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</nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Índice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mesosfera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 73 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfeer" title="Mesosfeer — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mesosfeer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasifoay_to%E2%80%99edip" title="Sasifoay to’edip — Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Sasifoay to’edip" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ميزوسفير — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميزوسفير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfer" title="Mezosfer — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mezosfer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезасфера — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мезасфера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मेसोस्फियर — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मेसोस्फियर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="মেসোমণ্ডল — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেসোমণ্ডল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="བར་རིམ། — tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བར་རིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfera" title="Mesosfera — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mesosfera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosf%C3%A9ra" title="Mezosféra — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezosféra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A6re_(atmosf%C3%A6re)" title="Mesosfære (atmosfære) — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mesosfære (atmosfære)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosph%C3%A4re" title="Mesosphäre — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mesosphäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Μεσόσφαιρα — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσόσφαιρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mesosphere" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfero_(atmosfero)" title="Mezosfero (atmosfero) — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mezosfero (atmosfero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfera" title="Mesosfera — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mesosfera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Mesosfäär — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mesosfäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfera_(atmosfera)" title="Mesosfera (atmosfera) — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mesosfera (atmosfera)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1" title="مزوسفر — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مزوسفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A4%C3%A4ri" title="Mesosfääri — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mesosfääri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sosph%C3%A8re" title="Mésosphère — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mésosphère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9isisf%C3%A9ar" title="Méisisféar — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Méisisféar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfera" title="Mesosfera — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mesosfera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מזוספירה — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזוספירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="मध्यमण्डल — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मध्यमण्डल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera_(dio_atmosfere)" title="Mezosfera (dio atmosfere) — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mezosfera (dio atmosfere)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezoszf%C3%A9ra" title="Mezoszféra — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mezoszféra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Միջնոլորտ — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջնոլորտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfer" title="Mesosfer — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesosfer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0hvolf" title="Miðhvolf — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðhvolf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfera_(atmosfera)" title="Mesosfera (atmosfera) — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mesosfera (atmosfera)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%9C%8F" title="中間圏 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中間圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="მეზოსფერო — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეზოსფერო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera — kara-kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="kara-kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EA%B6%8C" title="중간권 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중간권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера — quirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="quirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosph%C3%A4r" title="Mesosphär — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mesosphär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosf%C4%93ra" title="Mezosfēra — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mezosfēra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Мезосферась — mocsa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мезосферась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mocsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soson-drivotra_afovoany" title="Soson-drivotra afovoany — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Soson-drivotra afovoany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="മെസോസ്ഫിയർ — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെസോസ്ഫിയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfera" title="Mesosfera — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesosfera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfeer_(atmosfeer)" title="Mesosfeer (atmosfeer) — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mesosfeer (atmosfeer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A6ren" title="Mesosfæren — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mesosfæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A6ren" title="Mesosfæren — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mesosfæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A8ra" title="Mesosfèra — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mesosfèra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meesoosfeerii" title="Meesoosfeerii — oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Meesoosfeerii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera_(warstwa_atmosfery)" title="Mezosfera (warstwa atmosfery) — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mezosfera (warstwa atmosfery)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfer%C4%83" title="Mezosferă — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mezosferă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera_(dio_atmosfere)" title="Mezosfera (dio atmosfere) — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mezosfera (dio atmosfere)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mesosphere" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosf%C3%A9ra" title="Mezosféra — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mezosféra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A4r_(atmosf%C3%A4r)" title="Mesosfär (atmosfär) — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mesosfär (atmosfär)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இடை மண்டலம் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடை மண்டலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="มีโซสเฟียร์ — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มีโซสเฟียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera — turcomano" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcomano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfer" title="Mezosfer — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mezosfer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A7ng_trung_l%C6%B0u" title="Tầng trung lưu — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tầng trung lưu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E5%B1%82" title="中间层 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中间层" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E5%B1%82" title="中间层 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中间层" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-kan-khoan" title="Tiong-kan-khoan — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-kan-khoan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%B1%A4" title="中間層 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中間層" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q162167#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mesosfera" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Mesosfera" rel="discussion" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Endeavour_silhouette_STS-130.jpg/250px-Endeavour_silhouette_STS-130.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Endeavour_silhouette_STS-130.jpg/330px-Endeavour_silhouette_STS-130.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Endeavour_silhouette_STS-130.jpg/500px-Endeavour_silhouette_STS-130.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%94nibus_espacial" title="Ônibus espacial">Ônibus espacial</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_(%C3%B4nibus_espacial)" title="Endeavour (ônibus espacial)">Endeavour</a></i> atravessa a <a href="/wiki/Estratosfera" title="Estratosfera">estratosfera</a> e a mesosfera. A <a href="/wiki/Troposfera" title="Troposfera">troposfera</a>, que contém nuvens, aparece laranja nesta foto.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mesosfera</b> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:AFI_para_ingl%C3%AAs" title="Wikipédia:AFI para inglês">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:IPA_para_ingl%C3%AAs#Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:IPA para inglês"><span title="primary stress" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:IPA_para_ingl%C3%AAs#Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:IPA para inglês"><span title="'m' in 'my'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">m</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:IPA_para_ingl%C3%AAs#Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:IPA para inglês"><span title="short 'e' in 'bed'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ɛ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:IPA_para_ingl%C3%AAs#Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:IPA para inglês"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">s</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:IPA_para_ingl%C3%AAs#Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:IPA para inglês"><span title="long 'o' in 'bode'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">oʊ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:IPA_para_ingl%C3%AAs#Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:IPA para inglês"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">s</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:IPA_para_ingl%C3%AAs#Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:IPA para inglês"><span title="'f' in 'find'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">f</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:IPA_para_ingl%C3%AAs#Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:IPA para inglês"><span title="'ear' in 'beard'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ɪər</span></a></span><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:AFI_para_ingl%C3%AAs" title="Wikipédia:AFI para inglês">/</a></span></span>; do <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_grega" title="Língua grega">grego</a> <i>mesos,</i> "meio") representa a terceira camada da <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_da_Terra" title="Atmosfera da Terra">atmosfera</a>, diretamente acima da <a href="/wiki/Estratosfera" title="Estratosfera">estratosfera</a> e diretamente abaixo da <a href="/wiki/Termosfera" title="Termosfera">termosfera</a>. Na mesosfera, a <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> diminui à medida que a <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> aumenta. Essa característica é usada para definir seus limites: começa no topo da estratosfera (às vezes chamada <a href="/wiki/Estratopausa" title="Estratopausa">estratopausa</a>) e termina na <a href="/wiki/Mesopausa" title="Mesopausa">mesopausa</a>, que é a parte mais fria da atmosfera da Terra com temperaturas abaixo de −143 °C (−225 °F; 130 K). Os limites superiores e inferiores exatos da mesosfera variam com a latitude e com a estação (mais alta no inverno e nos trópicos, mais baixa no verão e nos pólos), mas a fronteira mais baixa geralmente está localizada em altitudes de 50 a 65 quilômetros acima da superfície da Terra e o limite superior (a mesopausa) está geralmente em torno de 85 a 100 quilômetros.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A estratosfera e a mesosfera são, às vezes, coletivamente chamadas de "atmosfera intermediária",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que abrange altitudes aproximadamente entre 12 e 80 quilômetros acima da superfície da Terra. A <a href="/wiki/Mesopausa" title="Mesopausa">mesopausa</a>, a uma altitude de 80 a 90 quilômetros, separa a mesosfera da <a href="/wiki/Termosfera" title="Termosfera">termosfera</a> — a segunda camada mais externa da atmosfera da Terra. Esta é a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbopausa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbopausa (página não existe)">turbopausa</a>, abaixo da qual diferentes espécies químicas são bem misturadas devido a <a href="/wiki/Turbilhonamento" title="Turbilhonamento">turbilhonamentos</a> turbulentos. Acima desse nível, a atmosfera torna-se não uniforme, porque as <a href="/wiki/Altura_de_escala" title="Altura de escala">alturas de escalas</a> de diferentes espécies químicas diferem de acordo com suas <a href="/wiki/Massa_molecular" title="Massa molecular">massas moleculares</a>. </p><p>O termo "espaço próximo" também é às vezes usado para se referir a altitudes dentro da mesosfera. Este termo não possui uma definição técnica, mas normalmente se refere à região da atmosfera até 100 quilômetros, aproximadamente entre o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limite_de_Armstrong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limite de Armstrong (página não existe)">limite de Armstrong</a> (acima do qual os humanos precisam de um <a href="/wiki/Traje_pressurizado" title="Traje pressurizado">traje pressurizado</a> para sobreviver) e a <a href="/wiki/Linha_de_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Linha de Kármán">linha de Kármán</a> (onde a <a href="/wiki/Astrodin%C3%A2mica" title="Astrodinâmica">astrodinâmica</a> deve substituir a <a href="/wiki/Aerodin%C3%A2mica" title="Aerodinâmica">aerodinâmica</a> para levantar voo); ou, por outra definição, à amplitude de altitude acima da qual os <a href="/wiki/Avi%C3%A3o_comercial" title="Avião comercial">aviões</a> comerciais voam, mas abaixo da qual os <a href="/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_artificial" title="Satélite artificial">satélites</a> orbitam a Terra. Algumas fontes distinguem entre os termos "espaço próximo" e "atmosfera superior", de modo que apenas as camadas mais próximas à linha de Kármán são descritas como "espaço próximo". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperatura">Temperatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosfera&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Temperatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosfera&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Temperatura"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Polar_Mesospheric_Clouds_Illuminated_by_Orbital_Sunrise.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Polar_Mesospheric_Clouds_Illuminated_by_Orbital_Sunrise.JPG/220px-Polar_Mesospheric_Clouds_Illuminated_by_Orbital_Sunrise.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Polar_Mesospheric_Clouds_Illuminated_by_Orbital_Sunrise.JPG/330px-Polar_Mesospheric_Clouds_Illuminated_by_Orbital_Sunrise.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Polar_Mesospheric_Clouds_Illuminated_by_Orbital_Sunrise.JPG/440px-Polar_Mesospheric_Clouds_Illuminated_by_Orbital_Sunrise.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2845" /></a><figcaption>Nuvens na mesosfera iluminadas pelo Sol nascente.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dentro da mesosfera, a <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> diminui com o aumento da <a href="/wiki/Altura_(medida)" title="Altura (medida)">altura</a>, devido à diminuição da absorção da <a href="/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_solar" title="Radiação solar">radiação solar</a> pela atmosfera rarefeita e ao aumento do resfriamento pelas <a href="/wiki/Espectro_de_emiss%C3%A3o" title="Espectro de emissão">emissões radiativas</a> de <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_carbono" title="Dióxido de carbono">CO<sub>2</sub></a>. O topo da mesosfera, chamado <a href="/wiki/Mesopausa" title="Mesopausa">mesopausa</a>, é a parte mais fria da atmosfera da Terra.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As temperaturas na mesosfera superior caem em torno de –101 ºC (172 K; –150 ºF),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> variando de acordo com a <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_ano" title="Estação do ano">estação</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funcionalidades_dinâmicas"><span id="Funcionalidades_din.C3.A2micas"></span>Funcionalidades dinâmicas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosfera&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Funcionalidades dinâmicas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosfera&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Funcionalidades dinâmicas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As principais características mais importantes nessa região são fortes ventos zonais (leste-oeste), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%A9_atmosf%C3%A9rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maré atmosférica (página não existe)">marés atmosféricas</a>, ondas de gravidade atmosférica interna (comumente chamadas de "<a href="/wiki/Ondas_de_gravidade" title="Ondas de gravidade">ondas de gravidade</a>") e <a href="/wiki/Onda_de_Rossby" title="Onda de Rossby">ondas planetárias</a>. A maioria dessas marés e ondas começa na <a href="/wiki/Troposfera" title="Troposfera">troposfera</a> e na <a href="/wiki/Estratosfera" title="Estratosfera">estratosfera</a> inferior e se propaga para a mesosfera. Na mesosfera, as amplitudes das ondas de gravidade podem se tornar tão grandes que as ondas se tornam instáveis e se dissipam. Essa dissipação deposita impulso na mesosfera e impulsiona amplamente a circulação global. Isso ajuda a Terra. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nuvem_noctilucente" title="Nuvem noctilucente">Nuvens noctilucentes</a> estão localizadas na mesosfera. A mesosfera superior também é a região da <a href="/wiki/Ionosfera" title="Ionosfera">ionosfera</a> conhecida como <i>camada D</i>, que só está presente durante o dia em que ocorre alguma <a href="/wiki/Ioniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Ionização">ionização</a> com o <a href="/wiki/%C3%93xido_n%C3%ADtrico" title="Óxido nítrico">óxido nítrico</a> sendo ionizado pela radiação de hidrogênio alfa da <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rie_de_Lyman" title="Série de Lyman">série de Lyman</a>. A ionização é tão fraca que, quando a noite cai e a fonte de ionização é removida, o <a href="/wiki/El%C3%A9tron" title="Elétron">elétron</a> e o íon livres se transformam novamente em uma molécula neutra. A mesosfera tem sido chamada de "ignorosfera" porque é pouco estudada em relação à estratosfera (que pode ser acessada com balões de alta altitude) e à termosfera (na qual os satélites podem orbitar).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camada_de_s%C3%B3dio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camada de sódio (página não existe)">camada de sódio</a> de 5 quilômetros de profundidade está localizada entre 80 a 105 quilômetros. Feita de átomos de sódio não ionizados e não ligados, a camada de sódio irradia fracamente para contribuir com a <a href="/wiki/Luminesc%C3%AAncia_atmosf%C3%A9rica" title="Luminescência atmosférica">luminescência atmosférica</a>. O sódio tem uma concentração média de quatrocentos mil átomos por centímetro cúbico. Essa banda é reabastecida regularmente por <a href="/wiki/Sublima%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sublimação">sublimação</a> de sódio dos meteoros que chegam. Os astrônomos começaram a utilizar essa banda de sódio para criar "estrelas-guia" como parte do processo de correção da <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ptica_adaptativa" title="Óptica adaptativa">óptica adaptativa</a> usada para produzir observações terrestres ultra-nítidas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outras camadas de metal, por exemplo, <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">ferro</a> e potássio, existem também na região da mesosfera superior/baixa termosfera. </p><p>Em outubro de 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> um tipo distinto de <a href="/wiki/Aurora_polar" title="Aurora polar">aurora</a> foi identificado, originário da mesosfera. Muitas vezes referidas como 'dunas' devido à sua semelhança com ondas de areia em uma praia, as luzes verdes onduladas se estendem em direção ao equador. Eles foram identificados como originários de cerca de 96 quilômetros acima da superfície. Como as auroras são causadas por partículas solares de velocidade ultra-alta que interagem com as moléculas atmosféricas, a cor verde dessas dunas foi tentativamente explicada pela interação dessas partículas solares com moléculas de oxigênio. As dunas, portanto, ocorrem onde o oxigênio mesosférico é mais concentrado.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milhões de <a href="/wiki/Meteoroide" title="Meteoroide">meteoros</a> entram na atmosfera da Terra, com média de 40 mil toneladas por ano.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pensa-se que o material ablado, chamado fumaça meteórica, sirva como núcleos de condensação para <a href="/wiki/Nuvem_noctilucente" title="Nuvem noctilucente">nuvens noctilucentes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploração"><span id="Explora.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Exploração</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosfera&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Exploração" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosfera&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Exploração"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A mesosfera fica acima dos registros de altitude para <a href="/wiki/Aeronave" title="Aeronave">aeronaves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enquanto apenas os poucos quilômetros mais baixos são acessíveis a <a href="/wiki/Bal%C3%A3o" title="Balão">balões</a>, para os quais o registro de altitude é de 53 quilômetros.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enquanto isso, a mesosfera está abaixo da altitude mínima para <a href="/wiki/Nave_espacial" title="Nave espacial">naves espaciais</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%93rbita_geoc%C3%AAntrica" title="Órbita geocêntrica">orbitais</a> devido ao alto arrasto atmosférico.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ele só foi acessado através do uso de <a href="/wiki/Foguete_de_sondagem" title="Foguete de sondagem">foguetes de sondagem</a> capazes de realizar medições mesosféricas por alguns minutos por missão.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Como resultado, é a parte menos compreendida da atmosfera, resultando no apelido humorístico <i>ignorosfera</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A presença de <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(raio)" title="Sprite (raio)">sprites vermelhos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Evento_luminoso_transiente" title="Evento luminoso transiente">jatos azuis</a> (descargas elétricas ou <a href="/wiki/Raio_(meteorologia)" title="Raio (meteorologia)">raios</a> na mesosfera inferior), <a href="/wiki/Nuvem_noctilucente" title="Nuvem noctilucente">nuvens noctilucentes</a> e cisalhamento de densidade nessa camada pouco conhecida são de interesse científico atual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fenômenos_na_mesosfera_e_no_espaço_próximo"><span id="Fen.C3.B4menos_na_mesosfera_e_no_espa.C3.A7o_pr.C3.B3ximo"></span>Fenômenos na mesosfera e no espaço próximo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosfera&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Fenômenos na mesosfera e no espaço próximo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosfera&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Fenômenos na mesosfera e no espaço próximo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminesc%C3%AAncia_atmosf%C3%A9rica" title="Luminescência atmosférica">Luminescência atmosférica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%A9s_atmosf%C3%A9ricas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marés atmosféricas (página não existe)">Marés atmosféricas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionosfera" title="Ionosfera">Ionosfera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroide" title="Meteoroide">Meteoroide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvem_estratosf%C3%A9rica_polar" title="Nuvem estratosférica polar">Nuvem estratosférica polar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvem_noctilucente" title="Nuvem noctilucente">Nuvem noctilucente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_polar" title="Aurora polar">Aurora polar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evento_luminoso_transiente" title="Evento luminoso transiente">Evento luminoso transiente</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosfera&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosfera&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C3%B5es_de_grande_altitude" title="Balões de grande altitude">Balões de grande altitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">Altitude</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Notas" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso.">Notas</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As "dunas" foram vistas pela primeira vez por fotógrafos na Finlândia e na Suécia.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-130/html/iss022e062672.html">«ISS022-E-062672 caption»</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 21 de setembro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.btitle=ISS022-E-062672+caption&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight.nasa.gov%2Fgallery%2Fimages%2Fshuttle%2Fsts-130%2Fhtml%2Fiss022e062672.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/environment/atmosphere/middle-atmosphere">«Middle atmosphere»</a>. <i>www.antarctica.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 17 de junho de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.atitle=Middle+atmosphere&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.antarctica.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fenvironment%2Fatmosphere%2Fmiddle-atmosphere&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Venkat Ratnam. «Tropical mesopause: Is it always close to 100 km?». <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>115</b>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227">0148-0227</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2009jd012531">10.1029/2009jd012531</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.atitle=Tropical+mesopause%3A+Is+it+always+close+to+100+km%3F&rft.au=Venkat+Ratnam&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0148-0227&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.volume=115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2009jd012531&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scied.ucar.edu/shortcontent/mesosphere-overview">«The Mesosphere - overview | UCAR Center for Science Education»</a>. <i>scied.ucar.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 17 de junho de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.atitle=The+Mesosphere+-+overview+%7C+UCAR+Center+for+Science+Education&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scied.ucar.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscied.ucar.edu%2Fshortcontent%2Fmesosphere-overview&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">von Zahn. «The mesopause altitude: Only two distinctive levels worldwide?». <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>23</b>: 3231–34. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276">0094-8276</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F96gl03041">10.1029/96gl03041</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.atitle=The+mesopause+altitude%3A+Only+two+distinctive+levels+worldwide%3F&rft.au=von+Zahn&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0094-8276&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.pages=3231-34&rft.volume=23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F96gl03041&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atmos.washington.edu/academic/midatmos.html">«Middle Atmosphere Meteorology»</a>. <i>atmos.washington.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 19 de dezembro de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.atitle=Middle+Atmosphere+Meteorology&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atmos.washington.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatmos.washington.edu%2Facademic%2Fmidatmos.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://querobolsa.com.br/enem/geografia/camadas-da-atmosfera">«Camadas da atmosfera - Geografia | Manual do Enem»</a>. <i>querobolsa.com.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 27 de julho de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.atitle=Camadas+da+atmosfera+-+Geografia+%7C+Manual+do+Enem&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=querobolsa.com.br&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquerobolsa.com.br%2Fenem%2Fgeografia%2Fcamadas-da-atmosfera&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Internacional_de_Qu%C3%ADmica_Pura_e_Aplicada" title="União Internacional de Química Pura e Aplicada">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compendium_of_Chemical_Terminology" class="extiw" title="en:Compendium of Chemical Terminology">Compêndio de Terminologia Química</a></i>, 2ª ed. ("Gold Book"). Compilado por A. D. McNaught e A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). Versão online: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/{{{arquivo}}}.html">{{{título}}}</a>"  (2006–) criado por M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; atualizações compiladas por A. Jenkins. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0967855098" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-9678550-9-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/atmosphere/older/mesosphere.html"><i>Mesosphere (Wayback Machine Archive)</i></a>, Atmosphere, Climate & Environment Information ProgGFKDamme (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamento_de_Meio_Ambiente,_Alimenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_Assuntos_Rurais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamento de Meio Ambiente, Alimentação e Assuntos Rurais (página não existe)">Departamento de Meio Ambiente, Alimentação e Assuntos Rurais</a> do Reino Unido)<span class="reference-accessdate">, consultado em 14 de novembro de 2011</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100701030705/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/atmosphere/older/mesosphere.html">cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2010</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.btitle=Mesosphere+%28Wayback+Machine+Archive%29&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Atmosphere%2C+Climate+%26+Environment+Information+ProgGFKDamme+%28Departamento+de+Meio+Ambiente%2C+Alimenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Assuntos+Rurais+do+Reino+Unido%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ace.mmu.ac.uk%2Feae%2Fatmosphere%2Folder%2Fmesosphere.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-02-06-atmosphere_x.htm">«Upper atmosphere may hold clues in Columbia mystery»</a>. 6 de fevereiro de 2003</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.btitle=Upper+atmosphere+may+hold+clues+in+Columbia+mystery&rft.date=2003-02-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2003-02-06-atmosphere_x.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-52/issue-07/features/adaptive-optics-eso-s-very-large-telescope-sees-four-times-first-laser-light.html">Martin Enderlein et al., <i>ESO's Very Large Telescope sees four times first light</i>, Laser Focus World, July 2016, pp. 22-24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-type-aurora-ripples-across-sky-horizontal-green-dunes-180974083/?spMailingID=41658140&spUserID=NzQwNDUzNzY2MzMS1&spJobID=1682695015&spReportId=MTY4MjY5NTAxNQS2">Wu, Katherine J. A New Type of Aurora Ripples Across the Sky in Horizontal Green "Dunes". Smithsonian Magazine (29 January 2020)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leinert C.; Gruen E. (1990). "Interplanetary Dust". Physics and Chemistry in Space (R. Schwenn and E. Marsch eds.). Springer-Verlag. pp. 204-275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=2825">«Powered Aeroplanes World Records»</a>. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 31 de agosto de 2016</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911215233/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=2825">Cópia arquivada em 11 de setembro de 2016</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.btitle=Powered+Aeroplanes+World+Records&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+A%C3%A9ronautique+Internationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fai.org%2Ffai-record-file%2F%3FrecordId%3D2825&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/special/2003/yamagami/03.shtml">«Research on Balloon to Float over 50 km Altitude»</a>. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, <a href="/wiki/JAXA" class="mw-redirect" title="JAXA">JAXA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.btitle=Research+on+Balloon+to+Float+over+50+km+Altitude&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Institute+of+Space+and+Astronautical+Science%2C+JAXA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isas.jaxa.jp%2Fe%2Fspecial%2F2003%2Fyamagami%2F03.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iadc-online.org/Documents/IADC-2002-01,%20IADC%20Space%20Debris%20Guidelines,%20Revision%201.pdf">«IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (página não existe)">Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee</a>. 15 de outubro de 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 31 de agosto de 2016</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014608/http://www.iadc-online.org/Documents/IADC-2002-01,%20IADC%20Space%20Debris%20Guidelines,%20Revision%201.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 3 de dezembro de 2013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.btitle=IADC+Space+Debris+Mitigation+Guidelines&rft.date=2002-10-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Inter-Agency+Space+Debris+Coordination+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iadc-online.org%2FDocuments%2FIADC-2002-01%2C%2520IADC%2520Space%2520Debris%2520Guidelines%2C%2520Revision%25201.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/NSS1740_14/nss1740_14-1995.pdf">«NASA Safety Standard 1740.14, Guidelines and Assessment Procedures for Limiting Orbital Debris»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Office of Safety and Mission Assurance. 1 de agosto de 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215143933/http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/NSS1740_14/nss1740_14-1995.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 15 de fevereiro de 2013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.btitle=NASA+Safety+Standard+1740.14%2C+Guidelines+and+Assessment+Procedures+for+Limiting+Orbital+Debris&rft.date=1995-08-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Office+of+Safety+and+Mission+Assurance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov%2Flibrary%2FNSS1740_14%2Fnss1740_14-1995.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51133">«100 km Altitude Boundary for Astronautics»</a>. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.btitle=100+km+Altitude+Boundary+for+Astronautics&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+A%C3%A9ronautique+Internationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw%2Fhandle%2F140.119%2F51133&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rscience.gsfc.nasa.gov/srrov.html">«NASA Sounding Rocket Program Overview»</a>. <i>NASA Sounding Rocket Program</i>. NASA. 24 de julho de 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 10 de outubro de 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.atitle=NASA+Sounding+Rocket+Program+Overview&rft.date=2006-07-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Sounding+Rocket+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frscience.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fsrrov.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2016/oct/destination-ignorosphere">«Reusable Rockets Set to Explore the 'Ignorosphere<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>»</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discover_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discover (magazine) (página não existe)">Discover Magazine</a>. 1 de setembro de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 2 de abril de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMesosfera&rft.btitle=Reusable+Rockets+Set+to+Explore+the+%27Ignorosphere%27&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Discover+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2016%2Foct%2Fdestination-ignorosphere&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosfera&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosfera&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/highsky/hmeso.htm">Descrição com linques para outros tópicos sobre a atmosfera terrestre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satinsprogram.com/">Students And Teachers In Near Space</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nearspacesystems.com/">Near Space Systems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedata.net/">Space Data Corporation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhaldi.org/">The B.H.A.L.D.I. 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title="Estratopausa">Estratopausa</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mesosfera</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Mesopausa" title="Mesopausa">Mesopausa</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termosfera" title="Termosfera">Termosfera</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Termopausa" title="Termopausa">Termopausa</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exosfera" title="Exosfera">Exosfera</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Linha_de_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Linha de Kármán">Linha de Kármán</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camada_limite_atmosf%C3%A9rica" title="Camada limite atmosférica">Camada limite atmosférica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cintur%C3%A3o_de_Van_Allen" title="Cinturão de Van Allen">Cinturão de Van Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterosfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterosfera (página não existe)">Heterosfera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosfera" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosfera">Homosfera</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbopausa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbopausa (página não existe)">Turbopausa</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionosfera" title="Ionosfera">Ionosfera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_magn%C3%A9tico_terrestre" title="Campo magnético terrestre">Magnetosfera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozonosfera" title="Ozonosfera">Ozonosfera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera">Biosfera</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fitosfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fitosfera (página não existe)">Fitosfera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoosfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoosfera (página não existe)">Zoosfera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geosfera" title="Geosfera">Geosfera</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r69328899" /></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modelo geoquímico</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crosta_terrestre" title="Crosta terrestre">Crosta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusta_continental" title="Crusta continental">Crusta continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusta_oce%C3%A2nica" title="Crusta oceânica">Crusta oceânica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manto" title="Manto">Manto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manto_inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Manto inferior">Manto inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manto_superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Manto superior">Manto superior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_terrestre" title="Núcleo terrestre">Núcleo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_externo" title="Núcleo externo">Núcleo externo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_interno" title="Núcleo interno">Núcleo interno</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modelo físico</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litosfera" title="Litosfera">Litosfera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera">Astenosfera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosfera_(manto)" title="Mesosfera (manto)">Mesosfera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_terrestre" title="Núcleo terrestre">Endosfera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outras camadas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epinosfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epinosfera (página não existe)">Epinosfera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orosfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orosfera (página não existe)">Orosfera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedosfera" title="Pedosfera">Pedosfera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizosfera" title="Rizosfera">Rizosfera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hidrosfera" 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