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id="toc-Surrounding_municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrounding_municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Surrounding municipalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrounding_municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Companies_headquartered_in_Tsukuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companies_headquartered_in_Tsukuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Companies headquartered in Tsukuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Companies_headquartered_in_Tsukuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Primary and secondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Highway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Local attractions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_attractions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Local attractions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Local_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tsukuba_Science_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsukuba_Science_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Tsukuba Science City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsukuba_Science_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leo_Esaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leo_Esaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Leo Esaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leo_Esaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Other attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_from_Tsukuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_from_Tsukuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people from Tsukuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_from_Tsukuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tsukuba</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="تسوكوبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسوكوبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تسوکوبا، ایباراکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تسوکوبا، ایباراکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukuba-chh%C4%AB" title="Tukuba-chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tukuba-chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Цукуба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цукуба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Цукуба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цукуба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba-shi" title="Tsukuba-shi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tsukuba-shi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukuba_(Ibaraki)" title="Cukuba (Ibaraki) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cukuba (Ibaraki)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba_(Ibaraki)" title="Tsukuba (Ibaraki) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tsukuba (Ibaraki)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba_(Ibaraki)" title="Tsukuba (Ibaraki) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tsukuba (Ibaraki)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukuba" title="Cukuba – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cukuba" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba_(Ibaraki)" title="Tsukuba (Ibaraki) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tsukuba (Ibaraki)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="تسوکوبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تسوکوبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%93%B0%EC%BF%A0%EB%B0%94%EC%8B%9C" title="쓰쿠바시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쓰쿠바시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A1" title="Ծուկուբա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծուկուբա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba,_Ibaraki" title="Tsukuba, Ibaraki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tsukuba, Ibaraki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="تسوكوبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تسوكوبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تسوکوبا، ایباراکی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تسوکوبا، ایباراکی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8F%E3%81%B0%E5%B8%82" title="つくば市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="つくば市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Цукуба – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цукуба" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Цукуба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цукуба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Цукуба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цукуба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba,_Ibaraki" title="Tsukuba, Ibaraki – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tsukuba, Ibaraki" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Цукуба – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Цукуба" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0" title="สึกูบะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สึกูบะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Тсукуба – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тсукуба" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Цукуба (Ібаракі) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цукуба (Ібаракі)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تسوکوبا، ایباراکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تسوکوبا، ایباراکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tsukuba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%91%E6%B3%A2%E5%B8%82" title="筑波市 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="筑波市" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba,_Ibaraki" title="Tsukuba, Ibaraki – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tsukuba, Ibaraki" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tsukuba&params=36_5_0.5_N_140_4_35.2_E_region:JP-08_type:city(256526)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°5′0.5″N</span> <span class="longitude">140°4′35.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.083472°N 140.076444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.083472; 140.076444</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba_City&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsukuba City">Tsukuba City</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city. For the district, see <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba_District,_Ibaraki" title="Tsukuba District, Ibaraki">Tsukuba District, Ibaraki</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Special city in Kantō, Japan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Tsukuba</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ja"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">つくば市</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_Japan" title="Special cities of Japan">Special city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsukuba_Center_%26_Mt.Tsukuba01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Mount Tsukuba and Tsukuba Center"><img alt="View of Mount Tsukuba and Tsukuba Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tsukuba_Center_%26_Mt.Tsukuba01.jpg/250px-Tsukuba_Center_%26_Mt.Tsukuba01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tsukuba_Center_%26_Mt.Tsukuba01.jpg/375px-Tsukuba_Center_%26_Mt.Tsukuba01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tsukuba_Center_%26_Mt.Tsukuba01.jpg/500px-Tsukuba_Center_%26_Mt.Tsukuba01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2240" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">View of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tsukuba" title="Mount Tsukuba">Mount Tsukuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsukuba Center">Tsukuba Center</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tsukuba,_Ibaraki.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tsukuba"><img alt="Flag of Tsukuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Tsukuba%2C_Ibaraki.svg/100px-Flag_of_Tsukuba%2C_Ibaraki.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Tsukuba%2C_Ibaraki.svg/150px-Flag_of_Tsukuba%2C_Ibaraki.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Tsukuba%2C_Ibaraki.svg/200px-Flag_of_Tsukuba%2C_Ibaraki.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Tsukuba,_Ibaraki.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Tsukuba"><img alt="Official seal of Tsukuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Emblem_of_Tsukuba%2C_Ibaraki.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Tsukuba%2C_Ibaraki.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Emblem_of_Tsukuba%2C_Ibaraki.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Tsukuba%2C_Ibaraki.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Emblem_of_Tsukuba%2C_Ibaraki.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Tsukuba%2C_Ibaraki.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsukuba_in_Ibaraki_Prefecture_Ja.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Tsukuba in Ibaraki Prefecture"><img alt="Location of Tsukuba in Ibaraki Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tsukuba_in_Ibaraki_Prefecture_Ja.svg/250px-Tsukuba_in_Ibaraki_Prefecture_Ja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tsukuba_in_Ibaraki_Prefecture_Ja.svg/375px-Tsukuba_in_Ibaraki_Prefecture_Ja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tsukuba_in_Ibaraki_Prefecture_Ja.svg/500px-Tsukuba_in_Ibaraki_Prefecture_Ja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="567" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Tsukuba in Ibaraki Prefecture</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tsukuba is located in Japan"><img alt="Tsukuba is located in Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg/250px-Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg/375px-Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg/500px-Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="373" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.721%;left:56.284%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tsukuba"><img alt="Tsukuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Tsukuba</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"> </div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tsukuba&params=36_5_0.5_N_140_4_35.2_E_region:JP-08_type:city(256526)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°5′0.5″N</span> <span class="longitude">140°4′35.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.083472°N 140.076444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.083472; 140.076444</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kantō</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefecture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_Prefecture" title="Ibaraki Prefecture">Ibaraki</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First official recorded</th><td class="infobox-data">180 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tsukuba town settled</th><td class="infobox-data">April 1, 1889</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tsukuba city settled</th><td class="infobox-data">November 30, 1987</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E5%B5%90%E7%AB%8B%E9%9D%92" class="extiw" title="ja:五十嵐立青">Tatsuo Igarashi</a> (from November 2016)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_Japan" title="Special cities of Japan">Special city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">283.72 km<sup>2</sup> (109.54 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(January 1, 2024)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_Japan" title="Special cities of Japan">Special city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">256,526</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">900/km<sup>2</sup> (2,300/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2015)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">843,402 (<a href="/wiki/Urban_Employment_Area" title="Urban Employment Area">19th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B9" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+9">UTC+9</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time" title="Japan Standard Time">Japan Standard Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Address</th><td class="infobox-data">2530-2 Karima, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305-8555</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city.tsukuba.lg.jp/english/index.html">Official website</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ural_owl" title="Ural owl">Ural owl</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flower</th><td class="infobox-data">Hoshizaki-yukinoshita <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saxifraga_stolonifera" title="Saxifraga stolonifera">Saxifraga stolonifera</a> Curtis f. aptera (Makino) H.Hara)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zelkova_serrata" title="Zelkova serrata">Japanese zelkova</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsukuba_City_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tsukuba_City_Hall.JPG/220px-Tsukuba_City_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tsukuba_City_Hall.JPG/330px-Tsukuba_City_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tsukuba_City_Hall.JPG/440px-Tsukuba_City_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tsukuba City Hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Tsukuba_dsc04769.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/University_of_Tsukuba_dsc04769.jpg/220px-University_of_Tsukuba_dsc04769.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/University_of_Tsukuba_dsc04769.jpg/330px-University_of_Tsukuba_dsc04769.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/University_of_Tsukuba_dsc04769.jpg/440px-University_of_Tsukuba_dsc04769.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>One of the buildings at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tsukuba" title="University of Tsukuba">University of Tsukuba</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsukuba-Express-TX-2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tsukuba-Express-TX-2000.jpg/220px-Tsukuba-Express-TX-2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tsukuba-Express-TX-2000.jpg/330px-Tsukuba-Express-TX-2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tsukuba-Express-TX-2000.jpg/440px-Tsukuba-Express-TX-2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tsukuba_Express" title="Tsukuba Express">Tsukuba Express</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt.Tsukuba_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mt.Tsukuba_23.jpg/220px-Mt.Tsukuba_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mt.Tsukuba_23.jpg/330px-Mt.Tsukuba_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mt.Tsukuba_23.jpg/440px-Mt.Tsukuba_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3868" data-file-height="2579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tsukuba" title="Mount Tsukuba">Mount Tsukuba</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsukubasan_jinja-_ibaraki_-_Nov_29_2020_-_various_22_05_36_113000.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tsukubasan_jinja-_ibaraki_-_Nov_29_2020_-_various_22_05_36_113000.jpeg/220px-Tsukubasan_jinja-_ibaraki_-_Nov_29_2020_-_various_22_05_36_113000.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tsukubasan_jinja-_ibaraki_-_Nov_29_2020_-_various_22_05_36_113000.jpeg/330px-Tsukubasan_jinja-_ibaraki_-_Nov_29_2020_-_various_22_05_36_113000.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tsukubasan_jinja-_ibaraki_-_Nov_29_2020_-_various_22_05_36_113000.jpeg/440px-Tsukubasan_jinja-_ibaraki_-_Nov_29_2020_-_various_22_05_36_113000.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Tsukuba Shrine</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tsukuba</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">つくば市</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tsukuba-shi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">city</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_Prefecture" title="Ibaraki Prefecture">Ibaraki Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. As of January 1, 2024, the city had an estimated <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> of 256,526 in 121,001 households and a <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> of 900 persons per km<sup>2</sup>. The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 20.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibaraki-hp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibaraki-hp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total area of the city is 283.72 square kilometres (109.54 sq mi). It is known as the location of the <b>Tsukuba Science City</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">筑波研究学園都市</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tsukuba Kenkyū Gakuen Toshi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, a <a href="/wiki/Planned_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned city">planned</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">science park</a> developed in the 1960s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsukuba is located in southern Ibaraki Prefecture, approximately 50 kilometers from central Tokyo and about 40 kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Narita International Airport</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tsukuba" title="Mount Tsukuba">Mount Tsukuba</a>, from which the city takes its name, is located in the northern part of the city. Except for the area around Mount Tsukuba, the city is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Plain" title="Kantō Plain">Kantō Plain</a> with an altitude of 20 to 30 meters. </p><p>Mountains: Mount Tsukuba, Mount Hokyo. </p><p>Rivers: Kokai River, Sakura River, Higashiyata River, Nishiyata River, Ono River, Hanamuro River, Inari River. </p><p>Parks: The city has more than 100 parks and green areas to relax in. Different parks are connected by pedestrian walk and bikeways. Some parks are equipped with tennis courts and round pavements for jogging and walking. <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dōhō Park (page does not exist)">Dōhō Park</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%B3%B0%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="ja:洞峰公園">ja</a>]</span>, a park surrounded by vegetation centered in Dōhō Swamp, has a baseball field, a soccer field, a gym and a heated indoor pool equipped with a solar heating system. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matsumi_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matsumi Park (page does not exist)">Matsumi Park</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="ja:松見公園">ja</a>]</span> has a 45m-high observation deck and a Japanese style garden with flowers and a small pond. </p><p>Gardens: Tsukuba Botanical Garden and Tsukuba Peony Garden. </p><p>In the extreme south is the Ushiku Lagoon; the Nishiyata, Higashiyata and Inari rivers discharge their waters into it. The Ushiku Lagoon, through the Yata River, flows into the Kokai River. </p><p>At the end of their courses, the Kokai River discharge into the <a href="/wiki/Tone_River" title="Tone River">Tone River</a>, and the Sakura, Hanamuro and Ono rivers discharge into the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kasumigaura" title="Lake Kasumigaura">Lake Kasumigaura</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrounding_municipalities">Surrounding municipalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Surrounding municipalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibaraki Prefecture </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikusei,_Ibaraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikusei, Ibaraki">Chikusei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishioka,_Ibaraki" title="Ishioka, Ibaraki">Ishioka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ds%C5%8D,_Ibaraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Jōsō, Ibaraki">Jōsō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABgasaki,_Ibaraki" title="Ryūgasaki, Ibaraki">Ryūgasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakuragawa,_Ibaraki" title="Sakuragawa, Ibaraki">Sakuragawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimotsuma,_Ibaraki" title="Shimotsuma, Ibaraki">Shimotsuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuchiura,_Ibaraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuchiura, Ibaraki">Tsuchiura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukubamirai,_Ibaraki" title="Tsukubamirai, Ibaraki">Tsukubamirai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushiku,_Ibaraki" title="Ushiku, Ibaraki">Ushiku</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsukuba has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (Köppen <i>Cfa</i>) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Tsukuba is 14.3 °C (57.7 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,326.0 mm (52.20 in) with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.9 °C (78.6 °F), and lowest in January, at around 3.1 °C (37.6 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-normals_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-normals-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Tsukuba (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1921−present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1<br />(93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.8<br />(5.4) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.0<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.6<br />(11.1) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4<br />(20.5) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.8<br />(18.0) </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.9<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−17.0<br />(1.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.6<br />(1.99) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.1<br />(1.85) </td> <td style="background: #70FF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.5<br />(3.76) </td> <td style="background: #55FF55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">109.8<br />(4.32) </td> <td style="background: #3DFF3D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.8<br />(5.11) </td> <td style="background: #34FF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.8<br />(5.19) </td> <td style="background: #36FF36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.6<br />(5.30) </td> <td style="background: #4EFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.2<br />(4.65) </td> <td style="background: #00DD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.6<br />(7.39) </td> <td style="background: #00DD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">193.5<br />(7.62) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.1<br />(3.11) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.5<br />(1.91) </td> <td style="background: #57FF57; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,326<br />(52.20) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13<br />(5.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">100.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">206.8 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.8 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.6 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.4 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.8 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.3 </td> <td style="background: #C5C506; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.8 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.8 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF26; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.4 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">138.4 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.6 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">185.7 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,014.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-normals_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-normals-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: 理科年表 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per Japanese census data,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the population of Tsukuba has increased rapidly since 1980. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1950 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">91,173</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">82,423</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−9.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">78,110</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">127,402</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+63.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">168,466</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+32.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">191,814</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">214,590</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2020 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">241,656</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.6%</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tsukuba" title="Mount Tsukuba">Mount Tsukuba</a> has been a place of pilgrimage since at least the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, parts of what later became the city of Tsukuba were administered by a junior branch of the <a href="/wiki/Hosokawa_clan" title="Hosokawa clan">Hosokawa clan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yatabe_Domain" title="Yatabe Domain">Yatabe Domain</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Han_system" title="Han system">feudal domains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>. With the creation of the modern municipalities system after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> on April 1, 1889, the town Yatabe was established within <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba_District,_Ibaraki" title="Tsukuba District, Ibaraki">Tsukuba District, Ibaraki</a>. </p><p>Beginning in the 1960s, the area was designated for development. Construction of the city centre, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tsukuba" title="University of Tsukuba">University of Tsukuba</a> and 46 public basic scientific research laboratories began in the 1970s. Tsukuba Science City became operational in the 1980s. The <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2785" class="mw-redirect" title="Expo '85">Expo '85</a> <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">world's fair</a> was held in the area of Tsukuba Science City, which at the time was still divided administratively between several small towns and villages. Attractions at the event included the 85-metre (279 ft) <a href="/wiki/Technocosmos" title="Technocosmos">Technocosmos</a>, which at that time was the world's tallest <a href="/wiki/Ferris_wheel" title="Ferris wheel">Ferris wheel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 30, 1987 the town of Yatabe merged with the neighboring towns of Ōho and Toyosato (from <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba_District,_Ibaraki" title="Tsukuba District, Ibaraki">Tsukuba District</a>)) and the village of Sakura (from <a href="/wiki/Niihari_District,_Ibaraki" title="Niihari District, Ibaraki">Niihari District</a>) to create the city of Tsukuba. The neighboring town of Tsukuba merged with the city of Tsukuba on January 1, 1988. Followed by the town of Kukizaki (from <a href="/wiki/Inashiki_District,_Ibaraki" title="Inashiki District, Ibaraki">Inashiki District</a>) on November 1, 2002. Therefore, Yatabe, Ōho, Toyosato, Sakura, Tsukuba and Kukizaki, correspond to the ancient towns and villages. </p><p>By 2000, the city's 60 national research institutes and two national universities had been grouped into five zones: higher education and training, construction research, physical science and engineering research, biological and agricultural research, and common (public) facilities. These zones were surrounded by more than 240 private research facilities. Among the most prominent institutions are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tsukuba" title="University of Tsukuba">University of Tsukuba</a> (1973; formerly Tokyo University of Education); the <a href="/wiki/KEK" title="KEK">High Energy Accelerator Research Organization</a> (KEK); the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; the Electrotechnical Laboratory; the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory; and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Materials_Science" title="National Institute for Materials Science">National Institute for Materials Science</a>. The city has an international flair, with about 7,500 foreign students and researchers from as many as 133 countries living in Tsukuba at any one time. </p><p>Over the past several decades, nearly half of Japan's public research and development budget has been spent in Tsukuba. Important scientific breakthroughs by its researchers include the identification and specification of the molecular structure of superconducting materials, the development of organic optical films that alter their electrical conductivity in response to changing light, and the creation of extreme low-pressure <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_chamber" title="Vacuum chamber">vacuum chambers</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Tsukuba has become one of the world's key sites for government-industry collaborations in basic research. Earthquake safety, environmental degradation, studies of roadways, fermentation science, microbiology, and plant genetics are some of the broad research topics having close public-private partnerships. </p><p>On April 1, 2007 Tsukuba was designated a <a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_Japan" title="Special cities of Japan">Special city</a> with increased autonomy. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima I nuclear accidents">Fukushima I nuclear accidents</a> in 2011, evacuees from the accident zone reported that municipal officials in Tsukuba refused to allow them access to shelters in the city unless they presented certificates from the Fukushima government declaring that the evacuees were "radiation free".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 6, 2012, Tsukuba was struck by a <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a> that caused heavy damage to numerous structures and left approximately 20,000 residents without electricity. The storm killed one 14-year-old boy and injured 45 people. The tornado was rated an F-3 by the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a>, making it the most powerful tornado to ever hit Japan. Some spots had F-4 damage.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsukuba has a <a href="/wiki/Mayor-council" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council">mayor-council</a> form of government with a directly elected mayor and a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> city council of 28 members. Tsukuba contributes five members to the Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of <a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_6th_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibaraki 6th district">Ibaraki 6th district</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Japan">lower house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Japan">Diet of Japan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The local economy was traditionally based on rice production, and Tsukuba still has the largest area under <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a> in Ibaraki Prefecture. After the establishment of Tsukuba Science City, the numerous government and private research institutes has drawn a large number of factories and supporting businesses. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt._Tsukuba_viewed_from_Kenkyu-Gakuen,_Tsukuba_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mt._Tsukuba_viewed_from_Kenkyu-Gakuen%2C_Tsukuba_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Mt._Tsukuba_viewed_from_Kenkyu-Gakuen%2C_Tsukuba_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mt._Tsukuba_viewed_from_Kenkyu-Gakuen%2C_Tsukuba_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Mt._Tsukuba_viewed_from_Kenkyu-Gakuen%2C_Tsukuba_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mt._Tsukuba_viewed_from_Kenkyu-Gakuen%2C_Tsukuba_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Mt._Tsukuba_viewed_from_Kenkyu-Gakuen%2C_Tsukuba_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Route in Tsukuba</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Companies_headquartered_in_Tsukuba">Companies headquartered in Tsukuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Companies headquartered in Tsukuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdyne_Inc." title="Cyberdyne Inc.">Cyberdyne Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> Japan (1980-2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftEther_Corporation" title="SoftEther Corporation">SoftEther Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V.M._Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V.M. Technology (page does not exist)">V.M. Technology</a> (1986-1997)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komori_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Komori Corporation">Komori Corporation</a> has its main manufacturing plant in Tsukuba.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_University_for_Advanced_Studies_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Japan)">Graduate University for Advanced Studies</a>, Tsukuba Campus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_Corporation_Tsukuba_University_of_Technology" title="National University Corporation Tsukuba University of Technology">National University Corporation Tsukuba University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukuba_Gakuin_University" title="Tsukuba Gakuin University">Tsukuba Gakuin University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tsukuba" title="University of Tsukuba">University of Tsukuba</a>, Tsukuba Campus</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsukuba has 29 public elementary schools and 12 public middle schools operated by the city government, and four public high school operated by the Ibaraki Prefectural Board of Education. The prefecture also operates one combined middle school/high school and one special education school for the handicapped. There is also one private combined middle/high school. </p><p>In addition, it has international schools, like <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba_International_School" title="Tsukuba International School">Tsukuba International School</a> and Liberty International School, and also has a Brazilian school, the Instituto Educare (former Escola Pingo de Gente).<sup id="cite_ref-Brazilschools_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazilschools-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TsukubaRail-Tsukuba-Sta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/TsukubaRail-Tsukuba-Sta.jpg/220px-TsukubaRail-Tsukuba-Sta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/TsukubaRail-Tsukuba-Sta.jpg/330px-TsukubaRail-Tsukuba-Sta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/TsukubaRail-Tsukuba-Sta.jpg/440px-TsukubaRail-Tsukuba-Sta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Tsukuba Railway - Tsukuba Station Ruins. Tsukuba Railway, started 1918 suspended 1987</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_of_downtown_Tsukuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Panoramic_view_of_downtown_Tsukuba.jpg/220px-Panoramic_view_of_downtown_Tsukuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Panoramic_view_of_downtown_Tsukuba.jpg/330px-Panoramic_view_of_downtown_Tsukuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Panoramic_view_of_downtown_Tsukuba.jpg/440px-Panoramic_view_of_downtown_Tsukuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3570" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>Tsukuba Express - Tsukuba Station</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsukuba_Express_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tsukuba_Express_mark.svg/20px-Tsukuba_Express_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tsukuba_Express_mark.svg/30px-Tsukuba_Express_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tsukuba_Express_mark.svg/40px-Tsukuba_Express_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="45" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Intercity_Railway_Company" title="Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company">Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba_Express" title="Tsukuba Express">Tsukuba Express</a> </p> <ul><li>Stations in Tsukuba: <a href="/wiki/Midorino_Station" title="Midorino Station">Midorino</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bampaku-kinenk%C5%8Den_Station_(Ibaraki)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bampaku-kinenkōen Station (Ibaraki)">Bampaku-kinenkōen</a> - <a href="/wiki/Kenky%C5%AB-gakuen_Station" title="Kenkyū-gakuen Station">Kenkyū-gakuen</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba_Station" title="Tsukuba Station">Tsukuba</a></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keisei_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Keisei_Logo.svg/20px-Keisei_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Keisei_Logo.svg/30px-Keisei_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Keisei_Logo.svg/40px-Keisei_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="105" /></a></span> Tsukuba Kankō Railway </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tsukuba_Cable_Car" title="Mount Tsukuba Cable Car">Mount Tsukuba Cable Car</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tsukuba_Ropeway" title="Mount Tsukuba Ropeway">Mount Tsukuba Ropeway</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highway">Highway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Highway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/JP_Expressway_E6.svg/33px-JP_Expressway_E6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/JP_Expressway_E6.svg/49px-JP_Expressway_E6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/JP_Expressway_E6.svg/66px-JP_Expressway_E6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="436" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dban_Expressway" title="Jōban Expressway">Jōban Expressway</a> – Yatabe Interchange, Tsukuba Junction, Yatabe-Higashi Parking Area, Sakura-Tsuchiura Interchange</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JP_Expressway_C4.svg/33px-JP_Expressway_C4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JP_Expressway_C4.svg/49px-JP_Expressway_C4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JP_Expressway_C4.svg/66px-JP_Expressway_C4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="436" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ken-%C5%8C_Expressway" title="Ken-Ō Expressway">Ken-Ō Expressway</a> – Tsukuba-Chuo Interchange, Tsukuba Junction, Tsukuba-Ushiku Interchange</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0006.svg/25px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0006.svg/38px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0006.svg/50px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0006.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="435" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan_National_Route_6" title="Japan National Route 6">National Route 6</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0125.svg/25px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0125.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0125.svg/38px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0125.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0125.svg/50px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0125.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="435" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan_National_Route_125" title="Japan National Route 125">National Route 125</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0354.svg/25px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0354.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0354.svg/38px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0354.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0354.svg/50px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0354.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="435" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan_National_Route_354" title="Japan National Route 354">National Route 354</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0408.svg/25px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0408.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0408.svg/38px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0408.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0408.svg/50px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0408.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="435" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan_National_Route_408" title="Japan National Route 408">National Route 408</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0468.svg/25px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0468.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0468.svg/38px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0468.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0468.svg/50px-Japanese_National_Route_Sign_0468.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="435" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan_National_Route_468" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan National Route 468">National Route 468</a> – (Ken-Ō Expressway, is signed as National Route 468 as well as C4.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Academic Newtown Community Cable Service (ACCS)</li> <li>Tsukuba Community Broadcast Inc. – Radio Tsukuba</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_attractions">Local attractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Local attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsukuba_Science_City">Tsukuba Science City</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tsukuba Science City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsukuba Science City is a center for research and education in the city of Tsukuba, located northeast of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. The idea of constructing the science city was by the late <a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dno" title="Ichirō Kōno">Ichiro Kono</a>, former minister of construction, and Kuniomi Umezawa, former vice minister of the science and technology agency.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_1981_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom_1981-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another key figure for the development of the Science City is <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dearing_1995_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dearing_1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What sets Tsukuba apart from other town developments in Japan is the large scale and fast pace of its development into a place with high quality of scientific innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-Dearing_1995_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dearing_1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1963, the national government of Japan, led by Ichiro Kono and Kniomi Umezawa, ordered the development of a science city in the area around the mountain Tsukuba.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_1981_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom_1981-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons behind this decision included the overcrowding in Tokyo, the overflow of applicants to Japanese elite universities, a desire of conservative politicians to decrease the influence of liberal teachers and students, and a need to catch up with the West in terms of scientific knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Dearing_1995_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dearing_1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it was already clear that there was a demand for new research facilities and a fresh approach to university education. This fresh approach was prevalent in the United States; therefore, Japan's Ministry of Education decided to transfer a part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tsukuba" title="University of Tsukuba">Tokyo University of Education</a> to the Tsukuba area. The campus of the university was modeled after the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>, campus.<sup id="cite_ref-Dearing_1995_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dearing_1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a new university structure was introduced; the power of teachers decreased and the power of administrative management increased. Furthermore, the new structure led to better research facilities, a separate independent research department and the implementation of a board for general policies and regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_1981_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom_1981-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, after a few years of intensive study, the government started the project by buying land in the Tsukuba area.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_1981_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom_1981-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acquiring of land to build on was done by negotiation over prices between the government and landowners. The parcels of land with the most suitable price were purchased. This is reason for the odd shape of the government-owned land in Tsukuba; it is 18 kilometers long from north to east and 6 kilometers wide from east to west.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_1981_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom_1981-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this shape walking is not common in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Dearing_1995_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dearing_1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The building of facilities started in June 1969. The initial building plan was ten years, but in 1980 it became clear that that would not be the case. However, in March 1980 all the facilities that were meant to be built were up and running to a certain extent.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_1981_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom_1981-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1970 and 1980 researchers and their families started to move to Tsukuba. This move was a culture shock for the families from Tokyo due to the dirt roads and open fields in Tsukuba.<sup id="cite_ref-Dearing_1995_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dearing_1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Tsukuba was built for travel by car due to having no train station. It was actually Japan's first city that promoted automobile travel over public transport.<sup id="cite_ref-Dearing_1995_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dearing_1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, a train station was built in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba_Express" title="Tsukuba Express">Tsukuba Express</a> travels from Tokyo to the Science City in 45 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Tsukuba Expo 1985</b> </p><p>In order to promote the positive aspects of science and technology, an <a href="/wiki/Expo_85_(Tsukuba,_Japan)" title="Expo 85 (Tsukuba, Japan)">International Science and Technology Exposition</a> was held. This was a landmark for the science city. The reasons behind the expo were to establish a positive national image of Tsukuba Science City and to gain international recognition that Tsukuba was a place of science. The Expo attracted around 20 million Japanese and foreign visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Dearing_1995_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dearing_1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leo_Esaki">Leo Esaki</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Leo Esaki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a> became the president of the University of Tsukuba in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Normile_1994_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Normile_1994-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His presidency marked a new era of reform for the Tsukuba Science City. Leo Esaki is a Nobel prize winner and worked at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> prior to becoming president of the University of Tsukuba. Unlike other Japanese university presidents he had no academic background and no former ties with the University of Tsukuba. This was part of the reason why he was chosen as president. Due to his history in the corporate world, he was able to create a climate were companies and graduate students could work together closely.<sup id="cite_ref-Normile_1994_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Normile_1994-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the university was founded a good relationship between the students of the university and the nearby companies was expected. However, over the years this ambition disappeared into the background.<sup id="cite_ref-Normile_1994_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Normile_1994-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these years there was a severe lack in interaction between the facilities of the University and the private companies in the area. This meant that there was no joint research happening.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1994, Esaki introduced Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA). This is a partnership between the university, foreign researchers, Tsukuba's national research labs, and corporate laboratories based in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Dearing_1995_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dearing_1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism">Criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsukuba Science City has faced considerable criticism since its inception. The first criticism on the city was that it was not habitable. Wives of the first researchers were used to putting garbage on the side of the road in order for it to get picked up. However, this was not the case in the mid-1970s. Until that time only farmers had lived there and they would process their own garbage into mulch. Because the garbage did not get picked up, it started smelling in the streets. This enraged the housewives and they demanded a garbage service. In order to meet the demand, a pit was dug where the waste could be dumped until a garbage service would be developed in the city. In the 1990s, Tsukuba had the most innovative garbage system in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Dearing_1995_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dearing_1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another criticism levied by national government critics is that Tsukuba Science City is a waste of taxpayer's money. They also believe that Tsukuba is an example of government control of academic and research organization. In addition, social critics feel that Tsukuba's social organization is unfavorable as it lacks traditional Japanese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Dearing_1995_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dearing_1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garner describes the city is described as being ‘flat’ due to a lack of city life.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though Tsukuba Science City has an impressive number of research and development facilities and various companies, it still is not able to reach the same level of innovation as science cities that do have stimulating city life. In 2006, Tsukuba Science City started focusing on creating more city life to address this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_2006_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirasawakannga0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hirasawakannga0001.jpg/220px-Hirasawakannga0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hirasawakannga0001.jpg/330px-Hirasawakannga0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hirasawakannga0001.jpg/440px-Hirasawakannga0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Hirasawa Kangai ruins archaeological site</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hojo_pond_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hojo_pond_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Hojo_pond_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hojo_pond_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Hojo_pond_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hojo_pond_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Hojo_pond_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>Hōjō pond (Hōjō Ōike) in spring</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cyberdyne Studio - Robotic technologies</li> <li>Geological Museum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba_Space_Center" title="Tsukuba Space Center">Tsukuba Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEK" title="KEK">KEK</a> Exhibition Hall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_of_Map_and_Survey" title="Science Museum of Map and Survey">Science Museum of Map and Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukuba_Botanical_Garden" title="Tsukuba Botanical Garden">Tsukuba Botanical Garden</a></li> <li>Tsukuba Expo Center – Planetarium</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_attractions">Other attractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirasawa_Kanga_ruins" title="Hirasawa Kanga ruins">Hirasawa Kanga ruins</a> archaeological site (National Historic Site)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanamura_Wake_Ikazuchi_Shrine" title="Kanamura Wake Ikazuchi Shrine">Kanamura Wake Ikazuchi Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tsukuba" title="Mount Tsukuba">Mount Tsukuba</a></li> <li>Site of <a href="/wiki/Oda_Castle" title="Oda Castle">Oda Castle</a> (National Historic Site)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukubasan_Shrine" title="Tsukubasan Shrine">Tsukubasan Shrine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a>, United States, since 1989</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Milpitas,_California" title="Milpitas, California">Milpitas, California</a>, United States, since 1996</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, United States,<sup id="cite_ref-dept_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dept-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thompson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since 1984</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, France, since 2013</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a>, Germany, since 2019</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, China, friendship city<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_from_Tsukuba">Notable people from Tsukuba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notable people from Tsukuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tsukuba" title="Special:EditPage/Tsukuba">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a>, Nobel Prize winner<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Hirasawa" title="Susumu Hirasawa">Susumu Hirasawa</a>, progressive-electronic musician has a studio in Tsukuba<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitoshi_Igarashi" title="Hitoshi Igarashi">Hitoshi Igarashi</a>, literary scholar and translator<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsuhiro_Ishida" title="Mitsuhiro Ishida">Mitsuhiro Ishida</a>, mixed martial artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuaki_Kurata" title="Yasuaki Kurata">Yasuaki Kurata</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a>, Nobel Prize winner<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruka_Sunada" title="Haruka Sunada">Haruka Sunada</a>, volleyball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minanogawa_T%C5%8Dz%C5%8D" title="Minanogawa Tōzō">Minanogawa Tōzō</a>, sumo wrestler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroki_Yamada_(baseball)" title="Hiroki Yamada (baseball)">Hiroki Yamada</a>, baseball player</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">List of technology centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_parks" title="List of research parks">List of research parks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/uea_code_e.htm">"UEA Code Tables"</a>. Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109011635/http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/uea_code_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UEA+Code+Tables&rft.pub=Center+for+Spatial+Information+Science%2C+University+of+Tokyo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2FUEA%2Fuea_code_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsukuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibaraki-hp-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ibaraki-hp_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/kikaku/tokei/fukyu/tokei/sugata/localtsukuba.html">"Ibaraki prefectural official statistics"</a> (in Japanese). Japan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibaraki+prefectural+official+statistics&rft.place=Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pref.ibaraki.jp%2Fkikaku%2Ftokei%2Ffukyu%2Ftokei%2Fsugata%2Flocaltsukuba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsukuba" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-normals-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-normals_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-normals_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=40&block_no=47646&year=&month=&day=&view=h0"><bdi lang="ja">気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">JMA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220402013423/https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=40&block_no=47646&year=&month=&day=&view=h0">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1%E5%BA%81+%2F+%E5%B9%B3%E5%B9%B4%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%88%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%BB%E6%9C%88%E3%81%94%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=JMA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fview%2Fnml_sfc_ym.php%3Fprec_no%3D40%26block_no%3D47646%26year%3D%26month%3D%26day%3D%26view%3Dh0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsukuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=40&block_no=47646&year=&month=&day=&view=h0"><bdi lang="ja">観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">JMA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220402013454/https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=40&block_no=47646&year=&month=&day=&view=h0">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A6%B3%E6%B8%AC%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A1%EF%BD%9E10%E4%BD%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%88%E5%B9%B4%E9%96%93%E3%82%92%E9%80%9A%E3%81%98%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AE%E5%80%A4%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=JMA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fview%2Frank_s.php%3Fprec_no%3D40%26block_no%3D47646%26year%3D%26month%3D%26day%3D%26view%3Dh0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsukuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/php/japan-ibaraki.php">"Tsukuba population statistics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024091331/https://www.citypopulation.de/php/japan-ibaraki.php">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved on October 13, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom_1981-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_1981_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_1981_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_1981_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_1981_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_1981_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_1981_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomAsano1981" class="citation journal cs1">Bloom, Justin L.; Asano, Shinsuke (1981). 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Retrieved 2008-10-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thompson-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thompson_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Thompson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full">"Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities',"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213617/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Boston Globe</i>, October 12, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719025116/http://www.szfao.gov.cn/zwgk/wsz/201103/t20110322_1645217.htm"><bdi lang="zh">友好城市</bdi></a> [Friendly cities]. Foreign Affairs Office of Shenzhen. March 22, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.szfao.gov.cn/zwgk/wsz/201103/t20110322_1645217.htm">the original</a> on July 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tsukuba.ac.jp/english/about/nobel/esaki.html">the original</a> on April 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ITmedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208091946/http://plusd.itmedia.co.jp/lifestyle/articles/0606/12/news005.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8C%E8%A3%9C%E5%84%9F%E9%87%91%E3%82%82DRM%E3%82%82%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%80%8D%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD%E5%AE%B6+%E5%B9%B3%E6%B2%A2%E9%80%B2%E6%B0%8F%E3%81%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A8%80+%281%2F4%29&rft.pub=ITmedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplusd.itmedia.co.jp%2Flifestyle%2Farticles%2F0606%2F12%2Fnews005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsukuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelm1991" class="citation web cs1">Helm, Leslie (July 13, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-13-mn-1822-story.html">"Translator of 'Satanic Verses' Slain : Japan: The stabbing of a scholar at a campus near Tokyo may be related to Salman Rushdie's controversial novel"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220155913/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-13/news/mn-1822_1_satanic-verses">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsukuba.ac.jp/english/about/nobel/shirakawa.html">the original</a> on April 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Tsukuba+Prospectus+Hideki+Shirakawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsukuba.ac.jp%2Fenglish%2Fabout%2Fnobel%2Fshirakawa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsukuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukuba&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tsukuba,_Ibaraki" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tsukuba, Ibaraki">Tsukuba, Ibaraki</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_Japan" title="Template:Metropolitan cities of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_cities_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Metropolitan cities of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan cities of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metropolitan_cities_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Japan" title="List of cities in Japan">Metropolitan cities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo Metropolis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">Special wards of Tokyo</a><sup>※</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adachi,_Tokyo" title="Adachi, Tokyo">Adachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakawa,_Tokyo" title="Arakawa, Tokyo">Arakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunky%C5%8D" title="Bunkyō">Bunkyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D,_Tokyo" title="Chūō, Tokyo">Chūō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogawa,_Tokyo" title="Edogawa, Tokyo">Edogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabashi" title="Itabashi">Itabashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsushika" title="Katsushika">Katsushika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kita,_Tokyo" title="Kita, Tokyo">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Kōtō">Kōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meguro" title="Meguro">Meguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" title="Minato, Tokyo">Minato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakano,_Tokyo" title="Nakano, Tokyo">Nakano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerima" title="Nerima">Nerima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta,_Tokyo" title="Ōta, Tokyo">Ōta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setagaya" title="Setagaya">Setagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinagawa" title="Shinagawa">Shinagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suginami" title="Suginami">Suginami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumida,_Tokyo" title="Sumida, Tokyo">Sumida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshima" title="Toshima">Toshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tait%C5%8D" title="Taitō">Taitō</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_designated_by_government_ordinance_of_Japan" title="Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan">Designated cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiba_(city)" title="Chiba (city)">Chiba</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamatsu" title="Hamamatsu">Hamamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa" title="Kawasaki, Kanagawa">Kawasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitakyushu" title="Kitakyushu">Kitakyushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto" title="Kumamoto">Kumamoto</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niigata_(city)" title="Niigata (city)">Niigata</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okayama" title="Okayama">Okayama</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagamihara" title="Sagamihara">Sagamihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saitama_(city)" title="Saitama (city)">Saitama</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai" title="Sakai">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_(city)" title="Shizuoka (city)">Shizuoka</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a><sup>※</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Core_cities_of_Japan" title="Core cities of Japan">Core cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashi,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Akashi, Hyōgo">Akashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_(city)" title="Akita (city)">Akita</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amagasaki" title="Amagasaki">Amagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aomori" title="Aomori">Aomori</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahikawa" title="Asahikawa">Asahikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukui_(city)" title="Fukui (city)">Fukui</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_(city)" title="Fukushima (city)">Fukushima</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuyama,_Hiroshima" title="Fukuyama, Hiroshima">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funabashi" title="Funabashi">Funabashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifu" title="Gifu">Gifu</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachinohe" title="Hachinohe">Hachinohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachi%C5%8Dji" title="Hachiōji">Hachiōji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higashi%C5%8Dsaka" title="Higashiōsaka">Higashiōsaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himeji" title="Himeji">Himeji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirakata" title="Hirakata">Hirakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichinomiya,_Aichi" title="Ichinomiya, Aichi">Ichinomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaki,_Fukushima" title="Iwaki, Fukushima">Iwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanazawa" title="Kanazawa">Kanazawa</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashiwa" title="Kashiwa">Kashiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawagoe,_Saitama" title="Kawagoe, Saitama">Kawagoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaguchi,_Saitama" title="Kawaguchi, Saitama">Kawaguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi,_K%C5%8Dchi" title="Kōchi, Kōchi">Kōchi</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfu" title="Kōfu">Kōfu</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Driyama" title="Kōriyama">Kōriyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshigaya" title="Koshigaya">Koshigaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurashiki" title="Kurashiki">Kurashiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima" title="Kure, Hiroshima">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurume" title="Kurume">Kurume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maebashi" title="Maebashi">Maebashi</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsue" title="Matsue">Matsue</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsumoto,_Nagano" title="Matsumoto, Nagano">Matsumoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsuyama" title="Matsuyama">Matsuyama</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyazaki_(city)" title="Miyazaki (city)">Miyazaki</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mito,_Ibaraki" title="Mito, Ibaraki">Mito</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morioka" title="Morioka">Morioka</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naha" title="Naha">Naha</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagano_(city)" title="Nagano (city)">Nagano</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_(city)" title="Nara (city)">Nara</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyagawa,_Osaka" title="Neyagawa, Osaka">Neyagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishinomiya" title="Nishinomiya">Nishinomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_(city)" title="Ōita (city)">Ōita</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okazaki,_Aichi" title="Okazaki, Aichi">Okazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsu" title="Ōtsu">Ōtsu</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasebo" title="Sasebo">Sasebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki" title="Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suita" title="Suita">Suita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takamatsu" title="Takamatsu">Takamatsu</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takasaki" title="Takasaki">Takasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takatsuki" title="Takatsuki">Takatsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottori_(city)" title="Tottori (city)">Tottori</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyama_(city)" title="Toyama (city)">Toyama</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohashi" title="Toyohashi">Toyohashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyonaka" title="Toyonaka">Toyonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota,_Aichi" title="Toyota, Aichi">Toyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsunomiya" title="Utsunomiya">Utsunomiya</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakayama_(city)" title="Wakayama (city)">Wakayama</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao,_Osaka" title="Yao, Osaka">Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamagata_(city)" title="Yamagata (city)">Yamagata</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka" title="Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_Japan" title="Special cities of Japan">Special cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atsugi" title="Atsugi">Atsugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigasaki,_Kanagawa" title="Chigasaki, Kanagawa">Chigasaki</a><sup>☆</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji,_Shizuoka" title="Fuji, Shizuoka">Fuji</a><sup>☆</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka" title="Hiratsuka">Hiratsuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki,_Osaka" title="Ibaraki, Osaka">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isesaki" title="Isesaki">Isesaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu,_Niigata" title="Jōetsu, Niigata">Jōetsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakogawa,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Kakogawa, Hyōgo">Kakogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasugai,_Aichi" title="Kasugai, Aichi">Kasugai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasukabe,_Saitama" title="Kasukabe, Saitama">Kasukabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishiwada,_Osaka" title="Kishiwada, Osaka">Kishiwada</a><sup>☆</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumagaya" title="Kumagaya">Kumagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka,_Niigata" title="Nagaoka, Niigata">Nagaoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numazu" title="Numazu">Numazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawara" title="Odawara">Odawara</a><sup>☆</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta,_Gunma" title="Ōta, Gunma">Ōta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_(city)" title="Saga (city)">Saga</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dka" title="Sōka">Sōka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takarazuka,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Takarazuka, Hyōgo">Takarazuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokorozawa,_Saitama" title="Tokorozawa, Saitama">Tokorozawa</a><sup>☆</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsukuba</a><sup>☆</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato,_Kanagawa" title="Yamato, Kanagawa">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokkaichi" title="Yokkaichi">Yokkaichi</a><sup>☆</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Japan" title="List of capitals in Japan">Prefectural capitals</a><br /> <small>without designation</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsu,_Mie" title="Tsu, Mie">Tsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokushima_(city)" title="Tokushima (city)">Tokushima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_(city)" title="Yamaguchi (city)">Yamaguchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>※</sup> also a <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Japan" title="List of capitals in Japan">prefectural capital</a>; <sup>†</sup> eligible for core city status but not yet nominated; <sup>☆</sup> to become core cities</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan_Cities_in_Japan_with_a_population_of_200,000+" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Japan" title="Template:Most populous cities in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_cities_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Most populous cities in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan_Cities_in_Japan_with_a_population_of_200,000+" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Japan" title="List of cities in Japan">Cities in Japan with a population of 200,000+</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2,000,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000–1,999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa" title="Kawasaki, Kanagawa">Kawasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saitama_(city)" title="Saitama (city)">Saitama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitakyushu" title="Kitakyushu">Kitakyushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiba_(city)" title="Chiba (city)">Chiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setagaya" title="Setagaya">Setagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai" title="Sakai">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niigata_(city)" title="Niigata (city)">Niigata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamatsu" title="Hamamatsu">Hamamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_(city)" title="Shizuoka (city)">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagamihara" title="Sagamihara">Sagamihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerima" title="Nerima">Nerima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okayama" title="Okayama">Okayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta,_Tokyo" title="Ōta, Tokyo">Ōta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto" title="Kumamoto">Kumamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogawa,_Tokyo" title="Edogawa, Tokyo">Edogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adachi,_Tokyo" title="Adachi, Tokyo">Adachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funabashi" title="Funabashi">Funabashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachi%C5%8Dji" title="Hachiōji">Hachiōji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaguchi,_Saitama" title="Kawaguchi, Saitama">Kawaguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himeji" title="Himeji">Himeji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suginami" title="Suginami">Suginami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabashi" title="Itabashi">Itabashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsuyama" title="Matsuyama">Matsuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higashi%C5%8Dsaka" title="Higashiōsaka">Higashiōsaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsunomiya" title="Utsunomiya">Utsunomiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsudo" title="Matsudo">Matsudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishinomiya" title="Nishinomiya">Nishinomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurashiki" title="Kurashiki">Kurashiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichikawa,_Chiba" title="Ichikawa, Chiba">Ichikawa, Chiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_(city)" title="Ōita (city)">Oita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuyama,_Hiroshima" title="Fukuyama, Hiroshima">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amagasaki" title="Amagasaki">Amagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanazawa" title="Kanazawa">Kanazawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Kōtō">Kōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsushika" title="Katsushika">Katsushika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka" title="Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyama_(city)" title="Toyama (city)">Toyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota,_Aichi" title="Toyota, Aichi">Toyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takamatsu,_Kagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Takamatsu, Kagawa">Takamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machida,_Tokyo" title="Machida, Tokyo">Machida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifu" title="Gifu">Gifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirakata" title="Hirakata">Hirakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujisawa,_Kanagawa" title="Fujisawa, Kanagawa">Fujisawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashiwa" title="Kashiwa">Kashiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyonaka" title="Toyonaka">Toyonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagano_(city)" title="Nagano (city)">Nagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohashi" title="Toyohashi">Toyohashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichinomiya,_Aichi" title="Ichinomiya, Aichi">Ichinomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakayama_(city)" title="Wakayama (city)">Wakayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okazaki,_Aichi" title="Okazaki, Aichi">Okazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyazaki_(city)" title="Miyazaki (city)">Miyazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_(city)" title="Nara (city)">Nara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suita" title="Suita">Suita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takatsuki" title="Takatsuki">Takatsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinagawa" title="Shinagawa">Shinagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahikawa" title="Asahikawa">Asahikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaki,_Fukushima" title="Iwaki, Fukushima">Iwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōchi (city)">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takasaki" title="Takasaki">Takasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Driyama" title="Kōriyama">Kōriyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokorozawa,_Saitama" title="Tokorozawa, Saitama">Tokorozawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawagoe,_Saitama" title="Kawagoe, Saitama">Kawagoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kita,_Tokyo" title="Kita, Tokyo">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_(city)" title="Akita (city)">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsu" title="Ōtsu">Ōtsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshigaya" title="Koshigaya">Koshigaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maebashi" title="Maebashi">Maebashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naha" title="Naha">Naha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakano,_Tokyo" title="Nakano, Tokyo">Nakano, Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokkaichi" title="Yokkaichi">Yokkaichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aomori" title="Aomori">Aomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurume" title="Kurume">Kurume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasugai,_Aichi" title="Kasugai, Aichi">Kasugai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morioka" title="Morioka">Morioka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akashi,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Akashi, Hyōgo">Akashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_(city)" title="Fukushima (city)">Fukushima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsu,_Mie" title="Tsu, Mie">Tsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki" title="Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka,_Niigata" title="Nagaoka, Niigata">Nagaoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichihara,_Chiba" title="Ichihara, Chiba">Ichihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao,_Osaka" title="Yao, Osaka">Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki,_Osaka" title="Ibaraki, Osaka">Ibaraki, Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukui_(city)" title="Fukui (city)">Fukui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meguro" title="Meguro">Meguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakogawa,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Kakogawa, Hyōgo">Kakogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokushima_(city)" title="Tokushima (city)">Tokushima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mito,_Ibaraki" title="Mito, Ibaraki">Mito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka" title="Hiratsuka">Hiratsuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshima" title="Toshima">Toshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamagata_(city)" title="Yamagata (city)">Yamagata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasebo" title="Sasebo">Sasebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuch%C5%AB,_Tokyo" title="Fuchū, Tokyo">Fuchū, Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima" title="Kure, Hiroshima">Kure, Hiroshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachinohe" title="Hachinohe">Hachinohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_(city)" title="Saga (city)">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyagawa,_Osaka" title="Neyagawa, Osaka">Neyagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dka" title="Sōka">Sōka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumida,_Tokyo" title="Sumida, Tokyo">Sumida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji,_Shizuoka" title="Fuji, Shizuoka">Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasukabe,_Saitama" title="Kasukabe, Saitama">Kasukabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigasaki,_Kanagawa" title="Chigasaki, Kanagawa">Chigasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsumoto,_Nagano" title="Matsumoto, Nagano">Matsumoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsugi" title="Atsugi">Atsugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato,_Kanagawa" title="Yamato, Kanagawa">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageo" title="Ageo">Ageo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takarazuka,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Takarazuka, Hyōgo">Takarazuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dfu" title="Chōfu">Chōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta,_Gunma" title="Ōta, Gunma">Ōta, Gunma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsukuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numazu" title="Numazu">Numazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu,_Niigata" title="Jōetsu, Niigata">Joetsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" title="Minato, Tokyo">Minato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumagaya" title="Kumagaya">Kumagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isesaki" title="Isesaki">Isesaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishitokyo" title="Nishitokyo">Nishitokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishiwada,_Osaka" title="Kishiwada, Osaka">Kishiwada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottori_(city)" title="Tottori (city)">Tottori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20x20px&#124;Shadow_picture_of_Ibaraki_PrefectureIbaraki_Prefecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ibaraki" title="Template:Ibaraki"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ibaraki" title="Template talk:Ibaraki"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ibaraki" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ibaraki"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20x20px&#124;Shadow_picture_of_Ibaraki_PrefectureIbaraki_Prefecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shadow_picture_of_Ibaraki_prefecture.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shadow picture of Ibaraki Prefecture"><img alt="Shadow picture of Ibaraki Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shadow_picture_of_Ibaraki_prefecture.png/17px-Shadow_picture_of_Ibaraki_prefecture.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shadow_picture_of_Ibaraki_prefecture.png/25px-Shadow_picture_of_Ibaraki_prefecture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shadow_picture_of_Ibaraki_prefecture.png/33px-Shadow_picture_of_Ibaraki_prefecture.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="390" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_Prefecture" title="Ibaraki Prefecture">Ibaraki Prefecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Mito,_Ibaraki" title="Mito, Ibaraki">Mito</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Japan" title="List of capitals in Japan">capital</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Core_cities_of_Japan" title="Core cities of Japan">Core city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mito,_Ibaraki" title="Mito, Ibaraki">Mito</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ibaraki_Prefecture.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ibaraki Prefecture"><img alt="Flag of Ibaraki Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Ibaraki_Prefecture.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ibaraki_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Ibaraki_Prefecture.svg/90px-Flag_of_Ibaraki_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Ibaraki_Prefecture.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ibaraki_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_Japan" title="Special cities of Japan">Special city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsukuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band%C5%8D,_Ibaraki" title="Bandō, Ibaraki">Bandō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikusei" title="Chikusei">Chikusei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi,_Ibaraki" title="Hitachi, Ibaraki">Hitachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachinaka,_Ibaraki" title="Hitachinaka, Ibaraki">Hitachinaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi%C5%8Dmiya" title="Hitachiōmiya">Hitachiōmiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi%C5%8Dta,_Ibaraki" title="Hitachiōta, Ibaraki">Hitachiōta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokota,_Ibaraki" title="Hokota, Ibaraki">Hokota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inashiki" title="Inashiki">Inashiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishioka,_Ibaraki" title="Ishioka, Ibaraki">Ishioka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itako,_Ibaraki" title="Itako, Ibaraki">Itako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ds%C5%8D" title="Jōsō">Jōsō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamisu" title="Kamisu">Kamisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasama,_Ibaraki" title="Kasama, Ibaraki">Kasama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashima,_Ibaraki" title="Kashima, Ibaraki">Kashima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasumigaura,_Ibaraki" title="Kasumigaura, Ibaraki">Kasumigaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaibaraki,_Ibaraki" title="Kitaibaraki, Ibaraki">Kitaibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koga,_Ibaraki" title="Koga, Ibaraki">Koga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriya,_Ibaraki" title="Moriya, Ibaraki">Moriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naka,_Ibaraki" title="Naka, Ibaraki">Naka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namegata" title="Namegata">Namegata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omitama" title="Omitama">Omitama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABgasaki,_Ibaraki" title="Ryūgasaki, Ibaraki">Ryūgasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakuragawa,_Ibaraki" title="Sakuragawa, Ibaraki">Sakuragawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimotsuma,_Ibaraki" title="Shimotsuma, Ibaraki">Shimotsuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takahagi,_Ibaraki" title="Takahagi, Ibaraki">Takahagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toride,_Ibaraki" title="Toride, Ibaraki">Toride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuchiura" title="Tsuchiura">Tsuchiura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukubamirai,_Ibaraki" title="Tsukubamirai, Ibaraki">Tsukubamirai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushiku,_Ibaraki" title="Ushiku, Ibaraki">Ushiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABki,_Ibaraki" title="Yūki, Ibaraki">Yūki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higashiibaraki_District,_Ibaraki" title="Higashiibaraki District, Ibaraki">Higashiibaraki District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki,_Ibaraki" title="Ibaraki, Ibaraki">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Carai,_Ibaraki" title="Ōarai, Ibaraki">Ōarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirosato,_Ibaraki" title="Shirosato, Ibaraki">Shirosato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inashiki_District,_Ibaraki" title="Inashiki District, Ibaraki">Inashiki District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ami,_Ibaraki" title="Ami, Ibaraki">Ami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawachi,_Ibaraki" title="Kawachi, Ibaraki">Kawachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miho,_Ibaraki" title="Miho, Ibaraki">Miho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitas%C5%8Dma_District,_Ibaraki" title="Kitasōma District, Ibaraki">Kitasōma District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tone,_Ibaraki" title="Tone, Ibaraki">Tone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuji_District,_Ibaraki" title="Kuji District, Ibaraki">Kuji District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daigo,_Ibaraki" title="Daigo, Ibaraki">Daigo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naka_District,_Ibaraki" title="Naka District, Ibaraki">Naka District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai,_Ibaraki" title="Tōkai, Ibaraki">Tōkai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashima_District,_Ibaraki" title="Sashima District, Ibaraki">Sashima District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goka" title="Goka">Goka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai,_Ibaraki" title="Sakai, Ibaraki">Sakai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABki_District" title="Yūki District">Yūki District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yachiyo,_Ibaraki" title="Yachiyo, Ibaraki">Yachiyo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_in_Ibaraki_Prefecture" title="List of mergers in Ibaraki Prefecture">List of mergers in Ibaraki Prefecture</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273863#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273863#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273863#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/136475175">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1256313/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCKgG8TK7mx8fbR7D8YP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4236816-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr90019608">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00307421">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tsukuba (Japonsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0038517&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538154005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/9dfb23e8-a9f9-45e4-88cc-6d59993a6269">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04815389?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10037790">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsukuba Science City <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11602890#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/167874321">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/628152200772814400009">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81034740">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212607/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tsukuba Kenkyū Gakuen Toshi (Japan)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555046205171">Israel</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tsukuba Kenkyu Gakuen Toshi (Japan)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007385697205171">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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