CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135b309fc69f93e',cH: 'ONKXmM5LtuEhZRmzPOot8HEyIDIxNZAv1x.ZPac1Y.U-1739794489-1.2.1.1-HcIsG2ndKIjVqX7M7YWssfySJ7_QOf2t3_0SJSV5ERniRomTPl3CtrxVDkeSLHoq',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=Nd%3AYAG%20laser.&__cf_chl_tk=7cNaacv.tIQXN6Fx7LhnkMX9OlbLLgo_zpIzIRsi6so-1739794489-1.0.1.1-Atn4twkogpuCVdd2PEVz86rivWeOIAZf6oE5ScPQx28",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739794489',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=Nd%3AYAG%20laser.&__cf_chl_f_tk=7cNaacv.tIQXN6Fx7LhnkMX9OlbLLgo_zpIzIRsi6so-1739794489-1.0.1.1-Atn4twkogpuCVdd2PEVz86rivWeOIAZf6oE5ScPQx28",md: "aAPolw50R9eOnJpi_q0Usru.Hsi7Hae45tjSDPrtVp8-1739794489-1.2.1.1-BzZ1g1HGCy1DK31mzLYCoWhxkdHa2KB67N3HP_9nobtPa73Ibwk6.TApg6YtNcdak2DHEqR2S8UnWg8BC1e1MpHyyfvOvG51oM7A.2ntmsndfqNP_okzUirbasJeapLR1RDle_s8HHaxjGpxof4hr_OGs1ZW32EUgzZbWbUdFXqqNN46Go4To5dlNWpdZUom7f7qOZ6ZLdXB3zQxEzct0KX6UVsmF3szggtF5K_BidPlU0WfeBx3CYVH_Ky_GvJtV7fEYCNhlk1y1MYB3usVSkxqGHNLcV.teGjjnQA.J4k3v3chhN82OzD0.0LVC.BUiukpf74sXPQIl82Q0_KUAkOLTo02BlvN04kCoKIWmxVS9gKQWRRIIC4Fw728pZeguhswBRwdHcvs0RPZnyFcupwFHtNrU2glOy1_q4OuKi4ImPS55q_NWaDA8hBffauw_I.cYPLy2dswXzRchg.ZDHBKe26o3twMbvhDDj5vEH0jR03qXaAeXO_pAqt7lNITZ9rGpxV9Hr9G7qKAI3U0MetWJf1u9XxkRDSA_GS12GzXw.ws_wU2iU2WS3EAxMmIXiwvUcXI7.W7a09vwMpJWZZ8BuWGBDd9_U.bmh.HqidEToYz4g2DL9l78aESV9jccnwsQdVNrWnid3WbwSJSMc3locnbzLhwj.5n9VHGp3JlVNPo4qXx6ckHd8gkxL1HnofeLgmNEfxFcG7saIQFpYwMfhRtRkWa2AzR.AunI2FyZqci2uVUWCbXTP03_ic4Y68CyW_AZ0d.vdHtp_FztEhhkbn4mwBQrY2ghsWFZ5skCFlo1IXDWRw.SFCwhXkPbugNn96PvXpQeJKfMRjeDzaD.VgoQMmVyA8P97pC74OilHYuzIox5v1YdcNTirMMOLIeST_Ty1bV7kkLNC4xcwTzN1K34LLlTAzsFwntN92YFbETSk5lbpFujG1EaNQdQwCIHrLLoyBjayb2K_4tiwZYe6beeKA7doAH3CtqpX.xBSVeLfJqDPz9HJyI8Q8hLtC1LlyaJrNVNuunoK1JtEC4fm_3UgypEohWyuB.IvVXcDcxQYf6LTXBVoivglq2wtJvOUZWZXr1uE89pkiZEJL8XWRdEjxMILuxQS7aFy8PCJ488EZyTvN1jZAV2xmhdJ6j8J_R2T34dq6HxksMZka8GHS35eOILoifJwTr0kUxsB9BpvBT60jriO6.3UUdUoax7zac0eH5Mk8nZDT25uf_kuinlQmur_J7oD39TpRBp.DqeIaexFz6J361ixV7eY4wme3Sy9nNh425pACgqv9oTWTblXX_4UKYek_vYYRnCbT90mGUzYX4xF9cMljwsYsXvsmngU6jYGCWQcBM8aB9DIHGUgmMwvEYitOdsWFwTUANkRtU6oKOhBSrUPGaO.DqJr1xYsHpWwGJrhDThb7fWvrL6USlUI1nt6XBH6hcJ15tV1U2YMuRopcG0zUtL9nEVktexP3cGO3SFhLXfpSkiaD.aAvtyggGdiMGcqGop5hdkvBi.2A.MpPXGW5NAofPGEpDpJsroBdh98RYzkhHfNQ90hd1qdcjRbrYVIcKSOHCeb6lA00W585cQ9pEgtfNbBkE3f8gOKjC.xjlGmfRXOsfAsTXPulL0oCdpkRF9CEtxVGbb0NjGTfgRZWfqG7n_wNI64GoaxGPc75B7qYA3NApT7048.SQMlLIO6fdaNNGw3afT.ppdhu4W05ZpAUclRIHijBZMgxAupKBWF5mk8mi31g_RDtALO_nRKxUjN45Xd27kAW_BXL68j26eoxB49KHlNKkVBkcPgPjBjEeEfPomHcNviUc2Zem3phBCFxozmMWoJH2r9ukobvumI1AsppApWm21hFwEA4i8uEgYG66pt5A9Ey1HFZkV3SVRlz1yW2PbflpsFmpTolEFcsCfdiSB0b8L8qT8ztyFA",mdrd: "Dt7UuuPhMewhASlQ3SVYiZUGVgOKU4Yc0COtabHX5Fs-1739794489-1.2.1.1-kcim_ZrFwJffwaz5bCEseLWOoPLOBzssrSJMCmGx4kwo2S4Yyj_Yhc_JVm6BLsJk4SPYZc7rjS98dcTGgOHqKEdP5rvrGoAuZo6gVuT_gevIbmeZywAqCGsHbxfhCn.Xd0HKvpPaBlu.O4ziUGxBfjTWfpYUDnrMPKAJkJs72CYWZRdt6QUjBfofss18lhkoOFr23gxbUMRwzpSCGQR2iJANKa20D5blWhq1TDo_D_1R9W36lhKg6RtJTIo7WN_BiQAgcW5txZWvT49lO6MqRsDwO4LU5pmfQsxdV7u8KROeGsJ5o.Wbn0BHRyFlPcD3s0NxZlV_88lTl.SuhAmXjRmHPURTHwStJs9dgmMqHftVtVnv7pcKmbU4aopClQWklHumecVaTAwegMjp7.GbRopWugNCQKvujCoerPqYPOB7VUM4KFGBl8.UT00k03qoJx6CO8T27sgdtWQXdUPezVPucDjPBIoBuNUWQrLp_4X5N28pAot0Te2S.B.Nli49LqliV4AokrbAjyhiuqUW_SyK2jZ5oIz4JkRFGHjNRhyXNUpVJ86HzLlTYMyF73UwKiezP9MZEXlq3sysKe61L9kHmPLjkOCw23hl1746tP3b2Ccm5cjlRj1l5npXLMi9me81Q5IV1bG2e99YIiHs5Xs9FTEf_fTxwW5H3MdslEwb_rXyb6qz0ncYAixT5wntqQILy8qdZL8Hg_.nJ4jiPlQ.xZktCRQlQw9FhGfhC1Ouu_3bs2cARfw4oBxSMPeB0xWQ1LGjrrYdqRii5hzKVU85SiP4RqetgahoFiDU7KSKkfUu9XNVClv7.9HY2Q4wFCe_n6O0SMP9HjyxbP7YiKWw3qJpHLvkf7E0qQkaqpPqVobkxUYoLDhd_i013SgCH_t8ePFJvJ55l6y308alTK9zkpHcA7wa2RIBkYu5d8_J1Q8yQt6COnWD5NZMNtH4gUGkJ2P64dkJj3PMbsDRGd4IcIwQyFaMhvvQ4SmRlkdEiDXZpan7j.PdRzU7VsBC8hnq62CMwwgAJLV91AP4.pnH0oj8pBou5UGaFrH_oi3hfgBzZxjPLxVLHRq.wGreX_KZtToItGjKzixeevBFSG7xQulcmIgar4mptxL1dvDK7m_uThLZmsVFQtOPBaIyhRgIextoPzZZpm3uR9vRzfJDXHXgXWV07fqheYf4fcdr_IDxNNkox8u2Zd458jSyb8KF3Gh7w2wJO03IcxwsWhi1t61FE4JkUmsSg3Htk_DebTySgk11QHkK6pauHd2Dh273mzJnJ1tGc5e2znZpZECA.aadS04NIkAPYx_R7catxPWvTit35VJhUa8s18X.ZQKmO_x.9eB.djhT8Mz2fslxp8B5d1ljPA9JKxRU729_yD8jiQCRGlqHABBre1cVEP_BEWxeSJDAeJdCvVivizFxlznHG6OB3FMmL4rS_g8tBiB7pH6sp84Ki9l1lflexRaBoMqNNSJc3zOnRKtqK8VnI_ci8YB2ODdVjWcRb0IpUn7davHubO2_Fl_AdboA.g7dkXgo4yO7csngA.3mz1O_H30JhMHdZbFSzbvBo9bTbVleeW226GOTByVsXFRHLQLYyKe_WfgF9..0R9N4qzdqDRki6oVE5GiD5wvtb47EakTbcvKaf2yY_h2bh9jD1oHMO6QqR7AHnWAkR66zPLNah7nDB0dphSr.W6VwLnVE45jpJwlSB64N1spjglJo7D_ytd5dsWIsK2n7977iSkZ_2fAltCNizjyYKIFq90Al.vK2iaSWYwFT.BHztpZPoUg2ZCvB3ZxyyePERBdcK50DJe7LFgsKie6_s.6JxkgpHFIiNyoI5ZmWT.kjJTlfv1LOXUCSTMMVdcOb5L1ySc.k7iOGi2Inxyugyu8JjKXCx9nvVTRpex8a1zQQ9sM.Fesyrq__lF8EoG3mRV_SDov9OCclqyJyEfp20rNs8cetJ04G_hRXhPLQZ4_DOdpO"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135b309fc69f93e';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=Nd%3AYAG%20laser.&__cf_chl_rt_tk=7cNaacv.tIQXN6Fx7LhnkMX9OlbLLgo_zpIzIRsi6so-1739794489-1.0.1.1-Atn4twkogpuCVdd2PEVz86rivWeOIAZf6oE5ScPQx28" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>