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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_fonot%C3%ADpic_angl%C3%A8s" title="Alfabet fonotípic anglès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet fonotípic anglès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_fonot%C3%ADpico_ingl%C3%A9s" title="Alfabeto fonotípico inglés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto fonotípico inglés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_phonotypique" title="Alphabet phonotypique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet phonotypique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5_akw%E1%BB%A5kw%E1%BB%8D_Bekee" title="Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Bekee – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Bekee" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Fonotipikal_bahasa_Inggris" title="Alfabet Fonotipikal bahasa Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Fonotipikal bahasa Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Bekarupa_Inggeris" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Phonetic alphabet developed by Isaac Pitman and Alexander John Ellis</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ki%C5%8Bston_Bildi%C5%8Bz,_near_Bath_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_717317.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ki%C5%8Bston_Bildi%C5%8Bz%2C_near_Bath_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_717317.jpg/220px-Ki%C5%8Bston_Bildi%C5%8Bz%2C_near_Bath_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_717317.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ki%C5%8Bston_Bildi%C5%8Bz%2C_near_Bath_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_717317.jpg/330px-Ki%C5%8Bston_Bildi%C5%8Bz%2C_near_Bath_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_717317.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ki%C5%8Bston_Bildi%C5%8Bz%2C_near_Bath_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_717317.jpg/440px-Ki%C5%8Bston_Bildi%C5%8Bz%2C_near_Bath_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_717317.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Street sign of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston_Buildings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingston Buildings (page does not exist)">Kingston Buildings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, once seat of <a href="/wiki/The_Phonetic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Phonetic Society">The Phonetic Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_1847.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_1847.png/220px-English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_1847.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_1847.png/330px-English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_1847.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_1847.png/440px-English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_1847.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Letters of the English phonotypic Alphabet (1847)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_Additional_Symbols_for_Foreign_Sounds_-_1845.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_Additional_Symbols_for_Foreign_Sounds_-_1845.png/220px-English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_Additional_Symbols_for_Foreign_Sounds_-_1845.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_Additional_Symbols_for_Foreign_Sounds_-_1845.png/330px-English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_Additional_Symbols_for_Foreign_Sounds_-_1845.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_Additional_Symbols_for_Foreign_Sounds_-_1845.png/440px-English_Phonotypic_Alphabet_-_Additional_Symbols_for_Foreign_Sounds_-_1845.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Additional letters for other languages in 1845</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Phonetic_Alphabet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/American_Phonetic_Alphabet.png/220px-American_Phonetic_Alphabet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/American_Phonetic_Alphabet.png/330px-American_Phonetic_Alphabet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/American_Phonetic_Alphabet.png/440px-American_Phonetic_Alphabet.png 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2484" /></a><figcaption>The American version of the alphabet of 1855, as reprinted in a medical dictionary in 1871</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phonotypic_Alphabet_No._10_(October_1843).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Phonotypic_Alphabet_No._10_%28October_1843%29.png/220px-Phonotypic_Alphabet_No._10_%28October_1843%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Phonotypic_Alphabet_No._10_%28October_1843%29.png/330px-Phonotypic_Alphabet_No._10_%28October_1843%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Phonotypic_Alphabet_No._10_%28October_1843%29.png/440px-Phonotypic_Alphabet_No._10_%28October_1843%29.png 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>An early version of the alphabet, 1843</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>English Phonotypic Alphabet</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> developed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Pitman" title="Isaac Pitman">Isaac Pitman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Ellis" title="Alexander John Ellis">Alexander John Ellis</a> originally as an <a href="/wiki/English_language_spelling_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="English language spelling reform">English language spelling reform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although never gaining wide acceptance, elements of it were incorporated into the modern <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was originally published in June 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, adaptations were published which extended the alphabet to the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscan language">Tuscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English Phonotypic Alphabet was a phonotype, which is a phonetic form of printing derived from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English" title="List of Greek and Latin roots in English">Greek root</a> "<i>phon-</i>" for voice and "-<i>typ</i>" for type.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Pitman and Ellis gave their alphabet the alternative name of <i>Phonotypy</i> or, even more phonetically, <i>Fonotypy.</i> It was designed to be the print form extension of <a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman Shorthand</a>, a form of abbreviated phonetic handwriting.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitmanSt._John196979–80Chapter_6_-_Four_Centuries_of_Spelling_and_Alphabet_Reform_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitmanSt._John196979–80Chapter_6_-_Four_Centuries_of_Spelling_and_Alphabet_Reform-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> It is closely associated with <i>Phonetic Longhand,</i> which is the handwritten, or script, form of Phonotypy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The philosophical case for the English Phonotypic Alphabet was made by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Ellis" title="Alexander John Ellis">Alexander John Ellis</a>, who conducted an extensive study of the problems with English orthography, which he published in his <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> <i>Plea for Phonetic Spelling, or the Necessity of Orthographic Reform,</i> in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis18481–195_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis18481–195-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Learned societies such as the <i>London Philological Society</i> and education journals such as <i>The Massachusetts Teacher</i> debated the arguments for <a href="/wiki/English-language_spelling_reform" title="English-language spelling reform">reform</a> and the utility of the English Phonotypic Alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall20202_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall20202-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unexpectedly, when the English Phonotypic Alphabet was trialled to teach literacy, it was discovered that after learning to read & write, students effortlessly transitioned their literacy skills to traditional <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a>. This also gave purpose to the English Phonotypic Alphabet being used as a transitional mechanism to improve the teaching of literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWithers202359–76SECTION_(4)_English_Spelled_as_Pronounced,_a_Means_of_Attaining_the_Present_Reading_and_Spelling_more_easily._Experiments_in_Teaching_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWithers202359–76SECTION_(4)_English_Spelled_as_Pronounced,_a_Means_of_Attaining_the_Present_Reading_and_Spelling_more_easily._Experiments_in_Teaching-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The letters are as follows (with some approximations to accommodate Unicode) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1843_(English)"><span id="Late_1843_.28English.29"></span>Late 1843 (English)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late 1843 (English)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this stage, long vowels had a cross-bar, and short vowels did not </p> <dl><dt>Long vowels</dt></dl> <p>Ɨ /iː/, E /eɪ/, A /ɑː/, Ɵ /ɔː/, Ʉ /oʊ/?, ᗻ (for some fonts ᗼ) /uː/ </p> <dl><dt>Short vowels</dt></dl> <p>I /ɪ/, ⵎ /ɛ/, Ʌ /æ/, O /ɒ/, U /ʌ/, ᗯ /ʊ/ </p><p>(the letter for /ʊ/ was like <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɯ⟩</span> but with the middle stem not so tall as the others, and did not have a serif at the bottom right) </p> <dl><dt>Diphthongs</dt></dl> <p>Ɯ /juː/ (like Iᗯ), ⅄ /aɪ/ (like ɅI), Ȣ /aʊ/ (like Oᗯ)? </p> <dl><dt>Reduced ('obscure') vowels</dt></dl> <p>Ǝ /ə/, <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);">ⵎ</span> /ᵊ/ </p> <dl><dt>Consonants</dt></dl> <p>P B, T D, Є J /tʃ dʒ/, K G </p><p>F V, Θ Δ /θ ð/, S Z, Σ <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);">Σ</span> /ʃ ʒ/, </p><p>L R, M N, И /ŋ/, Y W H. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1845">1845</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1845"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Vowels</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td>Ɛɛ• </td> <td>•ᗯɯ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td>Ii• </td> <td>•Ꞷꞷ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td>Ee• </td> <td>Uu•Oo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td>Aɑ• </td> <td>Āᶐ•Ɵɵ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> beginning with an unrounded vowel </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td>•Աᶙ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diphthongs ending with an unrounded vowel </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td>ᗩa• </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>•ⵚơ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td>┼ᶖ• </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diphthongs ending with a rounded vowel </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>•𐐗ɷ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td>రȣ• </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10"><b><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic</a> section</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td>•Mm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>•Nn </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>•И̡ŋ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td>Pp•Bb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Tt•Dd </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Cc•Gg </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Єꞔ•Jj </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ss•Zz </td> <td>Σʃ•𐅠ʒ </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Non-sibilant fricative </th> <td> </td> <td>Ff•Vv </td> <td>⅂ҽ•Ƌꞛ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td>Hh• </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>•Rr </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2">•Yy </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lateral approximant </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>•Ll </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10"><b><a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated</a></b> section </th></tr> <tr> <th>Labial-velar </th> <td colspan="9">•Ww </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching_Literacy">Teaching Literacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Teaching Literacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Phonetic_Reader_by_Elias_Longley.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/First_Phonetic_Reader_by_Elias_Longley.png/220px-First_Phonetic_Reader_by_Elias_Longley.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/First_Phonetic_Reader_by_Elias_Longley.png/330px-First_Phonetic_Reader_by_Elias_Longley.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/First_Phonetic_Reader_by_Elias_Longley.png/440px-First_Phonetic_Reader_by_Elias_Longley.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption>The first page of the Longley Primer shows children the letters of the Phonotypic alphabet so they can learn the associated sounds.</figcaption></figure><p>The ultimate objective of the <b>English Phonotypic Alphabet</b> was to improve literacy levels; as such, to demonstrate its efficacy, it was trialled for teaching literacy in many different settings. It was mainly tried in schools with children but also illiterate inmates of workhouses, reformatories and jails and by missionaries in Africa, China & India. In 1849, its potential was shown when 1,300 Mancunian illiterates were taught to read and write in only a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitmanSt._John196985Chapter_6_-_Four_Centuries_of_Spelling_and_Alphabetic_Reform_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitmanSt._John196985Chapter_6_-_Four_Centuries_of_Spelling_and_Alphabetic_Reform-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These trials culminated in the adoption of the English Phonotypic Alphabet in two public school districts in the United States: - <a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham, Massachusetts</a>, between 1852 & 1860 and <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a>, between 1850 & 1866. Both districts used a variant of the English Phonotypic Alphabet known as the <i>Cincinnati Phonotypy</i> or the <i>American Phonetic Alphabet</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothe196738_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothe196738-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type was used by Longley Brothers to publish a set of reading-books: - a first phonetic reader, a second phonetic reader, and a transition reader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongley1855_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongley1855-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongley1851_1st_Reader_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongley1851_1st_Reader-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongley1851_2nd_Reader_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongley1851_2nd_Reader-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waltham">Waltham</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Waltham"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Cover.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Cover.png/220px-Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Cover.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Cover.png/330px-Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Cover.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Cover.png/440px-Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Cover.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the Second Phonetic Reader in Phonotypy</figcaption></figure><p> In the 1852-53 annual report of Waltham's school committee, the chairman, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(clergyman)" title="Thomas Hill (clergyman)">Reverend Thomas Hill</a>, reported the effect of Phonotypy on the 800 pupils within the ten schools: –<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1889186186–187cited_Reverend_Thomas_Hill_(1st_June_1853)_as_Chairman_in_the_annual_report_of_the_Waltham_School_Committee_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1889186186–187cited_Reverend_Thomas_Hill_(1st_June_1853)_as_Chairman_in_the_annual_report_of_the_Waltham_School_Committee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></p><blockquote><p><i>"It has been proved in repeated experiment that if a child upon his first learning his letters, is taught the Phonetic Alphabet, and is confined to Phonetic books for the first six to eight months of schooling, he will at the end of the first year's schooling read common print and spell in common spelling better than children will ordinarily do at the end of four or five year's instruction."</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitmanSt._John196985Chapter_6;_-_Four_Centuries_of_Spelling_and_Alphabetic_Reform_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitmanSt._John196985Chapter_6;_-_Four_Centuries_of_Spelling_and_Alphabetic_Reform-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syracuse">Syracuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syracuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transition_Reader.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Transition_Reader.png/220px-Transition_Reader.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Transition_Reader.png/330px-Transition_Reader.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Transition_Reader.png/440px-Transition_Reader.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>Since a child learns literacy in Phonotypy, this page of the Transition Reader explains to the child why they need to change alphabet.</figcaption></figure><p> Bothe's analysis of the course of study for the Syracuse school district measured the improvement from using Phonotypy: - </p><blockquote><p><i>In 1855, before the introduction of the transitional alphabet, the student was expected to finish reading Webb's Second Reader by the end of the third grade. In 1858, the first year in which phonetic texts appeared in the course of study, Webb's Second Reader was entirely completed two-thirds through the second grade (four trimesters gained).</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothe196755–56Section_(4)_-_Syracuse,_New_York_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothe196755–56Section_(4)_-_Syracuse,_New_York-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successor">Successor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Successor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elias_Longley_(1823%E2%80%931899).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Elias_Longley_%281823%E2%80%931899%29.png/220px-Elias_Longley_%281823%E2%80%931899%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Elias_Longley_%281823%E2%80%931899%29.png/330px-Elias_Longley_%281823%E2%80%931899%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Elias_Longley_%281823%E2%80%931899%29.png/440px-Elias_Longley_%281823%E2%80%931899%29.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>Elias Longley, author of The Phonetic Readers in Phonotypy</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Leigh" title="Edwin Leigh">Dr Edwin Leigh</a> extensively practised using Phonotypy to teach literacy. He became persuaded of its efficacy and a passionate advocate but failed to convince his own St. Louis school district to adopt it. He concluded that Phonotypy was not widely accepted because parents, teachers, and district officials could not understand the orthography themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeigh18643Reasons_why_Phonotypy_Failed_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeigh18643Reasons_why_Phonotypy_Failed-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Teachers_Notes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Teachers_Notes.png/220px-Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Teachers_Notes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Teachers_Notes.png/330px-Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Teachers_Notes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Teachers_Notes.png/440px-Second_Phonetic_Reader_-_Teachers_Notes.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>2nd Phonetic Reader - The teacher's notes explain the importance of comprehension as children learn to read more quickly with Phonotypy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Phonotypy had never been designed as a transitionary mechanism to attain literacy in standard English; instead, people had only realised it could be used this way after it was launched. Subsequently, Leigh designed a successor, <a href="/wiki/Pronouncing_Orthography" title="Pronouncing Orthography">Pronouncing Orthography</a>, which was explicitly designed for this purpose, and to this end, it superseded Phonotypy as a transitory orthography toward literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeigh18646Leigh's_Plan_for_an_Alternative_to_Orthography_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeigh18646Leigh's_Plan_for_an_Alternative_to_Orthography-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMason2019" class="citation web cs1">Mason, Cai (25 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wessexarch.co.uk/news/bath-abbey-revelations">"Bath Abbey: Revelations from Abbey Chambers, Kingston Buildings and the 4th Fonetik Institut"</a>. <i>Wessex Archaeology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wessex+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Bath+Abbey%3A+Revelations+from+Abbey+Chambers%2C+Kingston+Buildings+and+the+4th+Fonetik+Institut&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Cai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wessexarch.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbath-abbey-revelations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA831&q=henry%2Bellis%2Benglish%2Bphonotypic%2Balphabet"><i>The World's Writing Systems</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 831. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507993-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507993-0"><bdi>0-19-507993-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=831&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-507993-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DospMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA831%26q%3Dhenry%252Bellis%252Benglish%252Bphonotypic%252Balphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulmas1999" class="citation book cs1">Coulmas, Florian (12 March 1999). "English Phonotypic Alphabet". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3KdxBqjg5cC"><i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21481-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21481-X"><bdi>0-631-21481-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+Phonotypic+Alphabet&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Writing+Systems&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1999-03-12&rft.isbn=0-631-21481-X&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3KdxBqjg5cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-gOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA105">"Completion of the Phonotypic Alphabet"</a>. <i>The Phonotypic Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (42). Bath: Phonographic Institution: 105–106. June 1845.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phonotypic+Journal&rft.atitle=Completion+of+the+Phonotypic+Alphabet&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=105-106&rft.date=1845-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-gOAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-gOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA121">"Extension of the Phonotypic Alphabet"</a>. <i>The Phonotypic Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (43). Bath: Phonographic Institution: 121–123. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Membean&rft.atitle=Word+Root%3A+phon+%28Root%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmembean.com%2Froots%2Fphon-voice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitmanSt._John196979–80Chapter_6_-_Four_Centuries_of_Spelling_and_Alphabet_Reform-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitmanSt._John196979–80Chapter_6_-_Four_Centuries_of_Spelling_and_Alphabet_Reform_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPitmanSt._John1969">Pitman & St. John 1969</a>, pp. 79–80, Chapter 6 - Four Centuries of Spelling and Alphabet Reform.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongley1878" class="citation book cs1">Longley, Elias [Secretary of the American Phonetic Association] (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bukkh6Cg-5EC"><i>The Phonetic Educator: Devoted to Phonography and the Spelling Reform</i></a>. Vol. I. Cincinnati, Ohio: Phonetic Publishing Company (published 1 December 1878). p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonetic+Educator%3A+Devoted+to+Phonography+and+the+Spelling+Reform&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Phonetic+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Longley&rft.aufirst=Elias+%5BSecretary+of+the+American+Phonetic+Association%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbukkh6Cg-5EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis18481–195-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis18481–195_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllis1848">Ellis 1848</a>, pp. 1–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1850" class="citation journal cs1">Blake, F.N. (1 March 1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_massachusetts-teacher_1850-03_3_3/page/82/mode/2up">"Spelling Reform"</a>. <i>The Massachusetts Teacher</i>. <b>III</b> (3): 83–85 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Massachusetts+Teacher&rft.atitle=Spelling+Reform&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=83-85&rft.date=1850-03-01&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=F.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_massachusetts-teacher_1850-03_3_3%2Fpage%2F82%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall20202-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall20202_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2020">Marshall 2020</a>, p. 2"...Britain's greatest nineteenth century phoneticians, Alexander John Ellis (1814-1890) and Henry Sweet (1845-1912), were frequent contributors to the journal. Hailed as the man 'responsible for laying the foundations of phonetic studies in Britain', Ellis was an excellent speaker and consecutively delivered the first three annual presidential addresses to the Society, the first of which was in 1872."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1856" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Thomas (3 July 1856). "Phonotypy as a Reading Reform". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1x6k4ATNVdoC"><i>The Four Ways of Teaching to Read: An Address Delivered Before the Ohio Teachers' Association, July 3rd, 1856</i></a>. Cincinnati: Longley Brothers. pp. 14–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phonotypy+as+a+Reading+Reform&rft.btitle=The+Four+Ways+of+Teaching+to+Read%3A+An+Address+Delivered+Before+the+Ohio+Teachers%27+Association%2C+July+3rd%2C+1856&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Longley+Brothers&rft.date=1856-07-03&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1x6k4ATNVdoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWithers202359–76SECTION_(4)_English_Spelled_as_Pronounced,_a_Means_of_Attaining_the_Present_Reading_and_Spelling_more_easily._Experiments_in_Teaching-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWithers202359–76SECTION_(4)_English_Spelled_as_Pronounced,_a_Means_of_Attaining_the_Present_Reading_and_Spelling_more_easily._Experiments_in_Teaching_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWithers2023">Withers 2023</a>, pp. 59–76, SECTION (4) English Spelled as Pronounced, a Means of Attaining the Present Reading and Spelling more easily. Experiments in Teaching.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitmanSt._John196985Chapter_6_-_Four_Centuries_of_Spelling_and_Alphabetic_Reform-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitmanSt._John196985Chapter_6_-_Four_Centuries_of_Spelling_and_Alphabetic_Reform_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPitmanSt._John1969">Pitman & St. John 1969</a>, p. 85, Chapter 6 - Four Centuries of Spelling and Alphabetic Reform.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothe196738-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothe196738_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBothe1967">Bothe 1967</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongley1855-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongley1855_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongley1855">Longley 1855</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongley1851_1st_Reader-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongley1851_1st_Reader_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongley1851_1st_Reader">Longley & 1851 1st Reader</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongley1851_2nd_Reader-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongley1851_2nd_Reader_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongley1851_2nd_Reader">Longley & 1851 2nd Reader</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1889186186–187cited_Reverend_Thomas_Hill_(1st_June_1853)_as_Chairman_in_the_annual_report_of_the_Waltham_School_Committee-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1889186186–187cited_Reverend_Thomas_Hill_(1st_June_1853)_as_Chairman_in_the_annual_report_of_the_Waltham_School_Committee_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill1889">Hill 1889</a>, p. 186, cited Reverend Thomas Hill (1st June 1853) as Chairman in the annual report of the Waltham School Committee"..We tested it thoroughly for six or seven years in the town of Waltham, Massachusetts, which then had about 800 children in the public schools. The effect on the school life of the town was very marked...experience has demonstrated that there is no means so efficient as the use of simple reading-books printed in a truly phonetic manner...when the pupil can read fluently phonetic English, he requires but a few weeks to learn to read the ordinary spelling."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitmanSt._John196985Chapter_6;_-_Four_Centuries_of_Spelling_and_Alphabetic_Reform-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitmanSt._John196985Chapter_6;_-_Four_Centuries_of_Spelling_and_Alphabetic_Reform_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPitmanSt._John1969">Pitman & St. John 1969</a>, p. 85, Chapter 6; - Four Centuries of Spelling and Alphabetic Reform...cited the Waltham School District annual school report of 1852-1853 of the school committee where Reverend Hill was Chairman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothe196755–56Section_(4)_-_Syracuse,_New_York-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothe196755–56Section_(4)_-_Syracuse,_New_York_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBothe1967">Bothe 1967</a>, pp. 55–56, Section (4) - Syracuse, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeigh18643Reasons_why_Phonotypy_Failed-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeigh18643Reasons_why_Phonotypy_Failed_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeigh1864">Leigh 1864</a>, p. 3, Reasons why Phonotypy Failed..The causes of this ill success are many and obvious. Among them may be mentioned........ Fonotypy's departure from common orthography; changing the forms and outlines and spellings of English words, thus offending the eye and arousing the prejudices of the unlettered and the literary; apparently compelling the learner to master two languages, the phonetic and the English; requiring him to become familiar with the wrong spellings in order to learn the right, and to acquire an entirely new language in order to learn the common print. It was hard for men to believe that two languages (as it seemed to them) could be learned more easily than one, and the best way to learn to spell was first to spell wrong..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeigh18646Leigh's_Plan_for_an_Alternative_to_Orthography-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeigh18646Leigh's_Plan_for_an_Alternative_to_Orthography_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeigh1864">Leigh 1864</a>, p. 6, Leigh's Plan for an Alternative to Orthography.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Phonetic_Journal" title="The Phonetic Journal">The Phonetic Journal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1848" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Ellis" title="Alexander John Ellis">Ellis, Alexander John</a> (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apleaforphoenet00elligoog/mode/2up"><i>Plea for Phonetic Spelling: or the Necessity of Orthographic Reform</i></a> (2 ed.). London: Fred Pitman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plea+for+Phonetic+Spelling%3A+or+the+Necessity+of+Orthographic+Reform.&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Fred+Pitman&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Alexander+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapleaforphoenet00elligoog%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBothe1967" class="citation thesis cs1">Bothe, Albert (1 December 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED018332.pdf"><i>Nineteenth-century experiments with transitional reading media</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Nineteenth-century+experiments+with+transitional+reading+media.&rft.inst=Johns+Hopkins+University&rft.date=1967-12-01&rft.aulast=Bothe&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED018332.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1889" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(clergyman)" title="Thomas Hill (clergyman)">Hill, Reverend Doctor Thomas</a> (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_forum-and-century_1889-04_7_2/page/186/mode/2up">"A Way to Teach English Spelling"</a>. <i>The Forum</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 186–187 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forum&rft.atitle=A+Way+to+Teach+English+Spelling&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=186-187&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Reverend+Doctor+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_forum-and-century_1889-04_7_2%2Fpage%2F186%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh1864" class="citation journal cs1">Leigh, Edwin (1 January 1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thephonicspage.org/On%20Reading/Resources/Leigh-Pronouncing%20Orthography-Library%20of%20Congress-1864.pdf">"Pamphlet; – Pronouncing Orthography, Explained & Exemplified"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Library of Congress</i>: 1–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Pamphlet%3B+%E2%80%93+Pronouncing+Orthography%2C+Explained+%26+Exemplified&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1864-01-01&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thephonicspage.org%2FOn%2520Reading%2FResources%2FLeigh-Pronouncing%2520Orthography-Library%2520of%2520Congress-1864.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongley1851_1st_Reader" class="citation book cs1">Longley, Elias (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433069251407&seq=7"><i>First Phonetic Reader</i></a> (4 ed.). Cincinnati: Longley Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Phonetic+Reader&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Longley+Brothers&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Longley&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433069251407%26seq%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongley1851_2nd_Reader" class="citation book cs1">Longley, Elias (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433069252942&seq=7"><i>Second Phonetic Reader</i></a> (1 ed.). Cincinnati: Longley Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+Phonetic+Reader&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Longley+Brothers&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Longley&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433069252942%26seq%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongley1855" class="citation book cs1">Longley, Elias (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwskjm&seq=5"><i>Transition Reader</i></a> (1 ed.). Cincinnati: Longley Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transition+Reader&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Longley+Brothers&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Longley&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.hwskjm%26seq%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2020" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, Fiona (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philsoc.org.uk/media/2020/07/Early%20PhilSoc%20history.pdf">"History of the Philological Society: The Early Years"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>philsoc.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=philsoc.org.uk&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Philological+Society%3A+The+Early+Years&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilsoc.org.uk%2Fmedia%2F2020%2F07%2FEarly%2520PhilSoc%2520history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitmanSt._John1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Pitman" title="James Pitman">Pitman, Sir James</a>; St. John, John (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tm4bAAAAMAAJ"><i>Alphabets and Reading, The Initial Teaching Alphabet</i></a> (1 ed.). London: Pitman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-273-43343-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-273-43343-1"><bdi>0-273-43343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alphabets+and+Reading%2C+The+Initial+Teaching+Alphabet&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Pitman&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-273-43343-1&rft.aulast=Pitman&rft.aufirst=Sir+James&rft.au=St.+John%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTm4bAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithers2023" class="citation book cs1">Withers, George (2023) [1874]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vaizEAAAQBAJ"><i>The English Language Spelled as Pronounced</i></a> (1 ed.). Frankfurt: Outlook. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-368-81052-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-368-81052-8"><bdi>978-3-368-81052-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Language+Spelled+as+Pronounced&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pages=73&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Outlook&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-368-81052-8&rft.aulast=Withers&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvaizEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Phonotypic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4079.pdf">Third Revised Proposal to encode characters for the English Phonotypic Alphabet (EPA) in the UCS, October 18th 2011</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bath.ac.uk/corporate-information/pitman-collection/">Pitman Collection at the University of Bath</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&oldid=1255082350">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&oldid=1255082350</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1845_introductions" title="Category:1845 introductions">1845 introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writing_systems_introduced_in_the_19th_century" title="Category:Writing systems introduced in the 19th century">Writing systems introduced in the 19th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phonics" title="Category:Phonics">Phonics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phonetic_alphabets" title="Category:Phonetic alphabets">Phonetic alphabets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_spelling_reform" title="Category:English spelling reform">English spelling reform</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reading_(process)" title="Category:Reading (process)">Reading (process)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2023">Use dmy dates from April 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 01:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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