal was on permanent display in the front lobby of the Lester B. Pearson Building, the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Global Affairs Canada</a> in Ottawa until 2017 when the medal was loaned to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History" title="Canadian Museum of History">Canadian Museum of History</a>, to be displayed in the 'Canadian History Hall'.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_leadership">Party leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Party leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lester_Pearson_at_election_campaign_event_(50540638661).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lester_Pearson_at_election_campaign_event_%2850540638661%29.jpg/220px-Lester_Pearson_at_election_campaign_event_%2850540638661%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lester_Pearson_at_election_campaign_event_%2850540638661%29.jpg/330px-Lester_Pearson_at_election_campaign_event_%2850540638661%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lester_Pearson_at_election_campaign_event_%2850540638661%29.jpg/440px-Lester_Pearson_at_election_campaign_event_%2850540638661%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Pearson campaigning for <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beer" title="Bruce Beer">Bruce Beer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peel_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Peel (federal electoral district)">Peel</a> during the 1962 Federal election</figcaption></figure> <p>St. Laurent was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservatives</a> under <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1957_Canadian_federal_election" title="1957 Canadian federal election">election of 1957</a>. After just a few months as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a>, St. Laurent retired, and he endorsed Pearson as his successor. Pearson was elected leader of the Liberal Party at its <a href="/wiki/1958_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1958 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">leadership convention of 1958</a>, defeating his chief rival, former cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Paul Martin Sr.</a> </p><p>At his first parliamentary session as opposition leader, Pearson asked Diefenbaker to give power back to the Liberals without an election, because of a recent economic downturn. This strategy backfired when Diefenbaker showed a classified Liberal document saying that the economy would face a downturn in that year. This contrasted heavily with the Liberals' campaign promises of 1957. </p><p>Consequently, Pearson's party was routed in the <a href="/wiki/1958_Canadian_federal_election" title="1958 Canadian federal election">federal election of 1958</a>. Diefenbaker's Conservatives won the largest majority ever seen in Canada to that point (208 of 265 seats). The Liberals lost over half their seats and were cut down to only 48 seats, the fewest in their history at the time. Furthermore, the election cost the Liberals their stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. This province had voted largely Liberal in federal elections since the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a>, but Quebec had no <a href="/wiki/Favourite_son" class="mw-redirect" title="Favourite son">favourite son</a> leader, as it had had since 1948. </p><p>Pearson convened a significant "Thinkers' Conference" at <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a> in 1960. This event developed many of the ideas later implemented when he became the Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1962_Canadian_federal_election" title="1962 Canadian federal election">federal election of 1962</a>, the Liberals, led by Pearson, recovered much of what they had lost in their severe defeat four years earlier. Liberal gains and the surprise election of 30 <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit">Social Credit</a> MP's deprived the Tories of their majority. As a consequence, Diefenbaker now had to preside over a <a href="/wiki/Minority_governments_in_Canada" title="Minority governments in Canada">minority government</a>. </p><p>Not long after the election, Pearson capitalized on the Conservatives' indecision on accepting American <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear warhead">nuclear warheads</a> on Canadian <a href="/wiki/BOMARC_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="BOMARC missile">BOMARC missiles</a>. Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harkness" title="Douglas Harkness">Douglas Harkness</a> resigned from Cabinet on 4 February 1963, because of Diefenbaker's opposition to accepting the warheads. On the next day, the government lost two nonconfidence motions on the issue, <a href="/wiki/1963_Canadian_federal_election" title="1963 Canadian federal election">forcing a national election</a> for a House only a year old. The Liberals raced out to a large lead in opinion polling, and for a time the only question was how large Pearson's majority would be. However, Pearson was forced off the hustings for a time due to ill health. Additionally, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> leaked documents detailing the proposed missile defences, the Tories claimed a Liberal government would let Canada be a decoy in the event of a nuclear exchange with the Soviets. </p><p>By election day, the Liberals had recovered their momentum and took 129 seats to the Tories' 95. The Liberals won 41 percent of the vote, normally enough for a majority. However, their gains were heavily concentrated in Ontario, Quebec and the Atlantic; they only won three seats on the Prairies, leaving them five short of a majority. After six Social Credit MPs from Quebec announced their support for the Liberals,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearson was able to guarantee stable government to the Governor-General. Rather than face certain defeat in the Commons, Diefenbaker resigned, allowing Pearson to form a minority government. He was sworn in as prime minister on 22 April 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <i>créditistes</i> repudiated this statement days later, Pearson was able to stay in office with the support of the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1963–1968)"><span id="Prime_Minister_.281963.E2.80.931968.29"></span>Prime Minister (1963–1968)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1963–1968)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy_and_events">Domestic policy and events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Domestic policy and events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pearson campaigned during the 1963 election promising "60 Days of Decision" and supported the <a href="/wiki/Bomarc" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomarc">Bomarc</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a> program. Pearson never had a majority in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, but he brought in many of Canada's major updated social programs, including <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">universal health care</a> (though that credit should be shared with <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Tommy Douglas</a>, who as premier of Saskatchewan had introduced the country's first medicare system), the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Pension_Plan" title="Canada Pension Plan">Canada Pension Plan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada_Student_Loans" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Student Loans">Canada Student Loans</a>. Pearson instituted a new national flag, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Maple Leaf flag</a>, after a national debate known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Canadian_flag_debate" title="Great Canadian flag debate">Great Canadian flag debate</a>. He also instituted the 40-hour work week, two weeks vacation time, and a new <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> for workers in federally-regulated areas. </p><p>In hopes of winning an outright majority, Pearson called an election for <a href="/wiki/1965_Canadian_federal_election" title="1965 Canadian federal election">November 1965</a>, three years before it was due. Ultimately, the Liberals were only able to pick up three more seats, leaving them two short of a majority. As in 1963, the Liberals were almost nonexistent in the Prairies, winning only one seat there. </p><p>Pearson also started a number of <a href="/wiki/Royal_commission" title="Royal commission">royal commissions</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Royal Commission on the Status of Women">Royal Commission on the Status of Women</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Bilingualism_and_Biculturalism" title="Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism">Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism</a>. These suggested changes that helped create legal equality for women and brought official <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism in Canada">bilingualism</a> into being. After Pearson's term in office, French was made an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, and the Canadian government provided services in both English and French. Pearson himself had hoped that he would be the last unilingual Prime Minister of Canada and fluency in both English and French became an unofficial requirement for candidates for Prime Minister after Pearson left office. </p><p>In 1967, Pearson's government introduced a discrimination-free <a href="/wiki/Points-based_immigration_system" title="Points-based immigration system">points-based system</a> which encouraged immigration to Canada, making it the first country in the world to do so. </p><p>Pearson oversaw <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centennial" title="Canadian Centennial">Canada's centennial celebrations</a> in 1967 before retiring. The Canadian news agency, <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>, named him "<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Canadian Newsmaker of the Year">Newsmaker of the Year</a>" that year, citing his leadership during the centennial celebrations, which brought the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Flame" title="Centennial Flame">Centennial Flame</a> to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trudeau,_Turner,_Chretien,_and_Pearson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg/220px-Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg/330px-Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1a/Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Pearson, and three of his cabinet ministers who later became Prime Ministers. From left to right, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, and Pearson.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 January 1964, Pearson became the first Canadian Prime Minister to make an official <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to France.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, French president <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> made a visit to <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. A staunch advocate of Quebec separatism, de Gaulle went so far as to say that his procession in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> reminded him of his return to Paris after it was freed from the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> during the Second World War. President de Gaulle also gave his <a href="/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Vive le Québec libre speech">"Vive le Québec libre" speech</a> during the visit. Given Canada's efforts in aiding France during both world wars, Pearson was enraged. He rebuked de Gaulle in a speech the following day, remarking that "Canadians do not need to be liberated", and made it clear that de Gaulle was no longer welcome in Canada. </p><p>Pearson signed the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Automotive_Products_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Automotive Products Agreement">Canada–United States Automotive Agreement</a> (or Auto Pact) in January 1965, and unemployment fell to its lowest rate in over a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in office, Pearson declined U.S. requests to send Canadian combat troops into the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Pearson spoke at <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> on 2 April 1965 and voiced his support for a pause in the American bombing of North Vietnam, so that a diplomatic solution to the crisis might unfold. To President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, this criticism of American foreign policy on American soil was intolerable. Before Pearson had finished his speech, he was invited to <a href="/wiki/Camp_David,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp David, Maryland">Camp David, Maryland</a>, to meet with Johnson the next day. Johnson, who was notorious for his personal touch in politics, reportedly grabbed Pearson by the lapels and shouted, "You pissed on my rug!"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Text of his Philadelphia speech, however, showed that Pearson in fact supported President Johnson's policy in Vietnam, even stating "The government and great majority of people of my country have supported wholeheartedly the US peacekeeping and peacemaking policies in Vietnam."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this incident, Johnson and Pearson did have further contacts, including two more meetings together, both times in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada's exported raw materials and resources helped fuel and sustain American efforts in the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pearson's government endured significant controversy in Canada's military services throughout the mid-1960s, following the tabling of the <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_on_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="White Paper on Defence">White Paper on Defence</a> in March 1964. This document laid out a plan to merge the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a> to form a single service called the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a>. Military unification took effect on 1 February 1968, when <i>The Canadian Forces Reorganization Act</i> received Royal Assent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court_appointments">Supreme Court appointments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Supreme Court appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lester_Pearson_statue_Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lester_Pearson_statue_Ottawa.jpg/220px-Lester_Pearson_statue_Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lester_Pearson_statue_Ottawa.jpg/330px-Lester_Pearson_statue_Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lester_Pearson_statue_Ottawa.jpg/440px-Lester_Pearson_statue_Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="3042" /></a><figcaption>Statue on Parliament Hill grounds</figcaption></figure> <p>Pearson chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taschereau" title="Robert Taschereau">Robert Taschereau</a> (as chief justice, 22 April 1963 – 1 September 1967; appointed a <a href="/wiki/Puisne_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Puisne justice">puisne justice</a> under Prime Minister King, 9 February 1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishart_Flett_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Wishart Flett Spence">Wishart Flett Spence</a> (30 May 1963 – 29 December 1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Cartwright" title="John Robert Cartwright">John Robert Cartwright</a> (as Chief Justice, 1 September 1967 – 23 March 1970; appointed a Puisne Justice under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a>, 22 December 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Pigeon" title="Louis-Philippe Pigeon">Louis-Philippe Pigeon</a> (21 September 1967 – 8 February 1980)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his 14 December 1967 announcement that he was retiring from politics, <a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">a leadership convention</a> was held. Pearson's successor was <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, whom Pearson had recruited and made <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">justice minister</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">cabinet</a>. Two other cabinet ministers Pearson had recruited, <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, served as prime ministers following Trudeau's retirement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_politics">After politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: After politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1968 to 1969, Pearson served as chairman of the Commission on International Development (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_Commission_on_International_Development" title="Pearson Commission on International Development">Pearson Commission on International Development</a>), which was sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. Following his retirement, he lectured at <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a> in Ottawa while writing his memoirs. From 1970 to 1972, he was the first chairman of the Board of Governors of the <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Research_Centre" title="International Development Research Centre">International Development Research Centre</a>. From 1969 until his death in 1972, he was chancellor of Carleton University. </p><p>Pearson had planned to write a three-volume set of memoirs with the title "<i>Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Lester B. Pearson</i>". The first volume was published in 1972. The other two volumes, after his death, were published in 1973 and 1975 but they lack the authenticity due to apparent bias from the <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghostwriters">ghostwriters</a> who wrote them.<sup id="cite_ref-extraordinary_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extraordinary-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SYMPOSIUM_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SYMPOSIUM-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Illness and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lester_B_Pearson_Gravestone_WakefieldQC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lester_B_Pearson_Gravestone_WakefieldQC.JPG/220px-Lester_B_Pearson_Gravestone_WakefieldQC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lester_B_Pearson_Gravestone_WakefieldQC.JPG/330px-Lester_B_Pearson_Gravestone_WakefieldQC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lester_B_Pearson_Gravestone_WakefieldQC.JPG/440px-Lester_B_Pearson_Gravestone_WakefieldQC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Pearson's gravestone in <a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Quebec" title="Wakefield, Quebec">Wakefield, Quebec</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1970, Pearson underwent a surgery to have his right eye removed to remove a tumor in that area.<sup id="cite_ref-tumour_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tumour-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1972, it was reported that he was admitted to the hospital for further unspecified treatment, but the prognosis was poor. He tried to write at this juncture the story of his prime ministerial career, but his condition, which was already precarious, deteriorated rapidly by Christmas Eve.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 December 1972, it was announced that the cancer had spread to the liver and Pearson had lapsed into a coma. He died at 11:40 pm <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">ET</a> on 27 December 1972 in his Ottawa home.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearson is buried at <a href="/wiki/Maclaren_Cemetery" title="Maclaren Cemetery">Maclaren Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Quebec" title="Wakefield, Quebec">Wakefield, Quebec</a><sup id="cite_ref-Parks_Grave_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parks_Grave-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (just north of <a href="/wiki/Gatineau,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatineau, Quebec">Gatineau</a>), next to his close External Affairs colleagues <a href="/wiki/H._H._Wrong" class="mw-redirect" title="H. H. Wrong">H. H. Wrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Robertson" title="Norman Robertson">Norman Robertson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lester_B._Pearson%27s_Medals_(3543380417).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lester_B._Pearson%27s_Medals_%283543380417%29.jpg/220px-Lester_B._Pearson%27s_Medals_%283543380417%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lester_B._Pearson%27s_Medals_%283543380417%29.jpg/330px-Lester_B._Pearson%27s_Medals_%283543380417%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lester_B._Pearson%27s_Medals_%283543380417%29.jpg/440px-Lester_B._Pearson%27s_Medals_%283543380417%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Pearson's medals</figcaption></figure> <div class="center"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_(UK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/109px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/164px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/218px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Canada_(CC)_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/106px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/159px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/212px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg/109px-UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg/164px-UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg/218px-UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png/98px-Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png/147px-Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png/196px-Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png/98px-Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png/147px-Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png/196px-Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span> <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Victory_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ribbon_-_Victory_Medal.png/115px-Ribbon_-_Victory_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ribbon_-_Victory_Medal.png/173px-Ribbon_-_Victory_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ribbon_-_Victory_Medal.png/230px-Ribbon_-_Victory_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="98" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png/98px-Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png/147px-Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png/196px-Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada100_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Canada100_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </p> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:silver;" align="center"> <td>Ribbon</td> <td>Description</td> <td>Notes </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_(UK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/80px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/120px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/160px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> (OM)</td> <td> <ul><li>1971<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Canada_(CC)_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/80px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/120px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/160px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td> <td>Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> (CC)</td> <td> <ul><li>Awarded on 28 June 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Governor_General_of_Canada_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Governor_General_of_Canada-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg/80px-UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg/120px-UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg/160px-UK_OBE_1917_civil_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire</a> (OBE)</td> <td> <ul><li>During the brief revival of Imperial Honours during the premiership of <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">the Right Honourable Richard Bedford Bennett</a> between 1931 and 1935.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png/82px-Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png/125px-Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png/164px-Ribbon_-_1914_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1914%E2%80%9315_Star" title="1914–15 Star">1914–15 Star</a></td> <td> <ul><li>As a member of the Canadian Armed Forces</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png/82px-Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png/125px-Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png/164px-Ribbon_-_British_War_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_War_Medal" title="British War Medal">British War Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>As a member of the Canadian Armed Forces</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victory_Medal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Victory Medal (United Kingdom)">Victory Medal (United Kingdom)</a></td> <td> <ul><li>As a member of the Canadian Armed Forces</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png/82px-Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png/125px-Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png/164px-Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>1953</li> <li>As a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and an elected Member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>, the then Honourable Lester B. Pearson, P.C., O.B.E., M.P., would be awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dominionofcanada.com_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dominionofcanada.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada100_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canada100_ribbon.png/80px-Canada100_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Canada100_ribbon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centennial_Medal" title="Canadian Centennial Medal">Centennial Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>1967</li> <li>As the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> and an elected Member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>, the Right Honourable Lester B. Pearson would be awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dominionofcanada.com_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dominionofcanada.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li>Elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Press">Canadian Press</a> named Pearson "<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Canadian Newsmaker of the Year">Newsmaker of the Year</a>" nine times, a record he held until his successor, Pierre Trudeau, surpassed it in 2000. He was also only one of two prime ministers to have received the honour both before and when prime minister (the other being Brian Mulroney).</li> <li>Pearson was inducted into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Peace_Hall_of_Fame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Peace Hall of Fame (page does not exist)">Canadian Peace Hall of Fame</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Medal_of_Peace" title="Pearson Medal of Peace">Pearson Medal of Peace</a>, first awarded in 1979, is an award given out annually by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Association_in_Canada" title="United Nations Association in Canada">United Nations Association in Canada</a> to recognize an individual Canadian's "contribution to international service".</li> <li>A plaque, placed by the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Heritage_Trust" title="Ontario Heritage Trust">Ontario Heritage Trust</a>, is on the grounds of Newtonbrook United Church, the successor congregation to the one that owned the manse.<sup id="cite_ref-TorontoPlaques_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TorontoPlaques-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In a survey by Canadian historians of the first 20 Prime Ministers through <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, Pearson ranked No. 6.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In a survey by Canadian historians of the Canadian prime ministers who served after World War II, Pearson was ranked first "by a landslide".<sup id="cite_ref-irpp.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irpp.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_Canada_Citation">Order of Canada Citation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Order of Canada Citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pearson was appointed a Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> on 28 June 1968. His citation reads:<sup id="cite_ref-Governor_General_of_Canada_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Governor_General_of_Canada-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Former Prime Minister of Canada. For his services to Canada at home and abroad.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_and_academic_institutions">Educational and academic institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Educational and academic institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LPB_quote_on_Peacekeeping_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LPB_quote_on_Peacekeeping_Monument.jpg/220px-LPB_quote_on_Peacekeeping_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LPB_quote_on_Peacekeeping_Monument.jpg/330px-LPB_quote_on_Peacekeeping_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LPB_quote_on_Peacekeeping_Monument.jpg/440px-LPB_quote_on_Peacekeeping_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Lester B. Pearson quote on the <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_Monument" title="Peacekeeping Monument">Peacekeeping Monument</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson_United_World_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester B. Pearson United World College">Lester B. Pearson United World College</a>, opened in 1974 as the second <a href="/wiki/United_World_College" class="mw-redirect" title="United World College">United World College</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Peacekeeping_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Peacekeeping Centre">Pearson Peacekeeping Centre</a>, established in 1994, is an independent not-for-profit institution providing research and training on all aspects of peace operations.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson_School_Board" title="Lester B. Pearson School Board">Lester B. Pearson School Board</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/English-language" class="mw-redirect" title="English-language">English-language</a> <a href="/wiki/School_board" class="mw-redirect" title="School board">school board</a> in Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the schools of the Lester B. Pearson School Board are located on the western half of the island of Montreal, while a few of its schools located off the island.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson_High_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lester B. Pearson High School (disambiguation)">Lester B. Pearson High School</a> lists five so-named schools, in <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson_High_School_(Burlington)" title="Lester B. Pearson High School (Burlington)">Burlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson_High_School_(Calgary)" title="Lester B. Pearson High School (Calgary)">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson_High_School_(Montreal)" title="Lester B. Pearson High School (Montreal)">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_catholic_schools_in_Ottawa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English catholic schools in Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson_Collegiate_Institute" title="Lester B. Pearson Collegiate Institute">Toronto</a>.</li> <li>There are Lester B. Pearson elementary schools in <a href="/wiki/Ajax,_Ontario" title="Ajax, Ontario">Ajax, Ontario</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Ontario" title="Aurora, Ontario">Aurora, Ontario</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brampton,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Brampton, Ontario">Brampton, Ontario</a>; <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London, Ontario</a>; <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatoon, Saskatchewan">Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario" title="Waterloo, Ontario">Waterloo, Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wesleyville,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Wesleyville, Newfoundland and Labrador">Wesleyville, Newfoundland</a>.</li> <li>Mike's Place, the Graduate Student Pub at Carleton University was named in 1973 in honour of Lester B. Pearson with permission of his estate.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Lester B. Pearson International Student Scholarship is the most prestigious scholarship for international students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. It covers the tuition, books, incidental fees, and full residence support.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civic_and_civil_infrastructure">Civic and civil infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Civic and civil infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribute_to_Lester_Bowles_Pearson_(50218610328).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tribute_to_Lester_Bowles_Pearson_%2850218610328%29.jpg/220px-Tribute_to_Lester_Bowles_Pearson_%2850218610328%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tribute_to_Lester_Bowles_Pearson_%2850218610328%29.jpg/330px-Tribute_to_Lester_Bowles_Pearson_%2850218610328%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tribute_to_Lester_Bowles_Pearson_%2850218610328%29.jpg/440px-Tribute_to_Lester_Bowles_Pearson_%2850218610328%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="3825" /></a><figcaption>Tribute plaque to Lester Bowles Pearson</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto Pearson International Airport</a>, first opened in 1939 and re-christened with its current name in 1984, is <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_busiest_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada's busiest airport">Canada's busiest airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson_Building" title="Lester B. Pearson Building">Lester B. Pearson Building</a>, completed in 1973, is the headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade">Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade</a>, a tribute to his service as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for External Affairs (Canada)">external affairs minister</a>.</li> <li>Lester B. Pearson Civic Centre<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Lake" title="Elliot Lake">Elliot Lake</a>, Ontario was heavily damaged in February 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lester B. Pearson Garden for Peace and Understanding, E.J. Pratt Library in the University of Toronto, completed in 2004 <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lester B. Pearson Place, completed in 2006, is a four-storey affordable housing building in Newtonbrook, Toronto, near his place of birth, and adjacent to Newtonbrook United Church.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lester B. Pearson Park in St. Catharines, Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pearson Avenue is located near <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_407" title="Ontario Highway 407">Highway 407</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yonge_Street" title="Yonge Street">Yonge Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Ontario" title="Richmond Hill, Ontario">Richmond Hill, Ontario</a>, Canada; less than five miles from his place of birth.</li> <li>Pearson Way is an arterial access road located in a new subdivision in <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Ontario" title="Milton, Ontario">Milton, Ontario</a>; many ex-prime ministers are being honoured in this growing community, including Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_Plaza" title="Pearson Plaza">Pearson Plaza</a>, a mall being developed in <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Lake" title="Elliot Lake">Elliot Lake</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/Algo_Centre_Mall" title="Algo Centre Mall">Algo Centre Mall</a>.</li> <li>Pearson Park, a playground built in 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Wesleyville,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Wesleyville, Newfoundland and Labrador">Wesleyville, Newfoundland</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The award for the best <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> player as voted by members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League_Players%27_Association" title="National Hockey League Players' Association">National Hockey League Players' Association</a> (NHLPA) was known as the <i>Lester B. Pearson Award</i> from its inception in 1971 to 2010, when its name was changed to the <i><a href="/wiki/Ted_Lindsay_Award" title="Ted Lindsay Award">Ted Lindsay Award</a></i> to honour <a href="/wiki/Ted_Lindsay" title="Ted Lindsay">one of the union's pioneers</a>.</li> <li>Pearson was inducted into the Sports Hall of Fame at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pearson was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame">Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame</a> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Cup" title="Pearson Cup">Pearson Cup</a> was a baseball competition between the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays" title="Toronto Blue Jays">Toronto Blue Jays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Expos" title="Montreal Expos">Montreal Expos</a>. Pearson also served as Expos' Honorary Club President from 1969 to 1972.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lester_B._Pearson_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lester_B._Pearson_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Lester_B._Pearson_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Lester_B._Pearson_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Lester B. Pearson, Canadian Ambassador to the United States, at University of Toronto convocation, 1945</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Honorary Degrees</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Date </th> <th>School </th> <th>Degree </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Ontario</td> <td><b>1945</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span>New York</td> <td><b>1947</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Ontario</td> <td><b>May 1948</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/19px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/29px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/38px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span>Maine</td> <td><b>1 June 1951</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span>Massachusetts</td> <td><b>1953</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>New Jersey</td> <td><b>1956</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>British Columbia</td> <td><b>25 September 1958</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Indiana</td> <td><b>9 June 1963</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Ontario</td> <td><b>29 May 1964</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Newfoundland and Labrador</td> <td><b>September 1964</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland" title="Memorial University of Newfoundland">Memorial University of Newfoundland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Ontario</td> <td><b>December 1964</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University" title="Wilfrid Laurier University">Waterloo Lutheran University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Maryland</td> <td><b>1964</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Ontario</td> <td><b>1965</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_University" title="Laurentian University">Laurentian University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> </span>Saskatchewan</td> <td><b>17 May 1965</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Regina" title="University of Regina">University of Saskatchewan (Regina Campus)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">Doctor of Civil Law</a> (DCL)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Quebec</td> <td><b>28 May 1965</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Ontario</td> <td><b>1965</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Nova Scotia</td> <td><b>1967</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Alberta</td> <td><b>29 March 1967</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/34px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Prince Edward Island</td> <td><b>1967</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_College" title="Prince of Wales College">Prince of Wales College</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>California</td> <td><b>1967</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Ontario</td> <td><b>1967</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a></td> <td>Doctor of Political Science<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Ontario</td> <td><b>22 May 1971</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span>New York</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span>England</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">Doctor of Civil Law</a> (DCL) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freedom_of_the_City">Freedom of the City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>1967</b>: London<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_record">Electoral record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Electoral record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Lester_B._Pearson" title="Electoral history of Lester B. Pearson">Electoral history of Lester B. Pearson</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Prime_Ministers_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada">List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada</a></div> <dl><dt>Archives</dt></dl> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=105124&lang=eng">Lester B. Pearson fonds</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a> </p> <dl><dt>Works by Pearson</dt></dl> <p>Pearson published one memoir in his lifetime. The other two were written after his death by <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghostwriters">ghostwriters</a> and they lack the authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-SYMPOSIUM_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SYMPOSIUM-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-extraordinary_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extraordinary-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPearson1972" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Lester B. (1972). <i>Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Lester B. Pearson</i>. Vol. 1. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mike%3A+The+Memoirs+of+the+Rt.+Hon.+Lester+B.+Pearson&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Lester+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonMunroInglis1973" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Lester B.; Munro, John A.; Inglis, Alexander I. (1973). <i>Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Lester B. Pearson: 1948–1957</i>. Vol. 2. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mike%3A+The+Memoirs+of+the+Rt.+Hon.+Lester+B.+Pearson%3A+1948%E2%80%931957&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Lester+B.&rft.au=Munro%2C+John+A.&rft.au=Inglis%2C+Alexander+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mikememoirsofthe00pear">online free</a></li> <li><i>Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Lester B. Pearson: 1957–1968</i> vol 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mikememoirsofthe03pear_0">online free</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Works about Pearson</dt></dl> <ul><li>Bothwell, R. <i>Pearson</i> (1978)</li> <li><i>Canadian Encyclopedia.</i> "Lester B. Pearson" (2015)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lester-bowles-pearson/">online</a></li> <li>English, John. <i>Shadow of heaven : the life of Lester Pearson: Volume 1 1897–1948</i> (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadowofheavenli01engl">online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_English2011" class="citation book cs1">John English (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zN79XJJaIhUC&pg=PP1"><i>The Worldly Years: vol. 2: Life of Lester Pearson 1949–1972</i></a>. Random House Digital, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-37539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-37539-1"><bdi>978-0-307-37539-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worldly+Years%3A+vol.+2%3A+Life+of+Lester+Pearson+1949%E2%80%931972&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-37539-1&rft.au=John+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzN79XJJaIhUC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Ferguson" title="Will Ferguson">Ferguson, Will</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bastardsbonehead00ferg"><i>Bastards and Boneheads: Canada's Glorious Leaders, Past and Present</i></a>. Vancouver: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_%26_McIntyre" title="Douglas & McIntyre">Douglas & McIntyre</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-737-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-737-5"><bdi>978-1-55054-737-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44883908">44883908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bastards+and+Boneheads%3A+Canada%27s+Glorious+Leaders%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44883908&rft.isbn=978-1-55054-737-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbastardsbonehead00ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonFry1975" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Lester B; Fry, Michael G (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomchangeess00pear"><i>"Freedom and change" : essays in honour of Lester B. Pearson</i></a>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/McClelland_%26_Stewart" title="McClelland & Stewart">McClelland & Stewart</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-3187-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-3187-8"><bdi>978-0-7710-3187-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2692327">2692327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Freedom+and+change%22+%3A+essays+in+honour+of+Lester+B.+Pearson&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2692327&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-3187-8&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Lester+B&rft.au=Fry%2C+Michael+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomchangeess00pear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span> Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/463535217">463535217</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/300360332">300360332</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomchangeess00pear">online free</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillmerGranatstein1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hillmer" title="Norman Hillmer">Hillmer, Norman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jack_Granatstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Granatstein">Granatstein, J L</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primeministersra0000gran"><i>Prime ministers: ranking Canada's leaders</i></a></span>. Toronto: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-200027-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-200027-7"><bdi>978-0-00-200027-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41432030">41432030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prime+ministers%3A+ranking+Canada%27s+leaders&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41432030&rft.isbn=978-0-00-200027-7&rft.aulast=Hillmer&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Granatstein%2C+J+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprimeministersra0000gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span> Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638563-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638563-9">978-0-00-638563-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchison1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hutchison" title="Bruce Hutchison">Hutchison, Bruce</a> (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrprimeministe100hutc"><i>Mr. Prime Minister 1867–1964</i></a></span>. Don Mills, Ont: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longmans</a> Canada. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5024890">5024890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Prime+Minister+1867%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Don+Mills%2C+Ont&rft.pub=Longmans+Canada&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5024890&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmrprimeministe100hutc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span> Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/422290909">422290909</a>.</li> <li><i>Lester Pearson's Peacekeeping: The Truth May Hurt</i> by Yves Engler Publication Date: Feb 2012 Pages: 160</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1993" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Geoffrey A.H. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seizedaylesterbp0000pear"><i>Seize the Day: Lester B. Pearson and Crisis Diplomacy</i></a></span>. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773573840" title="Special:BookSources/9780773573840"><bdi>9780773573840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seize+the+Day%3A+Lester+B.+Pearson+and+Crisis+Diplomacy&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Carleton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780773573840&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseizedaylesterbp0000pear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List of prime ministers of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Canadian_Flag_Debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Canadian Flag Debate">Great Canadian Flag Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landon_Pearson" title="Landon Pearson">Landon Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_United_Nations" title="Canada and the United Nations">Canada and the United Nations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-irpp.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irpp.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irpp.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald, L. Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://policyoptions.irpp.org/issues/the-best-pms-in-the-past-50-years/the-best-prime-minister-of-the-last-50-years-pearson-by-a-landslide/">"The Best Prime Minister of the Last 50 Years — Pearson, by a landslide"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Research_on_Public_Policy" title="Institute for Research on Public Policy">Policy Options</a></i>, June–July 2003. Accessed 3 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maclean's-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maclean's_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Azzi, N. Hillmer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/ranking-canadas-best-and-worst-prime-ministers/">"Ranking Canada's best and worst prime ministers"</a>,<i><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></i>, October 2016. Accessed 27 May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DictCdnBio-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DictCdnBio_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DictCdnBio_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=42123">"Pearson, Lester Bowles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a> Online, 2019 –2018 (Volume XX)</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>/<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a>. 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography+Online%2C+2019+%E2%80%932018+%28Volume+XX%29&rft.atitle=Pearson%2C+Lester+Bowles&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2F009004-119.01-e.php%3FBioId%3D42123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewspaper.ca/the-arts/despite-cuts-and-critics-bob-carries">O'Grady, Conner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103915/http://www.thenewspaper.ca/the-arts/despite-cuts-and-critics-bob-carries">Archived</a> 16 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Despite cuts and critics, Bob carries on"; <i>the newspaper</i>; University of Toronto; 18 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LifeofLP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LifeofLP_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LifeofLP_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LifeofLP_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LifeofLP_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LifeofLP_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LifeofLP_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">English (1989–1992), Volume I</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Oldest_Filling_in_the_World-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Oldest_Filling_in_the_World_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolitika2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a> (15 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/62701/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83">"Najstarija plomba na svetu"</a> (in Serbian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Najstarija+plomba+na+svetu&rft.date=2008-11-15&rft.au=Politika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politika.rs%2Fscc%2Fclanak%2F62701%2F%25D0%259D%25D0%25B0%25D1%2598%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0-%25D1%2581%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette30237" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30237/supplement/8512">"No. 30237"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 17 August 1917. p. 8512.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+30237&rft.pages=8512&rft.date=1917-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F30237%2Fsupplement%2F8512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parli.ca/mike-pearson/?_thumbnail_id=1565">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Mike' Pearson"</a>. <i>The Dictionary of Canadian Politics</i>. Parli. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dictionary+of+Canadian+Politics&rft.atitle=%27Mike%27+Pearson&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparli.ca%2Fmike-pearson%2F%3F_thumbnail_id%3D1565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1957/pearson-bio.html">"Biography"</a>. <i>The Nobel Peace Prize 1957 – Lester Bowles Pearson</i>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. 1957<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+1957+%E2%80%93+Lester+Bowles+Pearson&rft.atitle=Biography&rft.date=1957&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F1957%2Fpearson-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lester-bowles-pearson">"Lester B. Pearson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lester+B.+Pearson&rft.pub=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Flester-bowles-pearson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/100-stories/Pages/pearson.aspx">Lester Bowles Pearson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/canada-first-world-war/Pages/pearson.aspx">Lester Bowles Pearson (1897–1972)</a>, Canada and the First World War at <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2020" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, S.C. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YBAFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1285"><i>The Cold War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6076-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-6076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War%3A+The+Definitive+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%5B5+volumes%5D&rft.pages=1285&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6076-8&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYBAFEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?BioId=42123">"Biography – PEARSON, LESTER BOWLES – Volume XX (1971-1980) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+PEARSON%2C+LESTER+BOWLES+%E2%80%93+Volume+XX+%281971-1980%29+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio.php%3FBioId%3D42123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1957/pearson/biographical/">"The Nobel Peace Prize 1957"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fpeace%2F1957%2Fpearson%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSillerySillery1975" class="citation book cs1">Sillery, A.; Sillery, V. (1975). <i>St. John's College Biographical Register 1919-1975</i>. Vol. 3. Oxford: St. John’s College. pp. 56–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+John%27s+College+Biographical+Register+1919-1975&rft.pages=56-57&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+St.+John%E2%80%99s+College&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Sillery&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Sillery%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2011" class="citation book cs1">English, John (14 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zN79XJJaIhUC&q=mary+greey+canada&pg=PT288"><i>The Worldly Years: Life of Lester Pearson 1949–1972</i></a>. Knopf Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307375391" title="Special:BookSources/9780307375391"><bdi>9780307375391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worldly+Years%3A+Life+of+Lester+Pearson+1949%E2%80%931972&rft.pub=Knopf+Canada&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft.isbn=9780307375391&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzN79XJJaIhUC%26q%3Dmary%2Bgreey%2Bcanada%26pg%3DPT288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyclopediaCanadiana-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaCanadiana_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaCanadiana_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaCanadiana_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">EncyclopediaCanadiana (1972)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a> (1972). "He attended many international conferences and was active in the U.N. from its inception." and "He signed the North Atlantic Treaty for Canada in 1949 and represented his country at subsequent NATO Council meetings, acting as the chairman in 1951–52."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes19530313-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes19530313_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1953" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Thomas J. (13 March 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1953/03/14/archives/soviet-veto-blocks-pearson-u-n-boom-romulo-also-fails-u-s-backs.html">"Soviet Veto Blocks Pearson U.N. 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Security Council Report. 20 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selecting+the+UN+Secretary-General%3A+Vetoes%2C+Timing+and+Regional+Rotation&rft.pub=Security+Council+Report&rft.date=2015-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.securitycouncilreport.org%2Fimages%2Fhomepage%2FSeptember%25202015%2520Insert.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutchison (1964)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/About/Parliament/FederalRidingsHistory/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=10">"History of Federal Ridings since 1867"</a>. <i>lop.parl.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lop.parl.ca&rft.atitle=History+of+Federal+Ridings+since+1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flop.parl.ca%2FAbout%2FParliament%2FFederalRidingsHistory%2Fhfer.asp%3FLanguage%3DE%26Search%3DDet%26Include%3DY%26rid%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2018" class="citation book cs1">Mojzes, P.B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48qAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT42"><i>North American Churches and the Cold War</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-5057-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-5057-7"><bdi>978-1-4674-5057-7</bdi></a>. <q>Pearson served in the Department of External Affairs. He was later elected to Parliament, where he was appointed secretary of state for external affairs under Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+American+Churches+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4674-5057-7&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=P.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48qAEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1953" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Thomas J. (13 March 1953). "Soviet Veto Blocks Pearson U.N. 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Pandit Loses in Vote for Lie Post". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mme.+Pandit+Loses+in+Vote+for+Lie+Post&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1953-03-20&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1957/pearson/facts/">"Nobel peace Prize 1957 Lester Bowles Pearson"</a>. <i>Norwegian Nobel Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwegian+Nobel+Institute&rft.atitle=Nobel+peace+Prize+1957+Lester+Bowles+Pearson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fpeace%2F1957%2Fpearson%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistory2016" class="citation news cs1">History, Canadian Museum of (25 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/pearsons-nobel-peace-prize-loaned-to-canadian-museum-of-history-603031446.html">"Pearson's Nobel Peace Prize loaned to Canadian Museum of History"</a>. <i>www.newswire.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.newswire.ca&rft.atitle=Pearson%27s+Nobel+Peace+Prize+loaned+to+Canadian+Museum+of+History&rft.date=2016-11-25&rft.aulast=History&rft.aufirst=Canadian+Museum+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newswire.ca%2Fnews-releases%2Fpearsons-nobel-peace-prize-loaned-to-canadian-museum-of-history-603031446.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_English_(Canadian_politician)" title="John English (Canadian politician)">English, John</a> (2006). <i>Citizen of the World: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau</i>. 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Pittsburgh Post Gazette. 13 April 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pearson+Offered+Majority&rft.date=1963-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1129%26dat%3D19630413%26id%3Dks5RAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7097%2C2070462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay2010" class="citation book cs1">Kay, Z. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-MvfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT138"><i>The Diplomacy of Impartiality: Canada and Israel, 1958-1968</i></a>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-283-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-283-9"><bdi>978-1-55458-283-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+of+Impartiality%3A+Canada+and+Israel%2C+1958-1968&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55458-283-9&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-MvfAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/international-politics/general-23/first-state-visit-to-france-by-a-canadian-pm.html">"On This Day – Jan. 15, 1964 – First state visit to France by a Canadian PM"</a>. <i>CBC Digital Archives</i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Canadian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+Digital+Archives&rft.atitle=The+Auto+Pact%3A+En+Route+to+Free+Trade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fcategories%2Feconomy-business%2Ftrade-agreements%2Fthe-auto-pact-en-route-to-free-trade%2Fthe-end-of-an-era.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108032454/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-2286782/The-Week.html">"The Week"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i>. 23 December 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-2286782/The-Week.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=The+Week&rft.date=2002-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoliath.ecnext.com%2Fcoms2%2Fgi_0199-2286782%2FThe-Week.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzGerald2004" class="citation news cs1">FitzGerald, Frances (8 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43737-2004Aug5.html">"The View From Out There"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+View+From+Out+There&rft.date=2004-08-08&rft.aulast=FitzGerald&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA43737-2004Aug5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span> A book review of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindamanWard2004" class="citation book cs1">Lindaman, Dana; Ward, Kyle Roy (2004). <i>History lessons : how textbooks from around the world portray U.S. history</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-894-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-894-8"><bdi>978-1-56584-894-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54096924">54096924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+lessons+%3A+how+textbooks+from+around+the+world+portray+U.S.+history&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54096924&rft.isbn=978-1-56584-894-8&rft.aulast=Lindaman&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft.au=Ward%2C+Kyle+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2010" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Veronica M. (13 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3_FBQAAQBAJ&q=The+government+and+great+majority+of+people+of+my+country+have+supported+wholeheartedly+the+US+peacekeeping+and+peacemaking+policies+in+Vietnam+lester+pearson&pg=PT86"><i>The Globalization of NATO: Intervention, Security and Identity</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136955679" title="Special:BookSources/9781136955679"><bdi>9781136955679</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Globalization+of+NATO%3A+Intervention%2C+Security+and+Identity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-04-13&rft.isbn=9781136955679&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Veronica+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3_FBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bgovernment%2Band%2Bgreat%2Bmajority%2Bof%2Bpeople%2Bof%2Bmy%2Bcountry%2Bhave%2Bsupported%2Bwholeheartedly%2Bthe%2BUS%2Bpeacekeeping%2Band%2Bpeacemaking%2Bpolicies%2Bin%2BVietnam%2Blester%2Bpearson%26pg%3DPT86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yvesengler.com/2016/03/15/why-does-mainstream-keep-repeating-lies-about-lester-pearson/">"Why does mainstream media keep repeating lies about Lester Pearson?"</a>. 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+does+mainstream+media+keep+repeating+lies+about+Lester+Pearson%3F&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyvesengler.com%2F2016%2F03%2F15%2Fwhy-does-mainstream-keep-repeating-lies-about-lester-pearson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuaig2010" class="citation news cs1">McQuaig, Linda (4 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&q=Linda+McQuaig++contributed+to+ending+the+U.S.+war+effort+in+Vietnam.&pg=PT88">"Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire"</a>. Doubleday Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385672979" title="Special:BookSources/9780385672979"><bdi>9780385672979</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Holding+the+Bully%27s+Coat%3A+Canada+and+the+U.S.+Empire&rft.date=2010-06-04&rft.isbn=9780385672979&rft.aulast=McQuaig&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9g4Xd12rIGYC%26q%3DLinda%2BMcQuaig%2B%2Bcontributed%2Bto%2Bending%2Bthe%2BU.S.%2Bwar%2Beffort%2Bin%2BVietnam.%26pg%3DPT88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011116110318/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/holdings/findingaids/whcf/colist.asp">"Presidential visits with heads of state and chiefs of government"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/holdings/Findingaids/WHCF/COLIST.asp">the original</a> on 16 November 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+visits+with+heads+of+state+and+chiefs+of+government&rft.pub=Lyndon+Baines+Johnson+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbjlib.utexas.edu%2Fjohnson%2Farchives.hom%2Fholdings%2FFindingaids%2FWHCF%2FCOLIST.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaumeWatson1967" class="citation book cs1">Daume, Daphne; Watson, Louise, eds. (1967). <i>Britannica Book of the Year 1967</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> p. 191. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42780089">42780089</a>. <q>Strong exports to the United States resulting from the mounting demands of the war in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, combined with a booming domestic market, made 1966 a year of impressive economic growth for Canada.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica+Book+of+the+Year+1967&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42780089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span> Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19056858">19056858</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extraordinary-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extraordinary_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-extraordinary_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Ralston_Saul,_Andrew_Cohen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John Ralston Saul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cohen_(journalist)" title="Andrew Cohen (journalist)">Andrew Cohen</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyBrNgMJELIC&pg=PT111"><i>Extraordinary Canadians Lester B Pearson</i></a>. Penguin Canada. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-317269-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-317269-7"><bdi>978-0-14-317269-7</bdi></a>. <q>The remaining volumes were published posthumously in 1973 and 1975 but lack the authenticity of the first.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extraordinary+Canadians+Lester+B+Pearson&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Penguin+Canada&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-317269-7&rft.au=John+Ralston+Saul%2C+Andrew+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyBrNgMJELIC%26pg%3DPT111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Cohen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cohen_(journalist)" title="Andrew Cohen (journalist)">Andrew Cohen</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A_YMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Lester B. Pearson</i></a>. Extraordinary Canadians. Penguin. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-06738-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-06738-1"><bdi>978-0-670-06738-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lester+B.+Pearson&rft.series=Extraordinary+Canadians&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-670-06738-1&rft.au=Andrew+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA_YMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SYMPOSIUM-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SYMPOSIUM_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SYMPOSIUM_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2007" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Andrew (27 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/symposium-prime-ministerial-and-presidential-memoirs/article963937/">"SYMPOSIUM: PRIME MINISTERIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL MEMOIRS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. <q>Only the first of three volumes is his. Editors assembled the others from his papers after his death. Like Diefenbaker, both Mulroney and Chrétien carry their grudges into prose. It makes their accounts human and often affecting, even when they revise or ignore history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=SYMPOSIUM%3A+PRIME+MINISTERIAL+AND+PRESIDENTIAL+MEMOIRS&rft.date=2007-10-27&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Farts%2Fsymposium-prime-ministerial-and-presidential-memoirs%2Farticle963937%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tumour-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tumour_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120814161820/http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/series/primeministers/stories/cancer-LBP.html">"Pearson hovers near death as cancer spreads to his liver"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. 28 December 1972. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/series/primeministers/stories/cancer-LBP.html">the original</a> on 14 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Pearson+hovers+near+death+as+cancer+spreads+to+his+liver&rft.date=1972-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv1.theglobeandmail.com%2Fseries%2Fprimeministers%2Fstories%2Fcancer-LBP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearsonMunroInglis1973">Pearson, Munro & Inglis 1973</a>, p. i</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622024840/http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/series/primeministers/stories/obit-LBP.html">"Lester Pearson dies in Ottawa"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. 28 December 1972. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/series/primeministers/stories/obit-LBP.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Lester+Pearson+dies+in+Ottawa&rft.date=1972-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv1.theglobeandmail.com%2Fseries%2Fprimeministers%2Fstories%2Fobit-LBP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parks_Grave-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parks_Grave_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208235743/http://www.pc.gc.ca/clmhc-hsmbc/Sepulture-gravesiteindx/listesepulture-listgravesite/pearson.aspx">"Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada – Former Prime Ministers and Their Grave Sites – The Right Honourable Lester Bowles Pearson"</a>. <i>Parks Canada</i>. Government of Canada. 20 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/clmhc-hsmbc/Sepulture-gravesiteindx/listesepulture-listgravesite/pearson.aspx">the original</a> on 8 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parks+Canada&rft.atitle=Historic+Sites+and+Monuments+Board+of+Canada+%E2%80%93+Former+Prime+Ministers+and+Their+Grave+Sites+%E2%80%93+The+Right+Honourable+Lester+Bowles+Pearson&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fclmhc-hsmbc%2FSepulture-gravesiteindx%2Flistesepulture-listgravesite%2Fpearson.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1986" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan Warwick (1986). <i>Who's Who in World Politics: From 1860 to the Present Day</i>. London, New York City: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13161-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13161-2"><bdi>978-0-415-13161-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33970883">33970883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+World+Politics%3A+From+1860+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=London%2C+New+York+City&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33970883&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13161-2&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan+Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Governor_General_of_Canada-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Governor_General_of_Canada_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Governor_General_of_Canada_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=2235">"Lester B. Pearson, P.C., C.C., O.M., O.B.E., M.A., LL.D"</a>. <i>Honours – Order of Canada</i>. <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a>. 30 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honours+%E2%80%93+Order+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Lester+B.+Pearson%2C+P.C.%2C+C.C.%2C+O.M.%2C+O.B.E.%2C+M.A.%2C+LL.D&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gg.ca%2Fhonours%2Fsearch-recherche%2Fhonours-desc.asp%3Flang%3De%26TypeID%3Dorc%26id%3D2235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dominionofcanada.com-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dominionofcanada.com_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dominionofcanada.com_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150207135820/http://dominionofcanada.com/commemorative_medals/index.html">"Commemorative Medals of The Queen's Reign in Canada"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dominionofcanada.com/commemorative_medals/index.html">the original</a> on 7 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemorative+Medals+of+The+Queen%27s+Reign+in+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdominionofcanada.com%2Fcommemorative_medals%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterP.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter P"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uottawa.ca/president/people/pearson-lester-b">the original</a> on 25 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PEARSON%2C+Lester+B.&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uottawa.ca%2Fpresident%2Fpeople%2Fpearson-lester-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2016" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Pete (19 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmcc-cmrc.ca/en/royal-military-college-canada-honorary-degree-recipients">"Royal Military College of Canada Honorary Degree Recipients"</a>. <i>www.rmcc-cmrc.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rmcc-cmrc.ca&rft.atitle=Royal+Military+College+of+Canada+Honorary+Degree+Recipients&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmcc-cmrc.ca%2Fen%2Froyal-military-college-canada-honorary-degree-recipients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPathé" class="citation web cs1">Pathé, British. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/video/lester-pearson-honoured">"Lester Pearson Honoured"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lester+Pearson+Honoured&rft.aulast=Path%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=British&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpathe.com%2Fvideo%2Flester-pearson-honoured&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+B.+Pearson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Lester B. Pearson</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lester_B._Pearson" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Lester B. Pearson">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" class="extiw" title="q:Lester B. Pearson">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213812" class="extiw" title="d:Q213812">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/516">Lester B. Pearson</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128604#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture* on 11 December 1957 <i>The Four Faces of Peace</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050307185746/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/discourspm/anglais/lbp/bio.html">Biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=531">Lester B. Pearson – Parliament of Canada biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/peacekeeping/peacekeepers-and-peacemakers-canadas-diplomatic-contribution/pearson-wins-nobel-peace-prize.html">Lester B. Pearson: From Peacemaker to Prime Minister</a> at the CBC Digital Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080324111439/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0006175">Lester Bowles Pearson</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suezcrisis.ca">An in-depth exploration of Pearson’s diplomacy during the Suez Crisis of 1956</a>, created by National Dream Productions in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/The_Historica_Dominion_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Historica Dominion Institute">The Historica Dominion Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #EA6D6A" colspan="3"><b>19th Ministry – Cabinet of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lester B. Pearson</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet post (1) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></b><br />1963–1968 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leighton_McCarthy" title="Leighton McCarthy">Leighton McCarthy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_ambassadors_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian ambassadors to the United States">Canadian Ambassador to the United States of America</a> </b><br />1944–1946 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Wrong" class="mw-redirect" title="H. H. Wrong">H. H. Wrong</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Padilla_Nervo" title="Luis Padilla Nervo">Luis Padilla Nervo</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">President of the United Nations General Assembly</a> </b><br />1952–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for External Affairs (Canada)">Secretary of State for External Affairs</a> </b><br />1948–1957 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1957–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farquhar" title="Thomas Farquhar">Thomas Farquhar</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Algoma_East" title="Algoma East">Member for Algoma East</a> </b><br />1948–1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">none (riding merged into <a href="/wiki/Algoma_(electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Algoma (electoral district)">Algoma</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Leader of the Liberal Party</a> </b><br />1958–1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Mackenzie" title="Jack Mackenzie">Jack Mackenzie</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a> </b><br />1969–1972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Lester_B._Pearson_(1963–68)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pearson_Ministry" title="Template:Pearson Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pearson_Ministry" title="Template talk:Pearson Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pearson_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pearson Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Lester_B._Pearson_(1963–68)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/19th_Canadian_Ministry" title="19th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lester B. Pearson</a> (1963–68)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lester B. Pearson</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Moore_Benidickson" title="William Moore Benidickson">William Moore Benidickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Edgar Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Cadieux" title="Léo Cadieux">Léo Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Cardin" title="Lucien Cardin">Lucien Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Lionel Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Connolly" title="John Joseph Connolly">John Joseph Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Jean-Pierre Côté">Jean-Pierre Côté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azellus_Denis" title="Azellus Denis">Azellus Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Deschatelets" title="Jean-Paul Deschatelets">Jean-Paul Deschatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Charles Drury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Dupuis" title="Yvon Dupuis">Yvon Dupuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Guy Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Garland_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jack Garland (Canadian politician)">Jack Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Gordon" title="Walter L. Gordon">Walter L. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Granger_(politician)" title="Charles Granger (politician)">Charles Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Greene_(Ontario_politician)" title="Joe Greene (Ontario politician)">Joe Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hays" title="Harry Hays">Harry Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Paul Hellyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laing" title="Arthur Laing">Arthur Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_LaMarsh" title="Judy LaMarsh">Judy LaMarsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lamontagne" title="Maurice Lamontagne">Maurice Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Macdonald" title="William Ross Macdonald">William Ross Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">George McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Mackasey" title="Bryce Mackasey">Bryce Mackasey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Watson_MacNaught" title="John Watson MacNaught">John Watson MacNaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">Jean Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Paul Martin Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Nicholson" title="John Robert Nicholson">John Robert Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Pennell" title="Lawrence Pennell">Lawrence Pennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickersgill" title="Jack Pickersgill">Jack Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9dard_Robichaud" title="Hédard Robichaud">Hédard Robichaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Maurice Sauvé">Maurice Sauvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Mitchell Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Teillet" title="Roger Teillet">Roger Teillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Tremblay" title="René Tremblay">René Tremblay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winters" title="Robert Winters">Robert Winters</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Louis_St._Laurent_(1948–57)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:St-Laurent_Ministry" title="Template:St-Laurent Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:St-Laurent_Ministry" title="Template talk:St-Laurent Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:St-Laurent_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:St-Laurent Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Louis_St._Laurent_(1948–57)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/17th_Canadian_Ministry" title="17th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a> (1948–57)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Abbott" title="Douglas Abbott">Douglas Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bertrand" title="Ernest Bertrand">Ernest Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gordon_Bradley" title="Frederick Gordon Bradley">Frederick Gordon Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Campney" title="Ralph Campney">Ralph Campney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Lionel Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Claxton" title="Brooke Claxton">Brooke Claxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Alcide Côté">Alcide Côté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Fournier" title="Alphonse Fournier">Alphonse Fournier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Garfield_Gardiner" title="James Garfield Gardiner">James Garfield Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Garson" title="Stuart Garson">Stuart Garson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_W._G._Gibson" title="Colin W. G. Gibson">Colin W. G. Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Fowler_Gregg" title="Milton Fowler Gregg">Milton Fowler Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Edward_Harris" title="Walter Edward Harris">Walter Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Paul Hellyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">C. D. Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jean" title="Joseph Jean">Joseph Jean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_Lapointe" title="Hugues Lapointe">Hugues Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lesage" title="Jean Lesage">Jean Lesage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_McCann" title="James Joseph McCann">James Joseph McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Macdonald" title="William Ross Macdonald">William Ross Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Angus_MacKinnon" title="James Angus MacKinnon">James Angus MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carlyle_Marler" title="George Carlyle Marler">George Carlyle Marler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Paul Martin Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wellington_Mayhew" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Wellington Mayhew">Robert Wellington Mayhew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Mitchell" title="Humphrey Mitchell">Humphrey Mitchell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lester B. Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickersgill" title="Jack Pickersgill">Jack Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch_Pinard" title="Roch Pinard">Roch Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Prudham" title="George Prudham">George Prudham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Rinfret" title="Édouard Rinfret">Édouard Rinfret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishart_McLea_Robertson" title="Wishart McLea Robertson">Wishart McLea Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sinclair_(politician)" title="James Sinclair (politician)">James Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winters" title="Robert Winters">Robert Winters</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime ministers of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Category:Prime ministers of Canada">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_foreign_affairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_foreign_affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Ministers of foreign affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries of state for external affairs (1909–83)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murphy_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Murphy (Canadian politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Earle_Smith" title="Sidney Earle Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Charles_Green" title="Howard Charles Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald_(politician)" title="Flora MacDonald (politician)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">MacGuigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of external affairs (1983–95)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McDougall" title="Barbara McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of foreign affairs (1995–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Emerson" title="David Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cannon" title="Lawrence Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fast" title="Ed Fast">Fast</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne" title="François-Philippe Champagne">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Garneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Joly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leaders of the Official Opposition in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Duncan_McKenzie" title="Daniel Duncan McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Graydon" title="Gordon Graydon">Graydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Starr_(politician)" title="Michael Starr (politician)">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Gauthier" title="Michel Gauthier">Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Hill_(politician)" title="Grant Hill (politician)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nycole_Turmel" title="Nycole Turmel">Turmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mulcair" title="Tom Mulcair">Mulcair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_Ambassadors_to_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ambassadors_to_the_United_States" title="Template:CA-Ambassadors to the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ambassadors_to_the_United_States" title="Template talk:CA-Ambassadors to the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ambassadors_to_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ambassadors to the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_Ambassadors_to_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Canada to the United States">Canadian Ambassadors to the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary (1926–1943)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Hume_Wrong" title="Humphrey Hume Wrong">Wrong</a> (Chargé d'Affaires a.i.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Duncan_Herridge" title="William Duncan Herridge">Herridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Hume_Wrong" title="Humphrey Hume Wrong">Wrong</a> (Chargé d'Affaires a.i.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Meredith_Marler" title="Herbert Meredith Marler">Marler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loring_Christie" title="Loring Christie">Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leighton_McCarthy" title="Leighton McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (1943–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leighton_McCarthy" title="Leighton McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Hume_Wrong" title="Humphrey Hume Wrong">Wrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Heeney" title="Arnold Heeney">Heeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Robertson" title="Norman Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie_(diplomat)" title="Charles Ritchie (diplomat)">C. Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Ritchie" title="Edgar Ritchie">E. Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Cadieux" title="Marcel Cadieux">Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Warren" title="Jake Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Towe" title="Peter Towe">Towe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Gotlieb" title="Allan Gotlieb">Gotlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Burney" title="Derek Burney">Burney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Chastelain" title="John de Chastelain">de Chastelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Raymond Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kergin" title="Michael Kergin">Kergin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McKenna" title="Frank McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Doer" title="Gary Doer">Doer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_MacNaughton" title="David MacNaughton">MacNaughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Hillman" title="Kirsten Hillman">Hillman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberal_Party_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Template:Liberal Party of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Liberal Party of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal Party of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberal_Party_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Liberal_Association" title="New Brunswick Liberal Association">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Liberal_Party" title="Nova Scotia Liberal Party">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island_Liberal_Party" title="Prince Edward Island Liberal Party">Prince Edward Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Alberta</a> (1905–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BC_United" title="BC United">British Columbia</a> (1903–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party" title="Manitoba Liberal Party">Manitoba</a> (1870–WW1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Territories_Liberal_Party" title="North-West Territories Liberal Party">North-West Territories</a> (1898–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">Ontario</a> (1867–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec</a> (1867–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatchewan Liberal Party">Saskatchewan</a> (1905–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Liberal_Party" title="Yukon Liberal Party">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg/50px-Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg/75px-Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg/100px-Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Duncan_McKenzie" title="Daniel Duncan McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deputy Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Copps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Goodale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_elections" title="Liberal Party of Canada leadership elections">Leadership elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1919 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1948 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1958 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1968</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/1980_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1980 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1980</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1984 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1990 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2003 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2009 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Ministry" title="2nd Canadian Ministry">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Canadian_Ministry" title="8th Canadian Ministry">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Canadian_Ministry" title="12th Canadian Ministry">King I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Canadian_Ministry" title="14th Canadian Ministry">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Canadian_Ministry" title="16th Canadian Ministry">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Canadian_Ministry" title="17th Canadian Ministry">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Canadian_Ministry" title="19th Canadian Ministry">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Canadian_Ministry" title="20th Canadian Ministry">P. E. Trudeau I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Canadian_Ministry" title="22nd Canadian Ministry">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Canadian_Ministry" title="23rd Canadian Ministry">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Canadian_Ministry" title="26th Canadian Ministry">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Canadian_Ministry" title="27th Canadian Ministry">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shadow cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_39th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 39th Parliament of Canada">Graham/Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_40th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 40th Parliament of Canada">Dion/Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_41st_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Parliament of Canada">Rae/Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary election<br />candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1867_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1867 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1878_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1878 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1887_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1887 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1891_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1891 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1896_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1896 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1900_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1900 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1904_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1904 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1908_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1908 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1911_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1911 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1917_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1917 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1921_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1921 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1925_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1925 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1926_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1926 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1930_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1930 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1935_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1935 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1940_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1940 Canadian federal election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1945_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1945 Canadian federal election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1949_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1949 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1957_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1957 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1958_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1958 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1962_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1962 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1963_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1963 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1965_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1965 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1968_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1968 Canadian federal election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1972_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1972 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1974_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1974 Canadian federal election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1979 Canadian federal election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1980 Canadian federal election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1984 Canadian federal election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1988 Canadian federal election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2004 Canadian federal election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2015 Canadian federal election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2021_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2021 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Liberal Party of Canada">Predecessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Liberal Party of Canada">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Grits" title="Clear Grits">Clear Grits</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span>–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_canadien_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Institut canadien de Montréal">Institut canadien de Montréal</a> (1844–80)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_canadien" title="Parti canadien">Parti canadien</a></span></span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>–38)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Parti rouge</a></span></span> (1848–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)">Reformers</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830</span>–54)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_in_pre-confederation_Newfoundland" title="Liberal parties in pre-confederation Newfoundland">in Newfoundland</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Protectionist" title="Liberal Protectionist">Liberal Protectionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Progressive" title="Liberal-Progressive">Liberal-Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Labour_(Canada)" title="Liberal–Labour (Canada)">Liberal–Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurier_Liberals" title="Laurier Liberals">Laurier Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Unionist" title="Liberal–Unionist">Liberal–Unionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Progressive" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberal Progressive">National Liberal Progressive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_UN_General_Assembly" title="Template:Presidents of the UN General Assembly"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_UN_General_Assembly" title="Template talk:Presidents of the UN General Assembly"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_UN_General_Assembly" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the UN General Assembly"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Spaak</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> BEL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osvaldo_Aranha" class="mw-redirect" title="Osvaldo Aranha">Aranha</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> BRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Arce" title="José Arce">Arce</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> ARG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._Evatt" title="H. V. Evatt">Evatt</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> AUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Romulo" title="Carlos P. Romulo">Rómulo</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> PHI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasrollah_Entezam" title="Nasrollah Entezam">Entezam</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/State_flag_of_Iran_%281933%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281933%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/State_flag_of_Iran_%281933%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281933%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/State_flag_of_Iran_%281933%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281933%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> IRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Padilla_Nervo" title="Luis Padilla Nervo">Nervo</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> MEX)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearson</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> CAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Pandit</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> IND)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelco_van_Kleffens" title="Eelco van Kleffens">van Kleffens</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> NED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maza_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="José Maza Fernández">Maza</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> CHI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudecindo_Ortega_Mason" title="Rudecindo Ortega Mason">Ortega</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> CHI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Waithayakon" title="Wan Waithayakon">Prince Wan Waithayakon</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> THA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Munro" title="Leslie Munro">Munro</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> NZL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malik" title="Charles Malik">C. Malik</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> LIB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Andr%C3%A9s_Bela%C3%BAnde" title="Víctor Andrés Belaúnde">Belaúnde</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> PER)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Boland" title="Frederick Boland">Boland</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> IRL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongi_Slim" title="Mongi Slim">Slim</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> TUN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Zafarullah Khan">Khan</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> PAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Sosa_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Carlos Sosa Rodríguez">Rodriguez</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> VEN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Quaison-Sackey" title="Alex Quaison-Sackey">Quaison-Sackey</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Ghana_%281964%E2%80%931966%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana_%281964%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Ghana_%281964%E2%80%931966%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana_%281964%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Ghana_%281964%E2%80%931966%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana_%281964%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> GHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Fanfani</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> ITA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Pazhwak" title="Abdul Rahman Pazhwak">Pazhwak</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> AFG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_M%C4%83nescu" title="Corneliu Mănescu">Mănescu</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> ROM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Arenales_Catal%C3%A1n" title="Emilio Arenales Catalán">Catalán</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> GUA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angie_Brooks" title="Angie Brooks">Brooks</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> LBR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Hambro" title="Edvard Hambro">Hambro</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span></span> NOR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Malik" title="Adam Malik">A. Malik</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> INA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Trepczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Trepczyński">Trepczyński</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> POL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Benites" title="Leopoldo Benites">Benites</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span></span> ECU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Bouteflika</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> ALG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Thorn</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> LUX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Shirley_Amerasinghe" title="Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe">Amerasinghe</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> SRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Mojsov" title="Lazar Mojsov">Mojsov</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> YUG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Li%C3%A9vano" title="Indalecio Liévano">Liévano</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> COL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Ahmed_Salim" title="Salim Ahmed Salim">Salim</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> TAN)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_von_Wechmar" title="Rüdiger von Wechmar">von Wechmar</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> BRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismat_T._Kittani" title="Ismat T. Kittani">Kittani</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> IRQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Hollai" title="Imre Hollai">Hollai</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> HUN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Illueca" title="Jorge Illueca">Illueca</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> PAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._F._Lusaka" title="Paul J. F. Lusaka">Lusaka</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> ZAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_de_Pini%C3%A9s" title="Jaime de Piniés">Piniés</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> ESP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun_Rashid_Choudhury" title="Humayun Rashid Choudhury">Choudhury</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> BAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Florin" title="Peter Florin">Florin</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> DDR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Caputo" title="Dante Caputo">Caputo</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> ARG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nanven_Garba" title="Joseph Nanven Garba">Garba</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> NGR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guido_de_Marco" title="Guido de Marco">de Marco</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> MLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Shihabi" title="Samir Shihabi">Shihabi</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> KSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoyan_Ganev" title="Stoyan Ganev">Ganev</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> BUL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Insanally" title="Rudy Insanally">Insanally</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> GUY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amara_Essy" title="Amara Essy">Essy</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> CIV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Freitas_do_Amaral" title="Diogo Freitas do Amaral">Freitas</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> POR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razali_Ismail" title="Razali Ismail">Razali</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> MAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennadiy_Udovenko" title="Hennadiy Udovenko">Udovenko</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> UKR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didier_Opertti" title="Didier Opertti">Opertti</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> URU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo-Ben_Gurirab" title="Theo-Ben Gurirab">Gurirab</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> NAM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harri_Holkeri" title="Harri Holkeri">Holkeri</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span></span> FIN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Seung-soo" title="Han Seung-soo">Han</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> KOR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kavan" title="Jan Kavan">Kavan</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> CZE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Hunte" title="Julian Hunte">Hunte</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> LCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ping" title="Jean Ping">Ping</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> GAB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Eliasson" title="Jan Eliasson">Eliasson</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> SWE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haya_Rashed_Al-Khalifa" title="Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa">Al-Khalifa</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> BAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srgjan_Kerim" title="Srgjan Kerim">Kerim</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> MKD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_d%27Escoto_Brockmann" title="Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann">d'Escoto</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> NIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Treki" title="Ali Treki">Treki</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> LIB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deiss" title="Joseph Deiss">Deiss</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> SUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassir_Abdulaziz_Al-Nasser" title="Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser">Nasser</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span> QAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuk_Jeremi%C4%87" title="Vuk Jeremić">Jeremić</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> SRB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Ashe" title="John William Ashe">Ashe</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> ANT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Kutesa" title="Sam Kutesa">Kutesa</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> UGA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogens_Lykketoft" title="Mogens Lykketoft">Lykketoft</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> DEN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomson_(diplomat)" title="Peter Thomson (diplomat)">Thomson</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> FIJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Laj%C4%8D%C3%A1k" title="Miroslav Lajčák">Lajčák</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> SVK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Fernanda_Espinosa" title="María Fernanda Espinosa">Espinosa</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span></span> ECU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijjani_Muhammad-Bande" title="Tijjani Muhammad-Bande">Muhammad-Bande</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> NGA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkan_Bozk%C4%B1r" title="Volkan Bozkır">Bozkir</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> TUR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulla_Shahid" title="Abdulla Shahid">Shahid</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span> MDV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csaba_K%C5%91r%C3%B6si" title="Csaba Kőrösi">Kőrösi</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> HUN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Francis_(diplomat)" title="Dennis Francis (diplomat)">Francis</a> ( <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span> TTO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1914</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1923</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1928</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1932</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1939</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1943</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1948</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1955</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1956</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lester B. Pearson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1972</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award)</i> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1957_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1957_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1957 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1957_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1957 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Todd">The Lord Todd</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1957_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1957 Nobel Prize in Literature">1957</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lester B. Pearson</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen Ning Yang</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> (China)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a> (Italy)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1952_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1952 Nobel Prize winners">1952</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1953_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1953 Nobel Prize winners">1953</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1954_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1954 Nobel Prize winners">1954</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1955_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1955 Nobel Prize winners">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1956_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1956 Nobel Prize winners">1956</a></dd> <dd><b>1957 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1958_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1958 Nobel Prize winners">1958</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1959_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1959 Nobel Prize winners">1959</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1960 Nobel Prize winners">1960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1961_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1961 Nobel Prize winners">1961</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1962_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1962 Nobel Prize winners">1962</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Template:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Canadian Newsmaker of the Year">Canadian Newsmaker of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a> <ul><li>1946</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ann_Scott" title="Barbara Ann Scott">Barbara Ann Scott</a> <ul><li>1947</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> <ul><li>1948</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a> <ul><li>1949</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1950–1953</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Bell" title="Marilyn Bell">Marilyn Bell</a> <ul><li>1954</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1955–1956</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> <ul><li>1957–1960</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Smallwood" title="Joey Smallwood">Joey Smallwood</a> <ul><li>1959</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Elliott_Coyne" title="James Elliott Coyne">James Coyne</a> <ul><li>1961</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9al_Caouette" title="Réal Caouette">Réal Caouette</a> <ul><li>1962</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1963–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rivard" title="Lucien Rivard">Lucien Rivard</a> <ul><li>1965</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> <ul><li>1966</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1967</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>1968–1975</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a> <ul><li>1976–1977</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>1978</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a> <ul><li>1979</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Fox" title="Terry Fox">Terry Fox</a> <ul><li>1980–1981</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a> <ul><li>1982</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> <ul><li>1983–1984</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Fonyo" title="Steve Fonyo">Steve Fonyo</a> <ul><li>1985</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Hansen" title="Rick Hansen">Rick Hansen</a> <ul><li>1986–1987</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Johnson_(Canadian_sprinter)" title="Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)">Ben Johnson</a> <ul><li>1988</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a> <ul><li>1989</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Harper" title="Elijah Harper">Elijah Harper</a> <ul><li>1990</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> <ul><li>1991</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">The referendum on the Charlottetown Accord</a> <ul><li>1992</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a> <ul><li>1993</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Jacques Parizeau</a> <ul><li>1994</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a> <ul><li>1995</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donovan_Bailey" title="Donovan Bailey">Donovan Bailey</a> <ul><li>1996</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Kennedy" title="Sheldon Kennedy">Sheldon Kennedy</a> <ul><li>1997</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> <ul><li>1998</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>1999, as Newsmaker of the 20th Century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>2000</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Stockwell Day</a> <ul><li>2001</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> <ul><li>2002</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> <ul><li>2003–2004</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gomery" title="John Gomery">John Gomery</a> <ul><li>2005</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">The Canadian Soldier</a> <ul><li>2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">RCMP</a> <ul><li>2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> <ul><li>2008–2009</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Williams_(criminal)" title="Russell Williams (criminal)">Russell Williams</a> <ul><li>2010</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a> <ul><li>2011</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jun_Lin" title="Murder of Jun Lin">Luka Magnotta</a> <ul><li>2012</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Ford" title="Rob Ford">Rob Ford</a> <ul><li>2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu_ramming_attack" title="2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack">Patrice Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_shootings_at_Parliament_Hill,_Ottawa" title="2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa">Nathan Cirillo</a> <ul><li>2014</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> <ul><li>2015</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_Downie" title="Gord Downie">Gord Downie</a> <ul><li>2016–2017</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Broncos" title="Humboldt Broncos">Humboldt Broncos</a> <ul><li>2018</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Jody Wilson-Raybould</a> <ul><li>2019</li></ul></li> <li>Front-line workers in the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li>2020</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_gravesites" title="Canadian Indian residential school gravesites">Children lost in residential schools</a> <ul><li>2021</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Canada convoy protesters</a> <ul><li>2022</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Pierre Poilievre</a> <ul><li>2023</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Canadian_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E00000 ;color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Canadian_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame"><span style="color:white;">Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E00000 ;color:white;width:1%">Players, managers,<br /> and coaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Addy" title="Bob Addy">Bob Addy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Alomar" title="Roberto Alomar">Roberto Alomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Alou" title="Felipe Alou">Felipe Alou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparky_Anderson" title="Sparky Anderson">Sparky Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Archer" title="Jimmy Archer">Jimmy Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Bay" title="Jason Bay">Jason Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bell_(outfielder)" title="George Bell (outfielder)">George Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno_Bertoia" title="Reno Bertoia">Reno Bertoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Bowsfield" title="Ted Bowsfield">Ted Bowsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Burgess_(baseball)" title="Tom Burgess (baseball)">Tom Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Callaghan" title="Helen Callaghan">Helen Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Carter" title="Gary Carter">Gary Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Carter" title="Joe Carter">Joe Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nig_Clarke" title="Nig Clarke">Nig Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Claxton" title="Jimmy Claxton">Jimmy Claxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggie_Cleveland" title="Reggie Cleveland">Reggie Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Colman" title="Frank Colman">Frank Colman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Cook_(baseball)" title="Murray Cook (baseball)">Murray Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%A9al_Cormier" title="Rhéal Cormier">Rhéal Cormier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Culver" title="Charlie Culver">Charlie Culver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Dawson" title="Andre Dawson">Andre Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Delgado" title="Carlos Delgado">Carlos Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Dempster" title="Ryan Dempster">Ryan Dempster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Ducey" title="Rob Ducey">Rob Ducey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Tony Fernández">Tony Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Ford" title="Russ Ford">Russ Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Fowler_(baseball)" title="Dick Fowler (baseball)">Dick Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Francis" title="Jeff Francis">Jeff Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Galloway" title="Hippo Galloway">Hippo Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cito_Gaston" title="Cito Gaston">Cito Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gibson_(baseball)" title="George Gibson (baseball)">George Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Gladu" title="Roland Gladu">Roland Gladu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Graney" title="Jack Graney">Jack Graney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Guerrero" title="Vladimir Guerrero">Vladimir Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Halladay" title="Roy Halladay">Roy Halladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vern_Handrahan" title="Vern Handrahan">Vern Handrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Harris_(1950s_pitcher)" title="Bill Harris (1950s pitcher)">Bill Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Heath" title="Jeff Heath">Jeff Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Henke" title="Tom Henke">Tom Henke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hentgen" title="Pat Hentgen">Pat Hentgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hiller" title="John Hiller">John Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Irwin" title="Arthur Irwin">Arthur Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_Jenkins" title="Ferguson Jenkins">Ferguson Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Judd" title="Oscar Judd">Oscar Judd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Koskie" title="Corey Koskie">Corey Koskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Kubek" title="Tony Kubek">Tony Kubek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lasorda" title="Tommy Lasorda">Tommy Lasorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Marchildon" title="Phil Marchildon">Phil Marchildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Dennis Martínez">Dennis Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Pedro Martínez">Pedro Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_McCaskill" title="Kirk McCaskill">Kirk McCaskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_McIntyre" title="Manny McIntyre">Manny McIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_McKay_(baseball)" title="Dave McKay (baseball)">Dave McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_McLean" title="Larry McLean">Larry McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Miller" title="Doc Miller">Roy Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Morneau" title="Justin Morneau">Justin Morneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Moseby" title="Lloyd Moseby">Lloyd Moseby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Nelson" title="Rocky Nelson">Rocky Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Norton" title="Wayne Norton">Wayne Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill_(baseball)" title="Tip O'Neill (baseball)">Tip O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Rourke_(baseball)" title="Frank O'Rourke (baseball)">Frank O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Olerud" title="John Olerud">John Olerud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Phillips_(first_baseman)" title="Bill Phillips (first baseman)">Bill Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Pich%C3%A9" title="Ron Piché">Ron Piché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Puhl" title="Terry Puhl">Terry Puhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Quantrill" title="Paul Quantrill">Paul Quantrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Raines" title="Tim Raines">Tim Raines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Raymond" title="Claude Raymond">Claude Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Robertson" title="Sherry Robertson">Sherry Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Rogers_(baseball)" title="Steve Rogers (baseball)">Steve Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goody_Rosen" title="Goody Rosen">Goody Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Roy" title="Jean-Pierre Roy">Jean-Pierre Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Selkirk" title="George Selkirk">George Selkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Smith" title="Pop Smith">Pop Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Stairs" title="Matt Stairs">Matt Stairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty_Staub" title="Rusty Staub">Rusty Staub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Stead" title="Ron Stead">Ron Stead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Stieb" title="Dave Stieb">Dave Stieb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Taylor_(baseball)" title="Ron Taylor (baseball)">Ron Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thomas_(athlete)" title="Fred Thomas (athlete)">Fred Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Walker" title="Larry Walker">Larry Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wallach" title="Tim Wallach">Tim Wallach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Ward" title="Duane Ward">Duane Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Ward" title="Pete Ward">Pete Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernie_Whitt" title="Ernie Whitt">Ernie Whitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Williams_(coach)" title="Jimmy Williams (coach)">Jimmy Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wood_(baseball)" title="George Wood (baseball)">George Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E00000 ;color:white;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gord_Ash" title="Gord Ash">Gord Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Bailey" title="Nat Bailey">Nat Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Beeston" title="Paul Beeston">Paul Beeston</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Richard Bélec</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Andy Bilesky</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bronfman" title="Charles Bronfman">Charles Bronfman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Brown_(baseball,_born_1876)" title="Bob Brown (baseball, born 1876)">Bob Brown</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Carmen Bush</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">James F. Cairns</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ray Carter</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cheek" title="Tom Cheek">Tom Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kent_Cooke" title="Jack Kent Cooke">Jack Kent Cooke</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ronald Cullen</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doucet_(sportscaster)" title="Jacques Doucet (sportscaster)">Jacques Doucet</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">John Ducey</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Elliott_(sportswriter)" title="Bob Elliott (sportswriter)">Bob Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Emslie" title="Bob Emslie">Bob Emslie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Fanning" title="Jim Fanning">Jim Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Gillick" title="Pat Gillick">Pat Gillick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Griffith" title="Calvin Griffith">Calvin Griffith</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">John Haar</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hardy_(baseball_executive)" title="Peter Hardy (baseball executive)">Peter Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Hayter" title="Ron Hayter">Ron Hayter</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Doug Hudlin</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Humber" title="William Humber">William Humber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lannin" title="Joseph Lannin">Joseph Lannin</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">George "Knotty" Lee</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Mattick" title="Bobby Mattick">Bobby Mattick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_McDougall_(baseball)" title="Don McDougall (baseball)">Don McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McHale_(baseball)" title="John McHale (baseball)">John McHale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McKean" title="Jim McKean">Jim McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Melvin" title="Doug Melvin">Doug Melvin</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Joe Page</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lester B. Pearson</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Bob Prentice</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_C._Quigley" title="Ernest C. Quigley">Ernie Quigley</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Hector Racine</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Jimmy Rattlesnake</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Ridley" title="Jim Ridley">Jim Ridley</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ron Roncetti</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Roth" title="Allan Roth">Allan Roth</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Gladwyn Scott</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Shaughnessy" title="Frank Shaughnessy">Frank Shaughnessy</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Dave Shury</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shuttleworth" title="William Shuttleworth">William Shuttleworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Simmons_(baseball)" title="Harry Simmons (baseball)">Harry Simmons</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Allan Simpson</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Slack" title="Bill Slack">Bill Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sleeman" title="George Sleeman">George Sleeman</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Bernie Soulliere</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Howard Starkman</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Thomson" title="Rob Thomson">Rob Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Van_Horne" title="Dave Van Horne">Dave Van Horne</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Peter Widdrington</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Roy Yamamura</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Harold Younker</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E00000 ;color:white;width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Canadian-born players of the <a href="/wiki/AAGPBL" class="mw-redirect" title="AAGPBL">AAGPBL</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Beachville & Zorra teams, 1838</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Tecumsehs" title="London Tecumsehs">London Tecumsehs, 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_national_baseball_team" title="Canada national baseball team">National youth team, 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_2011_Pan_American_Games" title="Canada at the 2011 Pan American Games">Team Canada, 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games" title="Canada at the 2015 Pan American Games">Team Canada, 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_(baseball_team)" title="Asahi (baseball team)">Vancouver Asahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/17px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/26px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/34px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118790099">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50049186">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pearson, Lester Bowles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123784969">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pearson, Lester Bowles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13973388c">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pearson, Lester Bowles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12109983s">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pearson, Lester Bowles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123784969">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pearson, Lester Bowles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13973388c">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pearson, Lester Bowles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12109983s">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452381">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35414319">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2013739954&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/62444">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070908249">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90270829">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000407810&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201771806">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810687539105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007276420105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04317111?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/944262">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118790099.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032832044">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582059">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m335xr">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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