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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_towards_the_forest_steppe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Migration towards the forest steppe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_towards_the_forest_steppe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Persian_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Persian_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The Persian invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Persian_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="mw-page-title-main">Androphagi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androf%C3%A1gov%C3%A9" title="Androfágové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Androfágové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androphagen" title="Androphagen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Androphagen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%B3fagos" title="Andrófagos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Andrófagos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="اندروفاگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اندروفاگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androphages" title="Androphages – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Androphages" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androphagi" title="Androphagi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Androphagi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%91%E3%82%B4%E3%82%A4" title="アンドロパゴイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンドロパゴイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androfagowie" title="Androfagowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Androfagowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%B3fagos" title="Andrófagos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Andrófagos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Андрофаги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Андрофаги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Андрофаги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Андрофаги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2986876#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Androphagi. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Anthropophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophagi">Anthropophagi</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Androphagi</b> were an ancient <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> tribe whose existence was recorded by ancient <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> authors. </p><p>The Androphagi were closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Melanchlaeni" title="Melanchlaeni">Melanchlaeni</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Budini" title="Budini">Budini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991586_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991586-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">Androphagi</i></span> is a Latinisation of the ancient Greek name <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Androphagoi</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀνδροφάγοι</span>), which meant "Man-Eaters." This name is a descriptive one based on this tribe's practice of <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>, and their own tribal name is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg/450px-Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg/675px-Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg/900px-Scythian_kingdom_in_the_Pontic_steppe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>The location of the Androphagi near <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Androphagi lived in the region to the east of the middle <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnipro</a> river, especially in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Sula_(Dnieper)" title="Sula (Dnieper)">Sula</a> and some smaller rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The neighbours of the Androphagi were the <a href="/wiki/Neuri" title="Neuri">Neuri</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Scythians originated in the region of the Volga-Ural steppes of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, possibly around the 9th century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a section of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> containing a significant element originating from the Siberian <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985168–169_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985168–169-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the Srubnaya culture was among the first truly <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">nomadic pastoralist</a> groups, who themselves emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">steppes</a> during the 9th century BC as a result of the cold and dry climate then prevailing in these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 9th to 8th centuries BC, a significant movement of the nomadic peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> started when another nomadic Iranic tribe closely related to the Scythians from eastern Central Asia, either the <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Issedones" title="Issedones">Issedones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000a_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> migrated westwards, forcing the early Scythians to the west across the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Araxes</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991553_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991553-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of the 8th and 7th centuries BC, the Scythians migrated into the Caucasian and Caspian Steppes in several waves, becoming the dominant population of the region,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they assimilated most of the Cimmerians and conquered their territory,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with this absorption of the Cimmerians by the Scythians being facilitated by their similar ethnic backgrounds and lifestyles,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouzek200144_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouzek200144-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which the Scythians settled in the area between the Araxes, the Caucasus and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Lake Maeotis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991553_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991553-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1996_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1996-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991560-590_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991560-590-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The section of the Scythians from whom the Androphagi originated participated in this migration, and had established itself in Ciscaucasia around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From their base in the Caucasian Steppe, during the period of the 8th to 7th centuries BC itself, the Scythians conquered the Pontic and Crimean Steppes to the north of the Black Sea up to the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river, which formed the western boundary of Scythian territory onwards,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991558_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991558-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991576_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991576-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with this process of Scythian takeover of the Pontic Steppe becoming fully complete by the 7th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199098_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199098-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologically, the westwards migration of the Early Scythians from Central Asia into the Caspian Steppe constituted the latest of the two to three waves of expansion of the Srubnaya culture to the west of the Volga. The last and third wave corresponding to the Scythian migration has been dated to the 9th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985173–174_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985173–174-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion of the Scythians into the Pontic Steppe is attested through the westward movement of the Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture into Ukraine. The Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture in Ukraine is referred to in scholarship as the "Late Srubnaya" culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991561_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991561-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_towards_the_forest_steppe">Migration towards the forest steppe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Migration towards the forest steppe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the Caucasian steppe, the tribe of the Royal Scythians expanded to the south, following the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and arrived in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">Ciscaucasian</a> steppes, from where they settled in eastern <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">Transcaucasia</a> until the early 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1954282_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1954282-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a127-154_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a127-154-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff198589-109_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff198589-109-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991560-564_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991560-564-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1972_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1972-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett1991333–356_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett1991333–356-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Royal Scythians were finally expelled from West Asia in the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600s BC</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199538_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson199538-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which, beginning in the later 7th and lasting throughout much of the 6th century BC, the majority of the Scythians migrated from Ciscaucasia into the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic Steppe</a>, which became the centre of Scythian power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985169–171_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985169–171-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991564-568_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991564-568-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The retreat of the Royal Scythians from West Asia into the Pontic steppe pushed a Scythian splinter group to the north, into the region of Donets-Kramatorsk, where they formed the Vorskla and Sula-Donets groups of the Scythian culture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985179_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985179-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which the Donets group corresponded to the <a href="/wiki/Melanchlaeni" title="Melanchlaeni">Melanchlaeni</a>, the Sula group to the Androphagi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Vorskla group to the <a href="/wiki/Budini" title="Budini">Budini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985187_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985187-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with all of these groups remaining independent from the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians proper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This splinter group arrived in the forest-steppe region in part from the Kuban region, but for the most from northern Ciscaucasia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of these groups, the Androphagi and the Melanchlaeni were closely related tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985186_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985186-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Persian_invasion">The Persian invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Persian invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I" title="Scythian campaign of Darius I">attacked the Scythians</a> in 513 BC, the Scythian king <a href="/wiki/Idanthyrsus" title="Idanthyrsus">Idanthyrsus</a> summoned the kings of the peoples surrounding his kingdom to a meeting to decide how to deal with the Persian invasion. The kings of the <a href="/wiki/Budini" title="Budini">Budini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelonians" title="Gelonians">Gelonians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> accepted to help the Scythians against the Persian attack, while the kings of the <a href="/wiki/Agathyrsi" title="Agathyrsi">Agathyrsi</a>, Androphagi, <a href="/wiki/Melanchlaeni" title="Melanchlaeni">Melanchlaeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuri" title="Neuri">Neuri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tauri" title="Tauri">Tauri</a> refused to support the Scythians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotusGodolphin1973_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotusGodolphin1973-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the campaign, the Scythians and the Persian army pursuing them passed through the territories of the Melanchlaeni, Androphagi, and Neuri, before they reached the borders of the Agathyrsi, who refused to let the Scythian divisions to pass into their territories and find refuge there, thus forcing the Scythians to return to <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> with the Persians pursuing them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolHammond1988241_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolHammond1988241-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotusGodolphin1973_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotusGodolphin1973-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient Greek author <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus of Halicarnassus</a> described the Androphagi as wearing Scythian-type clothing, and speaking a "peculiar language."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Androphagi were largely engaged in agriculture and farming, and hunting was of lesser importance among them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "peculiar language" of the Androphagi might have been a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Iranic language</a> different from that of the Pontic Scythians. The Sula group of the Scythian culture which corresponded to the Androphagi was part of an area of Iranic toponymy and hydronymy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritual_cannibalism">Ritual cannibalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ritual cannibalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herodotus of Halicarnassus claimed that the Androphagi were the only ones who practised cannibalism among the peoples living near Scythia, which seems to be confirmed by the intact and unbroken human bones of seventeen individuals which were found along with cut and broken animal bones in the kitchen refuse of seven Androphagi earthworks. However, traces of similar ritual cannibalism are recorded from seven earthworks of the Melanchlaeni and Budini, as well as in the Smiela kurgan 15, which was one of the earliest burials of the Tiasmyn group of the Scythian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985186_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985186-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sauromatians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauromatians">Sauromatians</a> who lived in the Urals and the lower Volga, and <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Issedones" title="Issedones">Issedones</a> to the east of the Urals, practised similar ritual cannibalism, suggesting that the early Scythic peoples of the Central Asian steppe had customs and beliefs connected to ritual cannibalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985186_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985186-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trade relations between the Androphagi and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">colonies</a> on the northern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> had been established in the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scythian_culture#The_Sula_group" title="Scythian culture">Scythian culture § The Sula group</a></div> <p>The Androphagi archaeologically belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Scythian_culture" title="Scythian culture">Scythian culture</a>, and they corresponded to its Sula group, which was the largest Scythian culture group of the eastern European forest steppe zone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Donets, Sula and Vorskla groups of the Scythian culture, respectively corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Melanchlaeni" title="Melanchlaeni">Melanchlaeni</a>, Androphagi, and <a href="/wiki/Budini" title="Budini">Budini</a>, are sometimes grouped the Zolnichnaya (that is "Ash-Mounds") culture because of the presence of several <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">zolnyk</i></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">зольник</span></span>), that is ash mounds containing containing refuse from kitchens and other sources, near dwellings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991586_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991586-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three groups of the Zolnichnaya culture were closely related to each other, with the Vorskla group nevertheless exhibiting enough significant differences from the Sula and Donets groups that the latter two are sometimes grouped together as a Sula-Donets group distinct from the Vorskla group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991586_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991586-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest Scythians had belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a> culture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985168-169_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985168-169-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, like the Donets group of the Scythian culture which corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Melanchlaeni" title="Melanchlaeni">Melanchlaeni</a>, the Sula group of the Scythian culture contained an important element of the <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a> in its substratum, although there were some differences between the Donets and Sula groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985187_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985187-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issedones" title="Issedones">Issedones</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991586-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991586_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991586_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991586_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 586.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991587_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 587.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985185_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007204-214_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatty2007">Batty 2007</a>, p. 204-214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199097–110_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelyukova1990">Melyukova 1990</a>, pp. 97–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985168–169-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985168–169_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, pp. 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991552_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000b_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2000b">Olbrycht 2000b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000a-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000a_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2000a">Olbrycht 2000a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991553-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991553_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991553_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouzek200144-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouzek200144_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouzek2001">Bouzek 2001</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1996-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1996_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarmatta1996">Harmatta 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991560-590-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991560-590_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 560-590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991558-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991558_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991576-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991576_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199098-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelyukova199098_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelyukova1990">Melyukova 1990</a>, pp. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985173–174-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985173–174_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, pp. 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991561-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991561_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1954282-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1954282_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1954">Sulimirski 1954</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a127-154-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a127-154_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvantchik1993a">Ivantchik 1993a</a>, p. 127-154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff198589-109-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff198589-109_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiakonoff1985">Diakonoff 1985</a>, p. 89-109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991560-564-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991560-564_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 560-564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1972-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1972_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1972">Phillips 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett1991333–356-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett1991333–356_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnett1991">Barnett 1991</a>, pp. 333–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson199538-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199538_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobson1995">Jacobson 1995</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985169–171-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985169–171_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, pp. 169–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991564-568-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991564-568_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 564-568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985179-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985179_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, pp. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985187-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985187_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985187_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985186-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985186_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985186_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985186_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotusGodolphin1973-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotusGodolphin1973_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotusGodolphin1973_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerodotusGodolphin1973">Herodotus & Godolphin 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolHammond1988241-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolHammond1988241_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFolHammond1988">Fol & Hammond 1988</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985168-169-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985168-169_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, p. 168-169.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androphagi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_David_Barnett" title="Richard David Barnett">Barnett, R. D.</a> (1991). "Urartu". In <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">Edwards, I. E. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Sollberger" title="Edmond Sollberger">Sollberger, E.</a> (eds.). <i>The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 314–371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05428-7"><bdi>978-1-139-05428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urartu&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+the+Balkans%3B+and+the+Middle+East+and+the+Aegean+world%2C+tenth+to+eighth+centuries+B.C.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=314-371&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05428-7&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatty2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Batty" title="Roger Batty">Batty, Roger</a> (2007). <i>Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-14936-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-14936-1"><bdi>978-0-198-14936-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Nomads%3A+The+Pontic-Danubian+Realm+in+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-198-14936-1&rft.aulast=Batty&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouzek2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bouzek" class="extiw" title="hu:Jan Bouzek">Bouzek, Jan</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Hungarian]</span> (2001). "Cimmerians and Early Scythians: the Transition from Geometric to Orientalising Style in the Pontic Area". In <a href="/wiki/Gocha_R._Tsetskhladze" title="Gocha R. Tsetskhladze">Tsetskhladze, G.R.</a> (ed.). <i>North Pontic Archaeology: Recent Discoveries and Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 33–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-12041-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-12041-9"><bdi>978-9-004-12041-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cimmerians+and+Early+Scythians%3A+the+Transition+from+Geometric+to+Orientalising+Style+in+the+Pontic+Area&rft.btitle=North+Pontic+Archaeology%3A+Recent+Discoveries+and+Studies&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=33-44&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9-004-12041-9&rft.aulast=Bouzek&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiakonoff1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Igor_M._Diakonoff" title="Igor M. Diakonoff">Diakonoff, I. M.</a> (1985). "Media". In <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Gershevitch" title="Ilya Gershevitch">Gershevitch, Ilya</a> (ed.). <i>The Median and Achaemenian Periods</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran" title="The Cambridge History of Iran">The Cambridge History of Iran</a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2"><bdi>978-0-521-20091-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Media&rft.btitle=The+Median+and+Achaemenian+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20091-2&rft.aulast=Diakonoff&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolHammond1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fol" title="Alexander Fol">Fol, Alexander</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a> (1988). "Persia in Europe, Apart from Greece". In <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Malcolm_Lewis" title="David Malcolm Lewis">Lewis, D. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ostwald" title="Martin Ostwald">Ostwald, M.</a> (eds.). <i>Persian, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, c. 525 to 479 B.C</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 234–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22804-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22804-6"><bdi>978-0-521-22804-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persia+in+Europe%2C+Apart+from+Greece&rft.btitle=Persian%2C+Greece+and+the+Western+Mediterranean%2C+c.+525+to+479+B.C.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=234-253&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22804-6&rft.aulast=Fol&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Hammond%2C+N.+G.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmatta1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a> (1996). "10.4.1. The Scythians". In <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Herrmann_(archaeologist)" title="Joachim Herrmann (archaeologist)">Hermann, Joachim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Erik_Z%C3%BCrcher" title="Erik Zürcher">Zürcher, Erik</a>; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a>; Litvak, J. K.; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Lonis" class="extiw" title="fr:Raoul Lonis">Lonis, R.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span>; <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Obenga" title="Théophile Obenga">Obenga, T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, R.</a>; Zhou, Yiliang (eds.). <i>From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D</i>. History of Humanity. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>; <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-231-02812-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-231-02812-0"><bdi>978-9-231-02812-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.4.1.+The+Scythians&rft.btitle=From+the+Seventh+Century+B.C.+to+the+Seventh+Century+A.D.&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom%3B+New+York+City%2C+United+States%3B+Paris%2C+France&rft.series=History+of+Humanity&rft.pub=Routledge%3B+UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-9-231-02812-0&rft.aulast=Harmatta&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotusGodolphin1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>; Godolphin, Francis R. B. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269235">"Herodotus: On the Scythians"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i>. <b>32</b> (5): 129–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3269235">10.2307/3269235</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269235">3269235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Herodotus%3A+On+the+Scythians&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=129-149&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3269235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3269235%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Herodotus&rft.au=Godolphin%2C+Francis+R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3269235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvantchik1993a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Askold_Ivantchik" title="Askold Ivantchik">Ivantchik, Askold</a> (1993a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/151019/1/Ivantchik_1993_Les_Cimmerians_au_Proche-Orient.pdf"><i>Les Cimmériens au Proche-Orient</i></a> [<i>The Cimmerians in the Near East</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, Switzerland; <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, Germany: Editions Universitaires (Switzerland); <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a> (Germany). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-727-80876-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-727-80876-0"><bdi>978-3-727-80876-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Cimm%C3%A9riens+au+Proche-Orient&rft.place=Fribourg%2C+Switzerland%3B+G%C3%B6ttingen%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Editions+Universitaires+%28Switzerland%29%3B+Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht+%28Germany%29&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-727-80876-0&rft.aulast=Ivantchik&rft.aufirst=Askold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F151019%2F1%2FIvantchik_1993_Les_Cimmerians_au_Proche-Orient.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson1995" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, Esther (1995). <i>The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-09856-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-09856-5"><bdi>978-9-004-09856-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Scythians%3A+The+Interpenetration+of+Cultures+at+the+Edge+of+the+Hellenic+World&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-9-004-09856-5&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelyukova1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Melyukova" title="Anna Melyukova">Melyukova, A. I.</a> (1990). "The Scythians and Sarmatians". In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Sinor, Denis</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000unse_w0y6"><i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 97–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scythians+and+Sarmatians&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=97-117&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24304-9&rft.aulast=Melyukova&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory0000unse_w0y6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2000a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1509846">"The Cimmerian Problem Re-Examined: the Evidence of the Classical Sources"</a>. In <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_Pstrusi%C5%84ska" class="extiw" title="pl:Jadwiga Pstrusińska">Pstrusińska, Jadwiga</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span>; Fear, Andrew (eds.). <i>Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>: <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99garnia_Akademicka" class="extiw" title="pl:Księgarnia Akademicka">Księgarnia Akademicka</a>. pp. 71–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8"><bdi>978-8-371-88337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cimmerian+Problem+Re-Examined%3A+the+Evidence+of+the+Classical+Sources&rft.btitle=Collectanea+Celto-Asiatica+Cracoviensia&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=71-100&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-371-88337-8&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1509846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2000b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11934986">"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"</a>. In <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_Pstrusi%C5%84ska" class="extiw" title="pl:Jadwiga Pstrusińska">Pstrusińska, Jadwiga</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span>; Fear, Andrew (eds.). <i>Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>: <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99garnia_Akademicka" class="extiw" title="pl:Księgarnia Akademicka">Księgarnia Akademicka</a>. pp. 101–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8"><bdi>978-8-371-88337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+Presence+of+Iranian+Peoples+in+Europe+and+Their+Asiatic+Relations&rft.btitle=Collectanea+Celto-Asiatica+Cracoviensia&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=101-140&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-371-88337-8&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11934986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1972" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, E. D. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/123971">"The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture and Archaeology"</a>. <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 129–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1972.9979527">10.1080/00438243.1972.9979527</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/123971">123971</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Scythian+Domination+in+Western+Asia%3A+Its+Record+in+History%2C+Scripture+and+Archaeology&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-138&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1972.9979527&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F123971%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F123971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulimirski1954" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Sulimirski, T.</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249059">"Scythian Antiquities in Western Asia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Artibus_Asiae" title="Artibus Asiae">Artibus Asiae</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Ascona" title="Ascona">Ascona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: Artibus Asiae Publishers: 282–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249059">10.2307/3249059</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249059">3249059</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=Scythian+Antiquities+in+Western+Asia&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=282-318&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249059&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249059%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sulimirski&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulimirski1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Sulimirski, T.</a> (1985). "The Scyths". In <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Gershevitch" title="Ilya Gershevitch">Gershevitch, I.</a> (ed.). <i>The Median and Achaemenian Periods</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran" title="The Cambridge History of Iran">The Cambridge History of Iran</a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 149–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05493-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05493-5"><bdi>978-1-139-05493-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scyths&rft.btitle=The+Median+and+Achaemenian+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=149-199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05493-5&rft.aulast=Sulimirski&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Sulimirski, Tadeusz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Taylor_(archaeologist)" title="Timothy Taylor (archaeologist)">Taylor, T. F.</a> (1991). "The Scythians". In <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">Edwards, I. E. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Sollberger" title="Edmond Sollberger">Sollberger, E.</a>; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). <i>The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 547–590. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4"><bdi>978-1-139-05429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scythians&rft.btitle=The+Assyrian+and+Babylonian+Empires+and+other+States+of+the+Near+East%2C+from+the+Eighth+to+the+Sixth+Centuries+B.C.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=547-590&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05429-4&rft.aulast=Sulimirski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft.au=Taylor%2C+T.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrophagi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scythia" title="Template:Scythia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scythia" title="Template talk:Scythia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scythia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scythia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scythia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaei" title="Achaei">Achaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathyrsi" title="Agathyrsi">Agathyrsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amardi" title="Amardi">Amardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Androphagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arimaspi" title="Arimaspi">Arimaspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budini" title="Budini">Budini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercetae" title="Cercetae">Cercetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrtians" title="Cyrtians">Cyrtians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parni" title="Parni">Parni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelonians" title="Gelonians">Gelonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanchlaeni" title="Melanchlaeni">Melanchlaeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrgians" title="Amyrgians">Amyrgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sauromatian_culture" title="Sauromatian culture">Sauromatians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaragantes" title="Agaragantes">Agaragantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissianti" title="Cissianti">Cissianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limigantes" title="Limigantes">Limigantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoristae" title="Phoristae">Phoristae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimphaces" title="Rimphaces">Rimphaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serboi" title="Serboi">Serboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraces" title="Siraces">Siraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spondolici" title="Spondolici">Spondolici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancai" title="Yancai">Yancai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abii" title="Abii">Abii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadusii" title="Cadusii">Cadusii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dareitai" title="Dareitai">Dareitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelae_(tribe)" title="Gelae (tribe)">Gelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxobii" title="Hamaxobii">Hamaxobii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legae" title="Legae">Legae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindi_people" title="Sindi people">Sindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spali" title="Spali">Spali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapurei" title="Tapurei">Tapurei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuri" title="Tapuri">Tapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauri" title="Tauri">Tauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyssagetae" title="Thyssagetae">Thyssagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxii" title="Uxii">Uxii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygii" title="Zygii">Zygii</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_(Shaded_Relief_BG).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/180px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/270px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/360px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Scythian and related populations</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_jewellery_in_Ukraine" title="History of jewellery in Ukraine">Jewellery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_culture" title="Scythian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_world" title="Scytho-Siberian world">Horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakasene" title="Sakasene">Sakasene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parama_Kamboja_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Parama Kamboja Kingdom">Parama Kamboja Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a></li> <li>Scythia Minor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Crimea)" title="Scythia Minor (Crimea)">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Lower Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia" title="Sarmatia">Sarmatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia_Asiatica_and_Sarmatia_Europea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea">Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_western_steppe" title="History of the western steppe">History of the western steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li>Iranian origin hypotheses of <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats#Iranian_theory" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Serbs#Iranian_theory" title="Origin hypotheses of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Scythia" title="Category:Scythia">Category:Scythia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_ancient_Scythia" title="Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia">Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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