SAE International

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<div class="nx-small"><a href="https://www.sae.org/about/contact/">Contact</a></div> <div class="nx-small"><a href="https://www.sae.org/about/legal-policies">Legal & Policies</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-top-nav-item nx-pop-down-wrapper"> <a class="nx-pop-down-trigger" data-pop-down-id="header-enterprise-menu-pop-down"> <i class="fa fa-angle-down nx-header-user-menu-enterprise-icon"></i> </a> <div class="nx-pop-down nx-pop-down-r" id="header-enterprise-menu-pop-down" style="top: 24px; left: 0rem; right: 0px;"> <div class="nx-pop-down-content nx-pop-down-content-enterprise-menu nx-header-login-popdown-choices"> <a href="https://www.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left nx-header-enterprise-chevron-icon"></i>Return to Homepage</a> <div class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item-divider"></div> <a href="https://www.sae.org/" class="nx-header-enterprise-menu-item"> <i class="fa fa-check 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class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">Standards</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/standards" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="standards:browse standards">Browse Standards</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/standards/development" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="standards:standards development">Standards Development</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="https://standardsworks.sae.org/" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="standards:standardsworks">StandardsWorks</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/onque-digital-standards" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="standards:onque™ digital standards system">OnQue™ Digital Standards System</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">SAE Mobilus®</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/collections/content/mobilus-trial/trial/" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae mobilus®:try sae mobilus">Try SAE Mobilus</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="https://www.saemobilus.org/" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae mobilus®:learn more">Learn More</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="https://saemobilus.sae.org/" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae mobilus®:log in">Log In</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/publications" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="publications"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>Publications </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">Publications</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:browse publications">Browse Publications</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications/subscriptions" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:subscriptions">Subscriptions</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications/collections" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:collections">Collections</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications/edge-research-reports" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:edge research reports">EDGE Research Reports</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications/journals" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:journals">Journals</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications/books" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:books">Books</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/news/magazines" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/publications/technical-papers" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="publications:technical papers">Technical Papers</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/news" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="news"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>News </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">News</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/blog" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="news:sae blog">SAE Blog</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/news/press-room" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="news:press room">Press Room</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/news/video" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="news:videos">Videos</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/webcasts" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="news:webcasts">Webcasts</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/podcasts/tomorrow-today" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="news:podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/smartbrief" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="news:sae smartbrief">SAE SmartBrief</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/attend" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="attend"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>Attend </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">Events</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/attend" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="events:sae events">SAE Events</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/attend/live-digital-events" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="events:digital events">Digital Events</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/attend/student-events" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="events:university programs">University Programs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/learn" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="learn"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>Learn </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">Professional Development</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/professional-development" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="professional development:browse courses">Browse Courses</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/professional-development/certifications" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="professional development:certificate programs">Certificate Programs</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/professional-development/corporate-learning" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="professional development:corporate learning">Corporate Learning</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/professional-development/gdt" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="professional development:gd&t training">GD&T Training</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/professional-development/learning-center" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="professional development:sae learning center">SAE Learning Center</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/professional-development/sae-innoenergy-battery-academy" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="professional development:sae/innoenergy battery academy">SAE/InnoEnergy Battery Academy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">A World in Motion (PreK-12)</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/education" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="a world in motion (prek-12):overview">Overview</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/education/primary-curriculum" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="a world in motion (prek-12):browse curriculum">Browse Curriculum</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/education/a-world-in-motion-teachers" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="a world in motion (prek-12):teachers">Teachers</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/education/a-world-in-motion-volunteers" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="a world in motion (prek-12):volunteers">Volunteers</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/education/special-initiatives" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="a world in motion (prek-12):special initiatives">Special Initiatives</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/learn/education/stem-at-home" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="a world in motion (prek-12):stem@home">STEM@Home</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/participate" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="participate"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>Participate </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">Participate with SAE</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/volunteer" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="participate with sae:volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/volunteer/author" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="participate with sae:author">Author</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/scholarships" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="participate with sae:scholarships">Scholarships</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/awards" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="participate with sae:awards">Awards</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="https://sustainablecareers.sae.org/" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="participate with sae:sustainable mobility career center">Sustainable Mobility Career Center</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nx-header-bottom-nav-item nx-header-bottom-nav-has-sub-nav"> <a class="nx-header-bottom-nav-link" href="/participate/membership" data-link-type="primaryNav:menuBar" data-link-text="membership"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left nx-header-bottom-nav-link-selected-icon"></i>Membership </a> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-menu"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-tip"></div> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-row"> <div class="nx-header-sub-nav-col"> <h5 class="nx-header-sub-nav-title">SAE Membership</h5> <ul class="nx-header-sub-nav-list"> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/membership-community-engagement" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae membership:join">Join</a></li> <li class="nx-header-sub-nav-list-item"><a href="/participate/membership/renew" data-link-type="primaryNav:sub" data-link-text="sae 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