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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_and_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>17th and 18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_to_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_to_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>19th century to World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_to_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interbellum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interbellum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Interbellum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interbellum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>1945–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_and_topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Location and topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Administrative division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gothic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Gothic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_and_Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Renaissance and Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_Nouveau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_Nouveau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Art Nouveau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_Nouveau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Imperial District</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Contemporary Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture and heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education and science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education and science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Public universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Private universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>High schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Public Services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_Services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public Services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_and_Municipal_Guard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_and_Municipal_Guard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Police and Municipal Guard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_and_Municipal_Guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consulates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consulates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Consulates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consulates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Twin towns – Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Poznań</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 118 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%8B%9D%E1%8A%90%E1%8A%9D" title="ፖዝነኝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖዝነኝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen" title="Posen – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Posen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بوزنان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوزنان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznan" title="Poznan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Poznan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پوزنان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پوزنان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পজনান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পজনান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Познань – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Познань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Познань – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Познань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Познан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Познан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕྰོ་ཟོ་ནན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕྰོ་ཟོ་ནན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Познань – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Познань" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_(kapital_sa_gingsakopan)" title="Poznań (kapital sa gingsakopan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Poznań (kapital sa gingsakopan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%88" title="Poznaň – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poznaň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen" title="Posen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Posen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Πόζναν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόζναν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Познань ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Познань ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznan" title="Poznan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Poznan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznano" title="Poznano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Poznano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پوزنان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوزنان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznan" title="Poznan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Poznan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%A6%88%EB%82%9C" title="포즈난 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포즈난" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Պոզնան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոզնան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पॉज़्नान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पॉज़्नान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznanj" title="Poznanj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poznanj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posnania" title="Posnania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Posnania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Познань – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Познань" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%9F" title="פוזנן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוזנן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პოზნანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოზნანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2zn%C3%B3%C5%84" title="Pòznóń – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pòznóń" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Познань – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Познань" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Познань – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Познань" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posnania" title="Posnania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Posnania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%86a" title="Poznaņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Poznaņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznan%C4%97" title="Poznanė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Poznanė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznan" title="Poznan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Poznan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9A" title="Познањ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Познањ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पोझ्नान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोझ्नान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პოზნანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოზნანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بوزنان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوزنان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Познань – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Познань" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_(stad)" title="Poznań (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Poznań (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3" title="ポズナン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポズナン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen" title="Posen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Posen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznan" title="Poznan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Poznan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پوزنان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پوزنان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen" title="Posen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Posen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posn%C3%A2nia" title="Posnânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Posnânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznan" title="Poznan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Poznan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Познань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Познань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseni" title="Poseni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Poseni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%88" title="Poznaň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poznaň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznanj" title="Poznanj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poznanj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84y" title="Poznańy – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Poznańy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پۆزنان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆزنان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9A" title="Познањ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Познањ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="போசுனான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போசுனான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Познань – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Познань" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D" title="ปอซนัญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปอซนัญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Познань – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Познань" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Познань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Познань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پوزنان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پوزنان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznan" title="Poznan – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Poznan" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznan%27" title="Poznan' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Poznan'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Poznań" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B9%E5%8D%97" title="波兹南 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波兹南" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9F" title="פויזן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פויזן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B2%E5%8D%97" title="波茲南 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波茲南" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznan" title="Poznan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Poznan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B2%E5%8D%97" title="波茲南 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波茲南" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pozna%C5%84&params=52_24_30_N_16_56_01_E_region:PL_type:city(530,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°24′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">16°56′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.40833°N 16.93361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.40833; 16.93361</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Poland. For the sporting celebration, see <a href="/wiki/The_Pozna%C5%84" title="The Poznań">The Poznań</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Poznań (disambiguation)">Poznań (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Posnania" redirects here. For the rugby club, see <a href="/wiki/RC_Posnania" title="RC Posnania">RC Posnania</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Poznań</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Capital City of Poznań<br /><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Stołeczne Miasto Poznań</i></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu,_widok_z_drona_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Part of Old Town with Old Market Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu%2C_widok_z_drona_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu%2C_widok_z_drona_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu%2C_widok_z_drona_%28cropped%29.jpg/402px-Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu%2C_widok_z_drona_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu%2C_widok_z_drona_%28cropped%29.jpg/536px-Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu%2C_widok_z_drona_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3804" data-file-height="2141" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Part of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Old_Town" title="Poznań Old Town">Old Town</a> with Old Market Square</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu,_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Imperial Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu%2C_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego_%28cropped%29.jpg/133px-Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu%2C_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu%2C_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu%2C_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu%2C_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego_%28cropped%29.jpg/266px-Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu%2C_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3857" data-file-height="2568" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Castle,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Imperial Castle, Poznań">Imperial Castle</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Theatre_Poznan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Grand Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Great_Theatre_Poznan_%28cropped%29.jpg/131px-Great_Theatre_Poznan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Great_Theatre_Poznan_%28cropped%29.jpg/197px-Great_Theatre_Poznan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Great_Theatre_Poznan_%28cropped%29.jpg/262px-Great_Theatre_Poznan_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2641" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Grand Theatre, Poznań">Grand Theatre</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bazylika_archikatedralna_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tych_Aposto%C5%82%C3%B3w_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_w_Poznaniu,_widok_z_drona_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Poznań Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bazylika_archikatedralna_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tych_Aposto%C5%82%C3%B3w_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_w_Poznaniu%2C_widok_z_drona_%28cropped%29.jpg/89px-Bazylika_archikatedralna_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tych_Aposto%C5%82%C3%B3w_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_w_Poznaniu%2C_widok_z_drona_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bazylika_archikatedralna_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tych_Aposto%C5%82%C3%B3w_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_w_Poznaniu%2C_widok_z_drona_%28cropped%29.jpg/134px-Bazylika_archikatedralna_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tych_Aposto%C5%82%C3%B3w_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_w_Poznaniu%2C_widok_z_drona_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bazylika_archikatedralna_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tych_Aposto%C5%82%C3%B3w_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_w_Poznaniu%2C_widok_z_drona_%28cropped%29.jpg/178px-Bazylika_archikatedralna_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tych_Aposto%C5%82%C3%B3w_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_w_Poznaniu%2C_widok_z_drona_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2353" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Cathedral" title="Poznań Cathedral">Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratusz_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Poznań Town Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ratusz_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg/89px-Ratusz_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ratusz_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg/134px-Ratusz_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ratusz_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg/178px-Ratusz_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="3769" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Town_Hall" title="Poznań Town Hall">Town Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba%C5%82tyk_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="New Bałtyk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ba%C5%82tyk_5.jpg/81px-Ba%C5%82tyk_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ba%C5%82tyk_5.jpg/122px-Ba%C5%82tyk_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ba%C5%82tyk_5.jpg/162px-Ba%C5%82tyk_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3483" data-file-height="4703" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%82tyk" title="Bałtyk">New <i>Bałtyk</i></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolegium_jezuickie_w_Poznaniu_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Poznań Fara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kolegium_jezuickie_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%29.jpg/132px-Kolegium_jezuickie_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kolegium_jezuickie_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%29.jpg/198px-Kolegium_jezuickie_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kolegium_jezuickie_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%29.jpg/264px-Kolegium_jezuickie_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3197" data-file-height="2128" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fara" title="Poznań Fara">Fara</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Collegium_Minus_w_Poznaniu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Collegium Minus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Collegium_Minus_w_Poznaniu.jpg/132px-Collegium_Minus_w_Poznaniu.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Collegium_Minus_w_Poznaniu.jpg/198px-Collegium_Minus_w_Poznaniu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Collegium_Minus_w_Poznaniu.jpg/264px-Collegium_Minus_w_Poznaniu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz University</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Pozna%C5%84_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Poznań"><img alt="Flag of Poznań" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/POL_Pozna%C5%84_flag.svg/100px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/POL_Pozna%C5%84_flag.svg/150px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/POL_Pozna%C5%84_flag.svg/200px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Flag of Poznań">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Poznań"><img alt="Coat of arms of Poznań" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/65px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/98px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/131px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Coat of arms of Poznań">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LOGO_POZNAN.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Poznań"><img alt="Official logo of Poznań" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LOGO_POZNAN.svg/100px-LOGO_POZNAN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LOGO_POZNAN.svg/150px-LOGO_POZNAN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LOGO_POZNAN.svg/200px-LOGO_POZNAN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="244" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">Logo</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poznań is located in Poland"><img alt="Poznań is located in Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="837" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.949%;left:29.286%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Poznań"><img alt="Poznań" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Poznań</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pozna%C5%84&params=52_24_30_N_16_56_01_E_region:PL_type:city(530,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°24′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">16°56′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.40833°N 16.93361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.40833; 16.93361</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">Voivodeship</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish counties">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>City county</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">10th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City rights</th><td class="infobox-data">1253</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_local_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat of local government">City Hall</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Town_Hall" title="Poznań Town Hall">Poznań Town Hall</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Osiedle" title="Osiedle">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Administrative division of Poznań">42 osiedles</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_City_Council" title="Poznań City Council">Poznań City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacek_Ja%C5%9Bkowiak" title="Jacek Jaśkowiak">Jacek Jaśkowiak</a> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">(KO)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm of Poland</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_(parliamentary_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań (parliamentary constituency)">Poznań</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">261.85 km<sup>2</sup> (101.10 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,162 km<sup>2</sup> (835 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">154 m (505 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">60 m (200 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(30 June 2023)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">540,146 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">5th</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,063/km<sup>2</sup> (5,340/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,029,021<sup id="cite_ref-metro_pop_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metro_pop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">poznanianin (male) <br /> poznanianka (female) (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">pl</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City</th><td class="infobox-data">€14.965 billion (2020)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">€28.603 billion (2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">60-001 to 61–890</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+48 61</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polish_car_number_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish car number plates">PO, PY</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poznan.pl/">www.poznan.pl</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Poznań</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Polish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈpɔznaɲ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a9\/Pl-Pozna%C5%84.ogg\/Pl-Pozna%C5%84.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Pozna\u0144.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Pl-Pozna%C5%84.ogg/Pl-Pozna%C5%84.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Pozna%C5%84.ogg" title="File:Pl-Poznań.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a city on the <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">River Warta</a> in west <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> region. The city is an important cultural and business centre, and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Fair,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Saint John's Fair, Poznań">Saint John's Fair</a> (<i>Jarmark Świętojański</i>), traditional <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Croissant" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin's Croissant">Saint Martin's croissants</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Polish" title="Dialects of Polish">local dialect</a>. Among its most important heritage sites are the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Renaissance</a> Old Town, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Town_Hall" title="Poznań Town Hall">Town Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Cathedral" title="Poznań Cathedral">Gothic Cathedral</a>. </p><p>Poznań is the fifth-largest and one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Cities_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities in Poland">cities in Poland</a>. As of 2023, the city's population is 540,146, while the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_metropolitan_area" title="Poznań metropolitan area">Poznań metropolitan area</a> (<i>Metropolia Poznań</i>) comprising <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_County" title="Poznań County">Poznań County</a> and several other communities is inhabited by over 1.029 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-metro_pop_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metro_pop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of four historical <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto%C5%82eczne_Miasto_Pozna%C5%84" class="extiw" title="pl:Stołeczne Miasto Poznań">capitals of medieval Poland</a> and the ancient capital of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> region, currently the administrative capital of the province called <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland Voivodeship</a>. </p><p>Poznań is a centre of trade, sport, education, technology and tourism. It is an important academic site, with about 130,000 students and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Mickiewicz University">Adam Mickiewicz University</a>, the third largest Polish university. The city serves as the seat of the oldest Polish <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>, now being one of the most populous <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Poznań">Catholic archdioceses</a> in the country. The city also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_International_Fair" title="Poznań International Fair">Poznań International Fair</a>, the biggest industrial fair in Poland and one of the largest fairs in Europe. The city's other renowned landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Pozna%C5%84" title="National Museum, Poznań">National Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Grand Theatre, Poznań">Grand Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fara" title="Poznań Fara">Fara Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Castle,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Imperial Castle, Poznań">Imperial Castle</a>. </p><p>Poznań is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Gamma−global city</a> by <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to several rankings it is one of the most business-friendly cities in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also ranks highly in safety and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Poland">healthcare quality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Poznań has also, many times, won the prize awarded by "<a href="/wiki/Superbrands" title="Superbrands">Superbrands</a>" for a very high quality city brand. In 2012, the Poznań's Art and Business Centre "<a href="/wiki/Stary_Browar" title="Stary Browar">Stary Browar</a>" won a competition organised by <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Traveler" title="National Geographic Traveler">National Geographic Traveler</a> and was given the first prize as one of the seven "New Polish Wonders". Companies headquartered in the city include energy provider <a href="/wiki/Enea_SA" title="Enea SA">Enea</a>, e-commerce company <a href="/wiki/Allegro_(website)" title="Allegro (website)">Allegro</a> and convenience store chain <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBabka_(convenience_store)" title="Żabka (convenience store)">Żabka</a>. </p><p>The official <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saints</a> of Poznań are <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul of Tarsus</a>, the patrons of the cathedral. <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Martin of Tours</a> – the patron of the main street <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin" title="Święty Marcin">Święty Marcin</a> – is also regarded as one of the patron saints of the city. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages_(M%E2%80%93P)#P" title="Names of European cities in different languages (M–P)">Names of Poznań in different languages</a></div> <p>The name Poznań probably comes from a personal name <i>Poznan</i>, which was in turn derived from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> participle <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">poznan(y)</i></span> – "one who is known/recognized", and would mean "Poznan's town". It is also possible that the name comes directly from the verb <i>poznać</i>, which means "to get to know" or "to recognize", so it may simply mean "known town". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%84_seal_from_XIV_century.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pozna%C5%84_seal_from_XIV_century.PNG/170px-Pozna%C5%84_seal_from_XIV_century.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pozna%C5%84_seal_from_XIV_century.PNG/255px-Pozna%C5%84_seal_from_XIV_century.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pozna%C5%84_seal_from_XIV_century.PNG/340px-Pozna%C5%84_seal_from_XIV_century.PNG 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>14th-century seal showing Poznań's coat of arms.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest surviving references to the city are found in the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Thietmar of Merseburg</a> written between 1012 and 1018: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">episcopus Posnaniensis</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/List_of_Bishops_of_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bishops of Poznań">bishop of Poznań</a>", in an entry for 970) and <i>ab urbe Posnani</i> ("from the city of Poznań", for 1005). The city's name appears in documents in the Latin <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a> as <i>Posnania</i> in 1236 and <i>Poznania</i> in 1247. The phrase <i>in Poznan</i> appears in 1146 and 1244. </p><p>The city's full official name is <i>Stołeczne Miasto Poznań</i> (The Capital City of Poznań), in reference to its role as a centre of political power in the <a href="/wiki/Piast_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Piast Poland">early Polish state</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a>. Poznań is known as <i>Posen</i> in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, and was officially called <i>Haupt- und Residenzstadt Posen</i> (Capital and Residence City of Poznań) between 20 August 1910 and 28 November 1918. The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> names of the city are <i>Posnania</i> and <i>Civitas Posnaniensis</i>. Its <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> name is <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">פּױזן</span></span>, or <i>Poyzn</i>. </p><p>In Polish, the city's name has masculine <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="History of Poznań">History of Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Timeline of Poznań">Timeline of Poznań</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_population_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Historical population of Poznań">Historical population of Poznań</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For centuries before the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Poland">Christianization of Poland</a> (an event that essentially is credited as the creation of the very first Polish state, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Poland_(1031-1076)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Poland (1031-1076)">Duchy of Poland</a>), Poznań was an important cultural and political centre of the <a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Western Polans</a>. It consisted of a fortified <a href="/wiki/Stronghold" class="mw-redirect" title="Stronghold">stronghold</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cybina" title="Cybina">Cybina</a> rivers on what is now <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Tumski,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Ostrów Tumski, Poznań">Ostrów Tumski</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I</a>, the first historically recorded ruler of the West Polans and of the early Polish state which they dominated, built one of his main stable <a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">headquarters</a> in Poznań. <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Mieszko's baptism</a> in AD 966, seen as a defining moment in the <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of the Polish state, may have taken place in Poznań.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th_to_16th_centuries">11th to 16th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 11th to 16th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z%C5%82ota_Kaplica._Pomnik_Mieszka_I_i_Boles%C5%82awa_I_Chrobrego_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Z%C5%82ota_Kaplica._Pomnik_Mieszka_I_i_Boles%C5%82awa_I_Chrobrego_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Z%C5%82ota_Kaplica._Pomnik_Mieszka_I_i_Boles%C5%82awa_I_Chrobrego_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Z%C5%82ota_Kaplica._Pomnik_Mieszka_I_i_Boles%C5%82awa_I_Chrobrego_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Z%C5%82ota_Kaplica._Pomnik_Mieszka_I_i_Boles%C5%82awa_I_Chrobrego_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Z%C5%82ota_Kaplica._Pomnik_Mieszka_I_i_Boles%C5%82awa_I_Chrobrego_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Z%C5%82ota_Kaplica._Pomnik_Mieszka_I_i_Boles%C5%82awa_I_Chrobrego_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3909" data-file-height="5346" /></a><figcaption>Monument of <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a> in Golden Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Cathedral" title="Poznań Cathedral">Archcathedral Basilica</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, construction began of <a href="/wiki/Archcathedral_Basilica_of_St._Peter_and_St._Paul,_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul, Poznań">Poznań's cathedral</a>, the first in Poland. Poznań was probably the main seat of the first <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> bishop sent to Poland, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Jordan">Bishop Jordan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Gniezno" title="Congress of Gniezno">Congress of Gniezno</a> in 1000 led to the country's first permanent <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric">archbishopric</a> being established in <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a> (which is generally regarded as Poland's capital in that period), although Poznań continued to have independent bishops of its own. Poznań's cathedral was the place of burial of the early <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast</a> monarchs, among them Mieszko I, <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_II_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko II of Poland">Mieszko II Lambert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casimir_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir I of Poland">Casimir I</a>, and later of <a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Przemysł I of Poland">Przemysł I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Przemysł II of Poland">Przemysł II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pagan_reaction_in_Poland" title="Pagan reaction in Poland">pagan reaction</a> that followed Mieszko II's death (probably in Poznań) in 1034 left the region weak, and in 1038, Duke <a href="/wiki/Bretislaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretislaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Bretislaus I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> sacked and destroyed both Poznań and Gniezno. Poland was reunited under <a href="/wiki/Casimir_the_Restorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir the Restorer">Casimir I the Restorer</a> in 1039, but the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, which had been relatively unaffected by the troubles. In 1138, by the <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Boles%C5%82aw_III_Krzywousty" class="mw-redirect" title="Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty">testament of Boleslaus III</a>, Poland was divided into separate <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchies</a> under the late king's sons, and Poznań and its surroundings became the domain of <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_III_the_Old" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko III the Old">Mieszko III the Old</a>, the first of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Dukes of Greater Poland</a>. This period of fragmentation lasted until 1320. Duchies frequently changed hands; control of Poznań, Gniezno and <a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a> sometimes lay with a single duke, but at other times these constituted separate duchies. </p><p>In about 1249, Duke <a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Przemysł I">Przemysł I</a> began constructing what would become the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Poznan" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Castle, Poznan">Royal Castle</a> on a hill on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a>. Then in 1253, Przemysł issued a charter to Thomas of <a href="/wiki/Gubin,_Poland" title="Gubin, Poland">Gubin</a> for the founding of a town under <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdeburg law">Magdeburg law</a>, between the castle and the river. Thomas brought a large number of German settlers to aid in the building and settlement of the city – this is an example of the German eastern migration (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span>) characteristic of that period.<sup id="cite_ref-Brather87156159_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brather87156159-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brather87_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brather87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city, which covered the area of today's <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Old_Town" title="Poznań Old Town">Old Town</a> neighbourhood, was surrounded by a defensive wall, integrated with the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The royal chancery and the university ensured a first flourishing of Polish literary culture in the city. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg/310px-Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg/465px-Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg/620px-Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2168" /></a><figcaption>Poznań, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1617, view from the north.</figcaption></figure> <p>In reunited Poland, and later in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, Poznań was the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(14th_century_to_1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (14th century to 1793)">voivodeship</a>. The city's importance began to grow in the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian</a> period, due to its position on trading routes from <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a> to western Europe. It would become a major center for the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> by the late 16th century. Suburban settlements developed around the city walls, on the river islands, and on the right bank, with some (Ostrów Tumski, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dka,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Śródka, Poznań">Śródka</a>, Chwaliszewo, Ostrówek) obtaining their own town charters. However, the city's development was hampered by regular major fires and floods. On 2 May 1536 a fire destroyed 175 buildings, including the castle, the town hall, the monastery, and the <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> settlement called St. Martin.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1519, the <a href="/wiki/Lubra%C5%84ski_Academy" title="Lubrański Academy">Lubrański Academy</a> had been established in Poznań as an institution of higher education, but without the right to award degrees, which was reserved to Kraków's <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>' college, founded in the city in 1571 during the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, had the right to award degrees from 1611 until 1773, when it was combined with the academy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_and_18th_centuries">17th and 18th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 17th and 18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan,_Poznan,_Polonia,_2014-09-18,_DD_34-36_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_34-36_HDR.jpg/170px-Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_34-36_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_34-36_HDR.jpg/255px-Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_34-36_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_34-36_HDR.jpg/340px-Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_34-36_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2739" data-file-height="3926" /></a><figcaption>Interior details in Collegiate Basilica known as <i><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fara" title="Poznań Fara">Fara</a></i> built in 1651–1705; one of the finest examples of <a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland" title="Baroque in Poland">baroque architecture in Poland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the second half of the 17th century and most of the 18th, Poznań was severely affected by a series of wars, attendant military occupations, lootings and destruction – the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Northern War">Third Northern</a> Wars, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a>, Poznań's <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Poland">Jewish</a> community was accused of collaborating with the invading <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish enemy</a>, and as a result suffered <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> carried out by both the city's non-Jewish residents and units of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Crown_Army" title="Crown Army">Crown Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also hit by frequent outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>, and by floods, particularly that of 1736, which destroyed most of the suburban buildings. The population of the conurbation declined from 20,000 around 1600 to 6,000 around 1730, and <a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bambergian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> settlers (<a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ol%C4%99ders" class="mw-redirect" title="Olęders">Olęders</a>) were brought in to rebuild the devastated suburbs. In 1778, a "Committee of Good Order" (<i>Komisja Dobrego Porządku</i>) was established in the city, which oversaw rebuilding efforts and reorganized the city's administration. However, in 1793, in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition of Poland</a>, Poznań came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, becoming part of (and initially the seat of) the province of <a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_to_World_War_I">19th century to World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century to World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Prussian authorities expanded the city boundaries, making the walled city and its closest suburbs into a single administrative unit. Left-bank suburbs were incorporated in 1797, and Ostrów Tumski, Chwaliszewo, Śródka, Ostrówek and Łacina (St. Roch) in 1800. The old city walls were taken down in the early 19th century, and major development took place to the west of the old city, with many of the main streets of today's city center being laid out. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Widok_Poznania_z_kosciolem_Bernardynow,_kolegium_Jezuitow_i_klasztorem_Benedyktynek_1833_(79917527)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Widok_Poznania_z_kosciolem_Bernardynow%2C_kolegium_Jezuitow_i_klasztorem_Benedyktynek_1833_%2879917527%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/159px-Widok_Poznania_z_kosciolem_Bernardynow%2C_kolegium_Jezuitow_i_klasztorem_Benedyktynek_1833_%2879917527%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Widok_Poznania_z_kosciolem_Bernardynow%2C_kolegium_Jezuitow_i_klasztorem_Benedyktynek_1833_%2879917527%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/239px-Widok_Poznania_z_kosciolem_Bernardynow%2C_kolegium_Jezuitow_i_klasztorem_Benedyktynek_1833_%2879917527%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Widok_Poznania_z_kosciolem_Bernardynow%2C_kolegium_Jezuitow_i_klasztorem_Benedyktynek_1833_%2879917527%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/318px-Widok_Poznania_z_kosciolem_Bernardynow%2C_kolegium_Jezuitow_i_klasztorem_Benedyktynek_1833_%2879917527%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5393" data-file-height="3875" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A lithograph from 1833. In the centre background the former <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>' college and Górków Palace on the right.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteka_Raczy%C5%84skich_1..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Biblioteka_Raczy%C5%84skich_1..jpg/175px-Biblioteka_Raczy%C5%84skich_1..jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Biblioteka_Raczy%C5%84skich_1..jpg/263px-Biblioteka_Raczy%C5%84skich_1..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Biblioteka_Raczy%C5%84skich_1..jpg/350px-Biblioteka_Raczy%C5%84skich_1..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Raczy%C5%84ski_Library" title="Raczyński Library">Raczyński Library</a> (1828) on the left seen across the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Wilhelmstrasse</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Karol_Marcinkowski" title="Karol Marcinkowski">Marcinkowskiego</a> boulevard. Postcard from 1904.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brama_Berli%C5%84ska_Pozna%C5%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Brama_Berli%C5%84ska_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/208px-Brama_Berli%C5%84ska_Pozna%C5%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Brama_Berli%C5%84ska_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/312px-Brama_Berli%C5%84ska_Pozna%C5%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Brama_Berli%C5%84ska_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/416px-Brama_Berli%C5%84ska_Pozna%C5%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="1099" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">As Poznań grew in the 19th century, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brama_Berli%C5%84ska_w_Poznaniu" class="extiw" title="pl:Brama Berlińska w Poznaniu">Berlin Gate</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890, b. 1849), main west gate of the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fortress" title="Poznań Fortress">Prussian inner fortification ring</a>, almost immediately began to impede city's development and was torn down in 1901.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatr_Polski_w_Poznaniu_-_1875-1925_(78979830)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Teatr_Polski_w_Poznaniu_-_1875-1925_%2878979830%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/126px-Teatr_Polski_w_Poznaniu_-_1875-1925_%2878979830%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Teatr_Polski_w_Poznaniu_-_1875-1925_%2878979830%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/189px-Teatr_Polski_w_Poznaniu_-_1875-1925_%2878979830%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Teatr_Polski_w_Poznaniu_-_1875-1925_%2878979830%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/252px-Teatr_Polski_w_Poznaniu_-_1875-1925_%2878979830%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="1669" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Theatre,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Polish Theatre, Poznań">Polish Theatre</a> (1875) had become a national stage in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland region</a>, then partly under <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> rule.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_of_1806" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising of 1806">Greater Poland uprising of 1806</a>, Polish soldiers and civilian volunteers assisted the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> by driving out Prussian forces from the region. The city became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> in 1807, and was the seat of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Department" title="Poznań Department">Poznań Department</a> – a unit of administrative division and local government. However, in 1815, following the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the region was returned to Prussia, and Poznań became the capital of the semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a>. Around 1820, Poznań had over 20,000 inhabitants, 70% of whom were Poles, 20% Jews, and 10% Germans. </p><p>The city continued to expand, and various projects were funded by Polish philanthropists, such as the <a href="/wiki/Raczy%C5%84ski_Library" title="Raczyński Library">Raczyński Library</a> and the Bazar hotel. The city's first railway, running north-west to <a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a>, opened in 1848. Due to its strategic location, the Prussian authorities intended to make Poznań into a fortress city, building a ring of defensive fortifications around it. Work began on the <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Winiary" title="Fort Winiary">Fort Winiary</a></i> in 1828, and in subsequent years the entire set of defenses called <i><a href="/wiki/Festung_Posen" class="mw-redirect" title="Festung Posen">Festung Posen</a></i> was completed. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprising_(1848)" title="Greater Poland Uprising (1848)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> was ultimately unsuccessful, and the Grand Duchy lost its remaining autonomy, Poznań becoming simply the capital of the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a>. It would become part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of German states</a> in 1871. Polish patriots continued to form societies such as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Society_for_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań">Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Theatre_in_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Theatre in Poznań">Polish Theatre</a> opened in 1875. It became a national stage for the inhabitants of the province of Posen, and even in whole <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland region</a>, acting as a mainstay of polish tradition and culture, and as a sign of resistance against the restrictive policies of the Prussian partition authorities. However, the authorities made efforts to <a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">Germanize</a> the region, particularly through the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Settlement_Commission" title="Prussian Settlement Commission">Prussian Settlement Commission</a> founded in 1886. Germans accounted for 38% of the city's population in 1867, though this percentage would later decline somewhat, particularly after the region returned to Poland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juliusz_Knorr_-_Widok_Starego_Rynku_w_Poznaniu_w_1838_roku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Juliusz_Knorr_-_Widok_Starego_Rynku_w_Poznaniu_w_1838_roku.jpg/220px-Juliusz_Knorr_-_Widok_Starego_Rynku_w_Poznaniu_w_1838_roku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Juliusz_Knorr_-_Widok_Starego_Rynku_w_Poznaniu_w_1838_roku.jpg/330px-Juliusz_Knorr_-_Widok_Starego_Rynku_w_Poznaniu_w_1838_roku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Juliusz_Knorr_-_Widok_Starego_Rynku_w_Poznaniu_w_1838_roku.jpg/440px-Juliusz_Knorr_-_Widok_Starego_Rynku_w_Poznaniu_w_1838_roku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Poznań in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Another expansion of <i>Festung Posen</i> was planned, with an outer ring of more widely spaced forts around the perimeter of the city. Building of the first nine forts began in 1876, and nine intermediate forts were built from 1887. The inner ring of fortifications was now considered obsolete and came to be mostly taken down by the early 20th century, although the citadel remained in use. This made space for further civilian construction, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Castle,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Imperial Castle, Poznań">Prussian Royal Residence Palace</a> (<i>Zamek</i>) which was completed in 1910, and other grand buildings around it, including today's central university buildings and the opera house. The city's boundaries were also significantly extended to take in former suburban villages: Piotrowo and Berdychowo in 1896, Łazarz, Górczyn, <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%BCyce,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Jeżyce, Poznań">Jeżyce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilda,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Wilda, Poznań">Wilda</a> in 1900, and Sołacz in 1907. </p><p>In 1910, Poznań had 156,696 inhabitants, of which nearly 60% were Poles (over 91,000 Polish inhabitants of the city), and around 40% were Germans (over 65,000 German inhabitants of the city). Other nationalities accounted for 1-2% of the population (mainly Jews). Germans tended to settle in the newer western part of the city, the <i>Kaiserviertel</i> or Kaiser district, Poles in the older east side. And while there was tension between the two major populations there was also some overlap between them, particularly in cultural events.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interbellum">Interbellum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interbellum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Bazar_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hotel_Bazar_1918.jpg/220px-Hotel_Bazar_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hotel_Bazar_1918.jpg/330px-Hotel_Bazar_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hotel_Bazar_1918.jpg/440px-Hotel_Bazar_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Successful <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising</a> broke out on 27 December 1918 after a patriotic speech by <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Ignacy Paderewski</a> at <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Bazar_w_Poznaniu" class="extiw" title="pl:Hotel Bazar w Poznaniu">Hotel Bazar</a>, pictured in that period.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg/220px-Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg/330px-Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg/440px-Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2546" /></a><figcaption>Old Market Square in 1934. The Odwach <a href="/wiki/Guardhouse" title="Guardhouse">guardhouse</a> and the 1893 New Town Hall, which was not rebuilt after World War II, are visible.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the final <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> in 1918–1919 brought Poznań and most of the region back to newly reborn Poland, which was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. The local German populace had to acquire Polish citizenship or leave the country. This led to a wide emigration of the ethnic Germans of the town's population – the town's German population decreased from 65,321 in 1910 to 5,980 in 1926 and further to 4,387 in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the interwar <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, the city again became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Poznań Voivodeship">Poznań Voivodeship</a>. Poznań's university, today called <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Mickiewicz University">Adam Mickiewicz University</a>, was founded in 1919, and in 1924 the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_International_Fair" title="Poznań International Fair">Poznań International Fair</a> began. In 1929, the fair site was the venue for a major National Exhibition (<i>Powszechna Wystawa Krajowa</i>, popularly <i>PeWuKa</i>) marking the tenth anniversary of independence; organized on a space of 650,000 square metres it attracted around 4.5 million visitors. In the 1930s, the fair ranked as European fourth largest organiser of international trade events.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's boundaries were again expanded in 1925 to include Główna, <a href="/wiki/Komandoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Komandoria">Komandoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rataje,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Rataje, Poznań">Rataje</a>, Starołęka, <a href="/wiki/D%C4%99biec,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Dębiec, Poznań">Dębiec</a>, Szeląg and <a href="/wiki/Winogrady" title="Winogrady">Winogrady</a>, and in 1933: <a href="/wiki/Gol%C4%99cin" class="mw-redirect" title="Golęcin">Golęcin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podolany,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Podolany, Poznań">Podolany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany">German occupation</a> of 1939–1945, Poznań was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> as the capital of <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Reichsgau Wartheland</a></i>. Many Polish inhabitants, even children as young as 10, were executed, arrested, <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany">expelled</a> to the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> or used as <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish children were also <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany">kidnapped</a> and deported to an infamous camp for Polish children in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, many Germans and <i><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></i> were settled in the city. The German population increased from around 5,000 in 1939 (some 2% of the inhabitants) to around 95,000 in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish community's history in the city dates back to the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, the Jewish council in Poznan became one of the oldest and most important Jewish councils in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pre-war Jewish population of at least about 2,000<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were mostly murdered in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camp</a> was set up in <a href="/wiki/Fort_VII" title="Fort VII">Fort VII</a>, one of the 19th-century perimeter forts. The camp was later moved to <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBabikowo,_Lubo%C5%84" title="Żabikowo, Luboń">Żabikowo</a> south of Poznań. Also the <a href="/wiki/Stalag_XXI-D" title="Stalag XXI-D">Stalag XXI-D</a> <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II">German prisoner-of-war camp</a> for <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> POWs of various nationalities was based in the city. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a> was active in Poznań with various organizations and activities, and even an underground Polish parliament was established in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nazi authorities significantly expanded Poznań's boundaries to include most of the present-day area of the city; these boundaries were retained after the war. Poznań was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, assisted by Polish volunteers, on 23 February 1945 following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozna%C5%84_(1945)" title="Battle of Poznań (1945)">Battle of Poznań</a>, in which the German army conducted a last-ditch defense in line with Hitler's designation of the city as a <i><a href="/wiki/German_World_War_II_strongholds" class="mw-redirect" title="German World War II strongholds">Festung</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Citadel">Citadel</a> was the last point to be taken, and the fighting left much of the city, particularly the Old Town, in ruins. Many monuments were also destroyed, including <a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a>'s statue of <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> in Poznan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–present"><span id="1945.E2.80.93present"></span>1945–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1945–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans from Poland after World War II">expulsion and flight of German population</a> Poznań's post-war population became almost uniformly Polish. The city again became a voivodeship capital. In 1950, the size of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Poznań Voivodeship">Poznań Voivodeship</a> was reduced, and the city itself was given separate voivodeship status. This status was lost in the 1975 reforms, which also significantly reduced the size of Poznań Voivodeship. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poznan_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Poznan_1956.jpg/173px-Poznan_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Poznan_1956.jpg/260px-Poznan_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Poznan_1956.jpg/346px-Poznan_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="959" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%84skie_Krzy%C5%BCe_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pozna%C5%84skie_Krzy%C5%BCe_1981.jpg/161px-Pozna%C5%84skie_Krzy%C5%BCe_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pozna%C5%84skie_Krzy%C5%BCe_1981.jpg/242px-Pozna%C5%84skie_Krzy%C5%BCe_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pozna%C5%84skie_Krzy%C5%BCe_1981.jpg/322px-Pozna%C5%84skie_Krzy%C5%BCe_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="2027" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From left: <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_protests_of_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań protests of 1956">Poznań protests of 1956</a> – the first of several massive protests against the communist government – the sign reads "We demand bread!"; Poznań Crosses – Monument to the Victims of June 1956 (built and pictured in 1981).</div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_1956_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań 1956 protests">Poznań 1956 protests</a> are seen as an early instance of discontent with communist rule. In June 1956, a protest by workers at the city's <a href="/wiki/Cegielski" class="mw-redirect" title="Cegielski">Cegielski</a> locomotive factory developed into a series of strikes and popular protests against the policies of the government. After a protest march on 28 June was fired on, crowds attacked the communist party and secret police headquarters, where they were repulsed by gunfire. Riots continued for two days until being quelled by the army; 67 people were killed according to official figures. A <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Victims_of_June_1956" title="Monument to the Victims of June 1956">monument to the victims</a> was erected in 1981 at Plac Mickiewicza.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The post-war years had seen much reconstruction work on buildings damaged in the fighting. From the 1960s onwards intensive housing development took place, consisting mainly of <a href="/wiki/Panelak" class="mw-redirect" title="Panelak">pre-fabricated concrete blocks of flats</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Rataje,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Rataje, Poznań">Rataje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winogrady" title="Winogrady">Winogrady</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Pi%C4%85tkowo,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Piątkowo, Poznań">Piątkowo</a>, following its incorporation into the city in 1974. Another infrastructural change, which was completed in 1968, was the rerouting of the river <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a> to follow two straight branches either side of Ostrów Tumski. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:654320_Pozna%C5%84_baszta_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/654320_Pozna%C5%84_baszta_02.JPG/220px-654320_Pozna%C5%84_baszta_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/654320_Pozna%C5%84_baszta_02.JPG/330px-654320_Pozna%C5%84_baszta_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/654320_Pozna%C5%84_baszta_02.JPG/440px-654320_Pozna%C5%84_baszta_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>On the right remnants of the medieval town walls with two small towers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most recent expansion of the city's boundaries took place in 1987, with the addition of new areas mainly to the north, including <a href="/wiki/Morasko" title="Morasko">Morasko</a>, Radojewo and <a href="/wiki/Kiekrz" title="Kiekrz">Kiekrz</a>. The first free local elections following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">fall of communism</a> took place in 1990. With the <a href="/wiki/Polish_local_government_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish local government reforms">Polish local government reforms</a> of 1999, Poznań again became the capital of a larger province entitled <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland Voivodeship</a>. It also became the seat of a <i><a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">powiat</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_County" title="Poznań County">Poznań County</a>, with the city itself gaining separate <i>powiat</i> status. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-communism</a> infrastructural developments include the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fast_Tram" title="Poznań Fast Tram"><i>Pestka</i> Fast Tram</a> route in 1997, and Poznań's first motorway connections in 2003 as Poland's east–west <a href="/wiki/A2_autostrada_(Poland)" title="A2 autostrada (Poland)">A2 highway</a> runs south of the city centre, serving also as a bypass. In 2006 country's first <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcons" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcons">F-16 Fighting Falcons</a> came to be stationed at the <a href="/wiki/31st_Air_Base" title="31st Air Base">31st Air Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nowe_Miasto,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Nowe Miasto, Poznań">Krzesiny</a> in the south-east of the city. </p><p>Poznań continues to host regular trade fairs and international events, including the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference">United Nations Climate Change Conference</a> in 2008. It was one of the host cities for <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">UEFA Euro 2012</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_topography">Location and topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Location and topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Poland" title="Geography of Poland">Geography of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%84_by_Sentinel-2,_2022-05-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pozna%C5%84_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2022-05-10.jpg/220px-Pozna%C5%84_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2022-05-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pozna%C5%84_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2022-05-10.jpg/330px-Pozna%C5%84_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2022-05-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pozna%C5%84_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2022-05-10.jpg/440px-Pozna%C5%84_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2022-05-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2451" data-file-height="2430" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Poznań.</figcaption></figure> <p>Poznań covers an area of 261.3 km<sup>2</sup> (100.9 sq mi), and has coordinates in the range 52°17'34''–52°30'27''N, 16°44'08''–17°04'28''E. Its highest point, with an altitude of 157 m (515 ft), is the summit of Morasko hill within the <a href="/wiki/Morasko_meteorite_nature_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Morasko meteorite nature reserve">Morasko meteorite nature reserve</a> in the north of the city. The lowest altitude is 60 m (197 ft), in the <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a> valley. </p><p>Poznań's main river is the <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a>, which flows through the city from south to north. As it approaches the city centre it divides into two branches, flowing west and east of <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Tumski,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Ostrów Tumski, Poznań">Ostrów Tumski</a> Cathedral island, and meeting again further north. The smaller <a href="/wiki/Cybina" title="Cybina">Cybina</a> river flows through eastern Poznań to meet the east branch of the Warta, which is also called Cybina – its northern section was originally a continuation of that river, while its southern section has been artificially widened to form a main stream of the Warta. Other tributaries of the Warta within Poznań are the Junikowo Stream <i>(Strumień Junikowski)</i>, which flows through southern Poznań from the west, meeting the Warta just outside the city boundary in <a href="/wiki/Lubo%C5%84" title="Luboń">Luboń</a>; the Bogdanka and Wierzbak, formerly two separate tributaries flowing from the north-west and along the north side of the city centre, now with their lower sections diverted underground; the Główna, flowing through the neighbourhood of the same name in north-east Poznań; and the Rose Stream <i>(Strumień Różany)</i> flowing east from Morasko in the north of the city. The course of the Warta in central Poznań was formerly quite different from today: the main stream ran between Grobla and Chwaliszewo, which were originally both islands. The branch west of Grobla (the <i>Zgniła Warta</i> – "rotten Warta") was filled in late in the 19th century, and the former main stream west of Chwaliszewo was diverted and filled in during the 1960s. This was done partly to prevent floods, which did serious damage to Poznań frequently throughout history. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kierskie_Poznan_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kierskie_Poznan_2.JPG/220px-Kierskie_Poznan_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kierskie_Poznan_2.JPG/330px-Kierskie_Poznan_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kierskie_Poznan_2.JPG/440px-Kierskie_Poznan_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1165" /></a><figcaption>The largest of city's's four major lakes, <a href="/wiki/Kiekrz,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Kiekrz, Poznań">Great Kierskie Lake</a>, is a centre of sailing and iceboating.</figcaption></figure> <p>Poznań's largest lake is <a href="/wiki/Kiekrz,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Kiekrz, Poznań">Kiekrz</a> in the north-west end of the city. Other large lakes include <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malta" title="Lake Malta">Malta</a>, an artificial lake formed in 1952 on the lower Cybina river, <a href="/wiki/Strzeszyn,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Strzeszyn, Poznań">Strzeszyn</a> on the Bogdanka, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Rusa%C5%82ka_(Pozna%C5%84)" title="Lake Rusałka (Poznań)">Rusałka</a>, an artificial lake formed in 1943 further down the Bogdanka river. The latter two are popular bathing places. Kiekrz lake is much used for <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a>, while Malta is a competitive <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">canoeing</a> venue. </p><p>The city centre – including the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Old_Town" title="Poznań Old Town">Old Town</a>, the former islands of Grobla and Chwaliszewo, the main street <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin" title="Święty Marcin">Święty Marcin</a> and many other important buildings and districts – lies on the west side of the Warta. Opposite it between the two branches of the Warta is Ostrów Tumski, containing <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Cathedral" title="Poznań Cathedral">Cathedral</a> and other ecclesiastical buildings, as well as housing and industrial facilities. Facing the cathedral on the east bank of the river is the historic district of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dka,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Śródka, Poznań">Śródka</a>. Large areas of apartment blocks, built from the 1960s onwards, include <a href="/wiki/Rataje,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Rataje, Poznań">Rataje</a> in the east, and <a href="/wiki/Winogrady" title="Winogrady">Winogrady</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pi%C4%85tkowo,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Piątkowo, Poznań">Piątkowo</a> north of the centre. Older residential and commercial districts include those of Wilda, Łazarz and Górczyn to the south, and Jeżyce to the west. There are also significant areas of forest within the city boundaries, particularly in the east adjoining <a href="/wiki/Swarz%C4%99dz" title="Swarzędz">Swarzędz</a>, and around the lakes in the north-west. </p><p>For more details on Poznań's geography, see the articles on its five main districts: <a href="/wiki/Stare_Miasto,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Stare Miasto, Poznań">Stare Miasto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowe_Miasto,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Nowe Miasto, Poznań">Nowe Miasto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%BCyce,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Jeżyce, Poznań">Jeżyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grunwald,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Grunwald, Poznań">Grunwald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilda,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Wilda, Poznań">Wilda</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Districts of Poznań</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%84_Prowincjonalna_Ubezpieczalnia_Ogniowa,_ob._PZU_Pl._C._Ratajskiego_8.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plac Ratajskiego in Stare Miasto"><img alt="Plac Ratajskiego in Stare Miasto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pozna%C5%84_Prowincjonalna_Ubezpieczalnia_Ogniowa%2C_ob._PZU_Pl._C._Ratajskiego_8.jpeg/263px-Pozna%C5%84_Prowincjonalna_Ubezpieczalnia_Ogniowa%2C_ob._PZU_Pl._C._Ratajskiego_8.jpeg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pozna%C5%84_Prowincjonalna_Ubezpieczalnia_Ogniowa%2C_ob._PZU_Pl._C._Ratajskiego_8.jpeg/395px-Pozna%C5%84_Prowincjonalna_Ubezpieczalnia_Ogniowa%2C_ob._PZU_Pl._C._Ratajskiego_8.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pozna%C5%84_Prowincjonalna_Ubezpieczalnia_Ogniowa%2C_ob._PZU_Pl._C._Ratajskiego_8.jpeg/526px-Pozna%C5%84_Prowincjonalna_Ubezpieczalnia_Ogniowa%2C_ob._PZU_Pl._C._Ratajskiego_8.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3227" data-file-height="2209" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plac Ratajskiego in <a href="/wiki/Stare_Miasto,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Stare Miasto, Poznań">Stare Miasto</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wierzbi%C4%99cice_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wierzbięcice Street in Wilda"><img alt="Wierzbięcice Street in Wilda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wierzbi%C4%99cice_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Wierzbi%C4%99cice_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wierzbi%C4%99cice_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Wierzbi%C4%99cice_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wierzbi%C4%99cice_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/480px-Wierzbi%C4%99cice_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3719" data-file-height="2789" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wierzbięcice Street in <a href="/wiki/Wilda,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Wilda, Poznań">Wilda</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rynek_%C5%81azarski.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rynek Łazarski in Grunwald"><img alt="Rynek Łazarski in Grunwald" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rynek_%C5%81azarski.jpg/240px-Rynek_%C5%81azarski.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rynek_%C5%81azarski.jpg/360px-Rynek_%C5%81azarski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rynek_%C5%81azarski.jpg/480px-Rynek_%C5%81azarski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3688" data-file-height="2766" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rynek Łazarski in <a href="/wiki/Grunwald,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Grunwald, Poznań">Grunwald</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rynek_Je%C5%BCycki_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rynek Jeżycki, main square of Jeżyce"><img alt="Rynek Jeżycki, main square of Jeżyce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rynek_Je%C5%BCycki_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/321px-Rynek_Je%C5%BCycki_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rynek_Je%C5%BCycki_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/481px-Rynek_Je%C5%BCycki_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rynek_Je%C5%BCycki_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/641px-Rynek_Je%C5%BCycki_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5204" data-file-height="2926" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rynek Jeżycki, main square of <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%BCyce,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Jeżyce, Poznań">Jeżyce</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Widok_na_os._Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego,_Stare_%C5%BBegrze,_Armii_Krajowej,_Bohater%C3%B3w_II_Wojny_%C5%9Awiatowej..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cityscape of Nowe Miasto"><img alt="Cityscape of Nowe Miasto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Widok_na_os._Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego%2C_Stare_%C5%BBegrze%2C_Armii_Krajowej%2C_Bohater%C3%B3w_II_Wojny_%C5%9Awiatowej..jpg/270px-Widok_na_os._Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego%2C_Stare_%C5%BBegrze%2C_Armii_Krajowej%2C_Bohater%C3%B3w_II_Wojny_%C5%9Awiatowej..jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Widok_na_os._Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego%2C_Stare_%C5%BBegrze%2C_Armii_Krajowej%2C_Bohater%C3%B3w_II_Wojny_%C5%9Awiatowej..jpg/405px-Widok_na_os._Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego%2C_Stare_%C5%BBegrze%2C_Armii_Krajowej%2C_Bohater%C3%B3w_II_Wojny_%C5%9Awiatowej..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Widok_na_os._Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego%2C_Stare_%C5%BBegrze%2C_Armii_Krajowej%2C_Bohater%C3%B3w_II_Wojny_%C5%9Awiatowej..jpg/540px-Widok_na_os._Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego%2C_Stare_%C5%BBegrze%2C_Armii_Krajowej%2C_Bohater%C3%B3w_II_Wojny_%C5%9Awiatowej..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cityscape of <a href="/wiki/Nowe_Miasto,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Nowe Miasto, Poznań">Nowe Miasto</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate">Climate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th>Poznań </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.652em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">33</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.3em;height:1.06em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.36em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−4</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.546em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">27</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.38em;height:1.24em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.62em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">3</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.88em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−3</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.756em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">38</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.98em;height:1.56em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.54em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.48em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">0</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.626em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">31</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.7em;height:2.14em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.84em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.99em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">50</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.64em;height:2.3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.94em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.14em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.136em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">57</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.22em;height:2.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.42em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.72em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.514em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">76</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.68em;height:2.26em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.94em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.18em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.216em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">61</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.56em;height:2.28em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.84em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.06em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.834em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">42</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.84em;height:1.92em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.76em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.34em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.68em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">34</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.02em;height:1.62em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.64em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.52em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.694em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">35</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.22em;height:1.08em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.72em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">1</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.808em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">40</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.58em;height:0.92em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">3</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.08em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−2</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=26">World Meteorological Organisation</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.652em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.3em;height:1.06em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.36em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">35</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.546em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.38em;height:1.24em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.62em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">38</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.88em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.756em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.98em;height:1.56em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.54em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">46</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.48em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.626em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.7em;height:2.14em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.84em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">58</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">38</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.99em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.64em;height:2.3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.94em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">67</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.14em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">47</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.136em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.22em;height:2.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.42em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">72</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.72em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">52</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.514em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.68em;height:2.26em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.94em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">76</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.18em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">56</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.216em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.56em;height:2.28em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.84em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">76</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.06em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">55</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.834em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.84em;height:1.92em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.76em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">66</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.34em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">49</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.68em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.02em;height:1.62em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.64em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">56</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.52em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">41</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.694em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.22em;height:1.08em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">44</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.72em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">34</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.808em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.58em;height:0.92em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">37</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.08em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The climate of Poznań is within the transition zone between a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i> to <i>Dfb</i> although it just fits in the second in the 0 °C isotherm) and with relatively cold winters and warm summers. Snow is common in winter, when night-time temperatures are typically below zero. In summer temperatures may often reach 30 °C (86 °F). Annual rainfall is more than 500 mm (20 in), among the lowest in Poland. The rainiest month is July, mainly due to short but intense cloudbursts and thunderstorms. The number of hours of sunshine are among the highest in the country. The warmest temperature was recorded on 11 July 1959 at 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Poznań (<a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84%E2%80%93%C5%81awica_Airport" title="Poznań–Ławica Airport">Poznań Airport</a>), elevation: 83 m or 272 ft, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1<br />(98.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.5<br />(7.7) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.6<br />(11.1) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.8<br />(18.0) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.1<br />(13.8) </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−16.1<br />(3.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.5<br />(−19.3) </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.0<br />(−18.4) </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.4<br />(−6.5) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.6<br />(16.5) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9<br />(25.0) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.3<br />(17.1) </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.2<br />(4.6) </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.9<br />(−12.8) </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−28.5<br />(−19.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7<br />(1.48) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(1.21) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.9<br />(1.57) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.6<br />(1.52) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.8<br />(2.12) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.5<br />(2.26) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.4<br />(3.32) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.9<br />(2.20) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.2<br />(1.62) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4<br />(1.39) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(1.32) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.1<br />(1.58) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">538.9<br />(21.22) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.2<br />(1.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.47 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.10 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.40 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.20 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.17 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.43 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.60 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.23 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.67 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.93 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.37 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.50 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">157.06 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000BF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000D9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000D9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000C1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000AC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000AB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #5C5C5C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.8 </td> <td style="background: #909090; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.8 </td> <td style="background: #B7B757; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123.1 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">211.1 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">255.4 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">268.5 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">252.7 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.2 </td> <td style="background: #B3B373; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.7 </td> <td style="background: #656565; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.9 </td> <td style="background: #424242; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">36.6 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,859 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<sup id="cite_ref-IMGWtavg_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWtavg-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWtmin_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWtmin-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWtmax_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWtmax-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWprecip_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWprecip-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWprecipdays_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWprecipdays-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWsnowdepth_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWsnowdepth-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWsnowdays_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWsnowdays-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWsun_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWsun-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<sup id="cite_ref-recordhigh_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recordhigh-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-recordlow_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recordlow-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-relativehumidity_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativehumidity-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Poznań (<a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84%E2%80%93%C5%81awica_Airport" title="Poznań–Ławica Airport">Poznań Airport</a>), elevation: 83 m or 272 ft, 1961–1990 normals and extremes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4<br />(97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.4<br />(97.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8<br />(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9<br />(25.0) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.5<br />(−19.3) </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.7<br />(−16.1) </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.4<br />(−6.5) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.6<br />(16.5) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0<br />(26.6) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.3<br />(17.1) </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.2<br />(4.6) </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.9<br />(−12.8) </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−28.5<br />(−19.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69<br />(2.7) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">515<br />(20.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">96.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #494949; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0 </td> <td style="background: #7A7A7A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.0 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">109.0 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">215.0 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">218.0 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">206.0 </td> <td style="background: #C0C022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">138.0 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102.0 </td> <td style="background: #4B4B4B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0 </td> <td style="background: #3A3A3A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">32.0 </td> <td style="background: #BABA44; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,532 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-noaa_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plac_Kolegiacki_w_Poznaniu_(cropped)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Plac_Kolegiacki_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%292.jpg/220px-Plac_Kolegiacki_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Plac_Kolegiacki_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%292.jpg/330px-Plac_Kolegiacki_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Plac_Kolegiacki_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%292.jpg/440px-Plac_Kolegiacki_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3977" data-file-height="2983" /></a><figcaption>The seat of the City Hall of Poznań is located in the former Jesuit College.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Poznań, serving as the administrative center of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland Voivodeship</a>, houses both the Voivode of Greater Poland and the Marshal of Greater Poland. Poznań, which holds the status of both a municipality and a county city, is home not only to the local authorities of Poznań but also to the authorities of the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_County" title="Poznań County">Poznań County</a>. Additionally, the city hosts the[Union of Polish Cities and the Association of Municipalities and Counties of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adm_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adm-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Poznań City Council is the legislative and supervisory body, elected for a four-year term. The current council members were elected in 2023. The council consists of 37 members. The Chairman of the Poznań City Council is Grzegorz Ganowicz (KO), and the Vice-Chairpersons are Przemysław Alexandrowicz (PiS), Agnieszka Lewandowska (KO), and Halina Owsianna. The council members collaborate within 14 permanent committees.<sup id="cite_ref-adm_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adm-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urz%C4%85d_marsza%C5%82kowski_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_wielkopolskiego_w_Poznaniu_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Urz%C4%85d_marsza%C5%82kowski_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_wielkopolskiego_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Urz%C4%85d_marsza%C5%82kowski_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_wielkopolskiego_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Urz%C4%85d_marsza%C5%82kowski_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_wielkopolskiego_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Urz%C4%85d_marsza%C5%82kowski_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_wielkopolskiego_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Urz%C4%85d_marsza%C5%82kowski_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_wielkopolskiego_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Urz%C4%85d_marsza%C5%82kowski_wojew%C3%B3dztwa_wielkopolskiego_w_Poznaniu_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="3232" /></a><figcaption>The Marshal's Office of the Greater Poland Voivodeship</figcaption></figure> <p>The office of the President of Poznań is held by <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Ja%C5%9Bkowiak" title="Jacek Jaśkowiak">Jacek Jaśkowiak</a>, with the Deputy Presidents being Mariusz Wiśniewski, Jędrzej Solarski, and Natalia Weremczuk. The position of City Treasurer is occupied by Barbara Sajnaj, while Stanisław Tamm serves as the City Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-adm_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adm-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Administrative services for citizens are managed by 30 departments and equivalent organizational units of the City of Poznań Office. Additionally, the city operates 328 municipal organizational units to fulfill various public tasks. Throughout the year, the departments of the City of Poznań Office and municipal administrative units issue approximately 565,000 administrative decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-adm_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adm-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_division">Administrative division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administrative division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Administrative division of Poznań">Administrative division of Poznań</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%84_-_jednostki_pomocnicze_od_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pozna%C5%84_-_jednostki_pomocnicze_od_2011.png/187px-Pozna%C5%84_-_jednostki_pomocnicze_od_2011.png" decoding="async" width="187" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pozna%C5%84_-_jednostki_pomocnicze_od_2011.png/281px-Pozna%C5%84_-_jednostki_pomocnicze_od_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pozna%C5%84_-_jednostki_pomocnicze_od_2011.png/374px-Pozna%C5%84_-_jednostki_pomocnicze_od_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Administrative division into 42 <i><a href="/wiki/Osiedle" title="Osiedle">osiedla</a></i> auxiliary units since 2011.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poznan_dzielnice_administracyjne_1990_z_nazwami.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Poznan_dzielnice_administracyjne_1990_z_nazwami.png/197px-Poznan_dzielnice_administracyjne_1990_z_nazwami.png" decoding="async" width="197" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Poznan_dzielnice_administracyjne_1990_z_nazwami.png/296px-Poznan_dzielnice_administracyjne_1990_z_nazwami.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Poznan_dzielnice_administracyjne_1990_z_nazwami.png/394px-Poznan_dzielnice_administracyjne_1990_z_nazwami.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1764" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The pre-1990 division into main districts <i><a href="/wiki/Dzielnica" title="Dzielnica">dzielnica</a></i>, still retained for some administrative purposes and used by locals.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Poznań is divided into 42 neighbourhoods called <i><a href="/wiki/Osiedle" title="Osiedle">osiedle</a></i>, each of which has its own elected council with certain decision-making and spending powers. The first uniform elections for these councils covering the whole area of the city were held on 20 March 2011.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For certain administrative purposes, the old division into five districts called <i><a href="/wiki/Dzielnica" title="Dzielnica">dzielnica</a></i> is used – although they ceased to be governmental units in 1990. These are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poznan-Stare_Miasto" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznan-Stare Miasto">Stare Miasto</a> (Old Town), population 161,200, area 47.1 km<sup>2</sup> (18.2 sq mi), covering the central and northern parts of the city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poznan-Nowe_Miasto" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznan-Nowe Miasto">Nowe Miasto</a> (New Town), population 141,424, area 105.1 km<sup>2</sup> (40.6 sq mi), including all parts of the city on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poznan-Grunwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznan-Grunwald">Grunwald</a>, population 125,500, area 36.2 km<sup>2</sup> (14.0 sq mi), covering the south-western parts of the city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poznan-Jezyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznan-Jezyce">Jeżyce</a>, population 81,300, area 57.9 km<sup>2</sup> (22.4 sq mi), covering the north-western parts of the city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poznan-Wilda" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznan-Wilda">Wilda</a>, population 62,290, area 15.0 km<sup>2</sup> (5.8 sq mi), in the southern part of the city</li></ul> <p>Many citizens of Poznań thanks to the strong economy of the city and high salaries started moving to suburbs of the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_County" title="Poznań County">Poznań County</a> (<a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">powiat</a>) in the 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although the number of inhabitants in Poznań itself was decreasing for the past two decades, the suburbs gained almost twice as many inhabitants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Poznań <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> <i>Metropolia Poznań</i> comprising <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_County" title="Poznań County">Poznań County</a> and several other communities is home to over 1 million inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-metro_pop_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metro_pop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex infrastructure, population density, number of companies and gross product per capita of Poznań suburbs may be only compared to Warsaw suburbs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many parts of closer suburbs such as <a href="/wiki/Tarnowo_Podgorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarnowo Podgorne">Tarnowo Podgorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komorniki" title="Komorniki">Komorniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suchy_Las" title="Suchy Las">Suchy Las</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dopiewo" title="Dopiewo">Dopiewo</a> produce more in terms of GDP per capita than the city itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gothic">Gothic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gothic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%84_%C5%9Aw_Wojciech_382-39.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pozna%C5%84_%C5%9Aw_Wojciech_382-39.jpg/180px-Pozna%C5%84_%C5%9Aw_Wojciech_382-39.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pozna%C5%84_%C5%9Aw_Wojciech_382-39.jpg/270px-Pozna%C5%84_%C5%9Aw_Wojciech_382-39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pozna%C5%84_%C5%9Aw_Wojciech_382-39.jpg/360px-Pozna%C5%84_%C5%9Aw_Wojciech_382-39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3514" data-file-height="4857" /></a><figcaption>Polychromes in <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Adalbert,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Church of St. Adalbert, Poznań">St. Adalbert's Church</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The relocation of Poznań from the right to the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a> River occurred in the mid-13th century, during the height of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>. This significant urban shift led to the preservation of numerous Gothic structures, both religious and secular, on both sides of the Warta River, within the area of the former chartered town. The Gothic style in Poznań flourished from approximately the mid-13th century to the end of the 15th century. </p><p>Notable Gothic sites in the older, right-bank part of the city include:<sup id="cite_ref-gothic_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gothic-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary (in summo) – erected on the site of a former princely palatium, this church originally housed a chapel founded around 965. The present structure was developed in several phases, with the nave constructed in the first half of the 15th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_John_of_Jerusalem_outside_the_walls" title="Church of Saint John of Jerusalem outside the walls">Church of Saint John of Jerusalem outside the walls</a> – built by the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, it is among the earliest brick churches in Poland.</li> <li>Church of St. Margaret – dating from the late 12th century, this church served the religious needs of Śródka, then the most populous area of the Poznań settlement complex. The Baroque interior, largely created in the 17th century, harmonizes with the Gothic architecture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Cathedral" title="Poznań Cathedral">Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Tumski,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Ostrów Tumski, Poznań">Ostrów Tumski</a> – as the most significant Catholic church in Poznań, this 14th-century cathedral has undergone multiple reconstructions, including a post-World War II regothicization.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katerda_noc_(cropped)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Katerda_noc_%28cropped%292.jpg/220px-Katerda_noc_%28cropped%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Katerda_noc_%28cropped%292.jpg/330px-Katerda_noc_%28cropped%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Katerda_noc_%28cropped%292.jpg/440px-Katerda_noc_%28cropped%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Cathedral and Church of Holy Virgin Mary on the left.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the left-bank part of the city, the most prominent Gothic monuments include:<sup id="cite_ref-gothic_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gothic-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Adalbert,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Church of St. Adalbert, Poznań">Church of St. Adalbert</a> – a three-nave pseudo-basilica, built on a rectangular trapezoidal plan, located on St. Adalbert's Hill.</li> <li>Church of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Help_of_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Help of Christians">Our Lady Help of Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesians of Don Bosco">Salesian Monastery</a> – inside, above the presbytery, a unique type of Gothic rib vaulting, known as the Piast vault, can be found, while the northern nave features a star vault.</li> <li>Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Our Lady of Consolation – the oldest surviving church on the left bank of Warta.</li> <li>Church of St. Martin – likely constructed by Duke <a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_I_of_Greater_Poland" title="Przemysł I of Greater Poland">Przemysł I</a> in 1240.</li> <li>Church of Corpus Christi and former <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelite Monastery</a> – the largest Gothic church in Poznań after the cathedral, this site was a major pilgrimage destination in the Middle Ages. The current form of the church and monastery resulted from reconstruction work between 1465 and 1470.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_and_Baroque">Renaissance and Baroque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Renaissance and Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a> to Poznań resulted in the construction of many grand buildings. Noteworthy among these is the Town Hall, an exemplary piece of Renaissance architecture in Poland. The <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Town_Hall" title="Poznań Town Hall">Town Hall</a> underwent a significant reconstruction in the mid-16th century, after a fire in 1536. The city authorities entrusted the reconstruction to Giovanni Battista Quadro from <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a> in 1550. He expanded the building westward by approximately 11 meters and added an additional floor. The reconstruction was completed in 1560. The Renaissance Town Hall is characterized by its rectangular plan, three-story <a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">loggia</a> on the facade, and three polygonal <a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">turrets</a>. The central turret houses a clock mechanism featuring goats, a popular attraction in Poznań since 1551. The attic <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> depicts <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian kings</a>, while the blind arcades feature rulers from the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Baroque period, the Poznań Fara or Collegiate Basilica of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, St. Mary Magdalene, and St. Stanislaus Bishop stands out as one of the most significant Baroque structures in Poland. The construction of this church began in the mid-17th century under the guidance of prominent Baroque architects such as Giovanni Catenazzi, Tomasz Poncino, and Pompeo Ferrari. The church was finally consecrated in 1705, although it was not fully completed at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other significant examples of Baroque architecture include the Jesuit College, the Basilica of St. Joseph and the Carmelite Monastery, the Church of St. Francis Seraph, commonly known as the Bernardine Church, and the Church of St. Casimir. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Baroque and renaissance in Poznań</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan,_Poznan,_Polonia,_2014-09-18,_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque pipe organ of the Collegiate Church."><img alt="Baroque pipe organ of the Collegiate Church." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg/263px-Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg/395px-Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg/527px-Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5181" data-file-height="3543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque pipe organ of the Collegiate Church.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PL-Posen-Markt-Palais-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Działyński Palace."><img alt="Działyński Palace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PL-Posen-Markt-Palais-1.jpg/135px-PL-Posen-Markt-Palais-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PL-Posen-Markt-Palais-1.jpg/202px-PL-Posen-Markt-Palais-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PL-Posen-Markt-Palais-1.jpg/270px-PL-Posen-Markt-Palais-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="3164" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Działyński Palace.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fara_od_ulicy_Podg%C3%B3rnej_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jesuit College."><img alt="Jesuit College." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fara_od_ulicy_Podg%C3%B3rnej_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Fara_od_ulicy_Podg%C3%B3rnej_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fara_od_ulicy_Podg%C3%B3rnej_%28cropped%29.jpg/405px-Fara_od_ulicy_Podg%C3%B3rnej_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fara_od_ulicy_Podg%C3%B3rnej_%28cropped%29.jpg/540px-Fara_od_ulicy_Podg%C3%B3rnej_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2091" data-file-height="1394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jesuit College.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Franciszkan%C3%B3w_przy_placu_Bernardy%C5%84skim_(cropped)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St. Francis."><img alt="Church of St. Francis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Franciszkan%C3%B3w_przy_placu_Bernardy%C5%84skim_%28cropped%292.jpg/154px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Franciszkan%C3%B3w_przy_placu_Bernardy%C5%84skim_%28cropped%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Franciszkan%C3%B3w_przy_placu_Bernardy%C5%84skim_%28cropped%292.jpg/232px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Franciszkan%C3%B3w_przy_placu_Bernardy%C5%84skim_%28cropped%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Franciszkan%C3%B3w_przy_placu_Bernardy%C5%84skim_%28cropped%292.jpg/309px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Franciszkan%C3%B3w_przy_placu_Bernardy%C5%84skim_%28cropped%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3818" data-file-height="4450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St. Francis.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poznan_10-2013_img15_Old_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The majority of buildings at Old Market Square are Renaissance in style."><img alt="The majority of buildings at Old Market Square are Renaissance in style." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Poznan_10-2013_img15_Old_Market.jpg/240px-Poznan_10-2013_img15_Old_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Poznan_10-2013_img15_Old_Market.jpg/360px-Poznan_10-2013_img15_Old_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Poznan_10-2013_img15_Old_Market.jpg/480px-Poznan_10-2013_img15_Old_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3398" data-file-height="2549" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The majority of buildings at Old Market Square are Renaissance in style.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:654353_Pozna%C5%84_Ratusz_sala_Renesansowa_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance vaults inside the Town Hall."><img alt="Renaissance vaults inside the Town Hall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/654353_Pozna%C5%84_Ratusz_sala_Renesansowa_02.JPG/281px-654353_Pozna%C5%84_Ratusz_sala_Renesansowa_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/654353_Pozna%C5%84_Ratusz_sala_Renesansowa_02.JPG/422px-654353_Pozna%C5%84_Ratusz_sala_Renesansowa_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/654353_Pozna%C5%84_Ratusz_sala_Renesansowa_02.JPG/562px-654353_Pozna%C5%84_Ratusz_sala_Renesansowa_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2738" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Renaissance vaults inside the Town Hall.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_Nouveau">Art Nouveau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Art Nouveau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Che%C5%82mo%C5%84skiego_Pozna%C5%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Che%C5%82mo%C5%84skiego_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/220px-Che%C5%82mo%C5%84skiego_Pozna%C5%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Che%C5%82mo%C5%84skiego_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/330px-Che%C5%82mo%C5%84skiego_Pozna%C5%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Che%C5%82mo%C5%84skiego_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/440px-Che%C5%82mo%C5%84skiego_Pozna%C5%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4182" data-file-height="3135" /></a><figcaption>Johow-Gelände, a housing estate implemented according to an urban planning scheme by Max Johow.</figcaption></figure> <p>The early 20th-century expansion of Poznań to include <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%BCyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeżyce">Jeżyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilda_(Pozna%C5%84)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilda (Poznań)">Wilda</a>, and Łazarz facilitated the development of new architectural spaces. The demolition of the city's fortifications also allowed for the construction of permanent buildings on former fortress grounds. During this period, numerous new urban developments and residential complexes were established.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of them is the so-called Johow-Gelände in the Łazarz district, based on an urban concept by Max Johow, one of the leading architects in Poznań at the beginning of the 20th century. The tenement houses, built in a dense layout without backyards, were preceded by front gardens and, in addition to the high standard of the apartments, also impressed with richly decorated entrance halls and varied building facades. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> tenement houses can also be found on neighboring streets such as Matejki, Wyspiańskiego, and Małeckiego.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poznan_Wolnosci_14_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Poznan_Wolnosci_14_2012.jpg/220px-Poznan_Wolnosci_14_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Poznan_Wolnosci_14_2012.jpg/330px-Poznan_Wolnosci_14_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Poznan_Wolnosci_14_2012.jpg/440px-Poznan_Wolnosci_14_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3844" data-file-height="2477" /></a><figcaption>Art Nouveau tenement house at 14 Wolności Square.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century, many residential developments also emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%BCyce,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Jeżyce, Poznań">Jeżyce</a> district, including a complex of villa-style tenements on Roosevelta Street, designed by the architectural firm of Herman Böhmer and Paul Preul for the German Civil Servants' Housing Cooperative. Particularly noteworthy are the wrought iron grilles at 5 Roosevelta Street and the oversized bas-relief of a naked woman supporting the balcony on the facade of building number 4. Nearby there is also the New Theatre, constructed in 1906, designed by the same architects, which facade design reflects Art Nouveau typical of the German region, featuring geometric forms with varied colors and textures. Similar architecture can be found in the central part of Jeżyce, along streets such as Dąbrowskiego, Kraszewskiego, Mickiewicza, Prusa, and Słowackiego.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the notable <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> structures are Oskar Hoffman's tenement house at 69 Święta Marcin Street or tenement house at 14 Wolności Square.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_District">Imperial District</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Imperial District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamek_Cesarski_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zamek_Cesarski_3.jpg/220px-Zamek_Cesarski_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zamek_Cesarski_3.jpg/330px-Zamek_Cesarski_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zamek_Cesarski_3.jpg/440px-Zamek_Cesarski_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4509" data-file-height="3382" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Castle,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Imperial Castle, Poznań">Imperial Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Imperial District, also known as the Imperial Forum, was constructed as a prestigious area of Poznań in the early 20th century. The district's creation was driven by the need to improve the city's spatial development, which had been hindered by existing fortifications. In 1902, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> decided to abandon the concept of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fortress" title="Poznań Fortress">Poznań as a fortress city</a> and to redevelop it in a residential style. In 1903, architect <a href="/wiki/Josef_St%C3%BCbben" title="Josef Stübben">Josef Stübben</a> presented a plan for the construction of a new district in the area of the demolished Berlin Gate (located at the intersection of today's <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin" title="Święty Marcin">Święty Marcin</a> and Kościuszki streets), which was realized between 1904 and 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-imp1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imp1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The central point of this district is the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Castle,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Imperial Castle, Poznań">Imperial Castle</a>, built between 1905 and 1910 for <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>. Over the years, the Castle's purpose has evolved. During the interwar period, university lectures were held in its halls, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the building was adapted to serve as <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>'s headquarters, and since the 1960s, it has functioned as a cultural center. Inside, one can find the Pałacowe Cinema, a modern concert hall, exhibition spaces, a library, a bookstore, a café, educational rooms, and areas for visitors to explore the castle's historical rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-imp2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imp2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heart of the district is <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a> Square, featuring a monument to the poet. At the boundary of the square and Adam Mickiewicz Park there is a <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Victims_of_June_1956" title="Monument to the Victims of June 1956">monument commemorating the Victims of June 1956</a>. The district's buildings are located around the square and along <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin" title="Święty Marcin">Święty Marcin</a> and Fredry streets.<sup id="cite_ref-imp2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imp2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the Imperial Castle, the most important buildings in the Imperial District include: The Municipal Theater – now the Grand Theater, 1910, architect <a href="/wiki/Max_Littmann" title="Max Littmann">Max Littmann</a> – inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Rotonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Rotonda">Villa Rotonda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, </p> <ul><li>Collegium Maius (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Settlement_Commission" title="Prussian Settlement Commission">Colonization Commission</a>), 1908-1910, with a monument to the founder of the Polish university, Professor Heliodor Święcicki, in front of the building,</li> <li>Adolf Landsberg's Villa, 1911,</li> <li>Institute of Hygiene, 1912,</li> <li>Collegium Minus, 1905-1910,</li> <li>Music Academy (formerly the Evangelical House – Evangelisches Vereinhaus), 1907–1908,</li> <li>Collegium Iuridicum (formerly the Raiffeisen Cooperative Bank), 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Philharmonic" title="Poznań Philharmonic">Poznań Philharmonic</a>, 1910,</li> <li>Post Office Directorate, 1910.</li></ul> <p>To the west, the district is enclosed by a semicircular line of parks that were created on the site of the 19th-century fortifications of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fortress" title="Poznań Fortress">Poznań Fortress</a>. In the following years, an informal university district developed to the south of the Imperial District, featuring buildings of the Music Academy, the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Economics_and_Business" title="Poznań University of Economics and Business">University of Economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Mickiewicz University">Adam Mickiewicz University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-imp2_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imp2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Imperial District</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Budynek_Teatru_Wielkiego_w_Poznaniu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Theatre"><img alt="Grand Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Budynek_Teatru_Wielkiego_w_Poznaniu.jpg/281px-Budynek_Teatru_Wielkiego_w_Poznaniu.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Budynek_Teatru_Wielkiego_w_Poznaniu.jpg/421px-Budynek_Teatru_Wielkiego_w_Poznaniu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Budynek_Teatru_Wielkiego_w_Poznaniu.jpg/561px-Budynek_Teatru_Wielkiego_w_Poznaniu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Grand Theatre, Poznań">Grand Theatre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poznan_10-2013_img06_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Collegium Minus"><img alt="Collegium Minus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Poznan_10-2013_img06_University.jpg/180px-Poznan_10-2013_img06_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Poznan_10-2013_img06_University.jpg/270px-Poznan_10-2013_img06_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Poznan_10-2013_img06_University.jpg/360px-Poznan_10-2013_img06_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3141" data-file-height="3141" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Collegium Minus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Collegium_Maius_w_Poznaniu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Collegium Maius"><img alt="Collegium Maius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Collegium_Maius_w_Poznaniu.jpg/270px-Collegium_Maius_w_Poznaniu.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Collegium_Maius_w_Poznaniu.jpg/405px-Collegium_Maius_w_Poznaniu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Collegium_Maius_w_Poznaniu.jpg/540px-Collegium_Maius_w_Poznaniu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Collegium Maius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 223.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 221.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filarm%C3%B3nica_de_Poznan,_Poznan,_Polonia,_2014-09-18,_DD_49.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poznań Philharmonic"><img alt="Poznań Philharmonic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Filarm%C3%B3nica_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_49.jpg/332px-Filarm%C3%B3nica_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_49.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Filarm%C3%B3nica_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_49.jpg/498px-Filarm%C3%B3nica_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Filarm%C3%B3nica_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_49.jpg/664px-Filarm%C3%B3nica_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4954" data-file-height="2687" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Philharmonic" title="Poznań Philharmonic">Poznań Philharmonic</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%88,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin,_budova_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main Post Office"><img alt="Main Post Office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pozna%C5%88%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin%2C_budova_II.jpg/270px-Pozna%C5%88%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin%2C_budova_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pozna%C5%88%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin%2C_budova_II.jpg/406px-Pozna%C5%88%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin%2C_budova_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pozna%C5%88%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin%2C_budova_II.jpg/541px-Pozna%C5%88%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin%2C_budova_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="3178" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main Post Office</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernism">Modernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern architecture</a> in Poznań began to emerge in the 1930s with buildings like the ZUS office on Dąbrowskiego Street, continuing through the 1980s. The Okrąglak, constructed between 1949 and 1954, is a prominent example, designed by architect Marek Leykam. Built on a circular plan using prefabricated elements, its nine-story cylindrical structure features a flat roof with a central skylight and a surrounding terrace. The facade, without a dominant elevation, is characterized by a glass surface divided by rectangular window openings and vertical "razor blade" partitions.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples of modernist architecture in Poznań include the Alfa Towers on <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin" title="Święty Marcin">Święty Marcin</a> and the Poznan University of Physical Education building on Królowej Jadwigi Street. Another important modernist monument is the Arena Hall, which was built in 1974 and was inspired by the shape of the Palazzetto dello Sport, a hall constructed in Rome several years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Architecture">Contemporary Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Contemporary Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andersia_Silver_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Andersia_Silver_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Andersia_Silver_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Andersia_Silver_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Andersia_Silver_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Andersia_Silver_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Andersia_Silver_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3849" data-file-height="2887" /></a><figcaption>Office buildings near Stary Browar.</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> in Poznań began at the start of the 21st century, primarily influencing office architecture. One of the most acclaimed buildings, which has received numerous awards, is <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%82tyk" title="Bałtyk">Bałtyk</a> — a 16-story office tower located near Rondo Kaponiera. This project marked the first realization in Poland by one of the world's most renowned architectural firms, <a href="/wiki/MVRDV" title="MVRDV">MVRDV</a>. The unique form of the building gives it a different appearance from every angle — it appears to expand or contract, simultaneously slender and expansive. Other notable examples of modern architecture include the <a href="/wiki/Porta_Posnania" title="Porta Posnania">Porta Posnania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Andersia_Tower" title="Andersia Tower">Andersia office complex</a>, Pixel, and the Nowy Rynek office complex.<sup id="cite_ref-cont_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cont-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant trend in the city's architecture is the modernization of historical buildings and their integration with contemporary elements, exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Stary_Browar" title="Stary Browar">Stary Browar</a>. This complex was developed on the site of the 19th-century Hugger Brewery. The shopping center largely consists of new forms, styled to resemble historical ones and based on the iconography of 19th-century industrial architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-cont_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cont-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_heritage">Culture and heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture and heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayuntamiento,_Poznan,_Polonia,_2019-12-18,_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2019-12-18%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg/220px-Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2019-12-18%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2019-12-18%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg/330px-Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2019-12-18%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2019-12-18%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg/440px-Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2019-12-18%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5612" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption>The Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Town_Hall" title="Poznań Town Hall">Town Hall</a> (1560, originally built in the late 13th century) now houses a museum.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Old_Town" title="Poznań Old Town">Poznań Old Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Goats" title="Poznań Goats">Poznań Goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Royal-Imperial_Route" title="Poznań Royal-Imperial Route">Poznań Royal-Imperial Route</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="List of museums in Poznań">List of museums in Poznań</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="List of tourist attractions in Poznań">List of tourist attractions in Poznań</a></div> <p>Poznań possesses many historic buildings and heritage sites, mostly concentrated around the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Old_Town" title="Poznań Old Town">Old Town</a> and other parts of the city centre. Many of these lie on the tourist <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Royal-Imperial_Route" title="Poznań Royal-Imperial Route">Royal-Imperial Route</a> – a walk leading through the most important parts of the city showing its history, culture and identity. Parts of the city centre are listed as one of Poland's official national <a href="/wiki/List_of_Historical_Monuments_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Historical Monuments (Poland)">historic monuments</a>, as designated 28 November 2008, along with other portions of the city's historic core. Its listing is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Narodowy_Instytut_Dziedzictwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa">National Heritage Board of Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from traditional theatres with a long history such as <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Grand Theatre, Poznań">Teatr Wielki</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Polish_Theatre_in_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Theatre in Poznań">Teatr Polski</a></i>, <i>Teatr Nowy</i>, and others like <i>Teatr Animacji</i>, <i>Teatr Muzyczny</i> and Polish Dance Theatre, Poznań is also home to a growing number of different kind of <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theatre" title="Fringe theatre">alternative theatre</a> groups. It is believed that even up to 30 more or less known groups may work in the city, and thus, the city has recently become a new Polish off-theatre performance centre.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Widownia,_TW_Poznan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Widownia%2C_TW_Poznan.JPG/220px-Widownia%2C_TW_Poznan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Widownia%2C_TW_Poznan.JPG/330px-Widownia%2C_TW_Poznan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Widownia%2C_TW_Poznan.JPG/440px-Widownia%2C_TW_Poznan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>The audience of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Grand Theatre, Poznań">Opera House</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Classical music events include the <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski_Violin_Competition" title="Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition">Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition</a> which is held every 5 years, and classical music concerts by the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Philharmonic" title="Poznań Philharmonic">Poznań Philharmonic</a> orchestra held each month in the Hall of the <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Mickiewicz University">Adam Mickiewicz University</a>, considered to be one of the best in terms of acoustics in Poland. Especially popular are concerts by the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Nightingales" title="Poznań Nightingales">Poznań Nightingales</a>. </p><p>Poznań was one of the earliest centre of hip-hop and rap music<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Most have been strongly linked to the Lech supporter scene and the club prominently features in their music. Arguably the most famous, <a href="/wiki/Peja_(rapper)" title="Peja (rapper)">Peja</a>, was an ardent supporter since he was 15 years old, and was active in the <a href="/wiki/Football_hooliganism_in_Poland" title="Football hooliganism in Poland">hooligan scene</a> in the 90s.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evtis,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ascetoholix,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bzyk<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and DJ Decks are all prominent supporters. The fans have produced recorded and released two rap CD's called <i>Definicja Kibol</i> and <i>Definicja Kibol 2</i> as compilation of various artists.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other rappers include duo <a href="/wiki/Pi%C4%99%C4%87_Dwa" title="Pięć Dwa">Pięć Dwa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82o%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Słoń (page does not exist)">Słoń</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82o%C5%84_(raper)" class="extiw" title="pl:Słoń (raper)">pl</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Paluch" title="Paluch">Paluch</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nag%C5%82y_Atak_Spawacza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagły Atak Spawacza (page does not exist)">Nagły Atak Spawacza</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag%C5%82y_Atak_Spawacza" class="extiw" title="pl:Nagły Atak Spawacza">pl</a>]</span>. </p><p>Other contemporary notable local musicians include <a href="/wiki/Adam_Nowak" title="Adam Nowak">Adam Nowak</a>, the co-founder and leader of the band <a href="/wiki/Raz,_Dwa,_Trzy" title="Raz, Dwa, Trzy">Raz, Dwa, Trzy</a>; pop singer <a href="/wiki/Sylwia_Grzeszczak" title="Sylwia Grzeszczak">Sylwia Grzeszczak</a>; rock band <a href="/wiki/Pid%C5%BCama_Porno" title="Pidżama Porno">Pidżama Porno</a>; and DJ duo <a href="/wiki/Kalwi_%26_Remi" title="Kalwi & Remi">Kalwi & Remi</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogale_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tomarci%C5%84skie_RB1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rogale_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tomarci%C5%84skie_RB1.JPG/220px-Rogale_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tomarci%C5%84skie_RB1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rogale_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tomarci%C5%84skie_RB1.JPG/330px-Rogale_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tomarci%C5%84skie_RB1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rogale_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tomarci%C5%84skie_RB1.JPG/440px-Rogale_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tomarci%C5%84skie_RB1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_croissant" title="St. Martin's croissant">St. Martin's croissant</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Every year on 11 November, city residents celebrate the <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Day" title="St. Martin's Day">Day of St. Martin</a>. A procession of horses, with Saint Martin at its head, parades along Saint Martin Street (<i>ulica Święty Marcin</i>), in front of the Imperial Castle. The renowned <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Croissant" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin's Croissant">St. Martin's Croissant</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialties_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical indications and traditional specialties in the European Union">regional product</a> of Poznań, are widely sold during the festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin_6.jpg/220px-%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin_6.jpg/330px-%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin_6.jpg/440px-%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="2694" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin" title="Święty Marcin">Święty Marcin</a> - the street where the annual parade takes place.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jarmark_na_Placu_Wolno%C5%9Bci,_Pozna%C5%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jarmark_na_Placu_Wolno%C5%9Bci%2C_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/220px-Jarmark_na_Placu_Wolno%C5%9Bci%2C_Pozna%C5%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jarmark_na_Placu_Wolno%C5%9Bci%2C_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/330px-Jarmark_na_Placu_Wolno%C5%9Bci%2C_Pozna%C5%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jarmark_na_Placu_Wolno%C5%9Bci%2C_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/440px-Jarmark_na_Placu_Wolno%C5%9Bci%2C_Pozna%C5%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3462" data-file-height="2596" /></a><figcaption>Christmas market at Wolności Square</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the year 2000, Poznań has hosted <i>Betlejem Poznańskie</i> a cultural and entertainment event associated with the <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> season and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. The event begins with the onset of Advent and concludes on December 23rd. The central attraction is a live nativity scene featuring real animals, accompanied by a large stage where musical concerts, competitions, and various artistic and entertainment activities take place. Surrounding the nativity scene are numerous stalls offering handcrafted goods, regional products, traditional foods, mulled wine, and hot meals. The ambiance is reminiscent of German Christmas markets, known as Weihnachtsmarkte. In addition to the permanent attractions, <i>Betlejem Poznańskie</i> includes recurring events such as carol singing reviews, the election of the Poznań <i>Gwiazdor</i> (a fictional character who distributes gifts on Christmas Eve, appearing in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>'s tradition), art workshops, city games, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A highlight is the International Ice Sculpture Festival, held annually since 2006. The event also features the <i>Betlejemskie Światło Pokoju</i> (Bethlehem Light of Peace) brought from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem</a>. During this time, city officials, the consular corps, and rectors of Poznań's universities exchange festive greetings. </p><p>An important cultural event in Poznań is the annual <a href="/wiki/Malta_Festival_Pozna%C5%84" title="Malta Festival Poznań">Malta Festival</a>, which takes place at many city venues, usually in late June and early July. It hosts mainly modern experimental off-theatre performances often taking place on squares and other public spaces. It also includes cinema, visual, music and dancing events. Poznań also stages the <a href="/wiki/Ale_Kino!_International_Young_Audience_Film_Festival" title="Ale Kino! International Young Audience Film Festival">Ale Kino! International Young Audience Film Festival</a> in December, and Off Cinema festival of independent films. Other festivals: <a href="/wiki/Animator_(festival)" title="Animator (festival)">Animator</a> (animated film festival), Ethno Port festival of traditional world's ethnic music, Maski Theater Festival, Dance International Workshops by Polish Dance Theater, Made in Chicago (jazz festival), Festival of Ice Sculpture, Science and Art Festival, Tzadik (Jewish music festival), and Meditations Biennale (modern art). </p><p>Poznań has several <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="List of museums in Poznań">museums</a> as well as cinemas, including <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)" title="Multiplex (movie theater)">multiplexes</a> and art-house institutions. The <a href="/wiki/Rozbrat" title="Rozbrat">Rozbrat</a> social centre, a <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatted</a> former factory in <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%BCyce,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Jeżyce, Poznań">Jeżyce</a>, serves as a home for independent and open-minded culture. It hosts frequent gigs, an anarchist library, vernissages, exhibitions, annual birthday festival in October, poetry evenings and graffiti festivals. The city centre has many clubs, pubs and coffee houses. </p><p>A popular venue is <i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Malta" title="Lake Malta">Malta</a></i>, a park with an artificial lake situated in its centre. On one south bank of the lake there are ski and sleigh slopes of Malta Ski centre, and on the opposite bank a large complex of <i>Termy Maltańskie</i> swimming pools. </p><p>Poznań <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological Garden</a> has two facilities. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Zoo_(Poznan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Zoo (Poznan)">Old Zoo</a> is one of the oldest in Poland, established in 1874 just west of the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large 116-hectare (290-acre) <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowe_Zoo_w_Poznaniu" class="extiw" title="pl:Nowe Zoo w Poznaniu">New Zoo</a> was opened to the public in 1974, becoming second largest in Poland in terms of area. It is located on a hilly forest area with six large ponds at the eastern city's wedge of greenery, beyond the Malta lake. There is a dedicated and adored by children <i><a href="/wiki/Park_Railway_Maltanka" title="Park Railway Maltanka">Maltanka</a></i> mini-railway, that starts the route near the <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dka,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Śródka, Poznań">Śródka</a></i> roundabout. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Places of interest</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%84,_Brama_Poznania_(straighten).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Śródka's Porta Posnania with steel-glass footbridge over small right branch of Warta."><img alt="Śródka's Porta Posnania with steel-glass footbridge over small right branch of Warta." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pozna%C5%84%2C_Brama_Poznania_%28straighten%29.jpg/230px-Pozna%C5%84%2C_Brama_Poznania_%28straighten%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pozna%C5%84%2C_Brama_Poznania_%28straighten%29.jpg/344px-Pozna%C5%84%2C_Brama_Poznania_%28straighten%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pozna%C5%84%2C_Brama_Poznania_%28straighten%29.jpg/459px-Pozna%C5%84%2C_Brama_Poznania_%28straighten%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4826" data-file-height="3156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dka,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Śródka, Poznań">Śródka</a>'s</i> <a href="/wiki/Porta_Posnania" title="Porta Posnania">Porta Posnania</a> with steel-glass footbridge over small <a href="/wiki/Cybina" title="Cybina">right branch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swietoslawska_(cropped)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fara is only partially visible here."><img alt="Fara is only partially visible here." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Swietoslawska_%28cropped%292.jpg/150px-Swietoslawska_%28cropped%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Swietoslawska_%28cropped%292.jpg/225px-Swietoslawska_%28cropped%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Swietoslawska_%28cropped%292.jpg/300px-Swietoslawska_%28cropped%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fara" title="Poznań Fara">Fara</a></i> is only partially visible here.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katedra_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rear view of the Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul."><img alt="Rear view of the Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Katedra_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg/267px-Katedra_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Katedra_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg/400px-Katedra_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Katedra_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg/534px-Katedra_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rear view of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Cathedral" title="Poznań Cathedral">the Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_Mayor,_Poznan,_Polonia,_2014-09-18,_DD_41.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South side of the Old Market Square."><img alt="South side of the Old Market Square." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Plaza_Mayor%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_41.jpg/309px-Plaza_Mayor%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_41.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Plaza_Mayor%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_41.jpg/464px-Plaza_Mayor%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Plaza_Mayor%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_41.jpg/618px-Plaza_Mayor%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4521" data-file-height="2195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South side of the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Old_Town#Old_Market_Square" title="Poznań Old Town">Old Market Square</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poznan_Goats_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Market Square – Poznań Goats."><img alt="Old Market Square – Poznań Goats." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Poznan_Goats_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Poznan_Goats_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Poznan_Goats_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Poznan_Goats_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Poznan_Goats_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Poznan_Goats_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1981" data-file-height="1981" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Market Square – <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Goats" title="Poznań Goats">Poznań Goats</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%84,_zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_urbanistyczno-architektoniczny_Starego_Rynku,(domki_budnicze)_nr._rej._A-195-72_z_10.11.1972_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Market Square – merchant houses, originally 16th century's herring stalls."><img alt="Old Market Square – merchant houses, originally 16th century's herring stalls." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pozna%C5%84%2C_zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_urbanistyczno-architektoniczny_Starego_Rynku%2C%28domki_budnicze%29_nr._rej._A-195-72_z_10.11.1972_%28cropped%29.JPG/273px-Pozna%C5%84%2C_zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_urbanistyczno-architektoniczny_Starego_Rynku%2C%28domki_budnicze%29_nr._rej._A-195-72_z_10.11.1972_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="182" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pozna%C5%84%2C_zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_urbanistyczno-architektoniczny_Starego_Rynku%2C%28domki_budnicze%29_nr._rej._A-195-72_z_10.11.1972_%28cropped%29.JPG/409px-Pozna%C5%84%2C_zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_urbanistyczno-architektoniczny_Starego_Rynku%2C%28domki_budnicze%29_nr._rej._A-195-72_z_10.11.1972_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pozna%C5%84%2C_zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_urbanistyczno-architektoniczny_Starego_Rynku%2C%28domki_budnicze%29_nr._rej._A-195-72_z_10.11.1972_%28cropped%29.JPG/545px-Pozna%C5%84%2C_zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_urbanistyczno-architektoniczny_Starego_Rynku%2C%28domki_budnicze%29_nr._rej._A-195-72_z_10.11.1972_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3813" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Market Square – merchant houses, originally 16th century's herring stalls.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PL-Posen-Freiheitsplatz-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Freedom Square (Plac Wolności, behind its fountain) is important for the region's residents."><img alt="Freedom Square (Plac Wolności, behind its fountain) is important for the region's residents." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/PL-Posen-Freiheitsplatz-3.jpg/225px-PL-Posen-Freiheitsplatz-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/PL-Posen-Freiheitsplatz-3.jpg/338px-PL-Posen-Freiheitsplatz-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/PL-Posen-Freiheitsplatz-3.jpg/450px-PL-Posen-Freiheitsplatz-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3279" data-file-height="2186" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Freedom Square (<i>Plac Wolności</i>, behind its fountain) is important for the region's residents.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu,_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zamek Culture Centre, former Prussian Royal Residence Palace."><img alt="Zamek Culture Centre, former Prussian Royal Residence Palace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu%2C_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego.jpg/200px-Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu%2C_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu%2C_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego.jpg/300px-Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu%2C_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu%2C_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego.jpg/400px-Zamek_Cesarski_w_Poznaniu%2C_fasada_od_strony_ogrodu_zamkowego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3857" data-file-height="2893" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Castle,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Imperial Castle, Poznań"><i>Zamek</i> Culture Centre</a>, former Prussian Royal Residence Palace.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_Raczynski,_Poznan,_Polonia,_2014-09-18,_DD_45.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raczyński Library, erected in 1822–1828 with the financial support of Edward Raczyński Foundation"><img alt="Raczyński Library, erected in 1822–1828 with the financial support of Edward Raczyński Foundation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Biblioteca_Raczynski%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_45.jpg/230px-Biblioteca_Raczynski%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_45.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Biblioteca_Raczynski%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_45.jpg/345px-Biblioteca_Raczynski%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_45.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Biblioteca_Raczynski%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_45.jpg/459px-Biblioteca_Raczynski%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_45.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2940" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Raczy%C5%84ski_Library" title="Raczyński Library">Raczyński Library</a>, erected in 1822–1828 with the financial support of Edward Raczyński Foundation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatro_Polaco,_Poznan,_Polonia,_2014-09-18,_DD_56.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polish Theatre, founded in 1885, the theatre's façade was adorned with the inscription "The Nation Unto Itself" (Polish: Naród sobie)"><img alt="Polish Theatre, founded in 1885, the theatre's façade was adorned with the inscription "The Nation Unto Itself" (Polish: Naród sobie)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Teatro_Polaco%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_56.jpg/216px-Teatro_Polaco%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_56.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Teatro_Polaco%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_56.jpg/324px-Teatro_Polaco%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_56.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Teatro_Polaco%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_56.jpg/432px-Teatro_Polaco%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_56.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4463" data-file-height="3103" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Theatre,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Polish Theatre, Poznań">Polish Theatre</a>, founded in 1885, the theatre's <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> was adorned with the inscription "The Nation Unto Itself" (Polish: <i>Naród sobie</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poznan_10-2013_img19_Old_Brewery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of the southern facade of Stary Browar, the centre of commerce and art."><img alt="Part of the southern facade of Stary Browar, the centre of commerce and art." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Poznan_10-2013_img19_Old_Brewery.jpg/225px-Poznan_10-2013_img19_Old_Brewery.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Poznan_10-2013_img19_Old_Brewery.jpg/338px-Poznan_10-2013_img19_Old_Brewery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Poznan_10-2013_img19_Old_Brewery.jpg/450px-Poznan_10-2013_img19_Old_Brewery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4488" data-file-height="2992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of the southern facade of <i><a href="/wiki/Stary_Browar" title="Stary Browar">Stary Browar</a></i>, the centre of commerce and art.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_Real,_Poznan,_Polonia,_2014-09-18,_DD_42.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Castle of Przemysł I"><img alt="Castle of Przemysł I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Castillo_Real%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_42.jpg/202px-Castillo_Real%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_42.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Castillo_Real%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_42.jpg/302px-Castillo_Real%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Castillo_Real%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_42.jpg/403px-Castillo_Real%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4220" data-file-height="3142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Royal Castle, Poznań">Castle of Przemysł I</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:More_people.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Poznań has many parks, large botanical garden and palm house. Scene at Sołacki Park."><img alt="Poznań has many parks, large botanical garden and palm house. Scene at Sołacki Park." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/More_people.JPG/203px-More_people.JPG" decoding="async" width="136" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/More_people.JPG/305px-More_people.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/More_people.JPG/406px-More_people.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poznań has many parks, large <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogr%C3%B3d_Botaniczny_Uniwersytetu_im._Adama_Mickiewicza_w_Poznaniu" class="extiw" title="pl:Ogród Botaniczny Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu">botanical garden</a> and <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiarnia_Pozna%C5%84ska" class="extiw" title="pl:Palmiarnia Poznańska">palm house</a>. Scene at <i>Sołacki</i> Park.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stary_Browar_w_Poznaniu_widziany_z_Uniwersytetu_Ekonomicznego.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stary_Browar_w_Poznaniu_widziany_z_Uniwersytetu_Ekonomicznego.jpg/220px-Stary_Browar_w_Poznaniu_widziany_z_Uniwersytetu_Ekonomicznego.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stary_Browar_w_Poznaniu_widziany_z_Uniwersytetu_Ekonomicznego.jpg/330px-Stary_Browar_w_Poznaniu_widziany_z_Uniwersytetu_Ekonomicznego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stary_Browar_w_Poznaniu_widziany_z_Uniwersytetu_Ekonomicznego.jpg/440px-Stary_Browar_w_Poznaniu_widziany_z_Uniwersytetu_Ekonomicznego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3643" data-file-height="2725" /></a><figcaption>A view of <a href="/wiki/Stary_Browar" title="Stary Browar">Stary Browar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Financial_Centre" title="Poznań Financial Centre">Poznań Financial Centre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andersia_Tower" title="Andersia Tower">Andersia Tower</a> from Collegium Altum of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Economics_and_Business" title="Poznań University of Economics and Business">University of Economics</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Poznań has been an important trade centre since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Starting in the 19th century, local heavy industry began to grow. Several major factories were built, including the <a href="/wiki/Hipolit_Cegielski" title="Hipolit Cegielski">Hipolit Cegielski</a>'s <a href="/wiki/H._Cegielski_%E2%80%93_Pozna%C5%84" title="H. Cegielski – Poznań">steel mill and railway factory</a>, popularly called <i>Ceglorz</i>. </p><p>Nowadays, Poznań is one of the major trade centres in Poland. It is regarded as the second most prosperous city in Poland after its capital <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Poznań produced PLN 31.8 billion of Poland's gross domestic product in 2006. </p><p>Many European companies have established their Polish headquarters in Poznań or in nearby towns such as <a href="/wiki/Tarnowo_Podg%C3%B3rne" title="Tarnowo Podgórne">Tarnowo Podgórne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swarz%C4%99dz" title="Swarzędz">Swarzędz</a>. Most foreign investors are German (36%) and Dutch companies (14%).<sup id="cite_ref-metro_pop_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metro_pop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best known examples of corporation who have their headquarters in Poznań and the surrounding areas are that of <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridgestone" title="Bridgestone">Bridgestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beiersdorf" title="Beiersdorf">Beiersdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raben_Group" title="Raben Group">Raben Group</a> (near <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3rnik" title="Kórnik">Kórnik</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kuehne_%2B_Nagel" title="Kuehne + Nagel">Kuehne + Nagel</a> (near <a href="/wiki/G%C4%85dki" title="Gądki">Gądki</a>). There are also several <a href="/wiki/Shared_services_center" title="Shared services center">shared services centers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> <a href="/wiki/Branch_office" title="Branch office">branch offices</a>. Investors are mostly from the food processing, furniture, automotive and transport and logistics industries. Foreign companies are primarily attracted by relatively low labour costs, good road and railway network, good vocational skills of workers, and relatively liberal employment laws.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solaris_Trollino_Esslingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Solaris_Trollino_Esslingen.jpg/220px-Solaris_Trollino_Esslingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Solaris_Trollino_Esslingen.jpg/330px-Solaris_Trollino_Esslingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Solaris_Trollino_Esslingen.jpg/440px-Solaris_Trollino_Esslingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solaris_Bus_%26_Coach" title="Solaris Bus & Coach">Solaris</a> buses and trolleybuses can be seen in many European cities (<a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> pictured)</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the best-known major corporations founded and still based in Poznań and the city's metropolitan area include <a href="/wiki/Allegro_(auction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegro (auction)">Allegro</a> – owner of the Poland's biggest e-commerce site, <a href="/wiki/H._Cegielski-Pozna%C5%84_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Cegielski-Poznań SA">H. Cegielski-Poznań SA</a> – a historic manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_Bus_%26_Coach" title="Solaris Bus & Coach">Solaris Bus & Coach</a> – a modern bus and coach maker based in <a href="/wiki/Bolechowo,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Bolechowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship">Bolechowo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enea_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Enea S.A.">Enea S.A.</a> – one of the country's biggest energy firms. <a href="/wiki/Kompania_Piwowarska" title="Kompania Piwowarska">Kompania Piwowarska</a> based in Poznań produces some of Poland's best known beers, and includes not only the local <a href="/wiki/Lech_Browary_Wielkopolski" title="Lech Browary Wielkopolski">Lech Brewery</a>'s products but also <a href="/wiki/Tyskie" title="Tyskie">Tyskie</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tychy" title="Tychy">Tychy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dojlidy_Brewery" title="Dojlidy Brewery">Dojlidy Brewery</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> among many others. </p><p>In 2008, three Poznań students founded <a href="/wiki/Netguru" title="Netguru">Netguru</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_consulting" title="Information technology consulting">digital consultancy</a> company. It grew fast to employ about 600 people in 2019. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Stary_Browar" title="Stary Browar">Stary Browar</a></i>, the center of commerce and art opened in 2003, won several awards for its architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable shopping centers include <i>Posnania</i>, the biggest commerce facility in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>, <i>Galeria Malta</i>, and the shops at the Hotel Bazar – a historical hotel and commercial center in the Old Town.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2017</th> <th>2018</th> <th>2019</th> <th>2020</th> <th>2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Unemployment rate in %</b> </td> <td>6.7</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>2.9</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>3.1</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>1.6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%84_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pozna%C5%84_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Pozna%C5%84_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pozna%C5%84_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Pozna%C5%84_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pozna%C5%84_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Pozna%C5%84_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="2541" /></a><figcaption>Poznań population pyramid in 2021</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Historical_population_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Historical population of Poznań">Historical population of Poznań</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland" title="Demographics of Poland">Demographics of Poland</a></div> <p>In 1600, approximately 20,000 inhabitants resided in the whole Poznań conurbation. By 1732 the population had dropped to 4,000 due to wars, floods and <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>. Historically, its growth rate was high throughout the 19th and 20th centuries; in the year 1900 approximately 110,000 people were registered as residents and by 1939 there was already 274,155 people. The population of Poznań has declined steadily since 1990, when it reached a maximum of 590,101. This phenomenon, which also affected other European cities, is caused in part by the growth of satellite suburbs at the expense of the downtown region within the city proper. In 2020, Poznań had 532,048 registered inhabitants being the fifth most populous town in Poland, while the metropolitan area had a population of about 1,000,000 people. The city's population density was 5,300 people per square mile (2,000 people/km<sup>2</sup>). </p><p>Contemporary Poznań has one of the highest concentration of foreigners in Poland alongside <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>; a significant majority are migrant workers from <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>; others came from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. No exact statistic exists on the number of temporary residents from abroad. Many are students studying at Poznań's schools and institutions of higher learning. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:45em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;margin:0.5em auto;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population of Poznań</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1250</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1350</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.47%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1600</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.65%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1700</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.51%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1732</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−3.37%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1800</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,779</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.30%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1850</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">43,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.67%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">110,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.90%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">274,155</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.37%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1944</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">323,747</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.38%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">267,978</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−9.02%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">320,670</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">408,132</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.44%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">471,367</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.45%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1978</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">537,149</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.65%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1988</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">587,971</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.91%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">578,886</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.11%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">554,696</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.47%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">546,859</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.14%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_science">Education and science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collegium_Maius_UAM_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Collegium_Maius_UAM_%2811%29.jpg/220px-Collegium_Maius_UAM_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Collegium_Maius_UAM_%2811%29.jpg/330px-Collegium_Maius_UAM_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Collegium_Maius_UAM_%2811%29.jpg/440px-Collegium_Maius_UAM_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The hall of Collegium Maius of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz University</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collegium_Heliodori_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Collegium_Heliodori_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki.jpg/220px-Collegium_Heliodori_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Collegium_Heliodori_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki.jpg/330px-Collegium_Heliodori_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Collegium_Heliodori_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki.jpg/440px-Collegium_Heliodori_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Heliodori_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki_w_Poznaniu" class="extiw" title="pl:Collegium Heliodori Święcicki w Poznaniu">Collegium Heliodori Święcicki</a> simultaneously serves the UAM University and <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Poznań University of Medical Sciences">University of Medical Sciences</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="List of universities and colleges in Poznań">List of universities and colleges in Poznań</a></div> <p>Poznań is one of the four largest academic centres in Poland. The number of students in the city is about 140,000, which ranks it the third or fourth after <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> and about equal to <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> in student population. Every one in four inhabitants of Poznań is a student. Since Poznań is smaller than Warsaw or Kraków still having a very large number of students it makes the city even more vibrant and dense academic hub than both former and current capital of Poland – Kraków and Warsaw respectively. Poznań with its almost 30 universities and colleges has the second richest educational offering in the country after Warsaw. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_universities">Public universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Public universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city has eight state-owned universities. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz University</a> (<i>UAM</i>) is one of the most influential and biggest <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Poland" title="List of universities in Poland">universities in Poland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technology" title="Poznań University of Technology">Poznań University of Technology</a> (PUT, <i>PP</i> in Polish) is one of the most influential and biggest technical universities in Poland. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technology" title="Poznań University of Technology">Poznań University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Economics_and_Business" title="Poznań University of Economics and Business">Poznań University of Economics and Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Poznań University of Medical Sciences">Poznań University of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Life_Sciences_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="University of Life Sciences in Poznań">University of Life Sciences in Poznań</a></li> <li>Poznań University School of Physical Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Fine_Arts_in_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Fine Arts in Poznań">University of Fine Arts in Poznań</a></li> <li>Academy of Music in Poznań</li></ul> <p>Adam Mickiewicz University is one of the three best universities in Poland after <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">University of Kraków</a>. They all have a very high number of international student and scientist exchange, research grants and top publications. In northern suburbs of Poznań a very large "Morasko Campus" has been built (Faculty of Biology, Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Political Sciences, Geography). The majority of faculties are already open, although a few more facilities will be constructed. The campus infrastructure belongs to the most impressive among Polish universities. Also, there are plans for "Uniwersytecki Park Historii Ziemii" (Earth History Park), one of the reason for the park construction is a "<a href="/wiki/Morasko_meteorite_nature_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Morasko meteorite nature reserve">Morasko meteorite nature reserve</a>" situated close by, it is one of the rare sites of Europe where a number of meteorites fell and some traces may be still seen. </p><p>Poznań University of Technology was ranked fifth among all universities in Poland, and third among Polish technical universities, in the 2018 international <a href="/wiki/SCImago_Institutions_Rankings" title="SCImago Institutions Rankings">Scimago Institutions Ranking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>, known also as the Shanghai Ranking, PUT was classified among the 500 best universities in the world in two disciplines, i.e. "Computer Science & Engineering" and "Mechanical Engineering".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PUT was ranked third among all Polish universities in the 2019–20 <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Higher_Education_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland)">Ministry of Science and Higher Education</a> popularity ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent years have brought extensive development of university infrastructure at the "Warta campus", located on the right side of <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a> river between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malta" title="Lake Malta">Malta</a> lake and Poznań city center. Location of this campus belongs to the most impressive among Polish universities. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Higher education institutions in Poznań</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poznan_10-2013_img08_University_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adam Mickiewicz University – Library"><img alt="Adam Mickiewicz University – Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Poznan_10-2013_img08_University_Library.jpg/240px-Poznan_10-2013_img08_University_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Poznan_10-2013_img08_University_Library.jpg/360px-Poznan_10-2013_img08_University_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Poznan_10-2013_img08_University_Library.jpg/480px-Poznan_10-2013_img08_University_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3232" data-file-height="2424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz University</a> – Library</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rektorat_Politechniki_Pozna%C5%84skiej_04_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="University of Technology"><img alt="University of Technology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Rektorat_Politechniki_Pozna%C5%84skiej_04_%28cropped%29.JPG/135px-Rektorat_Politechniki_Pozna%C5%84skiej_04_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Rektorat_Politechniki_Pozna%C5%84skiej_04_%28cropped%29.JPG/202px-Rektorat_Politechniki_Pozna%C5%84skiej_04_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Rektorat_Politechniki_Pozna%C5%84skiej_04_%28cropped%29.JPG/270px-Rektorat_Politechniki_Pozna%C5%84skiej_04_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2402" data-file-height="3204" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technology" title="Poznań University of Technology">University of Technology</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UE_Poznan_Al.Niepodleglosci.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="University of Economics"><img alt="University of Economics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/UE_Poznan_Al.Niepodleglosci.jpg/248px-UE_Poznan_Al.Niepodleglosci.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/UE_Poznan_Al.Niepodleglosci.jpg/372px-UE_Poznan_Al.Niepodleglosci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/UE_Poznan_Al.Niepodleglosci.jpg/496px-UE_Poznan_Al.Niepodleglosci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="1816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Economics_and_Business" title="Poznań University of Economics and Business">University of Economics</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uniwersytet_Artystyczny_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="University of Fine Arts in Poznań"><img alt="University of Fine Arts in Poznań" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uniwersytet_Artystyczny_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg/282px-Uniwersytet_Artystyczny_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uniwersytet_Artystyczny_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg/423px-Uniwersytet_Artystyczny_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uniwersytet_Artystyczny_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg/564px-Uniwersytet_Artystyczny_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Fine_Arts_in_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Fine Arts in Poznań">University of Fine Arts in Poznań</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Iuridicum_UAM_23_09_2011_P9240272_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adam Mickiewicz University – Collegium Iuridicum"><img alt="Adam Mickiewicz University – Collegium Iuridicum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Iuridicum_UAM_23_09_2011_P9240272_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Iuridicum_UAM_23_09_2011_P9240272_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Iuridicum_UAM_23_09_2011_P9240272_%28cropped%29.jpg/405px-Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Iuridicum_UAM_23_09_2011_P9240272_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Iuridicum_UAM_23_09_2011_P9240272_%28cropped%29.jpg/540px-Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Iuridicum_UAM_23_09_2011_P9240272_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2948" data-file-height="1967" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz University</a> – Collegium Iuridicum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_275_Ewangelicki_Dom_Zwi%C4%85zkowy,_ob._Akademia_Muzyczna_Marcin_%C5%9Aw._ul._87_Pozna%C5%84_MM_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Academy of Music"><img alt="Academy of Music" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_275_Ewangelicki_Dom_Zwi%C4%85zkowy%2C_ob._Akademia_Muzyczna_Marcin_%C5%9Aw._ul._87_Pozna%C5%84_MM_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-A_275_Ewangelicki_Dom_Zwi%C4%85zkowy%2C_ob._Akademia_Muzyczna_Marcin_%C5%9Aw._ul._87_Pozna%C5%84_MM_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_275_Ewangelicki_Dom_Zwi%C4%85zkowy%2C_ob._Akademia_Muzyczna_Marcin_%C5%9Aw._ul._87_Pozna%C5%84_MM_%28cropped%29.jpg/361px-A_275_Ewangelicki_Dom_Zwi%C4%85zkowy%2C_ob._Akademia_Muzyczna_Marcin_%C5%9Aw._ul._87_Pozna%C5%84_MM_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_275_Ewangelicki_Dom_Zwi%C4%85zkowy%2C_ob._Akademia_Muzyczna_Marcin_%C5%9Aw._ul._87_Pozna%C5%84_MM_%28cropped%29.jpg/481px-A_275_Ewangelicki_Dom_Zwi%C4%85zkowy%2C_ob._Akademia_Muzyczna_Marcin_%C5%9Aw._ul._87_Pozna%C5%84_MM_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="2366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Academy of Music</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Collegium_Stomatologicum,_Pozna%C5%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medical University – Collegium Stomatologicum"><img alt="Medical University – Collegium Stomatologicum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Collegium_Stomatologicum%2C_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/320px-Collegium_Stomatologicum%2C_Pozna%C5%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Collegium_Stomatologicum%2C_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/480px-Collegium_Stomatologicum%2C_Pozna%C5%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Collegium_Stomatologicum%2C_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/640px-Collegium_Stomatologicum%2C_Pozna%C5%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4975" data-file-height="2798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Poznań University of Medical Sciences">Medical University</a> – Collegium Stomatologicum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Collegium_Altum_in_Pozna%C5%84_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="University of Economics – Collegium Altum"><img alt="University of Economics – Collegium Altum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Collegium_Altum_in_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Collegium_Altum_in_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Collegium_Altum_in_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Collegium_Altum_in_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Collegium_Altum_in_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg/480px-Collegium_Altum_in_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3183" data-file-height="2386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Economics_and_Business" title="Poznań University of Economics and Business">University of Economics</a> – Collegium Altum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wydzial_Technologii_Chemicznych_Politechnika_Poznanska,_Berdychowo_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="University of Technology – Faculty of Chemical Technologies"><img alt="University of Technology – Faculty of Chemical Technologies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wydzial_Technologii_Chemicznych_Politechnika_Poznanska%2C_Berdychowo_%285%29.JPG/240px-Wydzial_Technologii_Chemicznych_Politechnika_Poznanska%2C_Berdychowo_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wydzial_Technologii_Chemicznych_Politechnika_Poznanska%2C_Berdychowo_%285%29.JPG/360px-Wydzial_Technologii_Chemicznych_Politechnika_Poznanska%2C_Berdychowo_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wydzial_Technologii_Chemicznych_Politechnika_Poznanska%2C_Berdychowo_%285%29.JPG/480px-Wydzial_Technologii_Chemicznych_Politechnika_Poznanska%2C_Berdychowo_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technology" title="Poznań University of Technology">University of Technology</a> – Faculty of Chemical Technologies</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteka_Uniwersytetu_Medycznego_w_Poznaniu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medical University – Library"><img alt="Medical University – Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Biblioteka_Uniwersytetu_Medycznego_w_Poznaniu.jpg/320px-Biblioteka_Uniwersytetu_Medycznego_w_Poznaniu.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Biblioteka_Uniwersytetu_Medycznego_w_Poznaniu.jpg/480px-Biblioteka_Uniwersytetu_Medycznego_w_Poznaniu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Biblioteka_Uniwersytetu_Medycznego_w_Poznaniu.jpg/640px-Biblioteka_Uniwersytetu_Medycznego_w_Poznaniu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3966" data-file-height="2231" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Poznań University of Medical Sciences">Medical University</a> – Library</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_universities">Private universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Private universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is also a great number of smaller, mostly private-run colleges and institutions of higher education, including <a href="/wiki/SWPS_University" title="SWPS University">SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collegium_Da_Vinci" title="Collegium Da Vinci">Collegium Da Vinci</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WSB_Merito_Universities" title="WSB Merito Universities">WSB University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_schools">High schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: High schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_LO_im._K._Marcinkowskiego_w_Poznaniu_maj_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/I_LO_im._K._Marcinkowskiego_w_Poznaniu_maj_2024.jpg/220px-I_LO_im._K._Marcinkowskiego_w_Poznaniu_maj_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/I_LO_im._K._Marcinkowskiego_w_Poznaniu_maj_2024.jpg/330px-I_LO_im._K._Marcinkowskiego_w_Poznaniu_maj_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/I_LO_im._K._Marcinkowskiego_w_Poznaniu_maj_2024.jpg/440px-I_LO_im._K._Marcinkowskiego_w_Poznaniu_maj_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karol_Marcinkowski_High_School" title="Karol Marcinkowski High School">Karol Marcinkowski High School</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Poznań has numerous high schools, which have different programmes focusing on different subjects. Some of the most notable are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_High_School_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz High School in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Marcinkowski_High_School" title="Karol Marcinkowski High School">Karol Marcinkowski High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Cantius_High_School,_Pozna%C5%84,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John Cantius High School, Poznań, Poland">St. John Cantius High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Magdalene_High_School_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Saint Mary Magdalene High School in Poznań">St. Mary Magdalene High School</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a>, the branch in Poznań</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Society_of_Friends_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences">Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li>Poznań Supercomputing and Networking Center</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Institute" title="Western Institute">Western Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadiopoznan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stadiopoznan.jpg/220px-Stadiopoznan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stadiopoznan.jpg/330px-Stadiopoznan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stadiopoznan.jpg/440px-Stadiopoznan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stadion_Miejski_(Pozna%C5%84)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Miejski (Poznań)">Municipal Stadium</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several multi-sport clubs in Poznań. <a href="/wiki/Warta_Pozna%C5%84" title="Warta Poznań">Warta Poznań</a> was one of the most successful clubs in pre-World War II history, and <a href="/wiki/Lech_Pozna%C5%84" title="Lech Poznań">Lech Poznań</a> football team frequently plays in European cups. Lech plays at the <a href="/wiki/Stadion_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Poznań">Municipal Stadium</a>, which hosted the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">2012 European Championship</a> group stages as well as the opening game and the final of the <a href="/wiki/2006_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship" title="2006 UEFA European Under-19 Championship">2006 under-19 Euro Championship</a>. Warta usually plays at the small <a href="/wiki/Stadion_Miejski_Warty_(Pozna%C5%84)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Miejski Warty (Poznań)">Dębińska Road Stadium</a>, a former training ground for <a href="/wiki/Stadion_Edmunda_Szyca" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Edmunda Szyca">Edmund Szyc Stadium</a>, however, since the latter fell into disrepair in 1998 and was sold in 2001, it became the team's main ground. The club was planning to rebuild Szyc Stadium with historical 60,000-seat capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent seasons Warta played their matches at the <a href="/wiki/Stadion_Dyskobolii_Grodzisk_Wielkopolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Dyskobolii Grodzisk Wielkopolski">Dyskobolia Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grodzisk_Wielkopolski" title="Grodzisk Wielkopolski">Grodzisk Wielkopolski</a>, as their current did not fulfill the <a href="/wiki/PZPN" class="mw-redirect" title="PZPN">footballing authority's</a> requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's third professional football team of multi-sport <a href="/wiki/Olimpia_Pozna%C5%84" title="Olimpia Poznań">Olimpia Poznań</a> club ceased activity in 2004, and the club focused on other sports, achieving good results in <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawn_tennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawn tennis">tennis</a>. Olimpia is hosting the annual tennis <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Open" title="Poznań Open">Poznań Open tournament</a> at its <a href="/wiki/Park_Tenisowy_Olimpia" title="Park Tenisowy Olimpia">Olimpia Tennis Park</a>. The club owns a large sports complex near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Rusa%C5%82ka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Rusałka">Rusałka lake</a>, and apart from the tennis facilities boasts a large city recreation areas: <a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a> facilities with a <a href="/wiki/Four-cross" title="Four-cross">four-cross</a> track, an <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics (sport)">athletics</a> stadium with 3,000 capacity, and a <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>-<a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">speedway</a> stadium with 20,000 capacity. The latter had fallen into vast disrepair until it was acquired by the City Council from the Police in 2013 and was renovated. The football-speedway stadium hosts <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">speedway</a> club <a href="/wiki/PS%C5%BB_Pozna%C5%84" title="PSŻ Poznań">PSŻ Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> side <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaos_Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaos Poznań (page does not exist)">NKR Chaos</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team the Armia Poznań,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and football team Poznaniak Poznań. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Start_2000_Lake_Malta_Poznan_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Start_2000_Lake_Malta_Poznan_2015.jpg/220px-Start_2000_Lake_Malta_Poznan_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Start_2000_Lake_Malta_Poznan_2015.jpg/330px-Start_2000_Lake_Malta_Poznan_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Start_2000_Lake_Malta_Poznan_2015.jpg/440px-Start_2000_Lake_Malta_Poznan_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2364" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Malta" title="Lake Malta">Malta Lake</a> – a view of the start line during the <a href="/wiki/2015_European_Rowing_Championships" title="2015 European Rowing Championships">2015 European Rowing Championships</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2023-06-18_Lake_Malta_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2023-06-18_Lake_Malta_02.jpg/220px-2023-06-18_Lake_Malta_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2023-06-18_Lake_Malta_02.jpg/330px-2023-06-18_Lake_Malta_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2023-06-18_Lake_Malta_02.jpg/440px-2023-06-18_Lake_Malta_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5847" data-file-height="3899" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Spectator stands in the southeastern part of Lake Malta.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The artificial <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malta" title="Lake Malta">Malta lake</a>, which was formed in 1952 and is about 2.2 km (1.4 mi) long, hosted the <a href="/wiki/2009_World_Rowing_Championships" title="2009 World Rowing Championships">2009 World Rowing Championships</a> and some regattas of the <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Cup" title="World Rowing Cup">World Rowing Cup</a>. It also held the <a href="/wiki/ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships</a> in <a href="/wiki/1990_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="1990 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="2001 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">2001</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2010_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="2010 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">2010</a>. </p><p><i>Termy Maltańskie</i>, big water sports and recreation complex featuring <a href="/wiki/Olympic-size_swimming_pool" title="Olympic-size swimming pool">Olympic-size swimming pool</a>, is located at the north bank of the lake. A 50-metre pool can be divided into two 25-metre pools. The other pool with a diving tower also fulfils all requirements necessary for organizing sports competitions. <i>Termy Maltańskie</i> consists of as many as 18 sports and recreational swimming pools with a total water surface area of 5,000 m<sup>2</sup> (54,000 sq ft) as well as many other attractions such as different kind of saunas and spa, among others. The complex uses natural geothermal waters drawn nearby from a depth of 1,306 metres (4,285 ft) and saturated with beneficial minerals and elements, for some of the swimming pools. </p><p>At the south bank of the lake, Malta-Ski <a href="/wiki/Dry_slope_skiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry slope skiing">year-round skiing complex</a> is situated, and is hosting minor sport competitions, equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Toboggan_run" class="mw-redirect" title="Toboggan run">toboggan run</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Minigolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Minigolf">minigolf</a> course. There is also a roller rink with a <a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">roller skating</a> club nearby. </p><p>Since 2000, the city has been the host of the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Marathon" title="Poznań Marathon">Poznań Marathon</a>, one of the largest such races in the country. </p><p>Poznań's multi-purpose sports and entertainment indoor <a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">arena</a> is simply called <i><a href="/wiki/Hala_Arena" title="Hala Arena">Arena</a></i>. Located west of city centre and built in 1974, it originally seated about 5,500 people and is used for many different sports and cultural events such as <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> and concerts, among others. The facility has since been modernized, including lowering the level of the ground floor to increase arena capacity to about 9,200. Poznań has experience as a host for international sporting events such as the <a href="/wiki/2009_EuroBasket" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 EuroBasket">2009 EuroBasket</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has the largest motorsport race track in Poland, <a href="/wiki/Tor_Pozna%C5%84" title="Tor Poznań">Tor Poznań</a>, located at the west city's suburbs in <a href="/wiki/Prze%C5%BAmierowo" title="Przeźmierowo">Przeźmierowo</a>. </p><p>Poznań is also considered to be the hotbed of Polish <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, with several top teams of <a href="/wiki/Warta_Pozna%C5%84_(field_hockey)" title="Warta Poznań (field hockey)">Warta Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grunwald_Pozna%C5%84_(sports_club)" title="Grunwald Poznań (sports club)">Grunwald Poznań</a> – multi-sport club which also has <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> sections, <a href="/wiki/Pocztowiec_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocztowiec Poznań">Pocztowiec Poznań</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AZS_AWF_Pozna%C5%84" title="AZS AWF Poznań">AZS AWF Poznań</a> – an academic club which also fields professional teams in women's <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>. Other clubs include: <a href="/wiki/Posnania_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Posnania Poznań">Posnania Poznań</a> – one of the best <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> teams in the country, <a href="/wiki/Polonia_Pozna%C5%84" title="Polonia Poznań">Polonia Poznań</a> – formerly a multi-sport club achieving many successes in rugby with only a football section remaining, <a href="/wiki/KKS_Wiara_Lecha" class="mw-redirect" title="KKS Wiara Lecha">KKS Wiara Lecha</a> – football club formed by the supporters of Lech Poznań, and <a href="/wiki/Odlew_Pozna%C5%84" title="Odlew Poznań">Odlew Poznań</a> – arguably the most famous amateur club in the country due to their extensive media coverage and humorous exploits. There are also numerous <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">rhythmic gymnastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synchronised_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronised swimming">synchronised swimming</a> clubs, as well as numerous less notable amateur football teams. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/E11_European_long_distance_path" title="E11 European long distance path">E11 European long distance path</a> for hikers passes through Poznań. </p><p>Poznań bid for the <a href="/wiki/2014_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2014 Summer Youth Olympics">2014 Summer Youth Olympics</a> but lost to <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, with the Chinese city receiving 47 votes over Poznań's 42. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_Services">Public Services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Public Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szpital_Kliniczny_im._Heliodora_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cickiego_2,_Pozna%C5%84_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Szpital_Kliniczny_im._Heliodora_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cickiego_2%2C_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Szpital_Kliniczny_im._Heliodora_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cickiego_2%2C_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Szpital_Kliniczny_im._Heliodora_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cickiego_2%2C_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Szpital_Kliniczny_im._Heliodora_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cickiego_2%2C_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Szpital_Kliniczny_im._Heliodora_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cickiego_2%2C_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Szpital_Kliniczny_im._Heliodora_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cickiego_2%2C_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5415" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Heliodor Święcicki Clinical Hospital</figcaption></figure> <p>A total of 574 healthcare providers offer outpatient services to the residents of Poznań. The independent public healthcare facilities providing inpatient care include municipal hospitals:<sup id="cite_ref-raport2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raport2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Pawe%C5%82_Raszeja" title="Franciszek Paweł Raszeja">Franciszek Raszeja</a> City Hospital on Mickiewicza Street,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_Struthius" title="Josephus Struthius">Józef Struś</a> Multi-Specialty City Hospital on Szwajcarska Street,</li> <li>Care and Treatment and Medical Rehabilitation Facility on Mogileńska Street.</li></ul> <p>The municipal hospitals employ just over 2,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-raport2_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raport2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the stationary treatment facilities managed by the City of Poznań, there are 20 hospitals operating, including 5 hospitals under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland Voivodeship</a>, 5 clinical hospitals affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Poznań University of Medical Sciences">Poznań University of Medical Sciences</a>, and 10 private hospitals. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CZD_Poznan_2022_sept_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/CZD_Poznan_2022_sept_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-CZD_Poznan_2022_sept_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/CZD_Poznan_2022_sept_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-CZD_Poznan_2022_sept_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/CZD_Poznan_2022_sept_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-CZD_Poznan_2022_sept_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4332" data-file-height="2437" /></a><figcaption>Greater Poland Center for Pediatrics</figcaption></figure> <p>Hospitals managed by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland Voivodeship</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-raport2_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raport2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Central <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Voivodeship</a> Hospital on Juraszów Street,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a> Center at Garbary Street,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> Center for <a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic Surgery">Thoracic Surgery</a>, named after Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, on Szamarzewskiego Street,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> Center for <a href="/wiki/Pediatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric">Pediatrics</a> on Wrzoska Street,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> Center for Rehabilitation on Sanatoryjna Street.</li></ul> <p>Clinical hospitals of the Karol Marcinkowski Medical University:<sup id="cite_ref-raport2_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raport2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Clinical Hospital of the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration of the Lord</a> on Długa Street,</li> <li>Heliodor Święcicki Clinical Hospital on Przybyszewskiego Street,</li> <li>Specialist Clinical Hospital, formerly the 111th Military Hospital, on Grunwaldzka Street,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Gynecological and Obstetric</a> Clinical Hospital on Polna Street,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktor_Dega" title="Wiktor Dega">Wiktor Dega</a> Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Clinical Hospital on 28 Czerwca 1956 Street.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szpitak_Polna_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Szpitak_Polna_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Szpitak_Polna_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Szpitak_Polna_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Szpitak_Polna_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Szpitak_Polna_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Szpitak_Polna_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>Gynecological and Obstetric Clinical Hospital</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the private hospitals include:<sup id="cite_ref-raport2_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raport2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hipolit_Cegielski" title="Hipolit Cegielski">Hipolit Cegielski</a> Medical Center on 28 Czerwca 1956 Street,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">St. Adalbert's</a> Hospital on Krzywoustego Street,</li> <li>Certus Hospital on Grunwaldzka Street,</li> <li>Medica Celsus Hospital and Clinic on Unii Lubelskiej Street,</li> <li>Promienista Clinic on Promienista Street,</li> <li>Med-Polonia on Obornicka Street,</li> <li>Pro Bono Clinic on Leszczyńska Street,</li> <li>Rehasport Clinic on Górecka Street,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George">St. George's</a> Ophthalmology Center on Jasielska Street.</li></ul> <p>Additionally, on the Dojazd Street, there is a departmental hospital administered by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Administration" title="Ministry of the Interior and Administration">Ministry of the Interior and Administration</a>. </p><p>Besides the hospital care Poznań Center for Specialist Medical Services (POSUM) on Solidarności Avenue provides services in the fields of outpatient treatment, diagnostics, rehabilitation, preventive care, and occupational medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-raport2_78-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raport2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each year, more than 300,000 people are hospitalized in Poznań. The clinical hospitals of the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Poznań University of Medical Sciences">Poznań University of Medical Sciences</a> have the highest number of beds and patients, accounting for about 56% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-raport2_78-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raport2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_and_Municipal_Guard">Police and Municipal Guard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Police and Municipal Guard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Poznań, various Police units operate across different administrative levels to ensure public safety. At the regional level, the Voivodship Police Headquarters in Poznań (Komenda Wojewódzka Policji w Poznaniu, KWP) coordinates police activities across the entire Greater Poland Voivodeship. Within the city, the key role is played by the Municipal Police Headquarters in Poznań (Komenda Miejska Policji w Poznaniu, KMP), responsible for maintaining order and safety. KMP supervises several police stations located in different districts:<sup id="cite_ref-komenda_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-komenda-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komisariat_Policji_Pozna%C5%84-Stare_Miasto_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Komisariat_Policji_Pozna%C5%84-Stare_Miasto_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Komisariat_Policji_Pozna%C5%84-Stare_Miasto_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Komisariat_Policji_Pozna%C5%84-Stare_Miasto_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Komisariat_Policji_Pozna%C5%84-Stare_Miasto_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Komisariat_Policji_Pozna%C5%84-Stare_Miasto_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Komisariat_Policji_Pozna%C5%84-Stare_Miasto_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Police Station - Old Town</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Police Station - North (Komisariat Policji - Północ)</li> <li>Police Station - Old Town (Komisariat Policji - Stare Miasto)</li> <li>Police Station - New Town (Komisariat Policji - Nowe Miasto)</li> <li>Police Station - Grunwald (Komisariat Policji - Grunwald)</li> <li>Police Station - Jeżyce (Komisariat Policji - Jeżyce)</li> <li>Police Station - Wilda (Komisariat Policji - Wilda)</li></ul> <p>Additionally, the Municipal Police Headquarters oversees stations in the Poznań County, including locations in <a href="/wiki/Murowana_Go%C5%9Blina" title="Murowana Goślina">Murowana Goślina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suchy_Las" title="Suchy Las">Suchy Las</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swarz%C4%99dz" title="Swarzędz">Swarzędz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostrzyn,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Kostrzyn, Greater Poland Voivodeship">Kostrzyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pobiedziska" title="Pobiedziska">Pobiedziska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarnowo_Podg%C3%B3rne" title="Tarnowo Podgórne">Tarnowo Podgórne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buk,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Buk, Greater Poland Voivodeship">Buk</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C4%99szew" title="Stęszew">Stęszew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komorniki" title="Komorniki">Komorniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubo%C5%84" title="Luboń">Luboń</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puszczykowo" title="Puszczykowo">Puszczykowo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosina" title="Mosina">Mosina</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3rnik" title="Kórnik">Kórnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dopiewo" title="Dopiewo">Dopiewo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kleszczewo,_Pozna%C5%84_County" title="Kleszczewo, Poznań County">Kleszczewo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rokietnica,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Rokietnica, Greater Poland Voivodeship">Rokietnica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prze%C5%BAmierowo" title="Przeźmierowo">Przeźmierowo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-komenda_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-komenda-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Municipal Police Headquarters in Poznań employs approximately 1,800 officers. Each station is responsible for patrolling and responding to incidents within its jurisdiction. In some areas of the city, smaller police posts provide additional law enforcement presence, supporting the main stations and serving local communities. All these units work closely together to effectively protect Poznań's residents. Since September 2016, the National Safety Threat Map (Krajowa Mapa Zagrożeń Bezpieczeństwa) has been active in the area covered by the Poznań Municipal Police Headquarters. This tool facilitates communication between the police and the public, aiming to improve safety in residential areas.<sup id="cite_ref-raport2_78-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raport2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The City Guard (Straż Miejska Miasta Poznania) operates under the City Hall, overseeing five district branches and employing about 300 guards.<sup id="cite_ref-raport2_78-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raport2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city also maintains a video surveillance system to enhance safety and crime detection, with 395 cameras in operation. The footage is monitored and analyzed by staff at six Surveillance Centers located within police stations. Additionally, the video feed is accessible to the Municipal Police Headquarters, the Traffic Management Center (ZDM), the MPK dispatch center, the Crisis Management Center, and the City Guard headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-raport2_78-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raport2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84%E2%80%93%C5%81awica_Airport" title="Poznań–Ławica Airport">Poznań–Ławica Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramways in Poznań">Tramways in Poznań</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbrand_G%C5%82ogowska_RB1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Herbrand_G%C5%82ogowska_RB1.JPG/220px-Herbrand_G%C5%82ogowska_RB1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Herbrand_G%C5%82ogowska_RB1.JPG/330px-Herbrand_G%C5%82ogowska_RB1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Herbrand_G%C5%82ogowska_RB1.JPG/440px-Herbrand_G%C5%82ogowska_RB1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horse-drawn tram</a> used in Poznań between 1880 and 1898.</figcaption></figure> <table style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; width: 220px; background: #DFDFDF;">Poznań railway node</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%84ski_W%C4%99ze%C5%82_Kolejowy_stan_w_VI_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pozna%C5%84ski_W%C4%99ze%C5%82_Kolejowy_stan_w_VI_2012.png/220px-Pozna%C5%84ski_W%C4%99ze%C5%82_Kolejowy_stan_w_VI_2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pozna%C5%84ski_W%C4%99ze%C5%82_Kolejowy_stan_w_VI_2012.png/330px-Pozna%C5%84ski_W%C4%99ze%C5%82_Kolejowy_stan_w_VI_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pozna%C5%84ski_W%C4%99ze%C5%82_Kolejowy_stan_w_VI_2012.png/440px-Pozna%C5%84ski_W%C4%99ze%C5%82_Kolejowy_stan_w_VI_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Poznań railway node as of 2012.</figcaption></figure></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The main Poznań railway station is called <i><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station" title="Poznań Główny railway station">Poznań Główny</a></i>, and is located just southwest of the city centre. There are also the smaller <i><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Wsch%C3%B3d_railway_station" title="Poznań Wschód railway station">East Poznań</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Garbary_railway_station" title="Poznań Garbary railway station">Poznań Garbary</a></i> stations northeast of the centre, and a number of other stations on the outskirts of the city. The main east–west <a href="/wiki/A2_autostrada_(Poland)" title="A2 autostrada (Poland)">A2 motorway</a> runs south of the city centre connecting it with <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódż</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> in the east, serving also as a centre bypass. Other main roads run in the direction of Warsaw, <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C4%85growiec" title="Wągrowiec">Wągrowiec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oborniki" title="Oborniki">Oborniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buk,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Buk, Greater Poland Voivodeship">Buk</a> and Berlin. </p> <table style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; width: 220px; background: #DFDFDF;">Poznań air transport</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PoznanAirport_03.06.2012_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PoznanAirport_03.06.2012_3.JPG/220px-PoznanAirport_03.06.2012_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PoznanAirport_03.06.2012_3.JPG/330px-PoznanAirport_03.06.2012_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PoznanAirport_03.06.2012_3.JPG/440px-PoznanAirport_03.06.2012_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Wnętrze terminala T2 (odloty) na poznańskim lotnisku</figcaption></figure></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%84-%C5%81awica_(widok_na_terminal).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Pozna%C5%84-%C5%81awica_%28widok_na_terminal%29.JPG/220px-Pozna%C5%84-%C5%81awica_%28widok_na_terminal%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Pozna%C5%84-%C5%81awica_%28widok_na_terminal%29.JPG/330px-Pozna%C5%84-%C5%81awica_%28widok_na_terminal%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Pozna%C5%84-%C5%81awica_%28widok_na_terminal%29.JPG/440px-Pozna%C5%84-%C5%81awica_%28widok_na_terminal%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84-%C5%81awica_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań-Ławica Airport">Ławica Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city has an international airport <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84%E2%80%93%C5%81awica_Airport" title="Poznań–Ławica Airport">Poznań-Ławica</a>. As of March 2013, flights could be flown from it to 25 airports located mainly in Western European countries. In addition, during the 2013 summer season, charter planes departed from Poznań to 36 popular resorts. In 2012. Shoal handled nearly 1.6 million passengers, which placed it in the 6th position in Poland in terms of air traffic volume. In 2016 it handled approximately 1.71 million passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; width: 220px; background: #DFDFDF;">City's tram network</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sie%C4%87_tramwajowa_w_Poznaniu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sie%C4%87_tramwajowa_w_Poznaniu.svg/220px-Sie%C4%87_tramwajowa_w_Poznaniu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sie%C4%87_tramwajowa_w_Poznaniu.svg/330px-Sie%C4%87_tramwajowa_w_Poznaniu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sie%C4%87_tramwajowa_w_Poznaniu.svg/440px-Sie%C4%87_tramwajowa_w_Poznaniu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> <i>Pestka</i> Fast Tram</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <i>Pestka</i> extension</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0078DC; color:black;"> </span> Standard network, partially underground in the eastern part</div></figcaption></figure></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">communist era</a> in 1989, city investments into transportation have been mostly into public transport. While the number of cars since 1989 has at least doubled, municipal policy concentrated on improving public transport, which mostly consists of trams and both urban and suburban buses. New tram lines are planned and built, including <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fast_Tram" title="Poznań Fast Tram"><i>Pestka</i> Fast Tram</a> sections, and the rolling stock is being replaced for modern low-floor vehicles such as <a href="/wiki/Solaris_Tramino" title="Solaris Tramino">Solaris Tramino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Combino" title="Siemens Combino">Siemens Combino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moderus_Gamma" title="Moderus Gamma">Moderus Gamma</a> trams, and buses such as <a href="/wiki/Solaris_Urbino" title="Solaris Urbino">Solaris Urbino</a>. </p><p>Paid parking zones in the city centre were established, and Park & Ride car parks have been built to encourage commuters to leave their car on the outskirts of the city and continue their journey by public transport, as well as to allow safe and legal parking outside the city centre. Limiting car access to the strict centre actually increased the level of ridership.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dworzec_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New and controversial main railway station Poznań Główny."><img alt="New and controversial main railway station Poznań Główny." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dworzec_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg/200px-Dworzec_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dworzec_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg/300px-Dworzec_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dworzec_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg/400px-Dworzec_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Pozna%C5%84_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5509" data-file-height="4132" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">New and controversial main railway station <i><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station" title="Poznań Główny railway station"><i>Poznań Główny</i></a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EN76_029_in_Poznan_Glowny_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Greater Poland Railways train at Poznań Główny."><img alt="Greater Poland Railways train at Poznań Główny." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/EN76_029_in_Poznan_Glowny_%28cropped%29.JPG/207px-EN76_029_in_Poznan_Glowny_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="138" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/EN76_029_in_Poznan_Glowny_%28cropped%29.JPG/310px-EN76_029_in_Poznan_Glowny_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/EN76_029_in_Poznan_Glowny_%28cropped%29.JPG/413px-EN76_029_in_Poznan_Glowny_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3514" data-file-height="2554" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Koleje_Wielkopolskie" title="Koleje Wielkopolskie">Greater Poland Railways</a> train at <i>Poznań Główny</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C4%99ze%C5%82_A2_S5_S11_z_wiaduktu_w_Go%C5%82uskach_1_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A2 motorway near the Poznań Zachód (Poznań West) junction"><img alt="A2 motorway near the Poznań Zachód (Poznań West) junction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/W%C4%99ze%C5%82_A2_S5_S11_z_wiaduktu_w_Go%C5%82uskach_1_2023.jpg/225px-W%C4%99ze%C5%82_A2_S5_S11_z_wiaduktu_w_Go%C5%82uskach_1_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/W%C4%99ze%C5%82_A2_S5_S11_z_wiaduktu_w_Go%C5%82uskach_1_2023.jpg/338px-W%C4%99ze%C5%82_A2_S5_S11_z_wiaduktu_w_Go%C5%82uskach_1_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/W%C4%99ze%C5%82_A2_S5_S11_z_wiaduktu_w_Go%C5%82uskach_1_2023.jpg/450px-W%C4%99ze%C5%82_A2_S5_S11_z_wiaduktu_w_Go%C5%82uskach_1_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5053" data-file-height="3369" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/A2_autostrada_(Poland)" title="A2 autostrada (Poland)">A2 motorway</a> near the Poznań Zachód (Poznań West) junction </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moderus_Gamma_Pozna%C5%84_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moderus Gamma tram, which is produced near Poznań, in city's underground eastern section."><img alt="Moderus Gamma tram, which is produced near Poznań, in city's underground eastern section." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Moderus_Gamma_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg/207px-Moderus_Gamma_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Moderus_Gamma_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg/311px-Moderus_Gamma_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Moderus_Gamma_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg/414px-Moderus_Gamma_Pozna%C5%84_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3904" data-file-height="2828" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moderus_Gamma" title="Moderus Gamma">Moderus Gamma</a> tram, which is produced near Poznań, in city's underground eastern section.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poznanski_Rower_Miejski_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City Bike's station."><img alt="City Bike's station." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Poznanski_Rower_Miejski_9.jpg/120px-Poznanski_Rower_Miejski_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Poznanski_Rower_Miejski_9.jpg/179px-Poznanski_Rower_Miejski_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Poznanski_Rower_Miejski_9.jpg/239px-Poznanski_Rower_Miejski_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2436" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">City Bike's station.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solaris_MPK_Pozna%C5%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A short model of Solaris buses which are also produced near Poznań."><img alt="A short model of Solaris buses which are also produced near Poznań." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Solaris_MPK_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/200px-Solaris_MPK_Pozna%C5%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Solaris_MPK_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/300px-Solaris_MPK_Pozna%C5%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Solaris_MPK_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/401px-Solaris_MPK_Pozna%C5%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3174" data-file-height="2378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Solaris_Urbino_12" title="Solaris Urbino 12">short model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Solaris_Bus_%26_Coach" title="Solaris Bus & Coach">Solaris</a> buses which are also produced near Poznań.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozna%C5%84,_ul._Paderewskiego_8_(1_ewaj).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pozna%C5%84%2C_ul._Paderewskiego_8_%281_ewaj%29.jpg/220px-Pozna%C5%84%2C_ul._Paderewskiego_8_%281_ewaj%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pozna%C5%84%2C_ul._Paderewskiego_8_%281_ewaj%29.jpg/330px-Pozna%C5%84%2C_ul._Paderewskiego_8_%281_ewaj%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pozna%C5%84%2C_ul._Paderewskiego_8_%281_ewaj%29.jpg/440px-Pozna%C5%84%2C_ul._Paderewskiego_8_%281_ewaj%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Consular Agency of the United States</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consulates">Consulates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Consulates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a consular agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a consulate general of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and 21 honorary consulates in Poznań – <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_Sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – Sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Twin towns – Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Poland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland">List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland</a></div> <p>Poznań is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Assen" title="Assen">Assen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, since 1992<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Moravia" class="mw-redirect" title="South Moravia">South Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, since 1966<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brno_twinnings_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brno_twinnings-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brno_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brno-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, since 1998<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r" title="Győr">Győr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Transdanubia" title="Western Transdanubia">Western Transdanubia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, since 2008<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a>, Lower Saxony, Germany, since 1979<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanover_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanover-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>, England, United Kingdom, since 1994<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Lakeland" title="Finnish Lakeland">Finnish Lakeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Finland" title="Central Finland">Central Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, since 1979<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a>, Georgia, since 2009<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, since 1997<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pozuelo_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Pozuelo de Alarcón">Pozuelo de Alarcón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Madrid" title="Community of Madrid">Community of Madrid</a>, Spain, since 1992<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ra%27anana" title="Ra'anana">Ra'anana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharon Plain">Sharon Plain</a>, Israel, since 2010<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, Brittany, France, since 1998<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, Guangdong, China, since 1993<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a>, Ohio, United States, since 1991<sup id="cite_ref-Poznań_twinnings_82-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poznań_twinnings-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan" title="Bay City, Michigan">Bay City</a>, Michigan, United States, since 1977<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Pinhais" title="São José dos Pinhais">São José dos Pinhais</a>, Paraná, Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Pozna%C5%84" title="List of people from Poznań">List of people from Poznań</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Pozna%C5%84" title="Category:People from Poznań">Category:People from Poznań</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Timeline of Poznań">Timeline of Poznań</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Poland" title="Tourism in Poland">Tourism in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_coronations_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coronations in Poland">Royal coronations in Poland</a> including in Poznań cathedral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fortress" title="Poznań Fortress">Poznań Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Synagogue_(Pozna%C5%84)" title="New Synagogue (Poznań)">New Synagogue</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pozna%C5%84" title="The Poznań">The Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Pozna%C5%84_Uhlans_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Poznań Uhlans Regiment">15th Poznań Uhlans Regiment</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Pronunciation: <ul><li>British: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">POZ</span>-nan</i></a></li> <li>American: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">POHZ</span>-nan, <span style="font-size:90%">POHZ</span>-nahn</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i>Posen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈpoːzn̩]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bc\/De-Posen.ogg\/De-Posen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Posen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/De-Posen.ogg/De-Posen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Posen.ogg" title="File:De-Posen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i>Posnania</i></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201103446/https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx">Archived</a> 2023-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Polish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metro_pop-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metro_pop_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metro_pop_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metro_pop_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metro_pop_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metropoliapoznan.pl/data/publikacje_pliki/145/o/metropolia_poznan_gus.pdf">"Poznań Metropolia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>metropoliapoznan.pl</i> (in Polish). 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metropoliapoznan.pl&rft.atitle=Pozna%C5%84+Metropolia&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetropoliapoznan.pl%2Fdata%2Fpublikacje_pliki%2F145%2Fo%2Fmetropolia_poznan_gus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ec.europa.eu-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en">"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+at+current+market+prices+by+metropolitan+regions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Fmet_10r_3gdp%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table">"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+at+current+market+prices+by+NUTS+3+regions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Fnama_10r_3gdp%2Fdefault%2Ftable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/poznan">"Poznan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">"The World According to GaWC 2020"</a>. <i>GaWC - Research Network</i>. Globalization and World Cities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">the original</a> on 24 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GaWC+-+Research+Network&rft.atitle=The+World+According+to+GaWC+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2020t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poznan.pl/mim/studia/en/high-quality-of-life,p,23177,23178,23267.html">"High quality of life – Study – Poznan.pl"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+quality+of+life+%E2%80%93+Study+%E2%80%93+Poznan.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poznan.pl%2Fmim%2Fstudia%2Fen%2Fhigh-quality-of-life%2Cp%2C23177%2C23178%2C23267.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/in/Poznan">"Quality of Life in Poznan"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quality+of+Life+in+Poznan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.numbeo.com%2Fquality-of-life%2Fin%2FPoznan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobosz2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dobosz, Józef (2002). <i>Monarchia i możni wobec Kościoła w Polsce do początku XIII wieku</i> (in Polish). Poznań: Wydawn. Poznańskie. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788371771101" title="Special:BookSources/9788371771101"><bdi>9788371771101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchia+i+mo%C5%BCni+wobec+Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82a+w+Polsce+do+pocz%C4%85tku+XIII+wieku&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Pozna%C5%84skie&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788371771101&rft.aulast=Dobosz&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstytut_Zachodni1988" class="citation book cs1">Instytut Zachodni (1988). <i>Życie i myśl</i>. Vol. 37. Warszawa (Warsaw): Pax. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/473901657">473901657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%BBycie+i+my%C5%9Bl&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Pax&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F473901657&rft.au=Instytut+Zachodni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brather87156159-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brather87156159_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrather2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brather, Sebastian (2001). <i>Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa</i>. Ergänzungsbände zum <a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_germanischen_Altertumskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde">Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde</a> (in German). Vol. 30. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 87, 156, 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017061-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017061-2"><bdi>3-11-017061-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A4ologie+der+westlichen+Slawen.+Siedlung%2C+Wirtschaft+und+Gesellschaft+im+fr%C3%BCh-+und+hochmittelalterlichen+Ostmitteleuropa&rft.series=Erg%C3%A4nzungsb%C3%A4nde+zum+Reallexikon+der+germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pages=87%2C+156%2C+159&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-11-017061-2&rft.aulast=Brather&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brather87-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brather87_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrather2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brather, Sebastian (2001). <i>Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa</i>. Ergänzungsbände zum <a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_germanischen_Altertumskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde">Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde</a> (in German). Vol. 30. Walter de Gruyter. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017061-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017061-2"><bdi>3-11-017061-2</bdi></a>. <q>Das städtische Bürgertum war auch in Polen und Böhmen zunächst überwiegend deutscher Herkunft. [English: Also in Poland and Bohemia were the burghers in the towns initially primarily of German origin.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A4ologie+der+westlichen+Slawen.+Siedlung%2C+Wirtschaft+und+Gesellschaft+im+fr%C3%BCh-+und+hochmittelalterlichen+Ostmitteleuropa&rft.series=Erg%C3%A4nzungsb%C3%A4nde+zum+Reallexikon+der+germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-11-017061-2&rft.aulast=Brather&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (2005). <i>God's Playground A History of Poland Volume 1: The Origins to 1795</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground+A+History+of+Poland+Volume+1%3A+The+Origins+to+1795&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Perles: <i>Geschichte der Juden in Posen</i>. In: <i>Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums</i>. Vol. 13, Breslau 1864, pp. 321–334 (in German, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z61K1O9KYooC&pg=PA323">online</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Poznan">"Poznań"</a>. <i>yivoencyclopedia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yivoencyclopedia.org&rft.atitle=Pozna%C5%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FPoznan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copernico.eu/en/articles/divided-city-entertainment-and-pleasure-culture-posen-around-1900">A divided city? The entertainment and pleasure culture in Posen around 1900</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotowski1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kotowski, Albert S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVg_tMs_ZPIC&q=adelnau&pg=PA365"><i>Polens Politik gegenüber seiner deutschen Minderheit 1919–1939</i></a> (in German). Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dortmund" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Dortmund">University of Dortmund</a>. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-03997-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-03997-3"><bdi>3-447-03997-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polens+Politik+gegen%C3%BCber+seiner+deutschen+Minderheit+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Forschungsstelle+Ostmitteleuropa%2C+University+of+Dortmund&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-447-03997-3&rft.aulast=Kotowski&rft.aufirst=Albert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKVg_tMs_ZPIC%26q%3Dadelnau%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poznan.pl/mim/wortals/en/wortal,684/news,9560/snapshots-frozen-in-time-a-century-of-poznan-trade-fairs,171252.html">"Snapshots frozen in time. A century of Poznań trade fairs"</a>. <i>poznan.pl</i>. Poznań City Hall. 29 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=poznan.pl&rft.atitle=Snapshots+frozen+in+time.+A+century+of+Pozna%C5%84+trade+fairs&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poznan.pl%2Fmim%2Fwortals%2Fen%2Fwortal%2C684%2Fnews%2C9560%2Fsnapshots-frozen-in-time-a-century-of-poznan-trade-fairs%2C171252.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKołakowski2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kołakowski, Andrzej (2020). "Zbrodnia bez kary: eksterminacja dzieci polskich w okresie okupacji niemieckiej w latach 1939-1945". In Kostkiewicz, Janina (ed.). <i>Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)</i> (in Polish). Kraków: <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Uniwersytet Jagielloński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Jagiello%C5%84ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteka Jagiellońska">Biblioteka Jagiellońska</a>. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zbrodnia+bez+kary%3A+eksterminacja+dzieci+polskich+w+okresie+okupacji+niemieckiej+w+latach+1939-1945&rft.btitle=Zbrodnia+bez+kary...+Eksterminacja+i+cierpienie+polskich+dzieci+pod+okupacj%C4%85+niemieck%C4%85+%281939%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Jagiello%C5%84ski%2C+Biblioteka+Jagiello%C5%84ska&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82akowski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedniowskiGola2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ledniowski, Krzysztof; Gola, Beata (2020). "Niemiecki obóz dla małoletnich Polaków w Łodzi przy ul. Przemysłowej". In Kostkiewicz, Janina (ed.). <i>Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)</i> (in Polish). Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska. pp. 147, 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niemiecki+ob%C3%B3z+dla+ma%C5%82oletnich+Polak%C3%B3w+w+%C5%81odzi+przy+ul.+Przemys%C5%82owej&rft.btitle=Zbrodnia+bez+kary...+Eksterminacja+i+cierpienie+polskich+dzieci+pod+okupacj%C4%85+niemieck%C4%85+%281939%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=147%2C+158&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Jagiello%C5%84ski%2C+Biblioteka+Jagiello%C5%84ska&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ledniowski&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft.au=Gola%2C+Beata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerzy Topolski. <i>Dzieje Poznania w latach 1793–1945: 1918–1945</i>. PWN. 1998. pp. 958, 1425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Trial of <i>Gauleiter</i> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a>". <i>Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals</i>. United Nations War Crimes Commission. Wm. S. Hein Publishing. 1997. p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12302-posen">"POSEN - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=POSEN+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F12302-posen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606062222/https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/p/586-poznan/99-history/137881-history-of-community">"History of Poznan Community, at <i>Sztetl</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/p/586-poznan/99-history/137881-history-of-community">the original</a> on 6 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Poznan+Community%2C+at+Sztetl.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsztetl.org.pl%2Fen%2Ftowns%2Fp%2F586-poznan%2F99-history%2F137881-history-of-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Survival artist: a memoir of the Holocaust", Eugene Bergman, 2009, pg. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietrowicz2011" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pietrowicz, Aleksandra (2011). "Konspiracja wielkopolska 1939–1945". <i>Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej</i> (in Polish). No. 5–6 (126–127). IPN. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1641-9561">1641-9561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biuletyn+Instytutu+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.atitle=Konspiracja+wielkopolska+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936+%28126%E2%80%93127%29&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1641-9561&rft.aulast=Pietrowicz&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, Waldine, <i>Gutzon Borglum: The Man Who Carved a Mountain</i>, Waldine Price, 1961 p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/poland/wielkopolska/poznan/sights/landmarks-monuments/monument-victims-june-1956">"Monument to the Victims of June 1956"</a>. Lonely Planet. 28 June 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monument+to+the+Victims+of+June+1956&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=1981-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fpoland%2Fwielkopolska%2Fpoznan%2Fsights%2Flandmarks-monuments%2Fmonument-victims-june-1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWtavg-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWtavg_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE">"Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+dobowa+temperatura+powietrza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FTSR_AVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWtmin-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWtmin_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE">"Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+minimalna+temperatura+powietrza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FTMIN_AVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWtmax-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWtmax_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE">"Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+maksymalna+temperatura+powietrza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FTMAX_AVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWprecip-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWprecip_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA">"Miesięczna suma opadu"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=Miesi%C4%99czna+suma+opadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FOPAD_SUMA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWprecipdays-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWprecipdays_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01">"Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=Liczba+dni+z+opadem+%3E%3D+0%2C1+mm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FOPAD_01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWsnowdepth-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWsnowdepth_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB">"Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+grubo%C5%9B%C4%87+pokrywy+%C5%9Bnie%C5%BCnej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FSNIEG_SR_GRUB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWsnowdays-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWsnowdays_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0">"Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=Liczba+dni+z+pokryw%C4%85+%C5%9Bnie%C5%BCna+%3E+0+cm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FSNIEG_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWsun-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWsun_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL">"Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geodata.lib.ncsu.edu/fedgov/noaa/clino/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12330.TXT">the original</a> on 15 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Brno+Foreign+Relations+%E2%80%93+Statutory+city+of+Brno&rft.pub=Brno.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.brno.cz%2Findex.php%3Flan%3Den%26nav01%3D2222%26nav02%3D1249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brno-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brno_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523100252/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272">"Brno – Partnerská města"</a> (in Czech). Brno.cz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272">the original</a> on 23 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brno+%E2%80%93+Partnersk%C3%A1+m%C4%9Bsta&rft.pub=Brno.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brno.cz%2Findex.php%3Fnav02%3D1985%26nav01%3D34%26nav03%3D1010%26nav04%3D1016%26nav05%3D1249%26nav06%3D1272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl">"Wprowadzenie"</a>. <i>Poznan.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poznan.pl&rft.atitle=Wprowadzenie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poznan.pl%2Fmim%2Fpublikacje%2Fpages.html%3Fco%3Dlist%26id%3D19%26ch%3D20%26instance%3D1017%26lang%3Dpl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanover-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanover_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724012346/http://www.hannover.de/de/buerger/entwicklung/partnerschaften/staedte_regionspartnerschaften/index.html">"Hanover – Twin Towns"</a> (in German). Hannover.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hannover.de/de/buerger/entwicklung/partnerschaften/staedte_regionspartnerschaften/index.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hanover+%E2%80%93+Twin+Towns&rft.pub=Hannover.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hannover.de%2Fde%2Fbuerger%2Fentwicklung%2Fpartnerschaften%2Fstaedte_regionspartnerschaften%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.raanana.muni.il/English/Topics/My+City/Sister+Cities/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120714064143/http://www.raanana.muni.il/English/Topics/My+City/Sister+Cities/">Archived</a> 14 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719025116/http://www.szfao.gov.cn/zwgk/wsz/201103/t20110322_1645217.htm"><bdi lang="zh">第五章友好城市</bdi></a> [Sister Cities]. <i>Foreign Affairs Office of Shenzhen Municipal People's Government</i> (in Chinese). 22 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.szfao.gov.cn/zwgk/wsz/201103/t20110322_1645217.htm">the original</a> on 19 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs+Office+of+Shenzhen+Municipal+People%27s+Government&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E7%AB%A0+%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82&rft.date=2008-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.szfao.gov.cn%2Fzwgk%2Fwsz%2F201103%2Ft20110322_1645217.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113092638/http://www.szfao.gov.cn/ygwl/yxyc/ycgy/201101/t20110120_1631663.htm"><bdi lang="zh">国际友好城市一览表</bdi></a> [International Sister Cities List]. <i>Foreign Affairs Office of Shenzhen Municipal People's Government</i> (in Chinese). 20 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.szfao.gov.cn/ygwl/yxyc/ycgy/201101/t20110120_1631663.htm">the original</a> on 13 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs+Office+of+Shenzhen+Municipal+People%27s+Government&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%80%E8%A7%88%E8%A1%A8&rft.date=2011-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.szfao.gov.cn%2Fygwl%2Fyxyc%2Fycgy%2F201101%2Ft20110120_1631663.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112101846/http://www.szfao.gov.cn/ygwl/yxyc/yhjl/"><bdi lang="zh">友好交流</bdi></a> [Friendly exchanges]. <i>Foreign Affairs Office of Shenzhen Municipal People's Government</i> (in Chinese). 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.szfao.gov.cn/ygwl/yxyc/yhjl/">the original</a> on 12 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs+Office+of+Shenzhen+Municipal+People%27s+Government&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.szfao.gov.cn%2Fygwl%2Fyxyc%2Fyhjl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svsu.edu/library/archives/public/Interior/documents/interior77/042677.pdf">"The Interior"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Svsu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Svsu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Interior&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svsu.edu%2Flibrary%2Farchives%2Fpublic%2FInterior%2Fdocuments%2Finterior77%2F042677.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718035924/http://mysite.verizon.net/vze85xxc/polegl/RZESZ.html">"The New Old World: Buffalo's Polish Sister City Is Rewriting Its Destiny"</a>. <i>Buffalo-Rzeszow Sister Cities, Inc</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.verizon.net/vze85xxc/polegl/RZESZ.html/">the original</a> on 18 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buffalo-Rzeszow+Sister+Cities%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=The+New+Old+World%3A+Buffalo%27s+Polish+Sister+City+Is+Rewriting+Its+Destiny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysite.verizon.net%2Fvze85xxc%2Fpolegl%2FRZESZ.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121129110809/http://www.sjp.pr.gov.br/noticias/exposicao-de-litogravura-simboliza-aproximacao-de-sjp-com-cidades-irmas">"Exposição de litogravura simboliza aproximação de SJP com cidades-irmãs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjp.pr.gov.br/noticias/exposicao-de-litogravura-simboliza-aproximacao-de-sjp-com-cidades-irmas">the original</a> on 29 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+litogravura+simboliza+aproxima%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+SJP+com+cidades-irm%C3%A3s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjp.pr.gov.br%2Fnoticias%2Fexposicao-de-litogravura-simboliza-aproximacao-de-sjp-com-cidades-irmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APozna%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sjp.pr.gov.br/abertura-de-exposicao-sobre-a-imigracao-polonesa-marca-325-anos-da-cidade/">http://www.sjp.pr.gov.br/abertura-de-exposicao-sobre-a-imigracao-polonesa-marca-325-anos-da-cidade/</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pozna%C5%84#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Poznań">Bibliography of the history of Poznań</a></div> <ul><li>Frieder Monzer: <i>Posen, Thorn, Bromberg (mit Großpolen, Kujawien und Südostpommern)</i>, Trescher Reiseführer, Berlin 2011</li> <li>Gotthold Rhode: <i>Geschichte der Stadt Posen</i>, Neuendettelsau 1953</li> <li>Collective work, <i>Poznań. Dzieje, ludzie kultura</i>, Poznań 1953</li> <li>Robert Alvis, <i>Religion and the Rise of Nationalism: A Profile of an East-Central European City</i>, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>, Syracuse 2005</li> <li>K. Malinowski (red.), <i>Dziesięć wieków Poznania (in three volumes)</i>, Poznań 1956</li> <li>Collective work, <i>Poznań</i>, Poznań 1958</li> <li>Collective work, <i>Poznań. Zarys historii</i>, Poznań 1963</li> <li>Cz. Łuczak, <i>Życie społeczno-gospodarcze w Poznaniu 1815–1918</i>, Poznań 1965</li> <li>J. Topolski (red.), <i>Poznań. Zarys dziejów</i>, Poznań 1973</li> <li>Zygmunt Boras, <i>Książęta Piastowscy Wielkopolski</i>, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 1983</li> <li>Jerzy Topolski (red.), <i>Dzieje Poznania</i>, Wydawnictwo PWN, Warszawa, Poznań 1988</li> <li>Alfred Kaniecki, <i>Dzieje miasta wodą pisane</i>, Wydawnictwo Aquarius, Poznań 1993</li> <li>Witold Maisel (red.), <i>Przywileje miasta Poznania XIII-XVIII wieku. Privilegia civitatis Posnaniensis saeculorum XIII-XVIII</i>. Władze Miasta Poznania, Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, Wydawnictwa Żródłowe Komisji Historycznej, Tom XXIV, Wydawnictwo PTPN, Poznań 1994</li> <li>Wojciech Stankowski, <i>Wielkopolska</i>, Wydawnictwo WSiP, Warszawa 1999</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84#Q268" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Poznań">Poznań</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Poznań">Poznań</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poznan.pl">Official website of the City</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poznań" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pozna%C5%84" title="Template:Poznań"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pozna%C5%84" title="Template talk:Poznań"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pozna%C5%84" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poznań"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poznań" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poznań</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Administrative division of Poznań">Administrative division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Dzielnica" title="Dzielnica">Dzielnicas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stare_Miasto,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Stare Miasto, Poznań">Stare Miasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowe_Miasto,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Nowe Miasto, Poznań">Nowe Miasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%C5%BCyce,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Jeżyce, Poznań">Jeżyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunwald,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Grunwald, Poznań">Grunwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilda,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Wilda, Poznań">Wilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Osiedle" title="Osiedle">Osiedles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Old_Town" title="Poznań Old Town">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winogrady" title="Winogrady">Winogrady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C4%85tkowo,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Piątkowo, Poznań">Piątkowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morasko" title="Morasko">Morasko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolany,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Podolany, Poznań">Podolany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzeszyn,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Strzeszyn, Poznań">Strzeszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiekrz,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Kiekrz, Poznań">Kiekrz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Tumski,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Ostrów Tumski, Poznań">Ostrów Tumski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dka,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Śródka, Poznań">Śródka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rataje,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Rataje, Poznań">Rataje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plewiska" title="Plewiska">Plewiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%99biec,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Dębiec, Poznań">Dębiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awierczewo,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Świerczewo, Poznań">Świerczewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staro%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Starołęka">Starołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81awica,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Ławica, Poznań">Ławica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poznań"><img alt="Poznań" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/59px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="59" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/89px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/118px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Poznania_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poznań"><img alt="Poznań" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Logo_Poznania_2024.svg/59px-Logo_Poznania_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="59" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Logo_Poznania_2024.svg/89px-Logo_Poznania_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Logo_Poznania_2024.svg/118px-Logo_Poznania_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Royal Castle, Poznań">Royal Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Castle,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Imperial Castle, Poznań">Imperial Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Cytadela" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Cytadela">Cytadela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fortress" title="Poznań Fortress">Poznań Fortress</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Fort_Winiary" title="Fort Winiary">Fort Winiary</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Cathedral" title="Poznań Cathedral">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fara" title="Poznań Fara">Fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_John_of_Jerusalem_outside_the_walls" title="Church of Saint John of Jerusalem outside the walls">St. John's Church</a></li> <li>Poznań Synagogue</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Malta" title="Lake Malta">Lake Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Rusa%C5%82ka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Rusałka">Lake Rusałka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiekrz,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Kiekrz, Poznań">Kiekrz Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="List of museums in Poznań">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armored_Weaponry_Museum,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Armored Weaponry Museum, Poznań">Armored Weaponry Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Croissant_Museum" title="Poznań Croissant Museum">Poznań Croissant Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Pozna%C5%84" title="National Museum, Poznań">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Historical_Costume_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Museum of Historical Costume in Poznań">Museum of Historical Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielkopolska_Museum_of_Independence" title="Wielkopolska Museum of Independence">Wielkopolska Museum of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andersia_Tower" title="Andersia Tower">Andersia Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Town_Hall" title="Poznań Town Hall">Old Town Hall</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Goats" title="Poznań Goats">Poznań Goats</a>, Poznań Trumpet Call)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raczy%C5%84ski_Library" title="Raczyński Library">Raczyński Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin" title="Święty Marcin">Święty Marcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Royal-Imperial_Route" title="Poznań Royal-Imperial Route">Royal-Imperial Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C4%85tkowo_transmitter" title="Piątkowo transmitter">Piątkowo transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stary_Browar" title="Stary Browar">Stary Browar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morasko_Meteorite_Nature_Reserve" title="Morasko Meteorite Nature Reserve">Morasko meteorite reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Zoo_(Pozna%C5%84)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Zoo (Poznań)">Old Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Fair,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Saint John's Fair, Poznań">Saint John's Fair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities in Poznań">Universities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Mickiewicz University">Adam Mickiewicz University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technology" title="Poznań University of Technology">Poznań University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poznan_University_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznan University of Medical Sciences">Poznan University of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Life_Sciences_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="University of Life Sciences in Poznań">University of Life Sciences in Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań University of Economics">Poznań University of Economics</a></li> <li>Poznań University School of Physical Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_in_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Fine Arts in Poznań">Academy of Fine Arts in Poznań</a></li> <li>Academy of Music in Poznań</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SWPS_University_of_Social_Sciences_and_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities">SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Da_Vinci" title="Collegium Da Vinci">Collegium Da Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSB_Merito_Universities" title="WSB Merito Universities">WSB Merito Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Franco-Polonaise" title="École Franco-Polonaise">École Franco-Polonaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubra%C5%84ski_Academy" title="Lubrański Academy">Lubrański Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_High_School_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz High School in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka_High_School_(Pozna%C5%84)" title="Dąbrówka High School (Poznań)">Dąbrówka High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Cantius_High_School,_Pozna%C5%84,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John Cantius High School, Poznań, Poland">St. John Cantius High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Magdalene_High_School_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Saint Mary Magdalene High School in Poznań">St. Mary Magdalene High School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luisenschule_(Posen)" title="Luisenschule (Posen)">Luisenschule (Posen)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Society_of_Friends_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences">Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Institute" title="Western Institute">Western Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Society_for_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań">Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Philharmonic" title="Poznań Philharmonic">Poznań Philharmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Nightingales" title="Poznań Nightingales">Poznań Nightingales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski_Violin_Competition" title="Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition">Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Grand Theatre, Poznań">Grand Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatr_Biuro_Podr%C3%B3%C5%BCy" title="Teatr Biuro Podróży">Teatr Biuro Podróży</a></li> <li>Polish Theatre</li> <li>Theatre of the Eighth Day</li> <li>Musical Theatre</li> <li>New Theatre</li> <li>My Theatre</li> <li>Animation Theatre</li> <li>Theatrical Studio Blum</li> <li>Cinema Theatre Apollo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_theatre_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta theatre festival">Malta theatre festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rozbrat" title="Rozbrat">Rozbrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hala_Arena" title="Hala Arena">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Poznań">Stadion Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Tenisowy_Olimpia" title="Park Tenisowy Olimpia">Park Tenisowy Olimpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_Warty_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Warty Poznań">Stadion Warty Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_im._Edmunda_Szyca" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion im. Edmunda Szyca">Stadion im. Edmunda Szyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Pozna%C5%84" title="Tor Poznań">Tor Poznań</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocztowiec_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocztowiec Poznań">Pocztowiec Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZS_AWF_Pozna%C5%84" title="AZS AWF Poznań">AZS AWF Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warta_Pozna%C5%84" title="Warta Poznań">Warta Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunwald_Pozna%C5%84_(sports_club)" title="Grunwald Poznań (sports club)">Grunwald Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posnania_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Posnania Poznań">Posnania Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_Pozna%C5%84" title="Polonia Poznań">Polonia Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KKS_Wiara_Lecha" class="mw-redirect" title="KKS Wiara Lecha">KKS Wiara Lecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Pozna%C5%84" title="Lech Poznań">Lech Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odlew_Pozna%C5%84" title="Odlew Poznań">Odlew Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZS_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="AZS Poznań">AZS Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpia_Pozna%C5%84" title="Olimpia Poznań">Olimpia Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS%C5%BB_Pozna%C5%84" title="PSŻ Poznań">PSŻ Poznań</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/1990_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="1990 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="2001 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="2010 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">2010</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship" title="UEFA European Under-19 Championship">UEFA European Under-19 Championship</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/2006_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship" title="2006 UEFA European Under-19 Championship">2006</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Cup" title="World Rowing Cup">World Rowing Cup</a> <small>(2004 Stage 1, <a href="/wiki/2006_World_Rowing_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 World Rowing Cup">2006 Stage 2</a>, 2008 Stage 3, 2016 Stage 3, 2017 Stage 2, 2019 Stage 2)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuroBasket" title="EuroBasket">EuroBasket</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/2009_EuroBasket" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 EuroBasket">2009</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Championships" title="World Rowing Championships">World Rowing Championships</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/2009_World_Rowing_Championships" title="2009 World Rowing Championships">2009 World Rowing Championships</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Open" title="Poznań Open">Poznań Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Euro">UEFA Euro</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">2012</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Trams in Poznań">Trams</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fast_Tram" title="Poznań Fast Tram">Poznań Fast Tram</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Railway_Maltanka" title="Park Railway Maltanka">Park Railway Maltanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Central_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Central Station">Central Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84-%C5%81awica_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań-Ławica Airport">Ławica Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84%E2%80%93Kobylnica_Airport" title="Poznań–Kobylnica Airport">Kobylnica Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84-Krzesiny_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań-Krzesiny Airport">Krzesiny Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporations_in_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="List of corporations in Poznań">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_International_Fair" title="Poznań International Fair">Poznań International Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegro_(website)" title="Allegro (website)">Allegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enea_SA" title="Enea SA">Enea SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Cegielski_%E2%80%93_Pozna%C5%84" title="H. Cegielski – Poznań">H. Cegielski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulczyk_Investments" title="Kulczyk Investments">Kulczyk Investments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netguru" title="Netguru">Netguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_Bus_%26_Coach" title="Solaris Bus & Coach">Solaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kompania_Piwowarska" title="Kompania Piwowarska">Kompania Piwowarska</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lech_Browary_Wielkopolski" title="Lech Browary Wielkopolski">Lech Brewery</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="History of Poznań">History of Poznań</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Timeline of Poznań">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_population_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Historical population of Poznań">Historical population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Christianization of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Duchy of Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(14th_century_to_1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (14th century to 1793)">Poznań Voivodeship (14th century to 1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising (1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozna%C5%84_(1945)" title="Battle of Poznań (1945)">Battle of Poznań (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Pozna%C5%84" title="Category:Poznań">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_administrative_divisions_of_Greater_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_divisions_of_Greater_Poland" title="Template:Historical divisions of Greater Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_divisions_of_Greater_Poland" title="Template talk:Historical divisions of Greater Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_divisions_of_Greater_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical divisions of Greater Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_administrative_divisions_of_Greater_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical administrative divisions of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12–13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Duchy of Greater Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1768</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Poznań Voivodeship">Poznań</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kalisz_Voivodeship_(1314%E2%80%931793)" title="Kalisz Voivodeship (1314–1793)">Kalisz Voivodeships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Poznań Voivodeship">Poznań</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kalisz_Voivodeship_(1314%E2%80%931793)" title="Kalisz Voivodeship (1314–1793)">Kalisz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gniezno_Voivodeship" title="Gniezno Voivodeship">Gniezno Voivodeships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netze_District" title="Netze District">Netze District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Department" title="Poznań Department">Poznań</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kalisz_Department" title="Kalisz Department">Kalisz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Department" title="Bydgoszcz Department">Bydgoszcz Departments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>until 1837</li><li>1848</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalisz_Governorate" title="Kalisz Governorate">Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1918</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalisz_Governorate" title="Kalisz Governorate">Kalisz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Governorate" title="Warsaw Governorate">Warsaw Governorates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1939</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Poznań Voivodeship">Poznań</a> / <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Łódź Voivodeship (1919–39)">Łódź Voivodeships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Reichsgau Wartheland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Poznań Voivodeship">Poznań Voivodeship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">until 1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Poznań Voivodeship">Poznań</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kalisz_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Kalisz Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Kalisz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leszno_Voivodeship" title="Leszno Voivodeship">Leszno</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konin_Voivodeship" title="Konin Voivodeship">Konin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a_Voivodeship" title="Piła Voivodeship">Piła Voivodeships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">since 1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland Voivodeship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_capitals_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_capitals_of_Poland" title="Template:Historical capitals of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_capitals_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Historical capitals of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_capitals_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical capitals of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_capitals_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical capitals of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Gniezno_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/POL_Gniezno_COA.svg/18px-POL_Gniezno_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/POL_Gniezno_COA.svg/27px-POL_Gniezno_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/POL_Gniezno_COA.svg/36px-POL_Gniezno_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="757" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a> (10th century–1038)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/18px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/27px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/36px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poznań</a> (10th century–1038)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/18px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/27px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/36px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="766" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> (1038-1079)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg/18px-POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg/27px-POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg/36px-POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="981" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a> (1079-1138)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/18px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/27px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/36px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="766" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> (1138-1290)<br /></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/18px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/27px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/36px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poznań</a> (1290-1296)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/18px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/27px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/36px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="766" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> (1296-1795)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Warszawa_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/18px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/27px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/36px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1247" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> (1596-1795)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Warszawa_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/18px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/27px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/36px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1247" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> (since 1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Warszawa_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/18px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/27px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/36px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1247" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> (1807-1815)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg/18px-POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg/27px-POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg/36px-POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="672" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a> (1809)<sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>De facto</i> capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg/18px-POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg/27px-POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg/36px-POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%81owicz" title="Łowicz">Łowicz</a> (1572-1573)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Lublin_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/POL_Lublin_COA.svg/18px-POL_Lublin_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/POL_Lublin_COA.svg/27px-POL_Lublin_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/POL_Lublin_COA.svg/36px-POL_Lublin_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> (1944-1945)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg/18px-POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg/27px-POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg/36px-POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="611" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> (1945-1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> temporary capital</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Poland" title="Template:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland#Cities" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">Cities of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">750,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poznań</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">250,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec" title="Sosnowiec">Sosnowiec</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabrze" title="Zabrze">Zabrze</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom">Bytom</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra" title="Zielona Góra">Zielona Góra</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rybnik" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruda_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska" title="Ruda Śląska">Ruda Śląska</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tychy" title="Tychy">Tychy</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza" title="Dąbrowa Górnicza">Dąbrowa Górnicza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wa%C5%82brzych" title="Wałbrzych">Wałbrzych</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Włocławek">Włocławek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koszalin" title="Koszalin">Koszalin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">50,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Legnica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaworzno" title="Jaworzno">Jaworzno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój">Jastrzębie-Zdrój</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz" title="Nowy Sącz">Nowy Sącz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra" title="Jelenia Góra">Jelenia Góra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siedlce" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice" title="Mysłowice">Mysłowice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Piła</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konin" title="Konin">Konin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski" title="Piotrków Trybunalski">Piotrków Trybunalski</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Ostrów Wielkopolski">Ostrów Wielkopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubin" title="Lubin">Lubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inowroc%C5%82aw" title="Inowrocław">Inowrocław</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrowiec_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyski" title="Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski">Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siemianowice_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Siemianowice Śląskie">Siemianowice Śląskie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Głogów">Głogów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabianice" title="Pabianice">Pabianice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBory" title="Żory">Żory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w" title="Pruszków">Pruszków</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszno" title="Leszno">Leszno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Łomża">Łomża</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C5%82k" title="Ełk">Ełk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki" title="Tomaszów Mazowiecki">Tomaszów Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mielec" title="Mielec">Mielec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tczew" title="Tczew">Tczew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99dzierzyn-Ko%C5%BAle" title="Kędzierzyn-Koźle">Kędzierzyn-Koźle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalowa_Wola" title="Stalowa Wola">Stalowa Wola</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska" title="Biała Podlaska">Biała Podlaska</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w" title="Bełchatów">Bełchatów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awidnica" title="Świdnica">Świdnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin" title="Będzin">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zgierz" title="Zgierz">Zgierz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piekary_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Piekary Śląskie">Piekary Śląskie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz" title="Racibórz">Racibórz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionowo" title="Legionowo">Legionowo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Ostrołęka">Ostrołęka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">35,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99toch%C5%82owice" title="Świętochłowice">Świętochłowice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wejherowo" title="Wejherowo">Wejherowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiercie" title="Zawiercie">Zawiercie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skierniewice" title="Skierniewice">Skierniewice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starachowice" title="Starachowice">Starachowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski" title="Wodzisław Śląski">Wodzisław Śląski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogard_Gda%C5%84ski" title="Starogard Gdański">Starogard Gdański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82awy" title="Puławy">Puławy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarnobrzeg" title="Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krosno" title="Krosno">Krosno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomsko" title="Radomsko">Radomsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otwock" title="Otwock">Otwock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skar%C5%BCysko-Kamienna" title="Skarżysko-Kamienna">Skarżysko-Kamienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciechan%C3%B3w" title="Ciechanów">Ciechanów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutno" title="Kutno">Kutno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradz" title="Sieradz">Sieradz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zdu%C5%84ska_Wola" title="Zduńska Wola">Zduńska Wola</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BByrard%C3%B3w" title="Żyrardów">Żyrardów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82awiec" title="Bolesławiec">Bolesławiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowa_S%C3%B3l" title="Nowa Sól">Nowa Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knur%C3%B3w" title="Knurów">Knurów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sopot" title="Sopot">Sopot</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor#Poland" title="Mayor">city mayor</a> (<i>prezydent miasta</i>) instead of a town mayor (<i>burmistrz</i>) · <a href="/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights" title="City with powiat rights">Cities with powiat rights</a> are in <i>italics</i> · Voivodeship cities are in <b>bold</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Counties_of_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Template:Greater Poland Voivodeship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Template talk:Greater Poland Voivodeship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greater Poland Voivodeship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Counties_of_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">Counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland Voivodeship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poznań</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konin" title="Konin">Konin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszno" title="Leszno">Leszno</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Greater Poland Voivodeship"><img alt="Coat of arms of Greater Poland Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_COA.svg/50px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_COA.svg/75px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_COA.svg/100px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="875" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chodzie%C5%BC_County" title="Chodzież County">Chodzież</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czarnk%C3%B3w-Trzcianka_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Czarnków-Trzcianka County">Czarnków-Trzcianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gniezno_County" title="Gniezno County">Gniezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosty%C5%84_County" title="Gostyń County">Gostyń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodzisk_Wielkopolski_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodzisk Wielkopolski County">Grodzisk Wielkopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarocin_County" title="Jarocin County">Jarocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalisz_County" title="Kalisz County">Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99pno_County" title="Kępno County">Kępno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82o_County" title="Koło County">Koło</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konin_County" title="Konin County">Konin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bcian_County" title="Kościan County">Kościan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krotoszyn_County" title="Krotoszyn County">Krotoszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszno_County" title="Leszno County">Leszno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzych%C3%B3d_County" title="Międzychód County">Międzychód</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_Tomy%C5%9Bl_County" title="Nowy Tomyśl County">Nowy Tomyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oborniki_County" title="Oborniki County">Oborniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrów Wielkopolski County">Ostrów Wielkopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrzesz%C3%B3w_County" title="Ostrzeszów County">Ostrzeszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a_County" title="Piła County">Piła</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleszew_County" title="Pleszew County">Pleszew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_County" title="Poznań County">Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawicz_County" title="Rawicz County">Rawicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upca_County" title="Słupca County">Słupca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arem_County" title="Śrem County">Śrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aroda_Wielkopolska_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Środa Wielkopolska County">Środa Wielkopolska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szamotu%C5%82y_County" title="Szamotuły County">Szamotuły</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turek_County" title="Turek County">Turek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85growiec_County" title="Wągrowiec County">Wągrowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolsztyn_County" title="Wolsztyn County">Wolsztyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrze%C5%9Bnia_County" title="Września County">Września</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82ot%C3%B3w_County" title="Złotów County">Złotów</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poznań_County" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pozna%C5%84_County" title="Template:Poznań County"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pozna%C5%84_County" title="Template talk:Poznań County"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pozna%C5%84_County" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poznań County"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poznań_County" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_County" title="Poznań County">Poznań County</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Seat:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poznań</a> (not part of the county)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban gminas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lubo%C5%84" title="Luboń">Luboń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puszczykowo" title="Puszczykowo">Puszczykowo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_powiat_pozna%C5%84ski_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/POL_powiat_pozna%C5%84ski_COA.svg/50px-POL_powiat_pozna%C5%84ski_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/POL_powiat_pozna%C5%84ski_COA.svg/75px-POL_powiat_pozna%C5%84ski_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/POL_powiat_pozna%C5%84ski_COA.svg/100px-POL_powiat_pozna%C5%84ski_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban-rural gminas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Buk" title="Gmina Buk">Gmina Buk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_K%C3%B3rnik" title="Gmina Kórnik">Gmina Kórnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Kostrzyn" title="Gmina Kostrzyn">Gmina Kostrzyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Mosina" title="Gmina Mosina">Gmina Mosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Murowana_Go%C5%9Blina" title="Gmina Murowana Goślina">Gmina Murowana Goślina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Pobiedziska" title="Gmina Pobiedziska">Gmina Pobiedziska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_St%C4%99szew" title="Gmina Stęszew">Gmina Stęszew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Swarz%C4%99dz" title="Gmina Swarzędz">Gmina Swarzędz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural gminas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Czerwonak" title="Gmina Czerwonak">Gmina Czerwonak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Dopiewo" title="Gmina Dopiewo">Gmina Dopiewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Kleszczewo" title="Gmina Kleszczewo">Gmina Kleszczewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Komorniki" title="Gmina Komorniki">Gmina Komorniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Rokietnica,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Gmina Rokietnica, Greater Poland Voivodeship">Gmina Rokietnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Suchy_Las" title="Gmina Suchy Las">Gmina Suchy Las</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Tarnowo_Podg%C3%B3rne" title="Gmina Tarnowo Podgórne">Gmina Tarnowo Podgórne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4046868-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80009830">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb127517763">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb127517763">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00745015">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Poznaň (Polsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130499&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810693582905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266591505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/92e7329e-374e-4b71-a175-f61fffc30213">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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