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<li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kings_of_Ayutthaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings_of_Ayutthaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kings of Ayutthaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings_of_Ayutthaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sakdina_and_Rachasap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sakdina_and_Rachasap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Sakdina and Rachasap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sakdina_and_Rachasap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Royal authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_restored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_restored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Kingdom restored</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_restored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chakri_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chakri_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Chakri kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chakri_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Constitutional monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_monarchy_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_monarchy_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The monarchy in the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_monarchy_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_monarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_monarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Timeline of monarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_monarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_regalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_regalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Royal regalia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Royal_regalia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Royal regalia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Royal_regalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_symbols_of_kingship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_symbols_of_kingship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Other symbols of kingship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_symbols_of_kingship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_ceremonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_ceremonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Royal ceremonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_ceremonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_orders_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_orders_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Royal orders and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_orders_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E-books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E-books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>E-books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monarchy of Thailand</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monargie_van_Thailand" title="Monargie van Thailand – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Monargie van Thailand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="الملكية في تايلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الملكية في تايلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rei_de_Tailandia" title="Rei de Tailandia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rei de Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_kuningas" title="Tai kuningas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tai kuningas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μοναρχία της Ταϊλάνδης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοναρχία της Ταϊλάνδης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_de_Tailandia" title="Rey de Tailandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rey de Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchie_tha%C3%AFlandaise" title="Monarchie thaïlandaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monarchie thaïlandaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%B0%EC%A3%BC" title="태국의 군주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태국의 군주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarki_Thailand" title="Monarki Thailand – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monarki Thailand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re_di_Thailandia" title="Re di Thailandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Re di Thailandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%97" title="ພະມະຫາກະສັດໄທ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພະມະຫາກະສັດໄທ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarki_Thailand" title="Monarki Thailand – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Monarki Thailand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B" title="タイの国王 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイの国王" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarquia_da_Tail%C3%A2ndia" title="Monarquia da Tailândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monarquia da Tailândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monarchy of Thailand" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaimaan_kuningas" title="Thaimaan kuningas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thaimaan kuningas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkiya_ng_Thailand" title="Monarkiya ng Thailand – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Monarkiya ng Thailand" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" title="พระมหากษัตริย์ไทย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระมหากษัตริย์ไทย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тайська монархія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тайська монархія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="تھائی لینڈ کی فرماں روائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھائی لینڈ کی فرماں روائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Th%C3%A1i_Lan" title="Quốc vương Thái Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc vương Thái Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="泰國君主 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰國君主" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2663787#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Monarchy_of_Thailand" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_of_Thailand&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Thailand">King of Thailand</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs" title="List of Thai monarchs">List of Thai monarchs</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">King of <span class="country-name">Thailand</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระมหากษัตริย์แห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/120px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/180px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/240px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_Thailand" title="Royal Standard of Thailand">Royal Standard</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Incumbent</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Rama_X_official.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/King_Rama_X_official.png/200px-King_Rama_X_official.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/King_Rama_X_official.png/300px-King_Rama_X_official.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/King_Rama_X_official.png/400px-King_Rama_X_official.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="5400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a> (Rama X)</span></b><br />since 13 October 2016<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">His Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">Heir presumptive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dipangkorn_Rasmijoti" title="Dipangkorn Rasmijoti">Dipangkorn Rasmijoti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Si_Inthrathit" title="Si Inthrathit">Si Inthrathit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">1238<span class="noprint">; 786 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1238</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/165px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/220px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="398" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_flag_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thailand_flag_bar.svg/200px-Thailand_flag_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thailand_flag_bar.svg/300px-Thailand_flag_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thailand_flag_bar.svg/400px-Thailand_flag_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="12" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Thailand" title="Law of Thailand">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/30px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/45px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/60px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rama_(Kings_of_Thailand)" title="Rama (Kings of Thailand)">The King</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs" title="List of Thai monarchs">List</a>)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a> (Rama X) </p> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Thailand#Heirs-apparent_and_heirs-presumptive_to_the_throne" title="Crown Prince of Thailand">Heir presumptive</a></b></i></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dipangkorn_Rasmijoti" title="Dipangkorn Rasmijoti">Dipangkorn Rasmijoti</a></i> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the Royal Thai Armed Forces">Head of the Royal Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Royal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Palace_Law_of_Succession" title="1924 Palace Law of Succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Thailand" title="Regent of Thailand">Regent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Thailand" title="Privy Council of Thailand">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Royal_Household" title="Bureau of the Royal Household">Bureau of the Royal Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Security_Command" title="Royal Security Command">Royal Security Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Property_Bureau" title="Crown Property Bureau">Crown Property Bureau</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Cabinet_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Seal_of_the_Cabinet_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_Cabinet_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Seal_of_the_Cabinet_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Seal_of_the_Cabinet_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Seal_of_the_Cabinet_of_Thailand.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_Cabinet_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="469" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Thailand" title="List of prime ministers of Thailand">list</a>)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Paetongtarn_Shinawatra" title="Paetongtarn Shinawatra">Paetongtarn Shinawatra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" title="Pheu Thai Party">PTP</a>) </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand">Deputy Prime Ministers</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Phumtham_Wechayachai" title="Phumtham Wechayachai">Phumtham Wechayachai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" title="Pheu Thai Party">PTP</a>) <a href="/wiki/Suriya_Juangroongruangkit" title="Suriya Juangroongruangkit">Suriya Juangroongruangkit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" title="Pheu Thai Party">PTP</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Anutin_Charnvirakul" title="Anutin Charnvirakul">Anutin Charnvirakul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bhumjai_Thai_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhumjai Thai Party">BTP</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Pirapan_Salirathavibhaga" title="Pirapan Salirathavibhaga">Pirapan Salirathavibhaga</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Thai_Nation_Party" title="United Thai Nation Party">UTN</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Pichai_Chunhavajira" title="Pichai Chunhavajira">Pichai Chunhavajira</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" title="Pheu Thai Party">PTP</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Prasert_Jantararuangtong" title="Prasert Jantararuangtong">Prasert Jantararuangtong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" title="Pheu Thai Party">PTP</a>) </p> <hr /> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Paetongtarn_cabinet" title="Paetongtarn cabinet">64th Council of Ministers</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cabinet_Ministries_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cabinet Ministries of Thailand">Ministries</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_Thai_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agencies of the Thai government">Independent agencies</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Parliament_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Seal_of_the_Parliament_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_Parliament_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Seal_of_the_Parliament_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Seal_of_the_Parliament_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Seal_of_the_Parliament_of_Thailand.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_Parliament_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Thailand" title="President of the National Assembly of Thailand">President</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Wan_Muhamad_Noor_Matha" title="Wan Muhamad Noor Matha">Wan Muhamad Noor Matha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prachachat_Party" title="Prachachat Party">PCC</a>) </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Thailand" title="List of presidents of the Senate of Thailand">Vice President</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Mongkol_Surasajja" title="Mongkol Surasajja">Mongkol Surasajja</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:26th_Thailand_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/26th_Thailand_House_of_Representatives.svg/50px-26th_Thailand_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/26th_Thailand_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-26th_Thailand_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/26th_Thailand_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-26th_Thailand_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand">Speaker</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Wan_Muhamad_Noor_Matha" title="Wan Muhamad Noor Matha">Wan Muhamad Noor Matha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prachachat_Party" title="Prachachat Party">PCC</a>) </p> <ul><li><b>Deputy Speakers</b></li></ul> <p>Pichet Chuamuangphan (<a href="/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" title="Pheu Thai Party">PTP</a>)<br /> Paradorn Prissanananthakul (<a href="/wiki/Bhumjai_Thai_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhumjai Thai Party">BTP</a>) </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Thailand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)">Leader of the Opposition</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Natthaphong_Ruengpanyawut" title="Natthaphong Ruengpanyawut">Natthaphong Ruengpanyawut</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Thailand,_2024)" title="People's Party (Thailand, 2024)">PP</a>) </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_of_Thailand_(2024).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Senate_of_Thailand_%282024%29.svg/50px-Senate_of_Thailand_%282024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Senate_of_Thailand_%282024%29.svg/75px-Senate_of_Thailand_%282024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Senate_of_Thailand_%282024%29.svg/100px-Senate_of_Thailand_%282024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Thailand" title="List of presidents of the Senate of Thailand">President</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Mongkol_Surasajja" title="Mongkol Surasajja">Mongkol Surasajja</a> </p> <ul><li><b>Vice Presidents</b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Kriangkrai_Srirak" title="Kriangkrai Srirak">Kriangkrai Srirak</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bunsong_Noisophon" title="Bunsong Noisophon">Bunsong Noisophon</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li>13th Senate of Thailand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Thai_House_of_Representatives" title="2023 Thai House of Representatives">26th Thai House of Representatives</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Court_of_Justice_Thailand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Emblem_of_Court_of_Justice_Thailand.png/30px-Emblem_of_Court_of_Justice_Thailand.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Emblem_of_Court_of_Justice_Thailand.png/45px-Emblem_of_Court_of_Justice_Thailand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Emblem_of_Court_of_Justice_Thailand.png/60px-Emblem_of_Court_of_Justice_Thailand.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="819" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Court of Thailand">Supreme Court</a></b></li></ul> <p>President: Chanakarn Theeravechpolkul </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Court_of_Thailand" title="Administrative Court of Thailand">Administrative Court</a></b></li></ul> <p>President: Prasitsak Meelarp </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Thailand" title="Constitutional Court of Thailand">Constitutional Court</a></b></li></ul> <p>President: <a href="/wiki/Nakarin_Mektrairat" title="Nakarin Mektrairat">Nakarin Mektrairat</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Court_of_Thailand" title="Criminal Court of Thailand">Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_courts_of_Thailand" title="Military courts of Thailand">Military Courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Elections & referendums</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">Recent elections & referendums <ul><li><b>General Elections</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_general_election" title="2014 Thai general election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Thai_general_election" title="2019 Thai general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Thai_general_election" title="2023 Thai general election">2023</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Next_Thai_general_election" title="Next Thai general election">next</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Senate Elections</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_Senate_election" title="2006 Thai Senate election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Thai_Senate_election" title="2008 Thai Senate election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_Senate_election" title="2014 Thai Senate election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Thai_Senate_election" title="2024 Thai Senate election">2024</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Referendums</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Thai_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Thai constitutional referendum">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Thai_constitutional_referendum" title="2016 Thai constitutional referendum">2016</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Local elections</b></li></ul> <ul><li>Bangkok</li> <li>Pattaya</li> <li>Provincial</li> <li>Subdistrict</li> <li>Municipalities</li> <li>Village</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Thailand" title="Election Commission of Thailand">Election Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Thailand" title="List of political parties in Thailand">Political Parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_government_of_Thailand" title="Organization of the government of Thailand">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Interior (Thailand)">Ministry of Interior</a> <ul><li><b>Provincial</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_governors_in_Thailand" title="List of provincial governors in Thailand">Governors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoe">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambon" title="Tambon">Subdistrict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muban" title="Muban">Village</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Local</b></li></ul> <ul><li>Provincial Administrative Organisation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaban#City-municipality" title="Thesaban">City Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaban#Town-municipality" title="Thesaban">Town Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaban#Subdistrict-municipality" title="Thesaban">Subdistrict Municipality</a></li> <li>Subdistrict Administrative Organisation</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Special</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Administration#Governor_of_Bangkok" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Administration">Governor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattaya" title="Pattaya">Pattaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Thailand" title="List of diplomatic missions of Thailand">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Thailand" title="List of diplomatic missions in Thailand">in Thailand</a> </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Thai_passport" title="Thai passport">Passport</a> <a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Thai_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Thai citizens">Visa requirements</a> <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Thailand" title="Visa policy of Thailand">Visa policy</a> </p> <hr /> <p>Borders : <a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Thailand_border" title="Cambodia–Thailand border">Cambodia</a> <a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Thailand_border" title="Laos–Thailand border">Laos</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Thailand_border" title="Malaysia–Thailand border">Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Thailand_border" title="Myanmar–Thailand border">Myanmar</a> (Maritime : India <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Thailand_border" title="Indonesia–Thailand border">Indonesia</a> Vietnam) </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Thailand" title="Foreign aid to Thailand">Foreign aid</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">ACD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong_River_Commission" title="Mekong River Commission">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">EAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">RCEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">MNNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_Economic_Framework" title="Indo-Pacific Economic Framework">IPEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong%E2%80%93Ganga_Cooperation" title="Mekong–Ganga Cooperation">MGC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Political unrest</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><i>After reunited in 1767</i> <ul><li><b>Political crisis</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front_Palace_Crisis" title="Front Palace Crisis">Front Palace Crisis</a> (1874–1875)</li> <li><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="th:">Peace Rebellion</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_peasant_revolts_in_Thailand" title="1970s peasant revolts in Thailand">1970s peasant revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Thai_popular_uprising" title="1973 Thai popular uprising">1973 popular uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_October_1976_massacre" title="6 October 1976 massacre">6 October 1976 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1992)" title="Black May (1992)">Black May (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932006_Thai_political_crisis" title="2005–2006 Thai political crisis">2005–2006 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Thai_political_crisis" title="2008 Thai political crisis">2008 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Thai_political_unrest" title="2009 Thai political unrest">2009 political unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Thai_political_protests" title="2010 Thai political protests">2010 political protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Thai_political_crisis" title="2013–2014 Thai political crisis">2013–2014 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Thai_protests" title="2020–2021 Thai protests">2020–2021 protests</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Military coups</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Revolt_of_1912" title="Palace Revolt of 1912">Palace Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Revolution of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1933_Siamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="April 1933 Siamese coup d'état">April 1933 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1933_Siamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="June 1933 Siamese coup d'état">June 1933 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boworadet_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Boworadet rebellion">Boworadet rebellion</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Sergeants" title="Rebellion of the Sergeants">Rebellion of the Sergeants</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songsuradet_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Songsuradet Rebellion">Songsuradet Rebellion</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1947 Thai coup d'état">1947 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Thai coup d'état">1948 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_General_Staff_plot" title="Army General Staff plot">Army General Staff plot</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Rebellion" title="Palace Rebellion">Palace Rebellion</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Rebellion" title="Manhattan Rebellion">Manhattan Rebellion</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Coup_(Thailand)" title="Silent Coup (Thailand)">Silent Coup</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2500" class="extiw" title="th:รัฐประหารในประเทศไทย พ.ศ. 2500">1957 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2501" class="extiw" title="th:รัฐประหารในประเทศไทย พ.ศ. 2501">1958 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2507" class="extiw" title="th:กบฏ พ.ศ. 2507">Rebellion of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2514" class="extiw" title="th:รัฐประหารในประเทศไทย พ.ศ. 2514">1971 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2519" class="extiw" title="th:รัฐประหารในประเทศไทย พ.ศ. 2519">1976 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1977_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1977 Thai coup d'état attempt">March 1977 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1977_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="October 1977 Thai coup d'état">October 1977 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Thai_military_rebellion" title="1981 Thai military rebellion">1981 military rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 Thai coup d'état attempt">1985 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Thai coup d'état">1991 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014 coup d'état</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Thailand" title="Terrorism in Thailand">Terrorism</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Bangkok_Embassy_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Bangkok Embassy hostage crisis">Israeli Bangkok Embassy hostage crisis</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_attack_on_the_Myanmar_Embassy_in_Bangkok" title="1999 attack on the Myanmar Embassy in Bangkok">1999 attack on the Myanmar Embassy in Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South insurgency</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Bangkok_bombings" title="2012 Bangkok bombings">2012 Bangkok bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Bangkok_bombing" title="2015 Bangkok bombing">2015 Bangkok bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Bangkok_bombings" title="2019 Bangkok bombings">2019 Bangkok bombings</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Conflicts</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taksin%27s_reunification_of_Siam" title="Taksin's reunification of Siam">Taksin's reunification</a> (1767–1771)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)">Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" class="extiw" title="th:กบฏอ้ายสาเกียดโง้ง">Ai Sa Kiad Ngong rebellion</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_rebellion_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Lao rebellion (1826–1828)">Lao rebellion (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" class="extiw" title="th:กบฏหวันหมาดหลี">Kedahan rebellion</a> (1838–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haw_wars" title="Haw wars">Haw wars</a> (1865–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Man%27s_Rebellion" title="Holy Man's Rebellion">Holy Man's Rebellion</a> (1901–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngiao_rebellion" title="Ngiao rebellion">Ngiao rebellion</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="th:กบฏดุซงญอ">Dusun Nyor Rebellion</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" class="extiw" title="th:กบฏแบ่งแยกดินแดน">Separatist Rebellion</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency</a> (1965–1983)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Foreign relations crisis</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Thailand" title="List of wars involving Thailand">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Diamond_Affair" title="Blue Diamond Affair">Blue Diamond Affair</a> (1989–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Phnom_Penh_riots" title="2003 Phnom Penh riots">2003 Phnom Penh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute</a> (2008–2011)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Thailand" title="Crime in Thailand">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Bank of Thailand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/32px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/48px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/64px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Thailand portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Thailand" title="Template:Politics of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Politics of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>monarchy of Thailand</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional form of government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (formerly <i><a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a></i>). The <b>king of Thailand</b> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">พระมหากษัตริย์ไทย</span>, historically, <i>king of Siam</i>; <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">พระเจ้ากรุงสยาม</span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and head of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a>. </p><p>Although the current Chakri dynasty was created in 1782, the existence of the institution of monarchy in Thailand is traditionally considered to have its roots in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> in 1238, with a brief <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> from the death of <a href="/wiki/Ekkathat" title="Ekkathat">Ekkathat</a> to the accession of <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a> in the 18th century. The institution was transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> in 1932 after the bloodless <a href="/wiki/Siamese_Revolution_of_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese Revolution of 1932">Siamese Revolution of 1932</a>. The monarchy's official ceremonial residence is the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, while the private residence has been at the <a href="/wiki/Dusit_Palace" title="Dusit Palace">Dusit Palace</a>. The king of Thailand is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highest_Commander_of_the_Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Highest Commander of the Royal Thai Armed Forces">Highest Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Royal Thai Armed Forces</a>, adherent of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Buddhism</a> and upholder of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_kingship" title="Buddhist kingship">Buddhist kingship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81ruci" title="Bhāruci">Bhāruci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_(Sanskrit_term)" title="Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)">Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">Devaraja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81sammata" title="Mahāsammata">Mahāsammata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)">Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_ancient_India" title="Monarchy in ancient India">Monarchy in ancient India</a></div> <p>The current concept of Thai kingship evolved through 800 years of absolute rule. The first king of a unified <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Si_Inthrathit" title="Si Inthrathit">Si Inthrathit</a>, in 1238.<sup id="cite_ref-JSS_014_1b_Coedes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSS_014_1b_Coedes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of this early kingship is said to be based on two concepts derived from <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhist</a> beliefs. The first concept is based on the ancient Indian <i>Kshatriya</i>(<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">กษัตริย์)</span>, or warrior-ruler, in which the king derives his powers from military might. The second is based on the Buddhist concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Dasavidha-r%C4%81jadhamma" title="Dasavidha-rājadhamma">Dhammaraja</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ธรรมราชา)</span>, Buddhism having been introduced to Thailand around the 6th century AD. The idea of the Dhammaraja (or kingship under Dharma) is that the king should rule his people in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a> and the teachings of the Buddha. </p><p>These ideas were briefly replaced in 1279, when King <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a> came to the throne. Ramkhamhaeng departed from tradition and created instead a concept of "<a href="/wiki/Paternal_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternal rule">paternal rule</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">พ่อปกครองลูก)</span>, in which the king governs his people as a father would govern his children.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JSS_036_2b_PrinceDhani_Old_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSS_036_2b_PrinceDhani_Old-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea is reinforced in the title and name of the king, as he is still known today, <i><a href="/wiki/Pho_Khun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pho Khun">Pho Khun</a> Ram Khamhaeng</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">พ่อขุนรามคำแหง)</span><sup id="cite_ref-JSS_071_0g_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSS_071_0g-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning 'Father Ruler Ram Khamhaeng'. This lasted briefly. By the end of the kingdom, the two old concepts returned as symbolized by the change in the style of the kings: "Pho" was changed to "Phaya" or Lord. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kings_of_Ayutthaya">Kings of Ayutthaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kings of Ayutthaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">Devaraja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">Chakravartin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskritization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritization">Sanskritization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">Mandala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmanie_2._battle_betwenn_Burmese_and_Siamese_ok_fini_%2B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Birmanie_2._battle_betwenn_Burmese_and_Siamese_ok_fini_%2B.jpg/220px-Birmanie_2._battle_betwenn_Burmese_and_Siamese_ok_fini_%2B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Birmanie_2._battle_betwenn_Burmese_and_Siamese_ok_fini_%2B.jpg/330px-Birmanie_2._battle_betwenn_Burmese_and_Siamese_ok_fini_%2B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Birmanie_2._battle_betwenn_Burmese_and_Siamese_ok_fini_%2B.jpg/440px-Birmanie_2._battle_betwenn_Burmese_and_Siamese_ok_fini_%2B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4276" data-file-height="2983" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">Naresuan</a> of Ayutthaya fought several wars against the Burmese to preserve Siamese independence.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sukhothai Kingdom was supplanted by the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a>, which was founded in 1351 by King <a href="/wiki/Uthong" title="Uthong">Ramathibodhi I</a>. During the Ayutthayan period, the idea of kingship changed. Due to ancient Khmer tradition in the region, the Hindu concept of kingship was applied to the status of the leader. Brahmins took charge in the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Thai_monarch" title="Coronation of the Thai monarch">royal coronation</a>. The king was treated as a <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu gods">Hindu gods</a>. Ayutthaya historical documents show the official titles of the kings in great variation: <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>. Seemingly, Rama was the most popular, as in "Ramathibodhi". However, Buddhist influence was also evident, as many times the king's title and "unofficial" name "Dhammaraja", an abbreviation of the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraja_(Buddhism)" title="Dharmaraja (Buddhism)">Buddhist Dharmaraja</a>. The two former concepts were re-established, with a third, older concept taking hold. This concept was called "<a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">Devaraja</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">เทวราชา)</span> (or "divine king"), which was an idea borrowed by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Java#Hindu–Buddhist_kingdoms_era" title="Java">Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms of Java</a>, especially the idea of a scholar class based on Hindu <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>. The concept centered on the idea that the king was an incarnation (<a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a>) of the god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and that he was a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> (enlightened one), therefore basing his power on his religious power, his moral power, and his purity of blood. </p><p>The king, portrayed by state interests as a semi-divine figure, then became—through a rigid cultural implementation—an object of worship and veneration to his people. From then on the monarchy was largely removed from the people and continued under a system of absolute rule. Living in palaces designed after <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a> ("home of the gods" in Hinduism), the kings turned themselves into a "<a href="/wiki/Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">Chakravartin</a>", where the king became an absolute and universal lord of his realm. Kings demanded that the universe be envisioned as <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">revolving around them</a>, and expressed their powers through elaborate rituals and ceremonies. For four centuries these kings ruled Ayutthaya, presiding over some of the greatest period of cultural, economic, and military growth in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thai history</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sakdina_and_Rachasap"><span class="anchor" id="Rachasap"></span> Sakdina and Rachasap</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sakdina and Rachasap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Chedis_of_Wat_Phra_Sri_Sanphet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/3_Chedis_of_Wat_Phra_Sri_Sanphet.JPG/220px-3_Chedis_of_Wat_Phra_Sri_Sanphet.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/3_Chedis_of_Wat_Phra_Sri_Sanphet.JPG/330px-3_Chedis_of_Wat_Phra_Sri_Sanphet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/3_Chedis_of_Wat_Phra_Sri_Sanphet.JPG/440px-3_Chedis_of_Wat_Phra_Sri_Sanphet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet" title="Wat Phra Si Sanphet">Wat Phra Si Sanphet</a> next to the king's palace was the most sacred temple in the kingdom of Ayutthaya.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_Tree_of_The_Kings_of_Siam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Family_Tree_of_The_Kings_of_Siam.png/220px-Family_Tree_of_The_Kings_of_Siam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Family_Tree_of_The_Kings_of_Siam.png/330px-Family_Tree_of_The_Kings_of_Siam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Family_Tree_of_The_Kings_of_Siam.png/440px-Family_Tree_of_The_Kings_of_Siam.png 2x" data-file-width="10350" data-file-height="15000" /></a><figcaption>Family Tree of The Kings of Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kings of Ayutthaya created many institutions to support their rule. Whereas <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> developed in the <a href="/wiki/European_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="European Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a>, Ayutthayan King <a href="/wiki/Trailokanat" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailokanat">Trailokanat</a> in the 15th century instituted <i><a href="/wiki/Sakdina" title="Sakdina">sakdina</a></i>, a system of social hierarchy which ranked the king's subjects according to the amount of land they were entitled to, according to their rank and position.<sup id="cite_ref-JSS_057_1e_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSS_057_1e-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Rachasap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rachasap">Rachasap</a></i> is required by court etiquette as an <a href="/wiki/Thai_honorifics#Honorific_registers" title="Thai honorifics">honorific register</a> consisting of a special vocabulary used exclusively for addressing the king, or for talking about royalty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_authority">Royal authority</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Royal authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The king was chief administrator, chief legislator, and chief judge, with all laws, orders, verdict and punishments theoretically originating from his person. The king's <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereignty</a> was reflected in the titles "Lord of the Land" (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระเจ้าแผ่นดิน</span></span> <i>Phra Chao Phaen Din</i>) and "Lord of Life" (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">เจ้าชีวิต</span></span> <i>Chao Chiwit</i>). The king's powers and titles were seen by foreign observers as proof that the king was an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarch</a> in the European sense. However, in Siamese tradition the duty and responsibility of the king was seen as developed from the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_ancient_India#Authority_of_the_King" title="Monarchy in ancient India">ancient Indian theories of royal authority</a>, which resemble <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_Absolutism" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightened Absolutism">Enlightened Absolutism</a>, although the emphasis is not on <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a> but on <a href="/wiki/Dhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma">Dhamma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JSS_038_1c_LingatEvol_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSS_038_1c_LingatEvol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was disrupted in 1767, when Thai digests of the <a href="/wiki/Dhammasattha" title="Dhammasattha">dhammasāt</a> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ธรรมศาสตร์</span></span>) were lost when a <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burmese</a> army under the <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a> invaded, sacked and burned the city of <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom#The_final_phase" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_restored">Kingdom restored</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kingdom restored"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An interlude filled by a short <a href="/wiki/Taksin%27s_reunification_of_Siam" title="Taksin's reunification of Siam">civil war</a> was ended when <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a> restored the country under what has been called the <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a>. Kingship during the Thonburi period saw the adoption of the 'personal kingship' system that was previously administered under <a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">Naresuan</a> (but abandoned after his death). Taksin treated the concept of kingship by abandoning the shroud of mysticism usually adopted by many Ayutthayan monarchs; he often revealed himself to the common folk by partaking in public activities and traditional festivities. He did little to emphasize his new capital, <a href="/wiki/Thonburi" title="Thonburi">Thonburi</a>, as the spiritual successor to Ayutthaya. He also emphasized the building of moats and defensive walls in Thonburi.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chakri_kings">Chakri kings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chakri kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg/170px-Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg/255px-Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg/340px-Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Thongduang, later King <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a> of Siam, founded the Chakri dynasty in 1782.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1782, <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Phutthayotfa Chulalok</a> (Rama I) ascended the throne and moved the capital from the <a href="/wiki/Thonburi" title="Thonburi">Thonburi</a> side to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangkok" title="History of Bangkok">Bangkok</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya River</a>. There he established the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Chakri" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Chakri">House of Chakri</a>, the current ruling dynasty of Thailand. (This first reign was later designated as that of Rama I in the list of <a href="/wiki/Rama_(Kings_of_Thailand)" title="Rama (Kings of Thailand)">Rama Kings of Thailand</a>.) He also established the office of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Patriarch_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Patriarch of Thailand">Supreme Patriarch</a> as the head of the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">Sangha</a>, the order of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monks</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin period">Rattanakosin period</a> the Chakri kings tried to continue the concepts of Ayutthayan kingship once again emphasizing the connection between the sovereign and his subjects. On the other hand, they continued to not relinquish any authority of the throne. Kings <a href="/wiki/Rama_II" title="Rama II">Phutthaloetla Naphalai</a> (Rama II) and <a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Nangklao</a> (Rama III) created a semblance of a modern administration by creating a supreme council and appointing chief officers to help with the running of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a> (Rama IV) marked a significant break in tradition when he spent the first 27 years of his adult life as a <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monk</a> during which time he became proficient in the English language, before ascending the throne. As king, he continued the appointment of officers to his supreme council, the most notable being <a href="/wiki/Somdet_Chao_Phraya_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somdet Chao Phraya (title)">Somdet Chao Phraya</a> <a href="/wiki/Prayurawongse" title="Prayurawongse">Prayurawongse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Si_Suriyawongse" class="mw-redirect" title="Si Suriyawongse">Si Suriyawongse</a>, both of whom acted as Chief Ministers for King Mongkut (and the latter as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, from the king's death in 1868 until 1873). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> (Rama V) ascended the throne as a minor at age 15 in 1868, and as King of Siam on 16 November 1873. As a prince, he had been tutored in Western traditions by the <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Leonowens" title="Anna Leonowens">Anna Leonowens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intent on reforming the monarchy along Western lines, during his minority he traveled extensively to observe western administrative methods. He transformed the monarchy along Western lines of an "<a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">enlightened ruler</a>". He abolished the practice of <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn#Abolition_of_prostration" title="Chulalongkorn">prostration</a> in front of the monarch, and repealed many laws concerning the relationship between the monarch and his people, while continuing many of the ancient aspects and rituals of the old kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-Wales_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wales-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1874, he created a <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Thailand" title="Privy Council of Thailand">privy council</a> copied from the European tradition, to help him rule his Kingdom. During his reign Siam was pressured to relinquish control of its old tributaries of Laos and northern Malaya to Western powers, Siam itself narrowly avoided being colonized.<sup id="cite_ref-JSS_082_0l_StuartFox_Conflict_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSS_082_0l_StuartFox_Conflict-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JSS_082_0k_Meyers_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSS_082_0k_Meyers-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905, 37 years after his coronation, Chulalongkorn ended <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> with the Slave Abolition Act. In 1867 slaves accounted for one-third of the Siamese population. </p><p>His son, <a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Vajiravudh</a> (Rama VI), ascended to the throne in 1910 and continued his father's zeal for reform to bring the monarchy into the 20th century. The perceived slow pace of reform resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Revolt_of_1912" title="Palace Revolt of 1912">Palace Revolt of 1912</a>. In 1914, Vajiravudh determined that the act providing for invoking <a href="/wiki/Martial_law#Thailand" title="Martial law">martial law</a>, first promulgated by his father in 1907, was not consistent with modern <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a>, nor convenient for the preservation of the security of the state, so it was amended to a more modern form that, with minor amendments, continued in force through subsequent changes in government.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prajadhipok" title="Prajadhipok">Prajadhipok</a> (Rama VII) succeeded his brother in 1925. The <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military Academy Sandhurst">Sandhurst</a> educated monarch created a council similar to a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a>, where the most important government officials could meet to decide state affairs. This advisory and legislative council, styled the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_State_of_Siam" title="Supreme Council of State of Siam">Supreme Council of State of Siam</a> (Thai: อภิรัฐมนตรีสภา) was founded on 28 November 1925 and existed until 1932. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constitutional monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prajadhipok%27s_coronation_records_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Prajadhipok%27s_coronation_records_-_001.jpg/170px-Prajadhipok%27s_coronation_records_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Prajadhipok%27s_coronation_records_-_001.jpg/255px-Prajadhipok%27s_coronation_records_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Prajadhipok%27s_coronation_records_-_001.jpg/340px-Prajadhipok%27s_coronation_records_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2793" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prajadhipok" title="Prajadhipok">King Prajadhipok</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand#1932_constitution" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution of Siam</a>, 10 December 1932.</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1932, a group of foreign-educated students and military men called "<a href="/wiki/Khana_Ratsadon" title="Khana Ratsadon">the promoters</a>" carried out a bloodless <a href="/wiki/Siamese_Revolution_of_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese Revolution of 1932">revolution</a>, seized power and demanded that King Prajadhipok grant the people of Siam a constitution. The king agreed and in December 1932 the people were granted <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">a constitution</a>, ending 150 years of absolute Chakri rule. From then on the role of the monarch was relegated to that of a symbolic head of state. His powers from then on were exercised by a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">prime minister</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">national assembly</a>. </p><p>In 1935 Prajadhipok (Rama VII) abdicated the throne, following disagreements with the government. He lived in exile in the United Kingdom until his death in 1941. The king was replaced by his young nephew <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol" title="Ananda Mahidol">Ananda Mahidol</a> (Rama VIII). The new king was 10 years old and was living abroad in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. A council of regents was appointed in his place. During this period the roles and powers of the king were entirely usurped by the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Plaek Phibunsongkhram</a>, who changed the name of the kingdom from Siam to <a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">Thailand</a>, and aligned it on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific theatre of World War II</a>. By the end of the war Phibunsongkhram was removed and the young king returned. The <a href="/wiki/Free_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Thai">Free Thai</a> movement provided resistance to foreign occupation during the war and helped rehabilitate Thailand after the war. </p><p>After Rama VIII's sudden death from a bullet wound in 1946, Prince <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> (Rama IX), aged 19 years old, became the new monarch. In establishing his rule, the king was aided by the efforts of the US government, who used the monarchy as a bulwark against communist gains in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Rattanasengchanh-2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rattanasengchanh-2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup> </p><p>King Bhumibol was the world's longest reigning monarch at the time of his death in October 2016. He died on 13 October 2016 at the age of 88.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_monarchy_in_the_21st_century">The monarchy in the 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The monarchy in the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MahidolDay_at_SirirajHospital2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/MahidolDay_at_SirirajHospital2018.jpg/220px-MahidolDay_at_SirirajHospital2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/MahidolDay_at_SirirajHospital2018.jpg/330px-MahidolDay_at_SirirajHospital2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/MahidolDay_at_SirirajHospital2018.jpg/440px-MahidolDay_at_SirirajHospital2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3911" data-file-height="2933" /></a><figcaption>The king's image appears in every town and in many prominent locations</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2000, the role of the Thai monarchy has been increasingly challenged by scholars, students, media, observers and traditionalists, and as pro-democracy interests began to express their speech.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many deemed that a series of laws and measures relating to <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">lèse majesté in Thailand</a> are hindrances to freedom of expression. Dozens of arrests, hundreds of criminal investigations and multiple imprisonments have been made based on these laws.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Bhumibol Adulyadej's speech in his 2005 national birthday broadcast could have been interpreted as a suggestion that he <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand#King_invites_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">welcomed criticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wrong_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrong-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">lèse-majesté law</a> is part of Thailand's criminal-law code and has been described as the "world's harshest lèse majesté law"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "possibly the strictest criminal-defamation law anywhere".<sup id="cite_ref-economist_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Giles_Ungpakorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Giles Ungpakorn">Giles Ungpakorn</a> noted that "the <i>lèse-majesté</i> laws are not really designed to protect the institution of the monarchy. In the past, the laws have been used to protect governments and to shield military coups from lawful criticism. This whole [royal] image is created to bolster a conservative elite well beyond the walls of the palace."<sup id="cite_ref-frenchmanjail_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frenchmanjail-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thai activist and magazine editor <a href="/wiki/Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk" title="Somyot Prueksakasemsuk">Somyot Prueksakasemsuk</a>, who was sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment for a violation of <i>lèse-majesté</i> laws in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a designated <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoner of conscience</a> by Amnesty International.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king is assisted in his work and duties by the Private Secretary to the King of Thailand and the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Thailand" title="Privy Council of Thailand">Privy Council of Thailand</a>, in consultation with the head of the cabinet, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a>. In accordance with the country’s constitution, the king is no longer the originator of all laws in the kingdom; that prerogative is entrusted to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">National Assembly of Thailand</a>. All bills passed by the legislature, however, require his royal assent to become law. The monarchy's household and finances are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Royal_Household" title="Bureau of the Royal Household">Bureau of the Royal Household</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Property_Bureau" title="Crown Property Bureau">Crown Property Bureau</a> respectively, these agencies are not considered part of the Thai government and all personnel are appointed by the king.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The junta that took power in 2014 was aggressive in jailing critics of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, it spent US$540 million, more than the budget of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on a promotional campaign called "Worship, protect and uphold the monarchy." The campaign includes television commercials, seminars in schools and prisons, singing contests, and competitions to write stories and films praising the king. "This is not propaganda," <a href="/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha" title="Prayut Chan-o-cha">Prayut Chan-o-cha</a>, the leader of the junta, said. "The youth must be educated on what the king has done."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT20150920_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT20150920-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> (FY) 2016 budget, the ruling military government has increased its expenditure for "upholding, protecting and preserving the monarchy" to 18 billion baht (US$514 million), an increase of 28 per cent for this budget line item since 2014 when it took power.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Budget allocations to support the monarchy in FY2020 amount to 29.728 billion baht, or 0.93% of the total budget.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline_of_monarchs">Timeline of monarchs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Timeline of monarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs" title="List of Thai monarchs">List of Thai monarchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Thai_monarchs" title="Family tree of Thai monarchs">Family tree of Thai monarchs</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_royal_consorts" title="List of Thai royal consorts">List of Thai royal consorts</a></div> <div 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coords="505,12,605,31" title="Si Inthrathit" alt="Si Inthrathit" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs%23Sukhothai_Kingdom_(1238%E2%80%931438)" coords="613,3,738,22" title="List of Thai monarchs#Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438)" alt="List of Thai monarchs#Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438)" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_cytn8yweykb41a8yl4nupcj79ebvinj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/cytn8yweykb41a8yl4nupcj79ebvinj.png" /></div> <p><i>*Including regional kingdoms and polity</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_regalia">Royal regalia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Royal regalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Thai_monarch" title="Coronation of the Thai monarch">Coronation of the Thai monarch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Regalia_of_Siam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Royal_Regalia_of_Siam.jpg/170px-The_Royal_Regalia_of_Siam.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Royal_Regalia_of_Siam.jpg/255px-The_Royal_Regalia_of_Siam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Royal_Regalia_of_Siam.jpg/340px-The_Royal_Regalia_of_Siam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>The royal regalia of Thailand is made up of five principal items<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The present set of <a href="/wiki/Royal_regalia_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal regalia of Thailand">royal regalia of Thailand</a> (Khrueang Raja Kakudhabhand, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">เครื่องราชกกุธภัณฑ์)</span> and the royal utensils was created mostly during the reign of King Rama I and Rama IV, after the previous set was lost during the sack of Ayutthaya by the Burmese in 1767. The regalia is used mainly during the <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> ceremony of the king at the beginning of every reign. The regalia is presently on display in the Museum of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a> in Bangkok.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60celebrations_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60celebrations-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Nine-Tiered_Umbrella" title="Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella">Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella</a> (Phra Maha Swetachatra; พระมหาเศวตฉัตร)- the most important regalia. Currently there are seven, distributed at various palaces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Crown_of_Victory" title="Great Crown of Victory">Great Crown of Victory</a> (Phra Maha Phijay Mongkut; พระมหาพิชัยมงกุฎ)- official headgear.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Victory" title="Sword of Victory">Sword of Victory</a> (Phra Saengkharga Jay Sri; พระแสงขรรค์ชัยศรี)- found at <a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a> in 1784, the sword represents military power.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Staff" title="Royal Staff">Royal Staff</a> (Dharn Phra Korn; ธารพระกร)- symbol of justice</li> <li>Royal Fan and Flywhisk (Walawijani; วาลวีชนี)- Royal fan made of gold and the royal flywhisk made from the tail of a <a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">white elephant</a>.</li> <li>Royal Slippers (Chalong Phra Bada; ฉลองพระบาท)- official footwear made of gold</li></ul> <p>The Thai royal utensils (Phra Khattiya Rajuprapoke; พระขัตติยราชูปโภค) are also for the personal use of the monarch,<sup id="cite_ref-60celebrations_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60celebrations-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprising: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel nut">Betel nut</a> set</li> <li>the water urn</li> <li>the libation vessel</li> <li>the receptacle.</li></ul> <p>These unique objects are always placed on either side of the king's throne or his seat during royal ceremonies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_symbols_of_kingship">Other symbols of kingship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other symbols of kingship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">Royal White Elephant</a>- usually one to represent each reign, the current one resides at <a href="/wiki/Dusit_Zoo" title="Dusit Zoo">Dusit Zoo</a>; the king also has 10 others.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Thailand" title="Emblem of Thailand">Royal Garuda</a>- Emblem of the king and of Thailand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_Thailand" title="Royal Standard of Thailand">Royal Standard of Thailand</a>- Official standard of the king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Flags_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Flags of Thailand">Royal Flags</a>- Personal flags of the king and royal family</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansoen_Phra_Barami" title="Sansoen Phra Barami">Sansoen Phra Barami</a> - The royal anthem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakhom_band" title="Prakhom band">Traditional Band of the Royal Family of Thailand</a> - <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">Marching band</a> using traditional Thai musical instruments, they usually accompany the royal family and perform at ceremonies where a member of the royal family presides.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_ceremonies">Royal ceremonies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Royal ceremonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_Thailand_19-21_October_2003-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_Thailand_19-21_October_2003-12.jpg/280px-Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_Thailand_19-21_October_2003-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_Thailand_19-21_October_2003-12.jpg/420px-Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_Thailand_19-21_October_2003-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_Thailand_19-21_October_2003-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>The Royal Barge Procession, 2003.</figcaption></figure> <p>The king and other members of his family carry out many royal ceremonies per year, some dating from the 13th century. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Thai_monarch" title="Coronation of the Thai monarch">Royal coronation ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Barge_Procession" title="Royal Barge Procession">Royal Barge Procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Changing_of_the_Robes_of_the_Emerald_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="The Changing of the Robes of the Emerald Buddha">The Changing of the Robes of the Emerald Buddha</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Royal_Guards_parade" title="Thai Royal Guards parade">Trooping the Colours and Armed Forces Pledge of Loyalty</a></li> <li>Military Colours Consecration and Pledge Taking Ceremony</li> <li>Oath of Allegiance Ceremony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech from the Throne">Speech from the Throne</a> to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">National Assembly of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_royal_funeral" title="Thai royal funeral">Royal Funeral Ceremony</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_orders_and_decorations">Royal orders and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Royal orders and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Monarchy of Thailand">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Talk:Monarchy of Thailand">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Monarchy of Thailand">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about who the Vallabhabhorn Order and the Vajira Mala Order are bestowed upon.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Talk:Monarchy of Thailand">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_orders_and_medals_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of orders and medals of Thailand">List of orders and medals of Thailand</a></div> <p>The king is sovereign of several <a href="/wiki/Order_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order (decoration)">Royal Orders and Decorations</a>, the prerogative to appoint and remove any persons from these orders are at the king's discretion. However, sometimes recommendations are made by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet of Thailand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a>. There are twelve Royal Orders and some of these have separate classes. </p> <ul><li>The Most Auspicious <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn" title="Order of the Rajamitrabhorn">Order of the Rajamitrabhorn</a>: Established on 11 June 1962 by King Rama IX to be bestowed upon foreign heads of state.</li> <li>The Most Illustrious <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri" title="Order of the Royal House of Chakri">Order of the Royal House of Chakri</a>: Established in 1882 by King Rama V of the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) to commemorate the Bangkok Centennial.</li> <li>The Ancient and Auspicious <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Nine_Gems" title="Order of the Nine Gems">Order of the Nine Gems</a>: Established in 1851 by King Rama IV of the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand). The order is bestowed upon the members of the Thai royal family and distinguished high-ranking officials who have given service to the kingdom and who are Buddhist.</li> <li>The Most Illustrious <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Chula_Chom_Klao" title="Order of Chula Chom Klao">Order of Chula Chom Klao</a>: Established on 16 November 1873 by King Rama V of The Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) to commemorate the 90th Jubilee of the Chakri dynasty, and bears his name.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ratana_Varabhorn_Order_of_Merit" title="Ratana Varabhorn Order of Merit">Ratana Varabhorn Order of Merit</a>: Established on 1 August 1911 by King Rama VI of The Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) to reward personal service to the sovereign.</li> <li>The Honourable <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Rama" title="Order of Rama">Order of Rama</a>: Established on 22 July 1918 (B.E. 2461) by King Rama VI of the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand), to be bestowed onto those who have rendered special military services either in peace or in wartime.</li> <li>The Most Exalted <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Order of the White Elephant</a>: Established in 1861 by King Rama IV of the Kingdom of Siam. Along with the Order of the Crown of Thailand, it is regularly awarded to government officials for each five years of service, making it Thailand's most-awarded order.</li> <li>The Most Noble <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thailand" title="Order of the Crown of Thailand">Order of the Crown of Thailand</a>: Established in 1869 by King Rama V of The Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) for Thais, the royal family, governmental employees, and foreign dignitaries for their outstanding services to the Kingdom of Thailand.</li> <li>The Most Admirable <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Direkgunabhorn" title="Order of the Direkgunabhorn">Order of the Direkgunabhorn</a>: Established by King Rama IX on 22 July 1991 (B.E.2534) to be bestowed upon those who have rendered devotional services to the Kingdom of Thailand.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vallabhabhorn_Order" title="Vallabhabhorn Order">Vallabhabhorn Order</a>: Established on 22 March 1919 (B.E. 2461) by King Rama VI of The Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ramkeerati" title="Order of Ramkeerati">Order of Ramkeerati</a>: Established on 26 November 1987 (B.E. 2530) by King Rama IX of Thailand to be bestowed onto those who have rendered constant service and support to Boy Scout activities for at least five consecutive years.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vajira_Mala_Order" title="Vajira Mala Order">Vajira Mala Order</a>: Established on 28 May 1911 (B.E. 2454) by King Rama VI of the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honours_of_Thailand_awarded_to_heads_of_state_and_royalty" title="List of honours of Thailand awarded to heads of state and royalty">List of honours of Thailand awarded to heads of state and royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honours_of_the_Thai_royal_family_by_country" title="List of honours of the Thai royal family by country">List of honours of the Thai royal family by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_monarchy" title="Network monarchy">Network monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">Sacred king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Cup_Sepaktakraw_World_Championship" title="King's Cup Sepaktakraw World Championship">King's Cup Sepaktakraw World Championship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This tutelage has been the source for several fictionalised accounts in the media, most notably the films <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I_(1956_film)" title="The King and I (1956 film)">The King and I</a></i> (1956) and <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_and_the_King" title="Anna and the King">Anna and the King</a></i> (1999), both of which have been banned in Thailand as being disrespectful to the king.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbelln.d." class="citation magazine cs1">Campbell, Charlie (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4587099/thailand-king-bhumibol-adulyadej-maha-vajiralongkorn-crown-property-bureau/">"Thais Face an Anxious Wait to See How Their New King Will Wield His Power"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Thais+Face+an+Anxious+Wait+to+See+How+Their+New+King+Will+Wield+His+Power&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4587099%2Fthailand-king-bhumibol-adulyadej-maha-vajiralongkorn-crown-property-bureau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Secretariate_of_the_House_of_Representatives2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">The Secretariate of the House of Representatives</a> (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831223113/http://www.senate.go.th/th_senate/English/constitution2007.pdf">"Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E 2550"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">The Secretariat of the House of Representatives</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.go.th/th_senate/English/constitution2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Thailand+B.E+2550&rft.pub=The+Secretariat+of+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=2007-11&rft.au=The+Secretariate+of+the+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.go.th%2Fth_senate%2FEnglish%2Fconstitution2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSS_014_1b_Coedes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSS_014_1b_Coedes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCœdès1921" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Coedès">Cœdès, G.</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1921/JSS_014_1b_Coedes_OriginsOfSukhodayaDynasty.pdf">"The Origins of the Sukhodaya Dynasty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Siam_Society" title="Journal of the Siam Society">Journal of the Siam Society</a></i>. JSS Vol. 14.1b (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>The dynasty which reigned during a part of the XIIIth. and the first half of the XlVth. centuries at Sukhodaya and at Sajjanlaya, on the upper Menam Yom, is the first historical Siamese dynasty. It has a double claim to this title, both because its cradle was precisely in the country designated by foreigners as "Siam" (Khmer: Syain; Chinese: Sien, etc.), and because it is this dynasty which, by freeing the Thai principalities from the Cambodian yoke and by gradually extending its conquests as far as the Malay Peninsula, paved the way for the formation of the Kingdom of Siam properly so called.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Sukhodaya+Dynasty&rft.volume=JSS+Vol.+14.1b&rft.issue=digital&rft.pages=image+1&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=C%C5%93d%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1921%2FJSS_014_1b_Coedes_OriginsOfSukhodayaDynasty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926091434/http://sunsite.au.ac.th/thailand/thai_monarchy/background.html">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunsite.au.ac.th/thailand/thai_monarchy/background.html">the original</a> on 26 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunsite.au.ac.th%2Fthailand%2Fthai_monarchy%2Fbackground.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSS_036_2b_PrinceDhani_Old-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSS_036_2b_PrinceDhani_Old_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince_Dhani_Nivat1947" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" class="extiw" title="th:พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าธานีนิวัต กรมหมื่นพิทยลาภพฤฒิยากร">Prince Dhani Nivat, Kromamun Bidyadabh</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Thai]</span> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1941/JSS_036_2b_PrinceDhani_OldSiameseConceptionOfMonarchy.pdf">"The Old Siamese conception of the Monarchy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Siam_Society" title="Journal of the Siam Society">Journal of the Siam Society</a></i>. JSS Vol. 36.2b (digital). Siamese Heritage Trust: image 10 page 93<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2013</span>. <q><b>Patriarchal Sukhothai Kingship</b> ...The monarch was of course the people's leader in battle; but he was also in peace-time their father whose advice was sought and expected in all matters and whose judgment was accepted by all. He was moreover accessible to his people, for we are told by an old inscription that, in front of the royal palace of Sukhothai there used to be a gong hung up for people to go and beat upon whenever they wanted personal help and redress. The custom survived with slight modifications all through the centuries down to the change of regime in 1932....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=The+Old+Siamese+conception+of+the+Monarchy&rft.volume=JSS+Vol.+36.2b&rft.issue=digital&rft.pages=image+10+page+93&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Prince+Dhani+Nivat&rft.aufirst=Kromamun+Bidyadabh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1941%2FJSS_036_2b_PrinceDhani_OldSiameseConceptionOfMonarchy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSS_071_0g-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSS_071_0g_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerwiel1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Terwiel, Barend Jan (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_071_0g_Terwiel_AhomAndStudyOfEarlyTaiSociety.pdf">"Ahom and the Study of Early Thai Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Siam Society</i>. JSS Vol. 71.0 (PDF). Siamese Heritage Trust: image 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>In older usage, <i>khun</i> was used for a ruler of a fortified town and its surrounding villages, together called a <a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">mueang</a>; with the prefix <i>pho</i> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พ่อ "father"</span></span>) appears as <b>Pho Khun</b>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=Ahom+and+the+Study+of+Early+Thai+Society&rft.volume=JSS+Vol.+71.0&rft.issue=PDF&rft.pages=image+4&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Terwiel&rft.aufirst=Barend+Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1981%2FJSS_071_0g_Terwiel_AhomAndStudyOfEarlyTaiSociety.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSS_057_1e-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSS_057_1e_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriswoldPrasert_na_Nagara1969" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Griswold, A.B.; Prasert na Nagara (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1961/JSS_057_1e_GriswoldPrasert_LawPromulgatedByKingOfAyudhya1397.pdf">"A Law Promulgated by the King of Ayudhya in 1397 A.D. Epigraphic and Historical Studies, No. 4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Siam Society</i>. JSS Vol. 57.1 (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>It was customary for Southeast Asian kings, who were of course the absolute proprietors of the land, to allot the <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a> of portions of it to their subjects. The kings of Ayudhya allotted a specified number of sakti-na or 'dignity-marks' to each of their subjects according to his rank and the position he occupied, corresponding to the number of <i><a href="/wiki/Rai_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai (unit)">rai</a></i> he was actually or theoretically entitled to; and when the system was fully developed the number of marks ranged from 5 to 25 for ordinary citizens, up to 10,000 for ministers in charge of important departments, and 20,000 for princes of the highest rank.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=A+Law+Promulgated+by+the+King+of+Ayudhya+in+1397+A.D.+Epigraphic+and+Historical+Studies%2C+No.+4&rft.volume=JSS+Vol.+57.1&rft.issue=digital&rft.pages=image+3&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Griswold&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rft.au=Prasert+na+Nagara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1961%2FJSS_057_1e_GriswoldPrasert_LawPromulgatedByKingOfAyudhya1397.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSS_038_1c_LingatEvol-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSS_038_1c_LingatEvol_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingat1950" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lingat" title="Robert Lingat">Lingat, R.</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1941/JSS_038_1c_Lingat_EvolutionOfTheConceptionOfLawInBurmaAndSiam.pdf">"Evolution of the Conception of Law in Burma and Siam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Siam_Society" title="Journal of the Siam Society">Journal of the Siam Society</a></i>. JSS Vol. 38.1c (digital). Siam Heritage Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>Kings and <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rajas</a> are only responsible for keeping peace and order. It is a very noticeable thing that in so rich a language as Sanskrit there exists no proper word to translate our word law as meaning positive law. It is true Hindus have the word darma, which is sometimes wrongfully translated by the word law, but actually is quite a different thing....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+Conception+of+Law+in+Burma+and+Siam&rft.volume=JSS+Vol.+38.1c&rft.issue=digital&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Lingat&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1941%2FJSS_038_1c_Lingat_EvolutionOfTheConceptionOfLawInBurmaAndSiam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Ayutthaya (pp. 263, 264). Cambridge University Press. (Kindle Edition.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Roberts_(diplomat)" title="Edmund Roberts (diplomat)">Roberts, Edmund</a> (1837) [First published in 1837]. "Chapter XIX – titles of the king". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/embassytoeaster00unkngoog"><i>Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U.S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832–3–4</i></a>. Harper & brothers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/embassytoeaster00unkngoog/page/n308">302</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>At the head of the Siamese administration is the supreme council, consisting of the following officers:....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XIX+%E2%80%93+titles+of+the+king&rft.btitle=Embassy+to+the+Eastern+courts+of+Cochin-China%2C+Siam%2C+and+Muscat+%3A+in+the+U.S.+sloop-of-war+Peacock+...+during+the+years+1832%E2%80%933%E2%80%934&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Harper+%26+brothers&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fembassytoeaster00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wales-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wales_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWales2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Geoffrey_Quaritch_Wales" title="Horace Geoffrey Quaritch Wales">Wales, H. G. Quaritch</a> (14 April 2005) [First published in 1931]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/siamesestatecere030661mbp/siamesestatecere030661mbp_djvu.txt">"Chapter IV, the kingship"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siamesestatecere030661mbp"><i>Siamese state ceremonies</i></a> (digital ed.). London: Bernard Quaritch. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siamesestatecere030661mbp/page/n51">32</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thailand+The+King+%E2%80%93+Flags%2C+Maps%2C+Economy%2C+History%2C+Climate%2C+Natural+Resources%2C+Current+Issues%2C+International+Agreements%2C+Population%2C+Social+Statistics%2C+Political+System&rft.pub=Photius.com&rft.date=1972-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photius.com%2Fcountries%2Fthailand%2Fgovernment%2Fthailand_government_the_king.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prachatai.com/english/node/4218">2014 coup marks the highest number of lèse-majesté prisoners in Thai history</a>.the <i>Prachatai</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/thailand-monarchy-insult-man-jailed-king-facebook-vichai-thepwong-social-media-online-block-a7783166.html">Thailand jails man for 35 years for insulting the monarchy on Facebook</a>". <i>The Independent</i>. 10 June 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT20150920-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT20150920_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2015" class="citation news cs1">Fuller, Thomas (20 September 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/21/world/with-king-in-declining-health-future-of-monarchy-in-thailand-is-uncertain.html">"With King in Declining Health, Future of Monarchy in Thailand Is Uncertain"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=With+King+in+Declining+Health%2C+Future+of+Monarchy+in+Thailand+Is+Uncertain&rft.date=2015-09-20&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F21%2Fworld%2Fwith-king-in-declining-health-future-of-monarchy-in-thailand-is-uncertain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/for-thailand-a-portrait-is-crucial-to-preparations-for-succession">"For Thailand, a portrait is crucial to preparations for succession"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=For+Thailand%2C+a+portrait+is+crucial+to+preparations+for+succession&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Fse-asia%2Ffor-thailand-a-portrait-is-crucial-to-preparations-for-succession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/english/node/8431">"Government to spend 29 billion baht on monarchy"</a>. <i>Prachatai English</i>. 26 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prachatai+English&rft.atitle=Government+to+spend+29+billion+baht+on+monarchy&rft.date=2020-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F8431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48101877">"Thailand's King Vajiralongkorn crowned"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+King+Vajiralongkorn+crowned&rft.date=2019-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-48101877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027073704/http://geocities.com/threeb.rm/regalia.html">"Royal Regalia"</a>. 27 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geocities.com/threeb.rm/regalia.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Regalia&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeocities.com%2Fthreeb.rm%2Fregalia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60celebrations-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-60celebrations_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-60celebrations_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thai Government Public Relations: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thailand.prd.go.th/60th/royal_utensil.php?PHPSESSID=bbd4c7793853bd5ce0fdc2a51109a0e6">Royal Regalia + Royal Utensils.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pattayamail.com/457/news.shtml">"Kingdom of Thailand celebrates Wan Chatramongkhol (Coronation Day) May 5"</a>. <i>Pattaya Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pattaya+Mail&rft.atitle=Kingdom+of+Thailand+celebrates+Wan+Chatramongkhol+%28Coronation+Day%29+May+5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pattayamail.com%2F457%2Fnews.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand (2007) – <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/2007_Constitution_of_Thailand" class="extiw" title="s:2007 Constitution of Thailand">Wikisource</a>.</li> <li>Aryan, Gothan (15 – 16 September 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623005429/http://www.idea.int/news/upload/Nepal%20-%20Thai%20monarchy%20paper%20-%20Gothom%20Aryan.pdf">Thai Monarchy</a>, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Retrieved on 5 July 2006, presented in Kathmandu, Nepal.</li> <li>Kullada Kesboonchoo Mead, <i>The Rise and Decline of Thai Absolutism</i>, RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_monarchy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thai monarchy">Thai monarchy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royaloffice.th/en/home/">Official website</a></span></span> of the Thai monarchy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E-books">E-books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: E-books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThanin_Kraivichien1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Thanin_Kraivichien" title="Thanin Kraivichien">Thanin Kraivichien</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.parliament.go.th/bitstream/handle/lirt/338053/2519_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0.pdf?sequence=1"><i>Thai King under Democratic System</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Thai). Bangkok: Department of Academic Affairs, Ministry of Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thai+King+under+Democratic+System&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=Department+of+Academic+Affairs%2C+Ministry+of+Education&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Thanin+Kraivichien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.parliament.go.th%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Flirt%2F338053%2F2519_%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A9%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B9%2584%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A2_%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C_%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A0.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYut_Saeng-uthai2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yut Saeng-uthai (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.parliament.go.th/bitstream/handle/lirt/301326/56515.pdf?sequence=1"><i>A Legal Treatise on the Provisions of the Constitution governing the King</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Thai). Bangkok: Winyuchon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789742886332" title="Special:BookSources/9789742886332"><bdi>9789742886332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Legal+Treatise+on+the+Provisions+of+the+Constitution+governing+the+King&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=Winyuchon&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789742886332&rft.au=Yut+Saeng-uthai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.parliament.go.th%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Flirt%2F301326%2F56515.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Thailand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;border:1px; background: #F0DC82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Thailand" title="Template:Monarchs of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchs of Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_monarchs%27_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai monarchs' family tree">Thai monarchs' family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Lanna_dynasties" title="Family tree of Lanna dynasties">Lan Na monarchs' family tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ngoenyang" title="Ngoenyang">Ngoenyang</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lan_Na_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lan Na Kingdom">Lan Na</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(638–1775)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Lao dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawachangkarat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawachangkarat (page does not exist)">Lawachangkarat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81" class="extiw" title="th:ปู่เจ้าลาวจก">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chueang" title="Chueang">Chueang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mangrai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Mangrai dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mangrai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaiyasongkhram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaiyasongkhram (page does not exist)">Chaiyasongkhram</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" class="extiw" title="th:พญาไชยสงคราม">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saenphu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saenphu (page does not exist)">Saenphu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9" class="extiw" title="th:พญาแสนพู">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khamfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khamfu (page does not exist)">Khamfu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B9" class="extiw" title="th:พญาคำฟู">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phayu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phayu (page does not exist)">Phayu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9" class="extiw" title="th:พญาผายู">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kue_Na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kue Na (page does not exist)">Kue Na</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" class="extiw" title="th:พญากือนา">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saenmueangma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saenmueangma (page does not exist)">Saenmueangma</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" class="extiw" title="th:พญาแสนเมืองมา">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samfangkaen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samfangkaen (page does not exist)">Samfangkaen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99" class="extiw" title="th:พญาสามฝั่งแกน">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilokkarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilokkarat">Tilokkarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotchiangrai" title="Yotchiangrai">Yotchiangrai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaeo_(king)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaeo (king) (page does not exist)">Mueangkaeo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7" class="extiw" title="th:พญาแก้ว">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mueangketklao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mueangketklao (page does not exist)">Mueangketklao</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" class="extiw" title="th:พญาพระเมืองเกษเกล้า">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saikham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saikham (page does not exist)">Saikham</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3" class="extiw" title="th:ท้าวซายคำ">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiraprapha" title="Chiraprapha">Chiraprapha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setthathirath" title="Setthathirath">Chaiyachettha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekuti">Mekuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisutthithewi" title="Wisutthithewi">Wisutthithewi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chet_Ton_dynasty" title="Chet Ton dynasty">Chet Ton dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawila" title="Kawila">Kawila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thammalangka" title="Thammalangka">Thammalangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamfan" title="Khamfan">Khamfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phutthawong" title="Phutthawong">Phutthawong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahotaraprathet" title="Mahotaraprathet">Mahotaraprathet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawilorot_Suriyawong" title="Kawilorot Suriyawong">Kawilorot Suriyawong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inthawichayanon" title="Inthawichayanon">Inthawichayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intavaroros_Suriyavongse" title="Intavaroros Suriyavongse">Intavaroros Suriyavongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaew_Nawarat" title="Kaew Nawarat">Kaew Nawarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Singhanavati" title="Singhanavati">Singhanavati Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(757–1188)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Singhanavati_dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Singhanavati dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phangkharat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phangkharat (page does not exist)">Phangkharat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" class="extiw" title="th:พระเจ้าพังคราช">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thukkhita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thukkhita (page does not exist)">Thukkhita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0" class="extiw" title="th:พระเจ้าทุกขิตะ">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrom" title="Phrom">Phrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaiyasiri" title="Chaiyasiri">Chaiyasiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1238–1438)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phra_Ruang_dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Phra Ruang dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Si_Inthrathit" title="Si Inthrathit">Si Inthrathit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Mueang" title="Ban Mueang">Ban Mueang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loe_Thai" title="Loe Thai">Loe Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngua_Nam_Thum" title="Ngua Nam Thum">Ngua Nam Thum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_I" title="Maha Thammaracha I">Maha Thammaracha I (Li Thai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_II" title="Maha Thammaracha II">Maha Thammaracha II (Lue Thai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_III" title="Maha Thammaracha III">Maha Thammaracha III (Sai Lue Thai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_IV" title="Maha Thammaracha IV">Maha Thammaracha IV (Borommapan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1350–1767)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Uthong dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthong" title="Uthong">Ramathibodi I (Uthong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesuan_(king_of_Ayutthaya)" title="Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)">Ramesuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramrachathirat" title="Ramrachathirat">Ramrachathirat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Suphannaphum dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borommarachathirat_I" title="Borommarachathirat I">Borommarachathirat I (Pha Ngua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong_Lan" title="Thong Lan">Thong Lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intharacha_(king_of_Ayutthaya)" title="Intharacha (king of Ayutthaya)">Intharachathirat (Nakhon In)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borommarachathirat_II" title="Borommarachathirat II">Borommarachathirat II (Sam Phraya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borommatrailokkanat" title="Borommatrailokkanat">Borommatrailokkanat (Ramesuan II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borommarachathirat_III" title="Borommarachathirat III">Borommarachathirat III (Borommaracha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramathibodi_II" title="Ramathibodi II">Ramathibodi II (Chetthathirat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borommarachathirat_IV" title="Borommarachathirat IV">Borommarachathirat IV (Athittayawong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratsadathirat" title="Ratsadathirat">Ratsadathirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairachathirat" title="Chairachathirat">Chairachathirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotfa" title="Yotfa">Yotfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worawongsathirat" title="Worawongsathirat">Worawongsathirat (Bunsi)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(disputed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Chakkraphat" title="Maha Chakkraphat">Maha Chakkraphat (Thianracha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinthrathirat" title="Mahinthrathirat">Mahinthrathirat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Sukhothai dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_(king_of_Ayutthaya)" title="Maha Thammaracha (king of Ayutthaya)">Sanphet I (Maha Thammarachathirat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">Sanphet II (Naresuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekathotsarot" title="Ekathotsarot">Sanphet III (Ekathotsarot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_Saowaphak" title="Si Saowaphak">Sanphet IV (Si Saowaphak)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtham" title="Songtham">Borommaracha I (Songtham)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetthathirat" title="Chetthathirat">Borommaracha II (Chetthathirat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athittayawong" title="Athittayawong">Athittayawong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Prasat Thong dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Thong" title="Prasat Thong">Sanphet V (Prasat Thong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_(king_of_Ayutthaya)" title="Chai (king of Ayutthaya)">Sanphet VI (Chai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_Suthammaracha" title="Si Suthammaracha">Sanphet VII (Si Suthammaracha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narai" title="Narai">Ramathibodi III (Narai)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Ban Phlu Luang dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phetracha" title="Phetracha">Phetracha (Mahaburut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyenthrathibodi" title="Suriyenthrathibodi">Sanphet VIII (Suriyenthrathibodi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sa" title="Thai Sa">Sanphet IX (Thai Sa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borommakot" title="Borommakot">Maha Thammarachathirat II (Borommakot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthumphon" title="Uthumphon">Maha Thammarachathirat III (Uthumphon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekkathat" title="Ekkathat">Borommaracha III (Ekkathat)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1767–1782)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Thonburi_dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Thonburi dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Borommaracha IV (Taksin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1782–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chakri_dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I (Phutthayotfa Chulalok)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_II" title="Rama II">Rama II (Phutthaloetla Naphalai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Rama III (Nangklao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Rama IV (Mongkut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Rama V (Chulalongkorn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Rama VI (Vajiravudh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajadhipok" title="Prajadhipok">Rama VII (Prajadhipok)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol" title="Ananda Mahidol">Rama VIII (Ananda Mahidol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Rama IX (Bhumibol Aduyadej)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Rama X (Vajiralongkorn)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs" title="List of Thai monarchs">List of Thai monarchs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Thailand&#124;link=Thailand_Royal_Thai_Government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Government_of_Thailand" title="Template:Government of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Government_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Government of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss 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title="Government of Thailand">Royal Thai Government</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_interim_constitution_of_Thailand" title="2014 interim constitution of Thailand">Constitution of Thailand</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King of Thailand</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs" title="List of Thai monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Thailand" title="Crown Prince of Thailand">Crown Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Thailand" title="Privy Council of Thailand">Privy Council</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="398" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister of Thailand</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Thailand" title="List of prime ministers of Thailand">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Council of Ministers of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Thailand)" title="National Assembly (Thailand)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Thailand" title="Constitutional Court of Thailand">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Court of Thailand">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Court_of_Thailand" title="Criminal Court of Thailand">Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Court_of_Thailand" title="Administrative Court of Thailand">Administrative Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Court_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Court of Thailand">Military Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministries_of_Thailand" title="List of government ministries of Thailand">Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Thailand)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand)">Office of the Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Cooperatives_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)">Agriculture and Cooperatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Culture (Thailand)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Defence (Thailand)">Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army" title="Royal Thai Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Education (Thailand)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Energy (Thailand)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Finance (Thailand)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Digital_Economy_and_Society" title="Ministry of Digital Economy and Society"> Digital Economy and Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Industry (Thailand)">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Interior (Thailand)">Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Justice (Thailand)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Labour (Thailand)">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Thailand)">Natural Resources and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Health_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)">Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education,_Science,_Research_and_Innovation" title="Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation">Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Development_and_Human_Security_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Social Development and Human Security (Thailand)">Social Development and Human Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_and_Sports_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Tourism and Sports (Thailand)">Tourism and Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Transport (Thailand)">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_organizations_of_Thailand" title="Constitutional organizations of Thailand">Constitutional<br />organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Thailand" title="Election Commission of Thailand">Office of the Election Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Ombudsman_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Ombudsman (Thailand)">Office of the Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Commission_(Thailand)" title="National Anti-Corruption Commission (Thailand)">National Anti-Corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Audit_Commission_(Thailand)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Audit Commission (Thailand) (page does not exist)">State Audit Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_the_Attorney_General_(Thailand)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of the Attorney General (Thailand) (page does not exist)">Office of the Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_(Thailand)" title="National Human Rights Commission (Thailand)">National Human Rights Commission of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent <br />departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Royal_Household" title="Bureau of the Royal Household">Bureau of the Royal Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Office_of_Buddhism" title="National Office of Buddhism">National Office of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_the_Royal_Development_Projects_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of the Royal Development Projects Board (page does not exist)">Office of the Royal Development Projects Board</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_the_National_Research_Council_of_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of the National Research Council of Thailand (page does not exist)">Office of the National Research Council of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Thailand" title="Royal Society of Thailand">Royal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">Royal Thai Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Money_Laundering_Office_(Thailand)" title="Anti-Money Laundering Office (Thailand)">Anti-Money Laundering Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent <br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Bank of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_the_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of the Securities and Exchange Commission (page does not exist)">Office of the Securities and Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Insurance_Commission" title="Office of Insurance Commission">Office of Insurance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_the_Energy_Regulatory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of the Energy Regulatory Commission (page does not exist)">Office of the Energy Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Public_Broadcasting_Service" title="Thai Public Broadcasting Service">Thai Public Broadcasting Service</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deposit_Protection_Agency_(Thailand)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deposit Protection Agency (Thailand) (page does not exist)">Deposit Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission">Office of the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/16px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/24px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/32px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Thailand portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Thailand" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Thailand">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Government_of_Thailand" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Government of Thailand">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Thailand" title="Category:Government of Thailand">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_Southeast_Asian_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southeast_Asian_leaders" title="Template:Southeast Asian leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southeast_Asian_leaders" title="Template talk:Southeast Asian leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast_Asian_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast Asian leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_Southeast_Asian_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of Southeast Asian countries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Brunei" title="List of sultans of Brunei">Brunei (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Cambodia" title="List of heads of state of Cambodia">Cambodia (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_East_Timor" title="President of East Timor">East Timor (President)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia (President)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">Laos (President)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia" title="King of Malaysia">Malaysia (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">Myanmar (President)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Myanmar" title="List of presidents of Myanmar">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Philippines (President)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">Singapore (President)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand (Monarch)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs" title="List of Thai monarchs">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">Vietnam (President)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Vietnam" title="List of presidents of Vietnam">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brunei" title="Prime Minister of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Cambodia" title="List of prime ministers of Cambodia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_East_Timor" title="Prime Minister of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Myanmar" title="List of prime ministers of Myanmar">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Singapore</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Singapore" title="List of presidents of Singapore">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Thailand</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Thailand" title="List of prime ministers of Thailand">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Vietnam" title="List of prime ministers of Vietnam">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader" class="extiw" title="wikt:Supreme Leader">Supreme leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Administration_Council" title="Chairman of the State Administration Council">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Burmese_monarchs" title="List of Burmese monarchs">Burma (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies (Governor-General)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indonesia" title="Prime Minister of Indonesia">Indonesia (Prime Minister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Laos" title="List of monarchs of Laos">Laos (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Counsellor_of_Myanmar" title="State Counsellor of Myanmar">Myanmar (State Counsellor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_state_leaders_in_the_Philippines" title="List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines">Philippines</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">(Governor-General)</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">(Prime Minister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">South Vietnam (leaders)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lavender;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Secretaries-General_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Secretaries-General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_agencies_of_the_Monarchy_of_Thailand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thai_royal_agencies" title="Template:Thai royal agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Thai_royal_agencies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Thai royal agencies (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thai_royal_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thai royal agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_agencies_of_the_Monarchy_of_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Royal agencies of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchy of Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>King <a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a> (Rama X)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Royal_Household" title="Bureau of the Royal Household">Bureau of the Royal Household</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crown_Property_Bureau" title="Crown Property Bureau">Crown Property Bureau</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Royal_Security_Command" title="Royal Security Command">Royal Security Command</a> • <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Thailand" title="Privy Council of Thailand">Privy Council</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" title="Template:Heads of state and government of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads<br />of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Brunei" title="List of sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_East_Timor" title="President of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">Egypt</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="President of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mongolia" title="President of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_Affairs_of_North_Korea" title="President of the State Affairs of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="President of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Tajikistan" title="President of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkmenistan" title="President of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Uzbekistan" title="President of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Yemen" title="President of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">limited recognized states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Ossetia" title="President of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bahrain" title="Prime Minister of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Bhutan" title="List of prime ministers of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brunei" title="Prime Minister of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_East_Timor" title="Prime Minister of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Egypt</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jordan" title="Prime Minister of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tajikistan" title="Prime Minister of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkmenistan" title="President of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uzbekistan" title="Prime Minister of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yemen" title="Prime Minister of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">limited recognized states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Ossetia" title="Prime Minister of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader" class="extiw" title="wikt:Supreme Leader">Supreme leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Europe–Asia border. <sup><small>2</small></sup> Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Africa–Asia border.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&oldid=1259053196">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Thailand&oldid=1259053196</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Category:Monarchy of 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