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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Cartagena de Indias</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9_1741" title="معركة قرطاجنة 1741 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة قرطاجنة 1741" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="کارتاخنا دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کارتاخنا دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Битка при Картахена – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Картахена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setge_de_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Setge de Cartagena de Indias – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Setge de Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Cartageny" title="Bitva u Cartageny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Cartageny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1741)" title="Schlacht von Cartagena de Indias (1741) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Cartagena de Indias (1741)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1741)" title="Sitio de Cartagena de Indias (1741) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sitio de Cartagena de Indias (1741)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indiasko_setioa_(1741)" title="Cartagena de Indiasko setioa (1741) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cartagena de Indiasko setioa (1741)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Carthag%C3%A8ne_des_Indes_(1741)" title="Siège de Carthagène des Indes (1741) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Carthagène des Indes (1741)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Assedio di Cartagena de Indias – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%98%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%A6_(1741%E5%B9%B4)" title="カルタヘナ・デ・インディアスの海戦 (1741年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルタヘナ・デ・インディアスの海戦 (1741年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Slaget ved Cartagena de Indias – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Slaget ved Cartagena de Indias – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaget ved Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atak_Anglik%C3%B3w_na_Cartagen%C4%99" title="Atak Anglików na Cartagenę – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atak Anglików na Cartagenę" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Cartagena_das_%C3%8Dndias" title="Cerco de Cartagena das Índias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco de Cartagena das Índias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Осада Картахены де Индиас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада Картахены де Индиас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2366970#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&params=10_23_07_N_75_32_19_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°23′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°32′19″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.38528°N 75.53861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.38528; -75.53861</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1741 naval battle of the War of Jenkins' Ear</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Siege of Cartagena" redirects here. For the siege of 1815, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cartagena_(1815)" title="Siege of Cartagena (1815)">Siege of Cartagena (1815)</a>. For the siege of 1820–21, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cartagena_(1820%E2%80%9321)" title="Siege of Cartagena (1820–21)">Siege of Cartagena (1820–21)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Cartagena de Indias</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo,_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg/300px-Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg/450px-Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg/600px-Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><i>British attack on Cartagena de Indias</i> by Luis Fernández Gordillo.<br />Oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Museum_of_Madrid" title="Naval Museum of Madrid">Naval Museum of Madrid</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>13 March – 20 May 1741</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> (current <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>)</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&params=10_23_07_N_75_32_19_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°23′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°32′19″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.38528°N 75.53861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.38528; -75.53861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Spanish victory<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>British withdrawal with substantial losses.</li> <li>Spain consolidates its supremacy in South America.</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1184" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vernon" title="Edward Vernon">Edward Vernon</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Wentworth (general)">Thomas Wentworth</a><br />John Grant  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Knowles,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Knowles, 1st Baronet">Charles Knowles</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Eslava" title="Sebastián de Eslava">Sebastián de Eslava</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family#Jose_Campuzano_Polanco_(1689-1760)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Polanco Campuzano</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Desnaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Desnaux (page does not exist)">Carlos Desnaux</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b>27,400–30,000 military personnel:</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>12,000 regulars, marines, and militia<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>15,398 Royal Navy sailors<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> 29 <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a><br />22 <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />71 <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloops-of-war</a><br />2 <a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">hospital ships</a><br />80 <a href="/wiki/Troop_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Troop ship">troop ships</a><br />50 <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmollettHume1848p._391,_Ogle's_fleet_being_sent_to_Vernon_for_the_expedition_against_Cartagena_is_stated_to_be_"one_hundred_and_seventy_sail"_when_added_to_Vernon's_squadron_something_very_close_to_186_ships_is_achieved_and_includes_the_supply_ships_and_transports_not_mentioned_elsewhere._The_author,_Smollett,_of_course,_was_with_this_expedition_as_surgeon_and_therefore_an_eyewitness._8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmollettHume1848p._391,_Ogle's_fleet_being_sent_to_Vernon_for_the_expedition_against_Cartagena_is_stated_to_be_"one_hundred_and_seventy_sail"_when_added_to_Vernon's_squadron_something_very_close_to_186_ships_is_achieved_and_includes_the_supply_ships_and_transports_not_mentioned_elsewhere._The_author,_Smollett,_of_course,_was_with_this_expedition_as_surgeon_and_therefore_an_eyewitness.-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b>3,000–4,000 military personnel:</b><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>2,700 regulars<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_Duro1902p._247,_however,_gives_1,100_regulars_and_400_marines_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_Duro1902p._247,_however,_gives_1,100_regulars_and_400_marines-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>600 sailors and 300 militia<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart1922p._146,_gives_300_militia_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart1922p._146,_gives_300_militia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>600 Indian archers</li> <li>6 ships of the line and numerous shore-based guns</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 9,500–11,500 dead<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duncan1879_123MacMillan1899_76_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan1879_123MacMillan1899_76-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duro1902_250_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duro1902_250-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />7,500 wounded and sick<br />1,500 guns lost<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />6 Royal Navy ships lost<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />17 Royal Navy ships of the line heavily damaged<sup id="cite_ref-Duro1902_250_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duro1902_250-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />4 frigates and 27 transports lost<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 800 dead<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1,200 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />6 ships lost<br />5 forts<br />3 batteries</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Colombia relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location within Colombia</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Americas</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Bello_(1739)" title="Battle of Porto Bello (1739)">Portobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mose" title="Siege of Fort Mose">Fort Mosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St._Augustine_(1740)" title="Siege of St. Augustine (1740)">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Anson%27s_voyage_around_the_world" title="George Anson's voyage around the world">Anson expedition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Cuba_(1741)" title="Invasion of Cuba (1741)">1st Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Georgia_(1742)" title="Invasion of Georgia (1742)">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Marsh" title="Battle of Bloody Marsh">Bloody Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gully_Hole_Creek" title="Battle of Gully Hole Creek">Gully Hole Creek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira" title="Battle of La Guaira">La Guaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_Cabello" title="Battle of Puerto Cabello">Puerto Cabello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Matina" title="Raid on Matina">Matina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba_(1748)" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba (1748)">2nd Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Brunswick_Town" title="Raid on Brunswick Town">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Havana_(1748)" title="Battle of Havana (1748)">Havana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_April_1740" title="Action of 8 April 1740">8 April 1740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Fuerteventura_in_1740" title="Attacks on Fuerteventura in 1740">Fuerteventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_14_June_1742" title="Action of 14 June 1742">Saint Tropez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1744)" title="Battle of Toulon (1744)">Cape Sicié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Villafranca_(1744)" title="Siege of Villafranca (1744)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_Glorioso" title="Voyage of the Glorioso"><i>Glorioso</i> campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_March_1748" title="Action of 18 March 1748">18 March 1748</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Cartagena de Indias</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Sitio de Cartagena de Indias</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Siege of Cartagena de Indias') took place during the 1739 to 1748 <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> between <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. The result of long-standing commercial tensions, the war was primarily fought in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>; the British tried to capture key Spanish ports in the region, including <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Bello_(1739)" title="Battle of Porto Bello (1739)">Porto Bello</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chagres_and_Fort_San_Lorenzo" title="Chagres and Fort San Lorenzo">Chagres</a> in Panama, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena de Indias</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. </p><p>Two previous naval attacks in 1740 had failed and for the third attempt in March 1741, the British had opted for a combined naval and land attack. After a series of unsuccessful assaults in the campaign, the British were forced to retreat, having suffered over 9,500–11,500 fatalities, in great part to disease, and considerable material losses.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1899_72–9_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue_1899_72–9-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some units suffered death rates of 80 to 90 percent. The victory demonstrated Spain's ability to defend its position and largely ended military operations in this area. Both countries shifted their focus to the wider European <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> and hostilities ended with the 1748 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botanical_study_-_The_Manzanilla_Tree_taken_at_Bocca_chica_-_Botanical-k06526.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Botanical_study_-_The_Manzanilla_Tree_taken_at_Bocca_chica_-_Botanical-k06526.jpg/220px-Botanical_study_-_The_Manzanilla_Tree_taken_at_Bocca_chica_-_Botanical-k06526.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Botanical_study_-_The_Manzanilla_Tree_taken_at_Bocca_chica_-_Botanical-k06526.jpg/330px-Botanical_study_-_The_Manzanilla_Tree_taken_at_Bocca_chica_-_Botanical-k06526.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Botanical_study_-_The_Manzanilla_Tree_taken_at_Bocca_chica_-_Botanical-k06526.jpg/440px-Botanical_study_-_The_Manzanilla_Tree_taken_at_Bocca_chica_-_Botanical-k06526.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Botanical study, captioned "The Manzanilla Tree taken at Bocca chica to show / the men that they might neither cut not sleep near it, a bow was / pin'd at the top of every Sergeant's tent, in order to make the soldiers / acquainted with and to avoid it… F.M: J.G: (?) March the 12th 1741" – a reference to Vernon's invasion fleet, before the battle. Manzanilla (<i><a href="/wiki/Hippomane_mancinella" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippomane mancinella">Hippomane mancinella</a></i>) fruit are poisonous when eaten, and the sap causes blistering.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1713 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>, which ended the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, gave British merchants access to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonies in the Americas</a>, which had hitherto been closed off via <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilist</a> policies by Spain. This included the <i><a href="/wiki/Asiento_de_Negros" title="Asiento de Negros">Asiento de Negros</a></i>, a monopoly to supply 5,000 slaves a year to Spanish America, and the <i>Navio de Permiso</i>, permitting two ships a year to transport 500 tons of goods each for sale in <a href="/wiki/Portobelo,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Portobelo, Colón">Porto Bello</a> or <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning199321_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199321-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These concessions were assigned to the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a>, which was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> after becoming bankrupt in 1720.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez200816_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez200816-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, European wars were often fought over trade privileges overseas, which the then dominant theory of mercantilism viewed as a finite resource. This meant if British trade increased, Spanish trade had to therefore diminish and so the role of a government was to restrict foreign competition.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> previously discovered, high costs meant the majority of the profits which could be gained from the concessions were in <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a> <a href="/wiki/Contraband" title="Contraband">contraband</a> goods, which evaded import duties and deprived the Spanish colonial authorities of much needed revenue. The Spanish Crown was also entitled to 25% of the profits made by the South Sea Company, which were rarely paid, despite their conviction it was immensely profitable. Between 1717 and 1733, only eight <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a> were sent from Britain to the Americas and the <i>asiento</i> has been described as a "commercial illusion".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These tensions were increased by Spanish resentment at British control of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>, which were confirmed by the Treaty of Utrecht. In the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1727%E2%80%931729)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> of 1727 to 1729, Spain <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar">laid siege to Gibraltar</a>, while Britain <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Porto_Bello" title="Blockade of Porto Bello">blockaded Portobello</a>; both attempts failed and the two countries made peace in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Seville_(1729)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Seville (1729)">Treaty of Seville</a> but the underlying issues for the conflict remained unresolved. British merchants wanted easier access to lucrative Spanish markets in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Basin" title="Caribbean Basin">Caribbean Basin</a>, where demand from colonists had created a large <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond19202_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond19202-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish were permitted to board British vessels trading with their colonies in the Americas; during a search for illegal goods in 1731, Welshman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkins_(master_mariner)" title="Robert Jenkins (master mariner)">Robert Jenkins</a>, captain of the <i>Rebecca</i>, claimed a Spanish coast guard officer had severed his ear.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legend this was later exhibited to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a> has no basis in fact but proved useful in persuading the British public to support a war with Spain. Pressure from the British public for a declaration of war arose out of a combination of a political campaign to remove <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>, the long-serving <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>, and a desire for greater commercial access in Spanish America. On 23 October 1739, Britain declared war on Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger2005_238_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger2005_238-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Caribbean">Spanish Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spanish Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a> trade had a network of four main ports: <a href="/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">Vera Cruz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena</a>; <a href="/wiki/Portobelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Portobelo">Porto Bello</a>; and the main port through which all the trade of those three ports came, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>. On 22 November 1739 the British <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Bello_(1739)" title="Battle of Porto Bello (1739)">captured</a> <a href="/wiki/Portobelo,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Portobelo, Colón">Porto Bello</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a>. The British attack was part of an attempt to damage the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spanish economy</a>. The poorly defended port was attacked by six British <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeatson1804[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidetEHAAAAIAAJpgPA17_Vol._III,_p._17],_3_ships:_70_guns,_2_ships:_60_guns,_1_ship:_50_guns_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeatson1804[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidetEHAAAAIAAJpgPA17_Vol._III,_p._17],_3_ships:_70_guns,_2_ships:_60_guns,_1_ship:_50_guns-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Vice-Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Admiral">Vice-Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vernon" title="Edward Vernon">Edward Vernon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative ease of this capture, although the city was abandoned immediately after the battle, caused jubilation in Britain. </p><p>Vernon was given command over one quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, which formed part of a major <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> amphibious expedition under the overall command of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cathcart,_8th_Lord_Cathcart" title="Charles Cathcart, 8th Lord Cathcart">Lord Cathcart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first goal of the expedition was to capture <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, the most important of the Spanish ports because it had facilities where ships could be refitted and, by 1740, it had become Spain's largest and most active shipyard.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Cathcart died en route and it remained unclear who was in command overall. Cathcart's death resulted in dissension in the British command, preventing the coordination needed for this complex operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger2005_237_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger2005_237-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The despatch of the large fleet and troop contingent had been demanded by the British public<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led by merchant <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbyists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Richmond1920_12_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richmond1920_12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the South Sea Company in particular, which refused to accept the compromise agreements made by the Spanish and British governments. The <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPares196385_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPares196385-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richmond1920_12_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richmond1920_12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> advocated the public's demands before <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a>. Vice-admiral Vernon was an active and ardent supporter<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_FevreHarding2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidA1Nmhx-ZO_kCpgPA163_pp._163–164]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_FevreHarding2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidA1Nmhx-ZO_kCpgPA163_pp._163–164]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of war against Spain and advocated offensive actions both in Parliament and before the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">British Admiralty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to mount a large expedition to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> was reached in December 1739.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1920101_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1920101-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walpole, who opposed the war categorically,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1907143–144_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1907143–144-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Vernon, who favoured small squadron actions, were both dissatisfied with the situation. Vernon, despite his earlier failed raid on Cartagena, was not convinced that a large-scale attack on a heavily fortified city would prove to be as successful as his smaller Portobello assault had been. He feared in particular that a prolonged siege would lead to heavy attrition from disease, a typical situation given the medical knowledge of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2005236_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2005236-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectives">Objectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Britain's objective was to capture and retain<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain's four ports in the Caribbean basin. By taking control of these ports, the British would effectively control the entry and exit routes to South America. The British would have bases from which to launch attacks into the interior, and Spain would have limited access to deep water ports on the eastern coast of their American colonies and therefore be unable to resupply their inland forces. Control of these ports would also provide the British a foothold to later attack the rest of the Spanish Empire in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Britain had no place to build and refit ships in the Caribbean, as Spain did with the dockyards<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2005233_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2005233-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Havana, and without a dockyard no fleet could remain in the area for any length of time without breaking down. A quick capture of Havana and its dry dock was imperative and it was the favored objective of Newcastle and Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wager" title="Charles Wager">Charles Wager</a>, First Lord of the Admiralty,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008156_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008156-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Britain's divided ministry left the course of the campaign up to Vernon and others at a council of war held in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. They followed Vernon, who preferred Cartagena as their initial objective as it was a good port and to windward of Britain's existing Caribbean bases and Vernon thought Havana was too well defended to be the initial target.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_of_Cartagena_de_Indias">City of Cartagena de Indias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: City of Cartagena de Indias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Cartagena2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_of_Cartagena2.jpg/325px-Map_of_Cartagena2.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_of_Cartagena2.jpg/488px-Map_of_Cartagena2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_of_Cartagena2.jpg/650px-Map_of_Cartagena2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a> from <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> 1740</figcaption></figure> <p>Founded by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Heredia" title="Pedro de Heredia">Pedro de Heredia</a> in 1533, Cartagena of the Indies in the 18th century was a large and rich city of over 10,000 people. It was the capital of the province of Cartagena and had significant fortifications that had been recently repaired, enlarged and improved with outlying forts, batteries and works. Its harbour, considered by some observers to be one of the finest in the world, served the galleons of the commercial fleet (<i>Galeones a Tierra Firme y Perú</i>) that annually assembled at Havana to convoy the immense revenues of gold and silver from <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbron200413–14_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbron200413–14-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shallow coastal shelf extending out from the city walls prevented a direct attack from the sea, while a high water table hindered <a href="/wiki/Sapping" title="Sapping">sapping</a> and exposed unacclimatised troops to disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks199920–21_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks199920–21-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Cartagena's capture in 1585 by an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> force under <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Sir Francis Drake</a>, its fortifications were rebuilt by the Italian engineer <a href="/wiki/Battista_Antonelli" title="Battista Antonelli">Battista Antonelli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks199922_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks199922-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neglect allowed the French privateer <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Desjean,_Baron_de_Pointis" title="Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis">Baron de Pointis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1697)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Cartagena (1697)">sack the town</a> in 1697 but Juan de Herrera y Sotomayor largely rebuilt Cartagena's defences before his death in 1732.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks199925_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks199925-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city faces the Caribbean to the west; to the south its bay has two entrances: Boca Chica (Little Mouth) and Boca Grande (Big Mouth). Boca Chica historically was the deep water entrance and was so narrow it allowed the passage of only one ship at a time. This entrance was defended on one side by the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_San_Luis_de_Bocachica" title="Castle of San Luis de Bocachica">Fort San Luis</a> with a couple of small outworks on the peninsula of Tierra Bomba, and on the other side by the <a href="/wiki/Fascine" title="Fascine">fascine</a> battery Baradera. Beyond Boca Chica was the lagoon of the outer harbour with an entry channel into the inner harbour between two peninsulas, each defended by a fort. The walls of the city itself mounted some 160 cannon, while the suburbs had 140 guns. The city was surrounded by a moat and its gates were guarded by recently built <a href="/wiki/Bastions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastions">bastions</a>. The suburbs were also surrounded by a moat. On a hill about a quarter mile south of the city stood Fort San Lazaro, a square fifty feet on a side with three demi-<a href="/wiki/Bastions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastions">bastions</a>. The fort's position commanded the city itself and the plain around the hill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeatson1804[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidetEHAAAAIAAJpgPA24_Vol._III,_pp._24–25]_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeatson1804[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidetEHAAAAIAAJpgPA24_Vol._III,_pp._24–25]-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another small hill nearby defended the fort, but there was no fresh water source available outside Cartagena and the fort. The road from the best landing point, the beach at Texar de Gracias, ran three miles to Fort Lazaro.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008185–186_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008185–186-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_new_and_correct_map_of_the_trading_part_of_the_West_Indies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_new_and_correct_map_of_the_trading_part_of_the_West_Indies.png/300px-A_new_and_correct_map_of_the_trading_part_of_the_West_Indies.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_new_and_correct_map_of_the_trading_part_of_the_West_Indies.png/450px-A_new_and_correct_map_of_the_trading_part_of_the_West_Indies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_new_and_correct_map_of_the_trading_part_of_the_West_Indies.png/600px-A_new_and_correct_map_of_the_trading_part_of_the_West_Indies.png 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>A map of the trading part of the West Indies created 1741 in honour of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vernon" title="Edward Vernon">Vernon</a> shows Boca Chica, Cartagena – 2nd from the bottom left</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/170px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/255px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/340px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>, Prime Minister of Great Britain, from the studio of Jean-Baptiste van Loo, 1740</figcaption></figure> <p>The battle pitted a British invasion force of 124 ships<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including: 29 ships of the line,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 22 <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">hospital ships</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">fire ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bomb_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb ship">bomb ships</a> armed with a total of some 2,000 cannon, 80 <a href="/wiki/Troop_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Troop ship">troop transports</a> and 50 <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a>. There were at least 27,400 military personnel, of which the land force totaled 12,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmollettHume1848392_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmollettHume1848392-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including: two British regular infantry regiments, the <a href="/wiki/15th_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Foot">15th Foot</a> and <a href="/wiki/24th_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="24th Foot">24th Foot</a>, 6,000 newly raised marines<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some 3,600 American colonial troops, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet">Colonel William Gooch</a> (the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia#Crown_Governors_(1660–1775)" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">Lieutenant Governor of Virginia</a>), in four battalions designated as <a href="/wiki/Gooch%27s_American_Regiment" title="Gooch's American Regiment">Gooch's American Regiment</a>, arriving from the North American colonies on another 40 transports.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish force defending Cartagena was composed of 2,700 to 3,000 Spanish regulars<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the regiments Aragon, España and that of Toledo, Lisboa and Navarra just arrived in October 1740, brought by Vice-admiral Torres; a colonial regiment from Cartagena; an unspecified number of sailors; five companies of militia and 600 Indian archers, perhaps 4,000<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 6,000 defenders,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> manning six ships of the line and strategic fortifications—under the command of the Governor General of Cartagena, <a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Don Blas de Lezo</a> and the Viceroy of New Granada, <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Eslava" title="Sebastián de Eslava">Sebastián de Eslava</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preliminary_maneuvers">Preliminary maneuvers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Preliminary maneuvers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The expedition was very slow leaving Britain. Initially, contrary winds delayed the sailing until most of the shipboard provisions were consumed and a steep increase of sickness<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurred among the ships' crews. Then, news of the sailing of the French squadrons and a Spanish squadron caused further delay while the British fleet was reinforced in response.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008p._166,_relates_reports_that_October_1000_sailors_and_400_soldiers_were_sick_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008p._166,_relates_reports_that_October_1000_sailors_and_400_soldiers_were_sick-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition suffered from manpower shortages in the navy, which required drafting two full infantry regiments, the 34th and 36th; to fill crew requirements Cathcart was ordered by the government to transfer 600 of his marines to provide marines for the <a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">men of war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue189961–62_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue189961–62-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These delays cost the British three months of valuable campaign time. The 3,600 Americans were transported to Jamaica from New York on 40 transports escorted by some British men of war and arrived much sooner on 3 December 1740. The Americans were originally under the command of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood" title="Alexander Spotswood">General Spotswood</a>, Governor of Virginia, who was to be second-in command under Cathcart, however Spotswood died and was replaced by Gooch as commander of the Americans. They found on their arrival that no arrangements had been made by the British government for their provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue189962_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue189962-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of provisions and the climate immediately began to take a toll on the Americans, while the fleet from Britain was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by January 1741 the land forces had already suffered 500 dead, including Lord Cathcart the commander in chief, and 1,500 sick.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue189961–62_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue189961–62-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With both Cathcart and Spotswood dead, command of the land forces went to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth_(British_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Wentworth (British Army officer)">Thomas Wentworth</a>, who had no previous combat command experience. In Jamaica, 300 enslaved Africans were added to the expedition as a work battalion. Additional delays before and after embarking from Jamaica cost more precious time, including a brief skirmish with a French squadron. Both the British and the Spanish were well aware that with the onset of the two-month rainy season in May, the so-called "sickly season", which would last from May to November,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008p._180,_"..._Vernon_told_Cathcart_that_it_was_crucial_to_avoid_the_sickly_season,_which_lasted_from_May_to_November."_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008p._180,_"..._Vernon_told_Cathcart_that_it_was_crucial_to_avoid_the_sickly_season,_which_lasted_from_May_to_November."-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would also begin.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish had received reinforcements but were already suffering severely from diseases as well. Similar to the British, but not as disruptive to operations, there was dissension between Lezo and Eslava. In particular, Lezo favoured a very strong, all-out defense of Boca Chica channel; Eslava's opposition led to an under-manning of some of the forward defenses, allowing the British an easier initial landing.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack_on_Fort_San_Luis_at_Boca_Chica">Attack on Fort San Luis at Boca Chica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attack on Fort San Luis at Boca Chica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virrey_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Eslava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Virrey_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Eslava.jpg/190px-Virrey_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Eslava.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Virrey_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Eslava.jpg/285px-Virrey_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Eslava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Virrey_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Eslava.jpg/380px-Virrey_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Eslava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Eslava" title="Sebastián de Eslava">Sebastián de Eslava</a>, Viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> from an 18th-century painting</figcaption></figure> <p>The British expedition arrived off Cartagena on 13 March with no overall commander but with decisions being made by councils of war, with General Wentworth commanding the land forces and Vernon the sea forces. The navy had lost so many sailors by this time as a result of the epidemics that one third of the land forces were needed to fill out the crews.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the city of Cartagena was fronted on one side by the ocean, the shore and surf were so rough as to preclude any attempt to approach it from sea. The other access channel, Boca Grande, was too shallow to allow the passage of ocean-going ships. The channel of Boca Chica was the only deep-draft passage into the harbour of Cartagena. It ran between two narrow peninsulas and was defended on one side by the fort of <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_San_Luis_de_Bocachica" title="Castle of San Luis de Bocachica">San Luis, Boca Chica Castle</a>, with four bastions having some 49 cannon, three mortars and a garrison of 300 soldiers under the command of the chief engineer, Carlos Desnaux. A boom stretched from the island of La Bomba to the southern peninsula on which was Fort San Jose with 13 cannon and 150 soldiers. Also supporting the entrance were the six Spanish line ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1907153_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1907153-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before settling to disembark, Vernon silenced the batteries of the fortresses of Chamba, San Felipe and Santiago defended by Lorenzo Alderete from <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Malaga</a>. After attacking the fort of Punta Abanicos in the <a href="/wiki/Isla_Bar%C3%BA" title="Isla Barú">Barú Peninsula</a>, defended by <a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family#Jose_Campuzano_Polanco_(1689-1760)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Polanco Campuzano</a> from <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a week of bombardment, the British planned to land near the smaller access channel, Boca Chica, with 300 grenadiers. The Spanish defenders of two small, nearby forts, San Iago and San Philip, were driven off by a division of three ships of the fleet under <a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a> which suffered some 120 casualties with the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Shrewsbury_(1695)" title="HMS Shrewsbury (1695)"><i>Shrewsbury</i></a> alone losing 100 killed and wounded as well as taking serious damage from cannon fire from <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_San_Luis_de_Bocachica" title="Castle of San Luis de Bocachica">Fort San Luis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmoRos1844_606_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmoRos1844_606-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grenadiers landed that evening and were followed on 22 March by the whole of the British land forces: the two regular regiments and the six regiments of marines.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the American land forces, only 300 were allowed ashore as most of the American troops of the four battalions had been dispersed to serve aboard the ships of the line to replace Vernon's losses in sailors and were not available for amphibious operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffen200937–38_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffen200937–38-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were followed in a few days by the artillery. After the army made camp, the Americans and the Jamaicans constructed a battery in two weeks<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffen200931_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffen200931-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its twenty <a href="/wiki/24_pounder" title="24 pounder">24 pounder</a> guns began battering the fort. A squadron of five ships, consisting of the <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Boyne_(1692)" title="HMS Boyne (1692)">Boyne</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Expedition_(1679)" title="HMS Expedition (1679)">Prince Frederick</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hampton_Court_(1709)" title="HMS Hampton Court (1709)">Hampton Court</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Tilbury_(1733)" title="HMS Tilbury (1733)">Tilbury</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Suffolk_(1680)" title="HMS Suffolk (1680)">Suffolk</a></i>, led inshore by <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(Royal_Navy)" title="Commodore (Royal Navy)">Commodore</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lestock" title="Richard Lestock">Lestock</a>, also attempted to batter the fort into submission for two days but had the worst of it, making no impression on the fort and having many men killed and three ships heavily damaged and disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British artillery on land, after three days of firing night and day, made a breach in the main fort<sup id="cite_ref-SmoRos1844_606_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmoRos1844_606-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while part of the fleet assisted. Another part of the fleet engaged the Spanish ships, two of which Lezo scuttled and another, the <i>Galicia</i>, he set on fire. The two scuttled Spanish ships partially blocked the channel and the <i>Galicia</i> was captured by the British before it could sink. The British attacked Fort San Luis by land and sea on 5 April. The infantry advanced on the breach; however, the Spanish had already retreated to fortifications in the inner harbour. Over the following week, the landing force re-embarked and entered the harbour. The operation against Boca Chica cost the British army 120 killed and wounded, additionally 250 died from the diseases of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, and 600 sick were hospitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue189966_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue189966-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack_on_Fort_San_Lazaro">Attack on Fort San Lazaro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attack on Fort San Lazaro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blas_de_Lezo_Madrid_2014_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Blas_de_Lezo_Madrid_2014_01.JPG/210px-Blas_de_Lezo_Madrid_2014_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Blas_de_Lezo_Madrid_2014_01.JPG/315px-Blas_de_Lezo_Madrid_2014_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Blas_de_Lezo_Madrid_2014_01.JPG/420px-Blas_de_Lezo_Madrid_2014_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Monument in <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Col%C3%B3n_(Madrid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza de Colón (Madrid)">Plaza de Colón</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>) built to commemorate Spanish <a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Admiral Blas de Lezo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The next council of war decided to attempt to isolate Cartagena from the land side by an assault of <a href="/wiki/Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas" title="Castillo San Felipe de Barajas">Fort San Lazaro</a>, called in some accounts San Felipe de Barajas. With the capture of <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_San_Luis_de_Bocachica" title="Castle of San Luis de Bocachica">San Luis</a> and other outlying defensive works, the fleet passed through the Boca Chica channel into the lagoon that made up the harbor of Cartagena. The Spanish withdrew to concentrate their forces at Fort San Lazaro and the city. Vernon goaded Wentworth into an ill-considered, badly planned assault on the fort, an outlying strong-point of Cartagena, which Vernon refused to support with the fleet making specious excuses about the depth of the harbor. The ships cleared the beach with cannon fire and Wentworth landed on 16 April at Texar de Gracias.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the British gained the inner harbour and captured some outlying forts, de Lezo strengthened the last main bastion of Fort San Lazaro by digging a trench around it and clearing a field of fire on the approach. He had to hold the fort as it commanded the city<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008179_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008179-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in British hands, a bombardment would force Cartagena to surrender in a short time. Lezo defended the trench with some 650 soldiers and garrisoned the fort with another 300, while keeping a reserve of 200 marines and sailors. The British advanced from the beach and had to pass a narrow defile. There they met a Spanish force that briefly contested that passage before giving way.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldier_of_43rd_regiment_1742.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Soldier_of_43rd_regiment_1742.jpg/150px-Soldier_of_43rd_regiment_1742.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Soldier_of_43rd_regiment_1742.jpg/225px-Soldier_of_43rd_regiment_1742.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Soldier_of_43rd_regiment_1742.jpg/300px-Soldier_of_43rd_regiment_1742.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Gooch's marines, 43rd regiment of foot from the <i>Cloathing Book</i> of 1740</figcaption></figure> <p>The only British engineer with the expedition had been killed at Fort San Luis; no one could construct a battery to breach the walls. The British decided to storm the fort outright in a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_main" title="Coup de main">coup de main</a></i>, walls unbreached, during a night attack. The night attack would allow the assault of the northern side of the fort facing Cartagena because, in the dark, the guns of Cartagena would not be able to give supporting fire. The southern side had the lowest and most vulnerable walls and the grenadiers would attempt to quickly storm and carry the parapets. But the attack started late and the initial advance on Lazaro was made near dawn, at 4:00 am 20 April, by a <a href="/wiki/Forlorn_hope" title="Forlorn hope">forlorn hope</a> of 50 picked men followed by 450 grenadiers commanded by Colonel Wynyard. The main body was 1,000 men of the 15th and 24th regiments commanded by Colonel Grant, then a mixed company from the 34th and 36th regiments<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some unarmed Americans carrying scaling-ladders for the fort's high walls and wool packs<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to fill in the trench. Finally, there was a reserve of 500 marines under Colonel Wolfe.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The column was led by two Spanish deserters as guides who misled the British on the southern low walled side. Wynyard was led to a steep approach and, as the grenadiers scrambled up the slope, they were received with a deadly volley of musket fire at thirty yards/metres from the Spanish in the entrenchments. The grenadiers deployed into line and advanced, slowly trading fire. On the north face, Grant fell early and the leaderless troops exchanged fire with the Spanish. Most of the Americans dropped the ladders they carried and took cover. Those ladders brought forward were too short by 10 feet (3 m).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue189970_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue189970-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an hour, the sun rose, and as the guns of Cartagena opened fire on the British, casualties mounted. At 8:00 am, when a column of Spanish infantry coming from the gates of Cartagena threatened to cut the British off from their ships, Wentworth ordered a retreat. The assault failed, with a loss of 600 casualties from a force of approximately 2,000. Sickness and disease increased the casualties of the expedition. During the period surrounding the attack on Fort San Lazaro, Wentworth's land forces were reduced from 6,500 effectives to 3,200.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_withdrawal">British withdrawal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: British withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Don Blas de Lezo's plan had been that, given the overwhelming force against him, he would attempt to conduct a fighting withdrawal and delay the British long enough until the start of the rainy season at the end of April. The tropical downpours would delay campaigning for another two months. Further, the longer the enemy had to remain mostly crowded on ships at sea and in the open on land, the more likely that insufficient supply, discomfort and especially disease would become his allies and the deadly enemies of the British. De Lezo was aided by the contempt that Vernon and Wentworth had for each other, which prevented their cooperation after the initial landing.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rodger2005_237_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger2005_237-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important factor in the defeat of the British force was the fact that Cartagena's defensive fortifications had been repaired and improved over the past year. Although De Lezo was pressed to the limit, his plan worked and the Spanish prevailed. The rains came and the British had to board their ships, where close quarters made disease even more deadly. By 25 April, Vernon and the council decided to retreat to Jamaica, and by mid-May they were gone. By 7 May, only 1,700 men of the land forces were fit for service and no more than 1,000 in condition to land against the enemy; within a month of leaving Cartagena, another 1,100 died. British strength was reduced to 1,400 and American to 1,300.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expedition and battle lasted for 67 days and ended with the British fleet withdrawing in defeat, with 18,000 dead or incapacitated, mostly by disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1899_72–9_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue_1899_72–9-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish also suffered severely from disease including Blas de Lezo himself, who died a few weeks after falling ill from the plague from unburied bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition a total of 50 British ships were lost, badly damaged, disabled or abandoned for lack of crews. There were nineteen ships of the line damaged, four frigates and twenty-seven transports lost.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 3,600 <a href="/wiki/American_colonists" class="mw-redirect" title="American colonists">American colonists</a>, who had volunteered, lured by promises of land<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mountains of gold,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway2006230_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2006230-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most died of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, and outright <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>. Only 300<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> returned home, including <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1718%E2%80%931752)" title="Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)">Lawrence Washington</a>, who renamed his <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> after Admiral Vernon. </p><p>During the early stage of the battle, when the Spanish forces had retreated from different defense points to regroup in the larger fortress of San Lazaro, feeling victory in his hands Vernon dispatched a messenger, Captain Laws, to Britain to inform King George of the British forces' entry to the inner bay on 17 May. The souvenir industry, in expectation of a triumph that never came, had been busily manufacturing commemorative medals for the occasion. They were mainly made by button-makers, who copied a few basic designs and are generally of very poor quality. The largest collections of these medals can be found in the United Kingdom and the United States. Commemorative china was also produced but its survival has been rarer. In one of the medals Admiral Vernon was shown looking down upon the "defeated" Spanish admiral Don Blas de Lezo who appeared kneeling down. A contemporary song was composed by a sailor from the <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Shrewsbury_(1695)" title="HMS Shrewsbury (1695)">Shrewsbury</a></i> that prematurely celebrated the victory: </p> <blockquote><p><i>Vernon's Glory; or, The Spaniards Defeat</i>. </p><p>Being an account of the taking of Carthagena by Vice-admiral Vernon... <br /><i>"...and the town surrender[ed]</i> </p> <p><i>To Admiral Vernon, the scourge of Spain"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The main reasons for the British defeat were the failure of the British to find united leadership after the commander in chief, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cathcart,_8th_Lord_Cathcart" title="Charles Cathcart, 8th Lord Cathcart">General Charles Cathcart</a>, died of dysentery en route; the logistic inability to land siege artillery and ammunition near to Cartagena; the impediments made by Vernon that prevented involvement of his line ships to support the infantry forces; and the effective Spanish maneuvers carried out by the viceroy <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Eslava" title="Sebastián de Eslava">Sebastián de Eslava</a>, Admiral Blas de Lezo and Colonel Carlos Suivillars.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no evidence for the claim made in recent years by works published in Spain that Admiral Vernon sent a letter to Blas de Lezo saying that "We have decided to retreat, but we will return to Cartagena after we take reinforcements in Jamaica", to which Blas de Lezo supposedly responded: "In order to come to Cartagena, the English King must build a better and larger fleet, because yours now is only suitable to transport coal from Ireland to London".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coal was not transported from Ireland to England, the reverse being the case. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British admiral, Edward "Old Grog" Vernon"><img alt="British admiral, Edward "Old Grog" Vernon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg/162px-Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg/243px-Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg/324px-Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2966" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">British admiral, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vernon" title="Edward Vernon">Edward "Old Grog" Vernon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="English medal commemorating the British destruction of the forts at Cartagena. Vernon is depicted pointing at the city. The medal says "Admiral Vernon veiwing the town of Carthagana" [sic]. The obverse has the inscription "The forts of Carthagena destroyd by Adm Vernon". Naval Museum of Madrid."><img alt="English medal commemorating the British destruction of the forts at Cartagena. Vernon is depicted pointing at the city. The medal says "Admiral Vernon veiwing the town of Carthagana" [sic]. The obverse has the inscription "The forts of Carthagena destroyd by Adm Vernon". Naval Museum of Madrid." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg/200px-%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg/300px-%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg/400px-%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">English medal commemorating the British destruction of the forts at Cartagena. Vernon is depicted pointing at the city. The medal says "Admiral Vernon veiwing the town of Carthagana" [sic]. The obverse has the inscription "The forts of Carthagena destroyd by Adm Vernon". Naval Museum of Madrid.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medalla_Lezo_y_Vernon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commemorative British medal of the supposed "victory". It shows Vernon looking down upon the Spanish admiral Blas de Lezo (Don 'Blass'). The medal says "The pride of Spain humbled by ad. Vernon". Naval Museum of Madrid."><img alt="Commemorative British medal of the supposed "victory". It shows Vernon looking down upon the Spanish admiral Blas de Lezo (Don 'Blass'). The medal says "The pride of Spain humbled by ad. Vernon". Naval Museum of Madrid." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Medalla_Lezo_y_Vernon.jpg/200px-Medalla_Lezo_y_Vernon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Medalla_Lezo_y_Vernon.jpg/300px-Medalla_Lezo_y_Vernon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Medalla_Lezo_y_Vernon.jpg/400px-Medalla_Lezo_y_Vernon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commemorative British medal of the supposed "victory". It shows Vernon looking down upon the Spanish admiral <a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a> (Don 'Blass'). The medal says "The pride of Spain humbled by ad. Vernon". Naval Museum of Madrid.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the news of the disaster Robert Walpole's government soon collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain retained control over its most strategically important colonies, including the vitally crucial port in the Caribbean that helped secure the defense of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> and its trans-Atlantic trade with Spain. </p><p>News of Britain's defeat reached Europe at the end of June, 1741 and had immense repercussions. It caused <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a>, who had been acting as mediator between <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> supporting Austria over Prussian seizure of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> in December 1740, to withdraw Britain's guarantees of armed support for the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1713">Pragmatic Sanction</a>. That encouraged France and Spain, the Bourbon allies, revealed to also be allied with Prussia, to move militarily against a now isolated Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A greater and wider war, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>, now began. </p><p>The staggering losses suffered by the British compromised all the subsequent actions by Vernon and Wentworth in the Caribbean and most ended in acrimonious failure<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite reinforcements of 1,000 troops from Jamaica and 3,000 regular infantry from Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vernon and Wentworth were both recalled to Britain in September 1742, with <a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a> taking command of a very sickly fleet that had less than half its sailors fit for duty.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the Caribbean campaign ended in May 1742 ninety percent of the army had died from combat and sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan1879_123MacMillan1899_76_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan1879_123MacMillan1899_76-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other British attacks took place in the Caribbean with little consequence on the geopolitical situation in the Atlantic. The weakened British forces led by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Knowles,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Knowles, 1st Baronet">Charles Knowles</a> made raids upon the Venezuelan coast, attacking <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira" title="Battle of La Guaira">La Guaira</a> in February 1743 and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_Cabello" title="Battle of Puerto Cabello">Puerto Cabello</a> in April, though neither operation was particularly successful.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger2005_238_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger2005_238-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The failure to take Cartagena caused what was left of the naval forces assigned to Vernon to remain in the Caribbean longer. This resulted in the weakened Mediterranean squadron being unable to prevent the Spanish from twice convoying troops totalling 25,000 to Italy in November and December 1741.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway200616_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200616-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until Commodore <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lestock" title="Richard Lestock">Richard Lestock</a>, commander of one of Vernon's divisions at Cartagena, returned to Europe with ships from the Caribbean fleet, that Britain reinforced its presence in the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning199380–81_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199380–81-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Reed Browning describes the British Cartagena expedition as "stupidly disastrous" and quotes Horace Walpole, whose father was Vernon's bitter enemy, writing in 1744: "We have already lost seven millions of money and thirty thousand men in the Spanish war and all the fruit of all this blood and treasure is the glory of having Admiral Vernon's head on alehouse signs." The inscription on Vernon's marble memorial in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> reflects the bitter dispute between the naval and land forces at the siege of Cartagena: "He subdued Chagre, and at Carthagena conquered as far as naval forces could carry victory".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, whilst on his royal visit to Colombia, <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Prince Charles</a> in cooperation with the city authorities unveiled a plaque which commemorated the British casualties of the battle. After complaints from city residents that the Spanish defenders were not mentioned on the plaque and that it was placed near a statue of de Lezo, the city authorities decided to remove the plaque, that by the time had been already vandalised. Mayor Dionisio Velez stated that it had not been his intention to "stir this controversy, or hurt the feelings of people".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_II_of_Great_Britain-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George II of Great Britain, 18th-century painting"><img alt="George II of Great Britain, 18th-century painting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/George_II_of_Great_Britain-01.jpg/163px-George_II_of_Great_Britain-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/George_II_of_Great_Britain-01.jpg/244px-George_II_of_Great_Britain-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/George_II_of_Great_Britain-01.jpg/325px-George_II_of_Great_Britain-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a>, 18th-century painting</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe_V_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philip V of Spain, 18th-century painting"><img alt="Philip V of Spain, 18th-century painting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Felipe_V_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/160px-Felipe_V_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Felipe_V_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/239px-Felipe_V_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Felipe_V_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/319px-Felipe_V_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="3051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a>, 18th-century painting</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scottish folk/pirate metal band <a href="/wiki/Alestorm" title="Alestorm">Alestorm</a> has a song entitled "1741 (The Battle of Cartagena)" on their 2014 album <i><a href="/wiki/Sunset_on_the_Golden_Age" title="Sunset on the Golden Age">Sunset on the Golden Age</a></i>, which chronicles the battle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1995" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, MS (1995). <i>The War of Austrian Succession 1740–1748 (Modern Wars In Perspective)</i>. Routledge. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582059504" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582059504"><bdi>978-0582059504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+Austrian+Succession+1740%E2%80%931748+%28Modern+Wars+In+Perspective%29&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0582059504&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=MS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info/genealogy/TNGWebsite/getperson.php?personID=I48074&tree=CC#cite1">"Col. John Grant, of Carron"</a>. <i>Clan MacFarlane and associated clans genealogy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314122501/https://www.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info/genealogy/TNGWebsite/getperson.php?personID=I48074&tree=CC#cite1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clan+MacFarlane+and+associated+clans+genealogy&rft.atitle=Col.+John+Grant%2C+of+Carron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info%2Fgenealogy%2FTNGWebsite%2Fgetperson.php%3FpersonID%3DI48074%26tree%3DCC%23cite1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeatson1804">Beatson 1804</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etEHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA25">Vol. III, pp. 25–27</a>.<br /><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, p. 60, gives a total overall strength as perhaps 30,000 men.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A remarkable piece of Spanish intelligence on this expedition is found almost a year prior to the arrival of this fleet. The Governor of Spanish Florida learned from English colonists taken prisoner in the recapture of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mose" title="Fort Mose">Fort Mose</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of St. Augustine">siege of St. Augustine</a> that "they have learned of the preparation in England of a considerable expedition against Havanna, consisting of 30 ships of the line, and of a landing party of 10,000 men. I am sending this dispatch to give you this information as possibly of great importance to the service of the King." Letter from Governor Montiano, 6 July 1740, Collections of the Georgia Historical Society. (Vol. VII. – Part I) Published by Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, Ga. For an in depth analysis of the intelligence and spies used by both sides. See: <a href="#CITEREFRivas_Ibañez2008">Rivas Ibañez 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatson, Hart, Duncan, Lord Mahon, Hume & other historians give a total of 12,000 land forces beginning the expedition. Including 3,600 North American colonial marines—Colonel William Gooch's 43rd Regiment, commanded by the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. Considered the origin of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeatson1804">Beatson 1804</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etEHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA25">Vol. III, pp. 25–26</a>, gives Royal Navy crews total of 15,398—he does not give crew totals for the 135 transports and supply ships which likely numbered 3000 to 5000, Reed Browning's estimate of 30,000 for the total force would leave a balance of some 2600 for transport crews. <a href="#CITEREFHume1825">Hume 1825</a>, pp. 108–113, "The conjoined squadrons consisted of nine and twenty ships of the line...The number of seamen amounted to 15,000: that of land forces...12,000." <a href="#CITEREFSamuel1923">Samuel 1923</a>, pp. 236–242, 'Admiral Vernon, "...now reinforced by twenty-five ships of the line and 9,000 soldiers...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeatson1804">Beatson 1804</a>, Vol III, pp. 25–26. List of ships of the line under Vernon is 8 of 80 guns, 5 of 70 guns, 14 of 60 guns, 2 of 50 guns and 22 frigates. Also <a href="#CITEREFHart1922">Hart 1922</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067341218&view=1up&seq=248">p. 140</a>, gives 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmollettHume1848p._391,_Ogle's_fleet_being_sent_to_Vernon_for_the_expedition_against_Cartagena_is_stated_to_be_"one_hundred_and_seventy_sail"_when_added_to_Vernon's_squadron_something_very_close_to_186_ships_is_achieved_and_includes_the_supply_ships_and_transports_not_mentioned_elsewhere._The_author,_Smollett,_of_course,_was_with_this_expedition_as_surgeon_and_therefore_an_eyewitness.-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmollettHume1848p._391,_Ogle's_fleet_being_sent_to_Vernon_for_the_expedition_against_Cartagena_is_stated_to_be_"one_hundred_and_seventy_sail"_when_added_to_Vernon's_squadron_something_very_close_to_186_ships_is_achieved_and_includes_the_supply_ships_and_transports_not_mentioned_elsewhere._The_author,_Smollett,_of_course,_was_with_this_expedition_as_surgeon_and_therefore_an_eyewitness._8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmollettHume1848">Smollett & Hume 1848</a>, p. 391, Ogle's fleet being sent to Vernon for the expedition against Cartagena is stated to be "one hundred and seventy sail" when added to Vernon's squadron something very close to 186 ships is achieved and includes the supply ships and transports not mentioned elsewhere. The author, Smollett, of course, was with this expedition as surgeon and therefore an eyewitness..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart1922">Hart 1922</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067341218&view=1up&seq=258">p. 146</a>.<br /><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, p. 60, estimates 3,000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_Duro1902p._247,_however,_gives_1,100_regulars_and_400_marines-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_Duro1902p._247,_however,_gives_1,100_regulars_and_400_marines_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_Duro1902">Fernández Duro 1902</a>, p. 247, however, gives 1,100 regulars and 400 marines.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This number is possibly underestimated in sources as the 6 Spanish ships of the line must have had crews similar to those British ships of that size had, i.e. 400–600 each, so that the total of 4,000 for garrison of Cartagena was mostly sailors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart1922p._146,_gives_300_militia-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart1922p._146,_gives_300_militia_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart1922">Hart 1922</a>, p. 146, gives 300 militia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeggus1979" class="citation journal cs1">Geggus, David (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082398">"Yellow Fever in the 1790s: The British Army in occupied Saint Domingue"</a>. <i>Medical History</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025727300051012">10.1017/S0025727300051012</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082398">1082398</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/368468">368468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=Yellow+Fever+in+the+1790s%3A+The+British+Army+in+occupied+Saint+Domingue&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1082398%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F368468&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025727300051012&rft.aulast=Geggus&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1082398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span>, "... of the 12,000 British and Americans who laid siege to Cartagena in 1741 seventy percent perished, including seventy-seven per cent of the British." therefore: 8,400 from yellow fever alone, over 6,000 British soldiers at the siege.<br />Similarly, <a href="#CITEREFHarbron2004">Harbron 2004</a>, p. 108, "...yellow fever ... killed perhaps 9,000 sailors and troops in the British forces.".<br /><a href="#CITEREFHart1922">Hart 1922</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067341218&view=1up&seq=263">p. 151</a>. "So great were the losses to the troops through disease and battle that not over one third of the land troops appear to have returned with the fleet to Jamaica." This would indicate considerably more than 8,000 dead.<br />Likewise, <a href="#CITEREFCoxe1815">Coxe 1815</a>, p. 24 states that Havana is attacked by "...3,000 men, the discouraged and exhausted remnant of the troops which had been repulsed at Cartagena ...". Coxe also gives the overall loss of the expedition during the campaign as 20,000 lives lost.<br /> <a href="#CITEREFBeatson1804">Beatson 1804</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNEHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA111">Vol. I, p. 111</a>, gives the army's strength as down to 3,000 in Jamaica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan1879_123MacMillan1899_76-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan1879_123MacMillan1899_76_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan1879_123MacMillan1899_76_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Duncan" title="Francis Duncan">Duncan, Francis</a> (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFRl6zX9iyAC&pg=PA123"><i>History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery</i></a>. In two volumes – Vol. 1. London: John Murray. p. 123. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313054245/https://books.google.com/books?id=GFRl6zX9iyAC&pg=PA123#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Royal+Regiment+of+Artillery&rft.place=London&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGFRl6zX9iyAC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span>,"...so reduced was this force in two years by disaster and disease, that not a tenth part returned to England...'thus ended in shame, disappointment, and loss, the most important, most expensive, and best concerted expedition that Great Britain was ever engaged in'...". So too, <a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 76. "Of the regiments that had sailed from St. Helen's under Cathcart in all the pride and confidence of strength, nine in every ten had perished.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duro1902_250-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duro1902_250_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duro1902_250_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_Duro1902">Fernández Duro 1902</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2008">Anon 2008</a>. This article states 1500 British guns captured, lost or damaged, but this number needs to be taken with a grain of salt, however, the article does contain references.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_Duro1902">Fernández Duro 1902</a>, p. 250, "...tuvieron que incendiar seis navios y otros 17 quedaron con necesidad de grandes reparos para poder servir...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">. "...departing May 20th, five ships were burnt due to a lack of crew. Another sank on its way to Jamaica" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todoababor.es/articulos/art_2.htm"><i>El desastre del ataque británico a Cartagena de Indias.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331201015/http://www.todoababor.es/articulos/art_2.htm">Archived</a> 31 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Revista de Historia Naval</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>, Volume 2, Baltimore, 1922, p. 64, gives: "... 18 of the largest... repairing considerable damage.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon2008-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon2008_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2008">Anon 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marley, David. <i>Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present</i>, ABC-CLIO (1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874368375" title="Special:BookSources/0874368375">0874368375</a>, p. 259, gives 600 dead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All Spanish losses from: <a href="#CITEREFAnon2008">Anon 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortescue_1899_72–9-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1899_72–9_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1899_72–9_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, pp. 72–79, gives a detailed account of the rapid and devastating withering away of the land forces to disease.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1994" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Reed (1994). <i>The War of the Austrian Succession</i>. Sutton Publishing. p. 393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750905787" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750905787"><bdi>978-0750905787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Austrian+Succession&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0750905787&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199321-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning199321_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez200816-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez200816_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivas_Ibañez2008">Rivas Ibañez 2008</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard2010" class="citation web cs1">Rothbard, Murray (23 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/mercantilism-economic-side-absolutism">"Mercantilism as the Economic Side of Absolutism"</a>. <i>Mises.org</i>. Good summary of the concept. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201092722/https://mises.org/library/mercantilism-economic-side-absolutism">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises.org&rft.atitle=Mercantilism+as+the+Economic+Side+of+Absolutism&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fmercantilism-economic-side-absolutism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1976" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, MS (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeineighteen0000ande"><i>Europe in the Eighteenth Century, 1713–1783: (A General History of Europe)</i></a></span>. Longman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeineighteen0000ande/page/293">293</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582486720" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582486720"><bdi>978-0582486720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+the+Eighteenth+Century%2C+1713%E2%80%931783%3A+%28A+General+History+of+Europe%29&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0582486720&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeineighteen0000ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond19202-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond19202_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichmond1920">Richmond 1920</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbron1998" class="citation book cs1">Harbron, John D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HO4l1CRL9U4C"><i>Trafalgar and the Spanish navy</i></a>. Conway Maritime Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-695-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-695-3"><bdi>0-87021-695-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar+and+the+Spanish+navy&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-87021-695-3&rft.aulast=Harbron&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHO4l1CRL9U4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodger2005_238-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger2005_238_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger2005_238_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2005">Rodger 2005</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeatson1804[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidetEHAAAAIAAJpgPA17_Vol._III,_p._17],_3_ships:_70_guns,_2_ships:_60_guns,_1_ship:_50_guns-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeatson1804[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidetEHAAAAIAAJpgPA17_Vol._III,_p._17],_3_ships:_70_guns,_2_ships:_60_guns,_1_ship:_50_guns_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeatson1804">Beatson 1804</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etEHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17">Vol. III, p. 17</a>, 3 ships: 70 guns, 2 ships: 60 guns, 1 ship: 50 guns.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz" class="citation web cs1">Ruiz, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030213131/http://www.bruce.ruiz.net/PanamaHistory/admiral_vernon.htm">"Admiral Vernon and portobello"</a>. Panama History.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruce.ruiz.net/PanamaHistory/admiral_vernon.htm">the original</a> on 30 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Admiral+Vernon+and+portobello&rft.pub=Panama+History.com&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bruce.ruiz.net%2FPanamaHistory%2Fadmiral_vernon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, p. 22, "They [the British] had over 120 ships of the line in their fleet, while France had but 50 and Spain 40". In Mitch Williamson's article, <i>British Naval Supremacy: Some Factors Newly Considered</i> 2002, he states the Royal Navy's War Establishment Manpower at the <i>end</i> of the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748 is 44,861—so Vernon's total of over 15,000 sailors represents at least 25% of Royal Navy manpower.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarbron2004">Harbron 2004</a>, pp. 15–17. Havana built nearly 50% more Ships of the Line than any other Spanish dockyard during the 18th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodger2005_237-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger2005_237_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger2005_237_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2005">Rodger 2005</a>, p. 237. "... his [Vernon's] ruthless exploitation of the army, his unscrupulous skill at claiming credit for every success and blaming the soldiers for every failure, eventually destroyed any possibility of harmonious combined operations."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2005">Rodger 2005</a>, pp. 237–238, "The government was unable to resist the public clamor for a major expedition to the Caribbean." Also: <a href="#CITEREFHarbron2004">Harbron 2004</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richmond1920_12-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richmond1920_12_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richmond1920_12_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichmond1920">Richmond 1920</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPares196385-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPares196385_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPares1963">Pares 1963</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_FevreHarding2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidA1Nmhx-ZO_kCpgPA163_pp._163–164]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_FevreHarding2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidA1Nmhx-ZO_kCpgPA163_pp._163–164]_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_FevreHarding2000">Le Fevre & Harding 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A1Nmhx-ZO_kC&pg=PA163">pp. 163–164</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1907">Ford 1907</a>, p. 124, "Destroy their settlements in America, and Spain falls. My opinion is that a strong squadron be sent to the West Indies, to distress the enemy in their very vitals, to destroy their mines, to seize their treasures, to take their ships, to ruin their settlements. Let them be attacked in as many places as possible at the same time...If once Porto-Bello and Cartagena were taken, then all will be lost to them." Vernon at the Admiralty meeting.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond1920101-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond1920101_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichmond1920">Richmond 1920</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1907143–144-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1907143–144_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1907">Ford 1907</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2005236-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2005236_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2005">Rodger 2005</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPares1963">Pares 1963</a>, pp. 66, 68, 92–93. Also, <a href="#CITEREFLe_FevreHarding2000">Le Fevre & Harding 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A1Nmhx-ZO_kC&pg=PA168">p. 168</a>, "...by taking and holding some of her (Spain's) important colonies.". Similarly, <a href="#CITEREFRichmond1920">Richmond 1920</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1907">Ford 1907</a>, p. 140, "In that way there would have been secured for Britain the whole trade with the coast of Chili (sic) and Peru, and with the western coast of Mexico, thus crippling the power of Spain...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2005233-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2005233_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2005">Rodger 2005</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008156-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008156_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivas_Ibañez2008">Rivas Ibañez 2008</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDull2009">Dull 2009</a>, p. 46. Also, <a href="#CITEREFRivas_Ibañez2008">Rivas Ibañez 2008</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbron200413–14-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbron200413–14_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarbron2004">Harbron 2004</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks199920–21-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks199920–21_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarks1999">Marks 1999</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks199922-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks199922_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarks1999">Marks 1999</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks199925-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks199925_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarks1999">Marks 1999</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeatson1804[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidetEHAAAAIAAJpgPA24_Vol._III,_pp._24–25]-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeatson1804[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidetEHAAAAIAAJpgPA24_Vol._III,_pp._24–25]_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeatson1804">Beatson 1804</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etEHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA24">Vol. III, pp. 24–25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008185–186-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008185–186_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivas_Ibañez2008">Rivas Ibañez 2008</a>, pp. 185–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1995" class="citation news cs1">Brooke, James (8 October 1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/08/travel/cartagena-caribbean-jewel.html">"Cartagena, Caribbean Jewel"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209030954/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cartagena%2C+Caribbean+Jewel&rft.date=1995-10-08&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F10%2F08%2Ftravel%2Fcartagena-caribbean-jewel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeatson1804">Beatson 1804</a>, pp. 25–27. List of ships of the line under Vernon is 8 of 80 guns, 5 of 70 guns, 14 of 60 guns, 2 of 50 guns and 22 frigates and other warships. Additionally, the list gives a detail breakdown of the 12,000 troops: the 15th and 24th regiments of foot, 2,000; 6,000 marines; 2,500 American and some others. Ship of the Line crews total 11,000+, no numbers are given for the frigate and transport crews on that page. On the following page a list of frigates and their crews is given for the Cartagena expedition that corresponds to that of Vernon's fleet list with a few minor variations. The total for Royal Navy sailors then (at least as paper strength, full complements) is: 15,398. This total does not include the 12,000 soldiers, nor any civilian seamen, nor the crews for the over 120 transports.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, David. <i>The History of England</i>, London, 1825, p. 109, "...with an equal number of frigates, fire ships, and bomb ketches...". When compared with a nearly contemporary amphibious expedition described in <a href="#CITEREFPritchard1995">Pritchard 1995</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xqY9PRghxssC&pg=PA4">p. 4</a> as: 10 ships of the line, 45 troop transports and some 10,000 sailors and soldiers it can be seen that Vernon's fleet has nearly three times as many ships of the line and nearly three times the soldiers and sailors and that by analogy Vernon's fleet would have around three times the total ships or more, i.e. at least 165 ships.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmollettHume1848392-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmollettHume1848392_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmollettHume1848">Smollett & Hume 1848</a>, p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichmond1920">Richmond 1920</a>, p. 101, "... regiments miscalled marines ..." not the marine contingents of warships therefore.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart1922">Hart 1922</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433067341218&view=1up&seq=247">p. 139</a>. Similarly, Trustees of the Public Libraries, et al. <i>The State Records of North Carolina</i>, Vol. XI, (1895–1907), Goldsboro, NC: Nash brothers, pp. 42–45, state in a note that the number of companies which actually sailed was 36 containing 3,600 men. Also, <a href="#CITEREFMarshallLow2001">Marshall & Low 2001</a>, p. 119, gives 3,600 and p. 302. gives 3,500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Torres, 13 Jan. 1741, AGS, Estado Francia, Legajo 4408: "Al mismo tiempo y por propio conducto, ha participado que por carta de 28 de noviembre escrita desde Londres se daba por sujeto apreciable que se habían mudado las instrucciones de M. Carthcart que la escuadra del almirante Ogle que conduce las tropas de su cargo en lugar de ir a la Habana ira a Cartagena, por hallarse los ingleses bien informados de que no hemos enviado más de 2000 hombres y 600 reclutas".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart1922">Hart 1922</a>, p. 146, gives 4,000.<br /><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, p. 60, estimates 3,000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemaitre1998" class="citation book cs1">Lemaitre, Eduardo (1998). <i>Breve Historia de Cartagena</i>. Medellin: Editorial Colina. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9586380904" title="Special:BookSources/9586380904"><bdi>9586380904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+Historia+de+Cartagena&rft.place=Medellin&rft.pub=Editorial+Colina&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9586380904&rft.aulast=Lemaitre&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 62, "The fleet was very sickly...".<br /><a href="#CITEREFBaugh2002">Baugh 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bzrya4r-2n8C&pg=PA140">p. 140</a>: "The worst naval <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> epidemic of the century occurred between August 1739 and October 1740 ... 25,000 fell ill and were sent to hospital ships, sick quarters and hospitals; of these, 2750 died and 1965 deserted." This represents over 50% of the seamen employed by the Navy at that time.<br /> Similarly, <a href="#CITEREFRodger2005">Rodger 2005</a>, p. 308, "A serious epidemic [of typhus] over the hard winters of 1739–41 wrecked the Navy's mobilization, with men falling sick faster than they could be recruited." Typhus was generally a cold weather disease.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008p._166,_relates_reports_that_October_1000_sailors_and_400_soldiers_were_sick-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008p._166,_relates_reports_that_October_1000_sailors_and_400_soldiers_were_sick_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivas_Ibañez2008">Rivas Ibañez 2008</a>, p. 166, relates reports that October 1000 sailors and 400 soldiers were sick.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue189961–62-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue189961–62_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue189961–62_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue189962-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue189962_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrimmin2007" class="citation book cs1">Krimmin, Patriaca Kathleen (2007). "British Naval Health, 1700–1800, Improvement over time?". In Hudson, Geoffrey L. (ed.). <i>British military and naval medicine, 1600–1830</i>. Amsterdam / New York City: Rodopi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15RqKbLFyNEC&pg=PA184">p. 184</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042022720" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042022720"><bdi>978-9042022720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British+Naval+Health%2C+1700%E2%80%931800%2C+Improvement+over+time%3F&rft.btitle=British+military+and+naval+medicine%2C+1600%E2%80%931830&rft.place=Amsterdam+%2F+New+York+City&rft.pages=p.+184&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9042022720&rft.aulast=Krimmin&rft.aufirst=Patriaca+Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span> The Sick and Hurt Board recorded nearly 10,000 men sick ashore in England alone in 1740.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008p._180,_"..._Vernon_told_Cathcart_that_it_was_crucial_to_avoid_the_sickly_season,_which_lasted_from_May_to_November."-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008p._180,_"..._Vernon_told_Cathcart_that_it_was_crucial_to_avoid_the_sickly_season,_which_lasted_from_May_to_November."_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivas_Ibañez2008">Rivas Ibañez 2008</a>, p. 180, "... Vernon told Cathcart that it was crucial to avoid the sickly season, which lasted from May to November.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2005">Rodger 2005</a>, pp. 160–161.<br /><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 68.<br /><a href="#CITEREFBaugh2002">Baugh 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bzrya4r-2n8C&pg=PA140">pp. 140–141</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2008">Anon 2008</a> gives details of conflict between Lezo and Eslava.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDull2009">Dull 2009</a>, p. 46, "... more than a third of them were needed to fill out the crews...". Also, <a href="#CITEREFLe_FevreHarding2000">Le Fevre & Harding 2000</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord1907153-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord1907153_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1907">Ford 1907</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargreaves-_Mawdsley1968" class="citation book cs1">Hargreaves- Mawdsley, W.N. (1968). <i>Spain under the Bourbons, 1700–1833: A collection of documents</i>. Macmillan & Co. pp. 100–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+under+the+Bourbons%2C+1700%E2%80%931833%3A+A+collection+of+documents&rft.pages=100-102&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Hargreaves-+Mawdsley&rft.aufirst=W.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandesbatallas.es/the%20battle%20of%20cartagena%20de%20indias.html">"The Battle of Cartagena de Indias"</a>. Grandes Batallas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420181359/http://www.grandesbatallas.es/the%20battle%20of%20cartagena%20de%20indias.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias&rft.pub=Grandes+Batallas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandesbatallas.es%2Fthe%2520battle%2520of%2520cartagena%2520de%2520indias.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmoRos1844_606-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmoRos1844_606_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmoRos1844_606_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmollettRoscoe1844">Smollett & Roscoe 1844</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0FAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA606">p. 606</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1907">Ford 1907</a>, p. 154. Also, <i>The London Gazette</i>, Number 8015, May 1741, p. 1, "... the two Regiments of Harrison and Wentworth, and the six Regiments Marines landed without opposition.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffen200937–38-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffen200937–38_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffen2009">Offen 2009</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffen200931-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffen200931_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffen2009">Offen 2009</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeatson1804">Beatson 1804</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p48FAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93">Vol. II, pp. 93–84</a>. Also, Clowes, W. Laird. <i>The Royal Navy, a history from the earliest times to present</i>, London, 1898, Vol. III, pp. 71–72. <a href="#CITEREFSmollettRoscoe1844">Smollett & Roscoe 1844</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0FAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA606">606</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue189966-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue189966_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, pp. 66–69.<br /><a href="#CITEREFBeatson1804">Beatson 1804</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNEHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101">Vol. I, p. 101</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008179-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivas_Ibañez2008179_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivas_Ibañez2008">Rivas Ibañez 2008</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 67.<br /><a href="#CITEREFBeatson1804">Beatson 1804</a>, Vol. I, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">released from duty as ships' crew.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Similar to a sand bag but filled with wool 5 feet high 15 inches in diameter. Duane, William. <i>A Military Dictionary: Or, Explanation of the Several Systems of Discipline</i>, Philadelphia, 1810, p. 639.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The father of <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a> of Quebec fame.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue189970-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue189970_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles1743" class="citation book cs1">Knowles, Charles (1743). <i>An Account of the expedition to Carthagena</i>. London: M. Cooper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABiVPORC8owC&pg=PA45">p. 45</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+the+expedition+to+Carthagena&rft.place=London&rft.pages=p.+45&rft.pub=M.+Cooper&rft.date=1743&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span> Similarly, <i>The Gentleman's Magazine</i>, Vol. 11, 1741, p. 331. Also, <a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel1923">Samuel 1923</a>, pp. 236–242, 'Admiral Vernon, "...now reinforced by twenty-five ships of the line and 9,000 soldiers...of the six thousand that had been landed more than half were either dead or dying." Lord Mahon. <i>History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles</i>, Vol. III, Boston, 1853, p. 64, "... he found, in less than two days, <i>his effective force</i> (emphasis added) dwindle from 6600 to 3200 men." Similarly, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTindal1759" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tindal" title="Nicolas Tindal">Tindal, Nicolas</a> (1759). <i>The continuation of Mr. Rapin's History of England</i>. Vol. VII. London: T. Osborne. p. 509.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+continuation+of+Mr.+Rapin%27s+History+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pages=509&rft.pub=T.+Osborne&rft.date=1759&rft.aulast=Tindal&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span> "... they were reduced from 6,645 to 3,200, of whom 1200 were Americans, and unfit for service.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmollettHume1848">Smollett & Hume 1848</a>, p. 394, "...each proved more eager for the disgrace of his rival than zealous for the honour of the nation." Also, <a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 79,"Nevertheless, it was Vernon who was mainly responsible for the fatal friction between the army and the navy.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, pp. 73–74.<br />Similarly, <a href="#CITEREFHart1922">Hart 1922</a>, p. 151, "So great were the losses to the troops through disease and battle that not over one third of the land troops appear to have returned with the fleet to Jamaica.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisel_Ujueta,_Alfonso1982" class="citation book cs1">Meisel Ujueta, Alfonso (1982). <i>Blas de Lezo:vida legendaria del marino Vasco</i>. Barranquilla, Colombia: Litografía Dovel. p. 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blas+de+Lezo%3Avida+legendaria+del+marino+Vasco&rft.place=Barranquilla%2C+Colombia&rft.pages=1982&rft.pub=Litograf%C3%ADa+Dovel&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Meisel+Ujueta%2C+Alfonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"..departing May 20th, five ships were burnt due to a lack of crew. Another sank on its way to Jamaica". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soldadosdigital.com/2008/pdf/protagonistas_donblas.pdf"><i>Don Blas de Lezo y Olavarrieta un Ejemplo Del Espíritu Militar Español</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103252/http://www.soldadosdigital.com/2008/pdf/protagonistas_donblas.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> gives a total of 50 ships lost.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPares1963">Pares 1963</a>, pp. 92–93.<br /><a href="#CITEREFOffen2009">Offen 2009</a>, pp. 3, 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2006230-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway2006230_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConway2006">Conway 2006</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 76. Also, <a href="#CITEREFMarshallLow2001">Marshall & Low 2001</a>, p. 278, gives loss as "four-fifths".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Navy Records Society (Great Britain) <i>Publications of the Navy Records Society Vol. XXXIII</i>, Naval Songs and Ballards,1907, pp. 181–184, a must read, absolutely hilarious in context, it also has specific details about the fleets that correspond to other sources such as "Thirty ships of the line...", "Don Blas with six ships...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMembrillo_Becerra2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Membrillo Becerra, Francisco Javier (2011). <i>La Batalla de Cartagena de Indias</i> (in Spanish). Caligrama. pp. 267–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8461538942" title="Special:BookSources/978-8461538942"><bdi>978-8461538942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Batalla+de+Cartagena+de+Indias&rft.pages=267-275&rft.pub=Caligrama&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-8461538942&rft.aulast=Membrillo+Becerra&rft.aufirst=Francisco+Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria2005" class="citation book cs1">Victoria, Pablo (2005). <i>El día que España derrotó a Inglaterra: de cómo Blas de Lezo, tuerto, manco y cojo, venció en Cartagena de Indias a la otra "Armada Invencible"</i>. Altera. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8441435111" title="Special:BookSources/8441435111"><bdi>8441435111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+d%C3%ADa+que+Espa%C3%B1a+derrot%C3%B3+a+Inglaterra%3A+de+c%C3%B3mo+Blas+de+Lezo%2C+tuerto%2C+manco+y+cojo%2C+venci%C3%B3+en+Cartagena+de+Indias+a+la+otra+%22Armada+Invencible%22&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Altera&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=8441435111&rft.aulast=Victoria&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a good account of the mood of London and Vernon's enmity to Walpole see: <a href="#CITEREFFord1907">Ford 1907</a>, pp. 141–145,"The debate in Parliament was one [of] the most exciting and memorable ever heard...the climax lay in Walpole's alleged misconduct in relation to the war, and that, in turn, practically meant his failure to give proper support to Admiral Vernon....But Walpole's victory was of the sort that presages ultimate defeat."; p. 147, "In January, 1742, Pulteney again marshalled his forces, and moved for the appointment of a committee to examine papers capable of affording evidence as to the conduct of the war with Spain." Walpole would resign the first week of February, 1742.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, pp. 58–66, " 'now America must be fought for in Europe', Britain's Lord Hardwicke. If Britain could not prevail where it could muster all its maritime advantages, what fatality might await it when it engaged-as now it must-under severe disadvantages?".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDull2009">Dull 2009</a>, p. 47.<br /><a href="#CITEREFConway2006">Conway 2006</a>, p. 14, " ... arguments between the naval and military commanders made effective cooperation impossible.". Animosity was such that Gov. Trelawny of Jamaica and Sir Chaloner Ogle drew swords on each other at a council.<br /><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 75, Royal Scots, the 6th, the 27th foot.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaugh2002">Baugh 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bzrya4r-2n8C&pg=PA141">p. 141</a>, "In early 1742, only 3,000 of 6,600 on Sir Chanon Ogle's large West India squadron were fit for duty.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoxe1815">Coxe 1815</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, also gives the overall loss of the expedition during the campaign as 20,000 lives lost, and <a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, p. 382 considers this "not implausible."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200616-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway200616_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConway2006">Conway 2006</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199380–81-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning199380–81_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/edward-vernon">"Edward Vernon"</a>. <i>Westminster Abbey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525135429/https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/edward-vernon">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.atitle=Edward+Vernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fabbey-commemorations%2Fcommemorations%2Fedward-vernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-29963392">"Plaque unveiled by Prince Charles in Colombia is removed"</a>. BBC News. 8 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327104444/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-29963392">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plaque+unveiled+by+Prince+Charles+in+Colombia+is+removed&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-29963392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103252/http://www.soldadosdigital.com/2008/pdf/protagonistas_donblas.pdf">"Don Blas de Lezo y Olavarrieta un Ejemplo Del Espíritu Militar Español"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Soldados Digital</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soldadosdigital.com/2008/pdf/protagonistas_donblas.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soldados+Digital&rft.atitle=Don+Blas+de+Lezo+y+Olavarrieta+un+Ejemplo+Del+Esp%C3%ADritu+Militar+Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soldadosdigital.com%2F2008%2Fpdf%2Fprotagonistas_donblas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatson1804" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Beatson" title="Robert Beatson">Beatson, Robert</a> (1804). <i>Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783</i>. (in six volumes). London: Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+and+Military+Memoirs+of+Great+Britain%2C+from+1727+to+1783&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees+and+Orme&rft.date=1804&rft.aulast=Beatson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reed_Browning" title="Reed Browning">Browning, Reed</a> (1993). <i>The War of the Austrian Succession</i>. New York City: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312094836" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312094836"><bdi>978-0312094836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Austrian+Succession&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0312094836&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2006" class="citation book cs1">Conway, Stephen (2006). <i>War, state, and society in mid-eighteenth-century Britain and Ireland</i>. Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199253753" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199253753"><bdi>978-0199253753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+state%2C+and+society+in+mid-eighteenth-century+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0199253753&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxe1815" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Coxe_(historian)" title="William Coxe (historian)">Coxe, William</a> (1815). <i>Memoirs of the kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon, from the Accession of Philip V to the Death of Charles III</i>. Vol. 3. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+kings+of+Spain+of+the+House+of+Bourbon%2C+from+the+Accession+of+Philip+V+to+the+Death+of+Charles+III&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme+and+Brown&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Coxe&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDull2009" class="citation book cs1">Dull, Jonathan R. (2009). <i>The Age of the Ship of the Line: The British and French Navies, 1650–1815</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803219304" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803219304"><bdi>978-0803219304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Ship+of+the+Line%3A+The+British+and+French+Navies%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0803219304&rft.aulast=Dull&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eslava, Sebastián de. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fondosdigitales.us.es/fondos/libros/1538/1/diario-de-todo-lo-ocurrido-en-la-expugnacion-de-los-fuertes-de-bocachica-y-sitio-de-la-ciudad-de-cartagena-de-las-indias-formado-de-los-pliegos-remitidos-a-su-magestad-que-dios-guarde-por-el-virrey-de-santa-fe-don-sebastian-de-eslaba/leer/">Diario de todo lo ocurrido en la expugnacion de los fuertes de Bocachica, y sitio de la ciudad de Cartagena de las Indias</a></i> Madrid, 1741.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_Duro1902" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ces%C3%A1reo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Duro" title="Cesáreo Fernández Duro">Fernández Duro, Cesáreo</a> (1902). <i>Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León</i> (in Spanish). Vol. VI. Madrid: Est. tipográfico Sucesores de Rivadeneyra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armada+espa%C3%B1ola+desde+la+uni%C3%B3n+de+los+reinos+de+Castilla+y+de+Le%C3%B3n&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Est.+tipogr%C3%A1fico+Sucesores+de+Rivadeneyra&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+Duro&rft.aufirst=Ces%C3%A1reo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1907" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Douglas (1907). <i>Admiral Vernon and the Navy: A Memoir and Vindication</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/T._Fisher_Unwin" title="T. Fisher Unwin">T. Fisher Unwin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admiral+Vernon+and+the+Navy%3A+A+Memoir+and+Vindication&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1899" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_(historian)" title="John Fortescue (historian)">Fortescue, John William</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/56609"><i>A History of the British Army</i></a>. Vol. II 1713–1763. London: MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+British+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F56609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbron2004" class="citation book cs1">Harbron, John D. (2004). <i>Trafalgar and the Spanish navy</i>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870216954" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870216954"><bdi>978-0870216954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar+and+the+Spanish+navy&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0870216954&rft.aulast=Harbron&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1922" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Francis Russel (1922). <i>Admirals of the Caribbean</i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admirals+of+the+Caribbean&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Francis+Russel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaugh2002" class="citation book cs1">Baugh, Daniel A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bzrya4r-2n8C&pg=PA120">"The Eighteenth-Century Navy as a National Institution 1690–1815"</a>. In Hill, J.R.; Ranft, Bryan (eds.). <i>The Oxford illustrated history of the Royal Navy</i>. Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198605277" title="Special:BookSources/0198605277"><bdi>0198605277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Eighteenth-Century+Navy+as+a+National+Institution+1690%E2%80%931815&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+illustrated+history+of+the+Royal+Navy&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0198605277&rft.aulast=Baugh&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbzrya4r-2n8C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1825" class="citation book cs1">Hume, David (1825). <i>The History of England</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_FevreHarding2000" class="citation book cs1">Le Fevre, Peter; Harding, Richard, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A1Nmhx-ZO_kC"><i>Precursors of Nelson: British admirals of the eighteenth century</i></a>. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0811729017" title="Special:BookSources/978-0811729017"><bdi>978-0811729017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precursors+of+Nelson%3A+British+admirals+of+the+eighteenth+century&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0811729017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA1Nmhx-ZO_kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Letter from Governor Montiano, 6 July 1740, <i>Collections of the Georgia Historical Society</i>. (Vol. VII. – Part I) Published by Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, Ga.</li> <li><i>The London Gazette</i>, Published by Authority, Number 8015, May 1741.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowrie2016" class="citation book cs1">Lowrie, Ernest B (2016). <i>Lord Chief Justice Mansfield: Dark Horse of the American Revolution</i>. Archway Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1480828537" title="Special:BookSources/978-1480828537"><bdi>978-1480828537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Chief+Justice+Mansfield%3A+Dark+Horse+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Archway+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1480828537&rft.aulast=Lowrie&rft.aufirst=Ernest+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1999" class="citation thesis cs1">Marks, Christian Mathew (1999). <i>British Force Projection in the West Indies, 1739–1800</i> (PhD). Ohio State University. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1012.2521">10.1.1.1012.2521</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=British+Force+Projection+in+the+West+Indies%2C+1739%E2%80%931800&rft.inst=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1012.2521%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Christian+Mathew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallLow2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Marshall" title="P. J. Marshall">Marshall, Peter James</a>; Low, Alaine (2001). <i>The Oxford history of the British Empire: The eighteenth century</i>. Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199246779" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199246779"><bdi>978-0199246779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+history+of+the+British+Empire%3A+The+eighteenth+century&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0199246779&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter+James&rft.au=Low%2C+Alaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffen2009" class="citation book cs1">Offen, Lee G. (2009). <i>Gooch's Regiment 1740–1742, America's First Marines</i>. Veterans Publishing Systems. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0977788415" title="Special:BookSources/978-0977788415"><bdi>978-0977788415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gooch%27s+Regiment+1740%E2%80%931742%2C+America%27s+First+Marines&rft.pub=Veterans+Publishing+Systems&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0977788415&rft.aulast=Offen&rft.aufirst=Lee+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPares1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pares" title="Richard Pares">Pares, Richard</a> (1963). <i>War and Trade in the West Indies 1739–1763</i>. Frank Cass & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714619434" title="Special:BookSources/0714619434"><bdi>0714619434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Trade+in+the+West+Indies+1739%E2%80%931763&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Co&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0714619434&rft.aulast=Pares&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pearce, Edward. <i>The Great Man: Sir Robert Walpole</i>, London, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844134052" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844134052">978-1844134052</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard1995" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, James (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xqY9PRghxssC"><i>Anatomy of a Naval Disaster: The 1746 French Expedition to North America</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773513259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773513259"><bdi>978-0773513259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+Naval+Disaster%3A+The+1746+French+Expedition+to+North+America&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0773513259&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxqY9PRghxssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Quintero Saravia, Gonzalo M. (2002) <i>Don Blas de Lezo: defensor de Cartagena de Indias</i> Editorial Planeta Colombiana, Bogotá, Colombia, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9584203266" title="Special:BookSources/9584203266">9584203266</a>, in Spanish.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRégniez2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Régniez, Philippe (2012). <i>Blas de Lezo</i> (in French). Editions de La Reconquête.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blas+de+Lezo&rft.pub=Editions+de+La+Reconqu%C3%AAte&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9gniez&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Richmond" title="Herbert Richmond">Richmond, Herbert William</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M8sgAAAAMAAJ"><i>The navy in the war of 1739–48</i></a>. The Cambridge Naval and Military Series. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107611641" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107611641"><bdi>978-1107611641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+navy+in+the+war+of+1739%E2%80%9348&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Naval+and+Military+Series&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=978-1107611641&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Herbert+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM8sgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivas_Ibañez2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Rivas Ibañez, Ignacio (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18765"><i>Mobilizing Resources for war: the intelligence systems during the War of Jenkins' Ear</i></a> (PhD thesis). University College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Mobilizing+Resources+for+war%3A+the+intelligence+systems+during+the+War+of+Jenkins%27+Ear&rft.inst=University+College+London&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Rivas+Iba%C3%B1ez&rft.aufirst=Ignacio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F18765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_A._M._Rodger" title="Nicholas A. M. Rodger">Rodger, Nicholas Andrew Martin</a> (2005). <i>The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815</i>. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393060508" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393060508"><bdi>978-0393060508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Command+of+the+Ocean%3A+A+Naval+History+of+Britain%2C+1649%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0393060508&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Andrew+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel1923" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, Arthur Michael (1923). <i>The Mancroft Essays</i>. Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mancroft+Essays&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmollettRoscoe1844" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Smollett" title="Tobias Smollett">Smollett, Tobias</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roscoe" title="Thomas Roscoe">Roscoe, Thomas</a> (1844). <i>The miscellaneous works of Tobias Smollett</i>. London: Henry G. Bohn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+miscellaneous+works+of+Tobias+Smollett&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Smollett&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft.au=Roscoe%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0FAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA603">Contains Smollett's long version of "Expedition to Carthagena", pp. 603–611</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmollettHume1848" class="citation book cs1">Smollett, Tobias George; Hume, David (1848). <i>History of England</i>. Vol. II. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Smollett&rft.aufirst=Tobias+George&rft.au=Hume%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smollett, Tobias. <i>Authentic papers related to the expedition against Carthagena</i>, by Jorge Orlando Melo in <i>Reportaje de la historia de Colombia</i>, Bogotá: Planeta, 1989.</li> <li>Urban, Sylvanus, Gent., editor. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine,_and_Historical_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle">The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle</a></i>, London, Vol. XI, 1741.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eslaba, Sebastian de; Mur, Pedro de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/diario-de-todo-lo-ocurrido-en-la-expugnacion-de-los-fuertes-de-bocachica-y-sitio-de-la-ciudad-de-cartagena-de-las-indias-formado-de-los-pliegos-remitidos-a-su-magestad-por-el-virrey-de-santa-fe-don-sebastian-de-eslaba-con-d-pedro-de-mur">"Diario de todo lo ocurrido en la expugnacion de los Fuertes de Bocachica y sitio de la ciudad de Cartagena de las Indias"</a> Madrid: Imprenta de la Gaceta 1741.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles1743" class="citation book cs1">Knowles, Charles (1743). <i>An Account of the expedition to Carthagena</i>. London: M. Cooper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+the+expedition+to+Carthagena&rft.place=London&rft.pub=M.+Cooper&rft.date=1743&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cartagena+de+Indias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FqQccTc2u8gC&q=Authentic+papers+related+to+the+expedition+against+Carthagena">Authentic papers relating to the expedition against Carthagena being the Resolutions of the Councils of War</a></i>, London, 1744.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Smollet, Tobias. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Roderick_Random" title="The Adventures of Roderick Random">The Adventures of Roderick Random</a></i>. 1748. Historical novel based on Smollett's own experiences at Cartagena.</li> <li>Hall, Charles W.. <i>Cartagena or the Lost Brigade</i>. 1898. Historical novel of the North American contingent at Cartagena.</li> <li>In the detective/historical novel <i>Watery Grave</i> by Bruce Alexander (1996), the main character, the blind judge Sir John Fielding, describes how, as a junior officer, he was blinded at the battle of Cartagena (three pages).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Battle of Cartagena de Indias</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103252/http://www.soldadosdigital.com/2008/pdf/protagonistas_donblas.pdf">Don Blas de Lezo y Olavarrieta un Ejemplo Del Espíritu Militar Español</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coins-of-panama.com/vernon/vn4-100.html?Size=SmallNOen">Photos of the Medals showing Vernon and Don Blas</a>. This site shows numerous different medals that were struck. The better executed ones give a clear picture of the fight at Boca Chica channel.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715211559/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_edward_vernon.htm">Vernon biography at the Royal Naval Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/generalgeorgewashington.htm">Washington Post Article on George Washington</a> – Mention of half-brother Lawrence Washington who participated in the Battle of Cartagena</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartagenainfo.net/glenndavid/blasdelezo.html">Overview of Vernon's Attack on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820040319/http://cvc.cervantes.es/actcult/ciudades/cartagena_indias/fichas/vernon.htm#inicio">Biography of Edward Vernon</a> (Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010601/http://www.letrasdelmar.com/fichanoticia.php?idn=118">Article titled "Spain's Victory in 1741"</a> (Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todoababor.es/articulos/art_2.htm">Historical Overview "Britain's Failed Attack on Cartagena in 1741"</a> (Spanish)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> 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