CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Spanish Texas - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3406c358-080a-4809-b013-29e7781e32b3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Spanish_Texas","wgTitle":"Spanish Texas","wgCurRevisionId":1257617025,"wgRevisionId":1257617025,"wgArticleId":2050142,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Harv and Sfn no-target errors","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use American English from September 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Good articles","Spanish Texas","New Spain","Colonial Mexico","Colonial United States (Spanish)","Pre-statehood history of Texas","1690s in Texas", "18th century in Texas","1800s in Texas","1810s in Texas","States and territories established in 1690","States and territories disestablished in 1821","1690 establishments in Texas","1690 establishments in New Spain","1821 disestablishments in New Spain","19th-century disestablishments in Texas"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Spanish_Texas","wgRelevantArticleId":2050142,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2505587","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/1200px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="993"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/800px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="662"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/640px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="530"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Spanish Texas - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Texas"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Texas"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Spanish_Texas rootpage-Spanish_Texas skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Spanish+Texas" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Spanish+Texas" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Spanish+Texas" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Spanish+Texas" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_colonization_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_colonization_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Initial colonization attempts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Initial_colonization_attempts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Initial colonization attempts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Initial_colonization_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Conflict with France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Settlement difficulties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_with_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_with_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Peace with France</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peace_with_France-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Peace with France subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Peace_with_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding_of_Nacogdoches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_Nacogdoches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Founding of Nacogdoches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_Nacogdoches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_the_Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_the_Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conflict with the Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conflict_with_the_Native_Americans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conflict with the Native Americans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_the_Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apache_raids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apache_raids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Apache raids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apache_raids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comanche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comanche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Comanche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comanche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karankawa_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karankawa_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Karankawa difficulties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karankawa_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Conflict with the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_Spanish_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Spanish_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>End of Spanish period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Spanish_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Texas_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Texas_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Spanish Texas population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Texas_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish Texas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تكساس الإسبانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكساس الإسبانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_(Nova_Espanya)" title="Texas (Nova Espanya) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Texas (Nova Espanya)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_(Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a)" title="Texas (Nueva España) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Texas (Nueva España)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_espagnol" title="Texas espagnol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Texas espagnol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Իսպանական Տեխաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսպանական Տեխաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_spagnolo" title="Texas spagnolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Texas spagnolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E9%A0%98%E3%83%86%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B9" title="スペイン領テキサス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペイン領テキサス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ہسپانوی ٹیکساس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہسپانوی ٹیکساس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Espanhol" title="Texas Espanhol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Texas Espanhol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Испанский Техас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испанский Техас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsen_Texas" title="Provinsen Texas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Provinsen Texas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ہسپانوی ٹیکساس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہسپانوی ٹیکساس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%AC%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF" title="西屬德克薩斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西屬德克薩斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2505587#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Spanish_Texas" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Spanish_Texas" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Spanish_Texas" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&oldid=1257617025" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Spanish_Texas&id=1257617025&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpanish_Texas"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpanish_Texas"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Spanish_Texas&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spanish_Texas" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2505587" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of New Spain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Texas" title="Category:History of Texas">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History of <span class="fn org label">Texas</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_flag_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_flag_map.svg/74px-Texas_flag_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_flag_map.svg/111px-Texas_flag_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_flag_map.svg/148px-Texas_flag_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Timeline</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas#Precontact_Indigenous_history" title="History of Texas">Pre-Columbian Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas#Early_Spanish_exploration" title="History of Texas">Early Spanish explorations</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1519–1543</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">French Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1684–1689</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1690–1821</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1836</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1836–1845</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas_(1845%E2%80%931860)" title="History of Texas (1845–1860)">Statehood</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1845–1860</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1861–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas_(1865%E2%80%931899)" title="History of Texas (1865–1899)">Reconstruction</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1899</td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Texas" title="List of years in Texas">Years in Texas</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/16px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/24px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:History of Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:History of Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Spain" title="Category:History of Spain">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of <span class="fn org label">Spain</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/250px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/375px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/500px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="2313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Prehistory" title="History of Spain">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Early_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="History of Spain">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginian Spain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(575–206 BCE)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman Conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(206–27 BCE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(218 BCE–472 CE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hispania" title="Diocese of Hispania">Diocese of Hispania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages#Early_medieval_Spain" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(409–585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Kingdom of the Visigoths</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(418–721)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Byzantine Spania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(552–624)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(711–716)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(711–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista"><i>Reconquista</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(711–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages#Medieval_Christian_Spain" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Christian kingdoms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(718–1479)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Early_Modern_Spain" title="History of Spain">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1479–1516)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1482–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1492–1898)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1516–1700)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1556–1659)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1580–1640)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Bourbons</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1700–1808)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1701–1714)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta Decrees</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1707–1716)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdications_of_Bayonne" title="Abdications of Bayonne">Abdications of Bayonne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1808)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Napoleonic Spain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1808–1813)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1810–1814)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Constitution of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1812)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Valen%C3%A7ay" title="Treaty of Valençay">Treaty of Valençay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1813)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII#Restoration" title="Ferdinand VII">Absolutist restoration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810%E2%80%931873)#Reaction_(1814–1820)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1810–1873)">Sexenio Absolutista</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1814–1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820–1823)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ominous_Decade" title="Ominous Decade">Ominous Decade</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1823–1833)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Reign of Isabella II of Spain">Reign of Isabella II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regencies_on_behalf_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain#The_regency_of_Maria_Christina" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies on behalf of Isabella II of Spain">Regency of María Cristina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1833–1840)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1833–1840)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regencies_on_behalf_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain#The_regency_of_Espartero" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies on behalf of Isabella II of Spain">Regency of Espartero</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1840–1843)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_moderada" title="Década moderada">Década moderada</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1844–1854)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Carlist_War" title="Second Carlist War">Second Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1846–1849)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bienio_progresista" title="Bienio progresista">Bienio progresista</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1854–1856)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Glorious Revolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1868)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><i><a href="/wiki/Sexenio_Democr%C3%A1tico" title="Sexenio Democrático">Sexenio Democrático</a></i></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_(1868%E2%80%931871)" title="Provisional Government (1868–1871)">Provisional Government</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1868–1871)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain#King_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Reign of Amadeo I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1870–1873)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Carlist_War" title="Third Carlist War">Third Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1872–1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1873–1874)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XII" title="Reign of Alfonso XII">Reign of Alfonso XII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1874–1885)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Regency of Maria Christina of Austria">Regency of María Cristina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1885–1902)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XIII" title="Reign of Alfonso XIII">Reign of Alfonso XIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886–1931)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1898)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_I" title="Spain during World War I">Spain during World War I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(–1927)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–1930)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda_of_D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer"><i>Dictablanda</i> of Dámaso Berenguer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930–1931)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic">Provisional Government</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Biennium" title="First Biennium">First Biennium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931–1933)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War#The_"black_biennium"" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Second Biennium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933–1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">Revolution and Asturian miners' strike</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">1936 general election</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">1936 coup d'état</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936–1939)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Nationalist victory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain during World War II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939–1945)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1944)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939–1965)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_government_in_exile" title="Spanish Republican government in exile">Republican exile</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939–1977)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_conflict" title="Basque conflict">Basque conflict</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1959–2011)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">Contemporary history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1978)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Current constitution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt">1981 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombings</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">2008–2014 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Barcelona_attacks" title="2017 Barcelona attacks">2017 Barcelona attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Catalan declaration of independence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–2022)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Spain#History" title="Law enforcement in Spain">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain#History" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_territorial_organization_of_Spain" title="History of the territorial organization of Spain">Territorial organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></i></li><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Spain" title="Template:History of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Spain" title="Template talk:History of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Spanish Texas</b> was one of the <a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">interior provinces</a> of the colonial <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> from 1519 until 1821. Spain claimed ownership of the region in 1519. Slave raids by Spaniards into what became Texas began in the 16th century and created an atmosphere of antagonism with <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans of the United States">Native Americans</a> (Indians) which would cause endless difficulties for the Spanish in the future. Spain did not attempt to establish a permanent presence until after France established the <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Louis_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Saint Louis (Texas)">Fort Saint Louis</a> in 1685. In 1688, the French colony failed due to internal dissention and attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Karankawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Karankawa">Karankawa</a> Indians. In 1690, responding to fear of French encroachment, Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alonso de León">Alonso de León</a> escorted several <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> to <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">east Texas</a>, where they established the first <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">mission</a> in Texas. That attempt to establish a Spanish colony failed due to the hostility of the <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> Indians. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_explorations_in_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Spanish_explorations_in_Texas.jpg/290px-Spanish_explorations_in_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Spanish_explorations_in_Texas.jpg/435px-Spanish_explorations_in_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Spanish_explorations_in_Texas.jpg/580px-Spanish_explorations_in_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Trails taken by Spanish explorers from Mexico into Texas.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish returned to southeastern Texas in 1716, establishing several <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">missions</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">presidio</a> to maintain a buffer between Spanish territory and the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana district of New France</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> was founded in 1719 and became the capital and largest settlement of Spanish <i>Tejas</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipan Apache">Lipan Apache</a> menaced the newly founded colony until 1749 when the Spanish and Lipan concluded a peace treaty. Both the Spanish and Lipan were then threatened by <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> raids until 1785 when the Spanish and Comanche negotiated a peace agreement. In 1803, the United States gained ownership of an indefinite part of Texas with the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> and subsequently the influence of <a href="/wiki/Anglo_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo Americans">Anglo Americans</a> increased. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> from 1810 to 1821 Texas experienced turmoil. Reaching a maximum population of perhaps 5,000 Spanish, mixed blood, and subject Indians in 1810, only 2,500 people remained in Hispanic Texas by the end of the war. Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821 and Spanish Texas became part of an independent Mexico. Texas became independent of Mexico in 1836 and joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States</a> in 1845. </p><p>The Spanish never achieved control of most of Texas which was on the far frontier of Spanish colonial ambitions. Despite the meager nature of Spanish colonization, Hispanic influence in Texas is extensive. Spanish architectural concepts still flourish. Many cities and rivers in Texas were named by the Spanish and many counties in southern and western Texas have majority Hispanic populations. The inadvertent introduction of European diseases by the Spanish caused Native American populations to plummet, leaving a population vacuum later filled by Anglo American settlers. Grazing of European livestock caused <a href="/wiki/Mesquite" title="Mesquite">mesquite</a> to spread inland replacing native grassland while Spanish farmers tilled and irrigated the land and changed the landscape. Although Texas eventually adopted much of the Anglo-American legal system, many <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Texas" title="Law of Texas">Spanish legal practices survived</a>, including the concepts of a <a href="/wiki/Homestead_exemption" title="Homestead exemption">homestead exemption</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">community property</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish Texas (<i>Tejas</i>) was a colonial province within the northeastern mainland region of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>. On its southern edge, <i>Tejas</i> was bordered by the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Santander" title="Nuevo Santander">Nuevo Santander</a>. The boundary between the provinces was set at the line formed by the <a href="/wiki/Medina_River" title="Medina River">Medina River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nueces_River" title="Nueces River">Nueces River</a>, 100 miles (161 km) northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-edmondson6_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmondson6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the east, Texas bordered <i>La Louisiane</i> (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>). Although Spain claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> formed the boundary between the two, France insisted that the border was the <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas-Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana)">Sabine River</a>, 45 miles (72 km) to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-edmonson10_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmonson10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_colonization_attempts">Initial colonization attempts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial colonization attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg/220px-Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg/330px-Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg/440px-Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3841" data-file-height="3641" /></a><figcaption>This 1681 map of North America lists the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> as Rio Bravo, and shows the lack of information Europeans had of the area that is now Texas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Alonso_%C3%81lvarez_de_Pineda" title="Alonso Álvarez de Pineda">Alonso Álvarez de Pineda</a> claimed Texas for Spain in 1519, the area was largely ignored by Spain until the late seventeenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Spanish slave raids into what became Texas began in the late 16th century. Among others, Spanish governor <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva" title="Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</a> captured hundreds of Indians and sold them to owners of silver mines in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-tshaonline.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tshaonline.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequent epidemics of European diseases reduced the Indian population. The first epidemic, possibly of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, among the Indians in Texas was recorded in 1528 by <a href="/wiki/Cabeza_de_Vaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabeza de Vaca">Cabeza de Vaca</a> and they continued to impact the Indian population until the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewers_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1685, the Spanish learned that France had established a colony in the area between <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. Believing the French colony was a threat to Spanish mines and shipping routes, Spanish King <a href="/wiki/Carlos_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos II">Carlos II's</a> Council of War recommended that "Spain needed swift action 'to remove this thorn which has been thrust into the heart of America. The greater the delay the greater the difficulty of attainment.'"<sup id="cite_ref-weber149_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber149-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having no idea where to find the French colony, the Spanish launched ten expeditions—both land and sea—over the next three years. While unable to fulfill their original goal of locating the French settlement, the expeditions did provide Spain a deeper understanding of the geography of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> region. The last expedition, in 1689, discovered a French deserter living in southern Texas with the <a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1689, the Frenchman helped guide the Spanish, under <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alonso de León">Alonso de León</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Louis_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Saint Louis (Texas)">Fort Saint Louis</a>, which had been destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Karankawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Karankawa">Karankawa</a> Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman83_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman83-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De León's expedition also met representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> people, who lived between the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_River_(Texas)" title="Trinity River (Texas)">Trinity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red</a> Rivers. The Caddo expressed interest in learning about <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weber153_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber153-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De León sent a report of his findings to <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, where it "created instant optimism and quickened religious fervor".<sup id="cite_ref-chipman87_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman87-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish government was convinced that the destruction of the French fort was "proof of God's 'divine aid and favor'".<sup id="cite_ref-chipman87_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman87-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his report de León recommended that <a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">presidios</a> be established along the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frio_River" title="Frio River">Frio River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_River_(Texas)" title="Guadalupe River (Texas)">Guadalupe River</a> and that missions be established among the <a href="/wiki/Hasinai" title="Hasinai">Hasinai</a> Indians,<sup id="cite_ref-chipman88_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman88-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom the Spanish called the <i>Tejas</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-weber162_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber162-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian Spanish</a>, this was often written as the phonetic equivalent <i>Texas</i>, which became the name of the future province.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman18_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missions">Missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Spanish missions in Texas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish-texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spanish-texas.jpg/310px-Spanish-texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spanish-texas.jpg/465px-Spanish-texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spanish-texas.jpg/620px-Spanish-texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Missions in Spanish Texas at the beginning of the Spanish colonization in the area.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalties_of_the_Spanish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire">viceroy</a> approved the establishment of a mission but rejected the idea of presidios, primarily because New Spain was chronically short of funds.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman88_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman88-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 26, 1690, <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alonso de León">Alonso de León</a> set out with 110 soldiers and several missionaries. The group stopped first to burn Fort Saint Louis to the ground, and then they proceeded to East Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman89_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman89-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Francisco_de_la_Espada" title="Mission San Francisco de la Espada">Mission San Francisco de los Tejas</a> was completed near the Hasinai village of <a href="/wiki/Nabedache" title="Nabedache">Nabedaches</a> in late May, and its first <a href="/wiki/Mass_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass (Catholic Church)">mass</a> was conducted on June 1.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman89_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman89-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weber154_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber154-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The missionaries refused to allow the unruly soldiers to remain near the missions, and when <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alonso de León">de León</a> returned to Mexico later that year, only 3 of his initial 110 soldiers remained to assist the monks.<sup id="cite_ref-weber154_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber154-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Father <a href="/wiki/Dami%C3%A1n_Massanet" title="Damián Massanet">Damián Massanet</a>, the priest in charge of the mission, left on June 2 to meet the tribes north of the mission before returning to Mexico to request an additional 14 priests and 7 lay brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman89_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman89-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 23, 1691, Spain appointed the first governor of Texas, General <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Ter%C3%A1n_de_los_R%C3%ADos" title="Domingo Terán de los Ríos">Domingo Terán de los Ríos</a>. Terán was ordered to help establish seven new missions, including two more among the <a href="/wiki/Hasinai" title="Hasinai">Tejas</a> Indians, four amongst the <a href="/wiki/Kadohadacho" title="Kadohadacho">Kadohadachos</a>, and one for the tribes near the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_River_(Texas)" title="Guadalupe River (Texas)">Guadalupe River</a>. He was only able to recruit 10 friars and 3 lay brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His expedition reached the existing mission in August, 1691 and discovered that the priests there had established a second mission, <a href="/wiki/Sant%C3%ADsimo_Nombre_de_Mar%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Santísimo Nombre de María">Santísimo Nombre de María</a>, five miles (8.0 km) east of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_de_los_Tejas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco de los Tejas">San Francisco de los Tejas</a>. One of the priests had died, leaving two to operate the missions. The Indians regularly stole their cattle and horses and were becoming insolent. With provisions running low, Terán chose not to establish any more missions.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman97_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman97-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he left Texas later that year, most of the missionaries chose to return with him, leaving only 3 religious people and 9 soldiers at the missions.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman98_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman98-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group also left a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-weber154_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber154-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indians had no natural immunity to the disease and at first blamed the outbreak on the baptismal waters. After thousands of natives had succumbed, the survivors rose up against the missions.<sup id="cite_ref-edmondson6_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmondson6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1693, the <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> warned the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> missionaries to leave the area or be killed. The missionaries buried the church bells and burned the mission, then returned to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-weber155_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber155-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this first Spanish attempt to settle Texas failed, it provided Spain an increased awareness of the terrain, rivers, and coastline of Texas and convinced the government that "even the most tractable of Indians" could only be converted "by a combination of coercion and persuasion".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next 20 years, Spain again ignored Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-weber155_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber155-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_with_France">Conflict with France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conflict with France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early eighteenth century, France again provided the impetus for Spain's interest in Texas. In 1699, French forts were established at <a href="/wiki/Biloxi_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Biloxi Bay">Biloxi Bay</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, ending Spain's exclusive control of the Gulf Coast. Although Spain "refused to concede France's right to be in Louisiana" and warned King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> that he could be <a href="/wiki/Excommunicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicated">excommunicated</a> for ignoring the 200-year-old papal edict giving the Americas to Spain, they took no further actions to stop France's encroachment or expand the Spanish presence.<sup id="cite_ref-weber158_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber158-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two countries became allies during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> and cooperated in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-weber158_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber158-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their friendship, Spain remained unwilling to allow the French to trade within their territory. On hearing rumors of French incursions into Texas in 1707, the viceroy of New Spain ordered all provincial governors to prevent the entry of foreigners and their goods.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman107_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman107-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To dissuade the Tejas Indians from accepting goods from the French,<sup id="cite_ref-chipman107_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman107-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a contingent of soldiers under <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pedro_Aguirre" title="Juan Pedro Aguirre">Pedro de Aguirre</a> traveled into Texas. His expedition reached only as far as the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)" title="Colorado River (Texas)">Colorado River</a> and turned around after learning that the Tejas chief was still unhappy with the Spanish. The group did visit the area around the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_River" title="San Antonio River">San Antonio River</a>, and was much impressed with the land and availability of water.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman110_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman110-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believed the river to be unnamed and called it San Antonio de Padua, not realizing that Terán and Massanet had camped nearby years before on the feast day of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony_of_Padua" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Anthony of Padua">Saint Anthony of Padua</a> and had given the river the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-edmondson8and9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmondson8and9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1711, Franciscan missionary <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hidalgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Hidalgo">Francisco Hidalgo</a>, who had served in the earlier Texas missions, wanted to reestablish missions with the <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddos</a>. The Spanish government was unwilling to provide the funding and troops for the project, so Hidalgo approached the French governor of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_la_Mothe_Cadillac" title="Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac">Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac</a> for help.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cadillac was under orders to turn Louisiana into a profitable colony and believed that Spanish settlers closer to Louisiana could provide new trading opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman110_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman110-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sent <a href="/wiki/Louis_Juchereau_de_St._Denis" title="Louis Juchereau de St. Denis">Louis Juchereau de St. Denis</a>, along with brothers <a href="/wiki/Pierre_and_Robert_Talon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre and Robert Talon">Pierre and Robert Talon</a>, who, as children, had been spared at the massacre of <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Fort Saint Louis</a>, to find Hidalgo and offer assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-weber160_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber160-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1714, the French delegation reached the Spanish frontier, at that time around the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, where Hidalgo was located.<sup id="cite_ref-weber160_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber160-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Louis_Juchereau_de_St._Denis" title="Louis Juchereau de St. Denis">St. Denis</a> was arrested and questioned, he was ultimately released.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman111_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman111-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish recognized that the French could become a threat to other Spanish areas, and ordered the reoccupation of Texas as a buffer between French settlements in Louisiana and <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weber160_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber160-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 12, 1716, an expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Ram%C3%B3n_(explorer)" title="Domingo Ramón (explorer)">Domingo Ramón</a> left <a href="/wiki/Guerrero,_Coahuila" title="Guerrero, Coahuila">San Juan Bautista</a> for Texas, intending to establish four missions and a presidio which would be guarded by twenty-five soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman111_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman111-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chipman112_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman112-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party of 75 people included 3 children, 7 women, 18 soldiers, and 10 missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-weber160_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber160-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the first recorded female settlers in Spanish Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman112_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman112-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After marrying a Spanish woman, St. Denis also joined the Spanish expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-weber160_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber160-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party reached the land of the <a href="/wiki/Hasinai" title="Hasinai">Hasinai</a> people in late June 1716 and was greeted warmly.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman113_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman113-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 3, mission San Francisco was reestablished as <a href="/wiki/Mission_Nuestro_Padre_San_Francisco_de_los_Tejas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas">Mission Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Neche_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Neche Indians">Neche Indians</a>. Several days later, <a href="/wiki/Mission_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Pur%C3%ADsima_Concepci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción">Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción</a> was established at the main village of the Hainai, the head tribe of the Hasinai Confederacy, along the <a href="/wiki/Angelina_River" title="Angelina River">Angelina River</a>. A third mission, <a href="/wiki/Mission_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Guadalupe" title="Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe">Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe</a>, was established 15 miles (24 km) east of Purísima Concepción, at the main village of the <a href="/wiki/Nacogdoche" title="Nacogdoche">Nacogdoche</a> tribe, at what is now <a href="/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas" title="Nacogdoches, Texas">Nacogdoches</a>. A final mission, <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Jos%C3%A9_de_los_Nazonis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission San José de los Nazonis">San José de los Nazonis</a>, was built among the <a href="/wiki/Nasoni" title="Nasoni">Nazoni</a> Indians just north of present-day <a href="/wiki/Cushing,_Texas" title="Cushing, Texas">Cushing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman113_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman113-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A presidio, <a href="/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_los_Dolores" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuestra Señora de los Dolores">Nuestra Señora de los Dolores</a>, was built opposite San Francisco de los Tejas.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman115_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman115-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, the area was named the <a href="/wiki/New_Philippines" title="New Philippines">New Philippines</a> by the missionaries in the twin hopes of gaining royal patronage, and that the Spanish efforts would be as successful as in the Philippines a century and a half earlier. The alternate name became official and remained in use for several decades, but had virtually disappeared from use (in favor of 'Texas') by the end of the century. The name however persisted in documents, especially in land grants <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adaie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Adaie.jpg/290px-Adaie.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Adaie.jpg/435px-Adaie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Adaie.jpg/580px-Adaie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>The first map to depict an Adaes (Adaie) settlement, shown to the west of a cluster of Natchitoches villages, was drawn in 1718 by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Delisle" title="Guillaume Delisle">Guillaume Delisle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time, the French were building a fort in <a href="/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches, Louisiana">Natchitoches</a> to establish a more westward presence. The Spanish countered by founding two more missions just west of Natchitoches, San Miguel de los Adaes and Dolores de los Ais.<sup id="cite_ref-weber162_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber162-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The missions were located in a disputed area; France claimed the <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana)" title="Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)">Sabine River</a> to be the western boundary of Louisiana, while Spain claimed the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> was the eastern boundary of Texas, leaving an overlap of 45 miles (72 km).<sup id="cite_ref-edmonson10_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmonson10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new missions were over 400 miles (640 km) from the nearest Spanish settlement, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bautista,_Coahuila" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan Bautista, Coahuila">San Juan Bautista</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman113_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman113-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was difficult to reprovision the missions, and by 1718 the missionaries were in dire straits.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Martín de Alarcón">Martín de Alarcón</a>, who had been appointed governor of Texas in late 1716, wished to establish a way station between the settlements along the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> and the new missions in East Texas. The <a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Coahuiltecan people">Coahuiltecans</a> had built a thriving community near the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_River" title="San Antonio River">San Antonio River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-weber163_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber163-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the area the Spanish had admired in 1707. Alarcón led a group of 72 people, including 10 families, into Texas on April 9, 1718. They brought with them 548 horses, 6 droves of mules, and other livestock. On May 1, the group created a temporary mud, brush and straw structure to serve as a mission, <a href="/wiki/Alamo_Mission_in_San_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamo Mission in San Antonio">San Antonio de Valero</a>, whose chapel was later known as the <a href="/wiki/Alamo_Mission_in_San_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamo Mission in San Antonio">Alamo</a>. The mission was initially populated with three to five Indians that one of the missionaries had raised since childhood. Alarcon built a presidio, <a href="/wiki/Presidio_San_Antonio_de_Bexar" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio San Antonio de Bexar">San Antonio de Béxar</a> one mile (1.6 km) north of the mission,.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman117_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman117-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alarcón also chartered the municipality of Béjar, now <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>. Given a status higher than a village (<i>pueblo</i>) but lower than a city (<i>ciudad</i>), San Antonio became the only <i>villa</i> in Texas, and the colonists who settled there relied on farming and ranching to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-weber163_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber163-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the new settlement established, Alarcón continued on to the East Texas missions, where he found evidence of much illicit trade with France.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman118_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman118-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a> broke out, aligning Spain against France, Great Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>. The war was fought primarily over Italy, but Great Britain and France launched several attempts to capture Spanish colonies in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1719, 7 Frenchmen from Natchitoches took control of <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Miguel_de_los_Adaes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission San Miguel de los Adaes">Mission San Miguel de los Adaes</a> from its sole defender, who did not know that the countries were at war. The French soldiers explained that 100 additional soldiers were coming, and the Spanish colonists, missionaries, and remaining soldiers abandoned the area and fled to San Antonio.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Azlor_y_Virto_de_Vera" title="José de Azlor y Virto de Vera">Marquis of San Miguel de Aguayo</a> volunteered to reconquer Texas and raised an army of 500 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-weber167_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber167-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aguayo was named the governor of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> and Texas and the responsibilities of his office delayed his trip to Texas by a year, until late 1720.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman120_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman120-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before he departed, the fighting in Europe halted, and King <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Felipe V of Spain</a> ordered them not to invade Louisiana, but instead find a way to retake Eastern Texas without using force.<sup id="cite_ref-weber167_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber167-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition brought with them over 2,800 horses, 6,400 sheep and many goats; this constituted the first large "cattle drive" in Texas. This greatly increased the number of domesticated animals in Texas and marked the beginning of Spanish ranching in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman121_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman121-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1721, while approaching the <a href="/wiki/Neches_River" title="Neches River">Neches River</a>, Aguayo's expedition met St. Denis, who had returned to the French and was leading a raid on San Antonio. Realizing that he was badly outnumbered, St. Denis agreed to abandon East Texas and return to Louisiana. Aguayo then ordered the building of a new Spanish fort <a href="/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Pilar_de_los_Adaes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuestra Señora del Pilar de los Adaes">Nuestra Señora del Pilar de los Adaes</a>, located near present-day <a href="/wiki/Robeline,_Louisiana" title="Robeline, Louisiana">Robeline, Louisiana</a>, only 12 miles (19 km) from Natchitoches. The new fort became the first capital of Texas, and was guarded by 6 cannon and 100 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-weber167_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber167-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six East Texas missions were reopened, and Presidio Dolores, now known as Presidio de los Tejas, was moved from the Neches River to a site near mission Purísima Concepción near the <a href="/wiki/Angelina_River" title="Angelina River">Angelina River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spaniards then built another fort, <a href="/wiki/Presidio_La_Bah%C3%ADa_del_Esp%C3%ADritu_Santo" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio La Bahía del Espíritu Santo">Presidio La Bahía del Espíritu Santo</a>, known as La Bahía, on the site of the former French Fort St. Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-weber168_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber168-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby they established a mission, <a href="/wiki/Mission_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Esp%C3%ADritu_Santo_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga">Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga</a> (also known as La Bahía), for the Coco, Karankawa, and <a href="/wiki/Cujane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cujane">Cujane</a> Indians. Ninety men were left at the garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman126_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman126-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aguayo returned to Mexico City in 1722 and resigned his governorship.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman126_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman126-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of his expedition, Texas had consisted only of San Antonio and about 60 soldiers; at his resignation, the province had grown to consist of 4 presidios, over 250 soldiers, 10 missions, and the small civilian town of San Antonio.<sup id="cite_ref-weber168_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber168-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chipman126_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman126-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlement_difficulties">Settlement difficulties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Settlement difficulties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after Aguayo returned to Mexico, the new viceroy of New Spain, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Acu%C3%B1a,_marqu%C3%A9s_de_Casafuerte" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Acuña, marqués de Casafuerte">Juan de Acuña, marqués de Casafuerte</a>, was ordered to cut costs accrued for the defense of the northern part of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman128_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman128-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acuña appointed Colonel <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Rivera_y_Villal%C3%B3n" title="Pedro de Rivera y Villalón">Pedro de Rivera y Villalón</a> to inspect the entire northern frontier. Beginning in what is now California in November 1724, Rivera spent the next three years inspecting the northern frontier, reaching San Antonio in August 1727. His reports of Los Adaes, <a href="/wiki/Presidio_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio Nuestra Señora de Loreto">Presidio Nuestra Señora de Loreto</a>, and the presidio at San Antonio were favorable, but he was unimpressed with Presidio de los Tejas, whose 25 soldiers were guarding empty missions.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman129_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman129-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The native population had refused to congregate into communities around the missions and refused baptism unless they were on the brink of death. Because the Indians were well-armed, the Franciscans were unable to compel them to join the missions. The frustrated missionaries finally petitioned the Spanish government for 50 soldiers to burn the Indians' houses of worship and force them to build homes near the missions.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No troops were forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-weber187_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber187-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rivera recommended closing Presidio de los Tejas and reducing the number of soldiers at the other presidios. His suggestions were approved in 1729,<sup id="cite_ref-chipman130_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman130-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 125 troops were removed from Texas, leaving only 144 soldiers divided among Los Adaes, La Bahía, and San Antonio. The three East Texas missions which had depended on Presidio de los Tejas were relocated along the San Antonio River in May 1731, increasing the number of missions in the San Antonio area to five.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman131_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman131-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The San Antonio missions usually contained fewer than 300 Indians. Many of those who lived at the mission had nowhere else to go, and belonged to small tribes that have since become extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-weber192_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber192-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish government believed that settlers would defend their property, alleviating the need for some of the presidios.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman135_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman135-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas was an unappealing prospect for most settlers, however, due to the armed nomadic tribes, high costs, and lack of precious metals.<sup id="cite_ref-weber192_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber192-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1731, the Spanish government resettled 55 people, mostly women and children, from the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> to San Antonio. At that time, only 300 Hispanic settlers lived in San Antonio, with 200 others dispersed throughout the rest of the colony. The new immigrants began farming and renamed the town San Fernando de Béxar, establishing the first municipal, and only civilian, government in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-weber193_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber193-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Leal_Goraz" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Leal Goraz">Juan Leal Goraz</a>, the oldest of the settlers, was appointed the first councilman.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman136_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman136-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Missions_in_Texas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Spanish_Missions_in_Texas.JPG/290px-Spanish_Missions_in_Texas.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Spanish_Missions_in_Texas.JPG/435px-Spanish_Missions_in_Texas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Spanish_Missions_in_Texas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Spanish missions within the boundaries of what is now the state of Texas. Land north of the missions was controlled by the Comanche, Apache, Wichita, and Caddo confederacy.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the first settlers of the municipality, the Islanders and their descendants were designated <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(Spanish_nobility)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidalgo (Spanish nobility)">hidalgos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman137_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman137-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The established settlers resented the Islanders for their new titles and exclusive privileges within the city government.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman139_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman139-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newcomers did not know how to handle horses, rendering them useless in mounted warfare against the Apaches. Unlike the established settlers, who relied on ranching, the Islanders were primarily farmers, and their refusal to build fences led to many disagreements when livestock trampled the fields.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman140_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman140-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1740s, however, intermarriage and the need for closer economic ties had helped to alleviate some of the infighting, and the original settlers were given permission to serve as magistrates and council members.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman145_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman145-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spain discouraged manufacturing in its colonies and limited trade to Spanish goods handled by Spanish merchants and carried on Spanish vessels. Most of the ports, including all of those in Texas, were closed to commercial vessels in the hopes of dissuading smugglers. By law, all goods bound for Texas had to be shipped to <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> and then transported over the mountains to <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> before being sent to Texas. This caused the goods to be very expensive in the Texas settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settlers were often forced to turn to the French for supplies, as the fort at Natchitoches was well-stocked and goods did not have to travel as far. Without many goods to trade, however, the remaining Spanish missionaries and colonists had little to offer the Indians, who remained loyal to the French traders.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace_with_France">Peace with France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Peace with France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/290px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/435px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/580px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> (blue color) in 1750, before the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Indians confirmed in 1746 that French traders periodically arrived by sea to trade with tribes in the lower <a href="/wiki/Trinity_River_(Texas)" title="Trinity River (Texas)">Trinity River</a> region. Eight years later, the Spanish learned of rumors that the French had opened a trading post at the mouth of the Trinity River. In September 1754, the governor, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Governors_and_Presidents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Texas Governors and Presidents">Jacinto de Barrios y Jáuregui</a> sent soldiers to investigate, and they captured five Frenchmen who had been living at an Indian village.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman164_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman164-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To dissuade the French from returning, Spain built the presidio of San Agustín de Ahumada and the mission of Nuestra Señora de la Luz de Orcoquisac near the mouth of the Trinity at <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conditions were awful at the new location, and both the presidio and the mission were closed in 1770.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Presidio_La_Bah%C3%ADa" title="Presidio La Bahía">Presidio La Bahía</a> was moved from the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_River_(Texas)" title="Guadalupe River (Texas)">Guadalupe River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Goliad,_Texas" title="Goliad, Texas">Goliad</a> on the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_River" title="San Antonio River">San Antonio River</a> in 1749. Within five years, a new mission for the <a href="/wiki/Karankawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Karankawa">Karankawa</a> tribes, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Nuestra Señora del Rosario de los Cuhanes</a>, was built upstream of the presidio. This mission survived for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman168_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman168-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the new missions and presidios, Texas was one of the least populated provinces on the northern frontier of New Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-weber195_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber195-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1760, almost 1,200 Hispanic people lived in Texas, with half in San Antonio, 350 at <a href="/wiki/Los_Adaes" title="Los Adaes">Los Adaes</a>, and 260 at La Bahía. Other Spaniards lived in what is now the <a href="/wiki/El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso">El Paso</a> area, but that was considered part of New Mexico and not part of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-weber194_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber194-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 3, 1762, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a>, France ceded the portion of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River to Spain. Spain had assisted France against Britain in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, and lost both <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> to the British. Although the Louisiana colony was a financial liability, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Carlos III</a> of Spain reluctantly accepted it, as that meant France was finally ceding its claim to Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> on February 10, 1763, Great Britain recognized Spain's right to the lands west of the Mississippi. Great Britain received the remainder of France's North American territories, and Spain exchanged some of their holdings in Florida for Havana.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right;"> <caption>San Antonio de Béxar Population<sup id="cite_ref-chipman187_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman187-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chipman188_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman188-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1740 </td> <td>437–560 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1762 </td> <td>514–661 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1770 </td> <td>860 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1777 </td> <td>1,351 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1780 </td> <td>1,463 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With France no longer a threat to Spain's North American interests, the Spanish monarchy commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Cayetano_Pignatelli,_3rd_Marquis_of_Rubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayetano Pignatelli, 3rd Marquis of Rubi">Marquis of Rubí</a> to inspect all of the presidios on the northern frontier of New Spain and make recommendations for the future. Rubí's two-year journey, beginning in early 1766, covered seven thousand miles (11,000 km) from the Gulf of California to East Texas. This was the first comprehensive look at the New Spain frontier since the 1720s, when <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Rivera_y_Villalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro de Rivera y Villalon">Pedro de Rivera</a> conducted his expedition. Rubí was unimpressed with the presidio at San Saba, which he declared to be the worst in the kingdom of New Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman173_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman173-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recommended that only the presidios at San Antonio and La Bahía be maintained, and that East Texas be totally abandoned, with all population moving to San Antonio.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman181_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman181-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Louisiana in Spanish control, there was no need for Los Adaes to reside so closely to Natchitoches, especially after the missions had relocated to San Antonio. In August 1768, the acting governor, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Vicencio" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan María Vicencio">Juan María Vicencio</a>, Baron of Ripperdà, moved his headquarters and the garrison to San Antonio, and in 1772 San Antonio became the new Texas capital. Los Adaes was abandoned completely.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new governor also augmented the garrison at San Antonio to protect the town from recurring Indian attacks. A new presidio, Fuerte de Santa Cruz de Cibolo, was also established 40 miles (64 km) southeast of San Antonio to protect farmers and ranchers from attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman184_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman184-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of Rubí's recommendations, Presidio de San Agustín de Ahumada was closed in 1771, leaving the Texas coast unoccupied except for La Bahía. In July 1772, however, the governor of Texas heard rumors that English traders were building a settlement in the area of the Texas coast that had been abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle79_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle79-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander of La Bahía was sent to find the settlement, but saw no sign of other Europeans. His expedition did, however, trace the <a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_River_(Texas)" title="San Jacinto River (Texas)">San Jacinto River</a> to its mouth where it emptied into <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle80_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle80-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_Nacogdoches">Founding of Nacogdoches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Founding of Nacogdoches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 500 Hispanic settlers who had lived near <a href="/wiki/Los_Adaes" title="Los Adaes">Los Adaes</a> had to resettle in San Antonio in 1773.<sup id="cite_ref-weber222_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber222-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the six years between the inspection and the removal of the settlers, the immigrant population of East Texas had increased from 200 Europeans to 500, a mixture of Spanish, French, Indians, and a few blacks. The settlers were given only five days to prepare to relocate to San Antonio. Many of them perished during the three-month trek and others died soon after arriving.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman186_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman186-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After protesting, they were permitted in the following year to return to East Texas, but only as far as the Trinity River, 175 miles (282 km) from Natchitoches. Led by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gil_Y%27Barbo" title="Antonio Gil Y'Barbo">Antonio Gil Y'Barbo</a>, the settlers founded the town of Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Bucareli "where the trail from San Antonio to Los Adaes crossed the Trinity."<sup id="cite_ref-weber222_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber222-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlers helped smuggle contraband goods from Louisiana to San Antonio, and also helped the soldiers with coastal reconnaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle86_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle86-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1776, King Carlos III created a new position, the <a href="/wiki/Commandancy_General_of_the_Internal_Provinces_of_the_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Commandancy General of the Internal Provinces of the North">Commandancy General of the Internal Provinces of the North</a> (<i>Provincias Internas</i>), to control frontier areas across northern <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, including Spanish Texas. The first appointee, <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_de_Croix" title="Teodoro de Croix">Teodoro de Croix</a>, served as governor and commander-in-chief of the area from 1776 until 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As de Croix prepared to take office, his predecessor, Baron of Ripperdà, wrote a detailed report, dated April 27, 1777, of the settlements in Texas. One-third of the report detailed the village of Bucareli, which he labeled as "'of the greatest importance as a means of acquiring reports of a coast as extensive as it is uninhabited.'"<sup id="cite_ref-weddle88_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle88-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bucareli settlers regularly performed coastal explorations and developed a friendship with the <a href="/wiki/Bidai" title="Bidai">Bidai</a> tribe, who reported any signs of foreigners along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle88_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle88-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1777, Gil Ybarbo discovered that a group of Englishmen had come from the sea and stayed long enough to plant a crop near the <a href="/wiki/Neches_River" title="Neches River">Neches River</a>. He led an expedition to find the Englishmen, but, although they discovered the fields, the expedition did not find any of the settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1779, the Comanches began raiding the Bucareli area, and the settlers chose to move further east to the old mission of Nacogdoches, where they founded the town of the same name. The new town quickly became a waystation for contraband.<sup id="cite_ref-weber222_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber222-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlers did not have authorization to move, and no troops were assigned to protect the new location until 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman187_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman187-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_with_the_Native_Americans">Conflict with the Native Americans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conflict with the Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apache_raids">Apache raids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Apache raids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wohngebiet_Lipan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wohngebiet_Lipan.png/290px-Wohngebiet_Lipan.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wohngebiet_Lipan.png/435px-Wohngebiet_Lipan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wohngebiet_Lipan.png/580px-Wohngebiet_Lipan.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan Apache</a> territories</figcaption></figure> <p>The tribes traded freely, and soon many had acquired French guns, while others had traded for Spanish horses. Tribes without access to either resource were left at a disadvantage. The <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan Apache</a>, who had been seasonal farmers, were soon pressed by the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, who had horses, and the <a href="/wiki/Wichita_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita (tribe)">Wichita</a>, who had guns.<sup id="cite_ref-weber188_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber188-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apaches were bitter enemies of the Tejas of East Texas and had transferred their enmity to the Spanish as friends of the Tejas.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman133_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After discovering San Antonio in 1720, the Apache mounted small-scale raids on the area to steal livestock, especially horses.<sup id="cite_ref-weber188_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber188-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hispanic population of San Antonio was only about 300 and all of Texas about 500 and the Apache killed an average of 3 Spaniards each year and stole approximately 100 animals from the beleaguered colony. In retaliation, the Spanish launched multiple attacks on the Apaches, capturing horses and mules, hides and other plunder, and taking Apache captives, whom the Spanish used as household slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson111_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson111-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1731, however, the San Antonio garrison was begging the government for help in negotiating a peace with the tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-weber188_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber188-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The threat of Apache raids led to a constant state of unease in San Antonio, and some families left the area, while others refused to leave the safety of the town to tend their livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman139_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman139-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problems culminated with a late-night raid on San Antonio by 350 Apache on June 30, 1745, retaliation for a Spanish military campaign several months before. The attackers were repelled with the assistance of 100 Indians from nearby Mission Valero.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman145_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman145-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apache also preyed on other tribes, including the <a href="/wiki/Attakapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Attakapa">Deadose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a>. In the 1740s, these weaker tribes requested missions along the <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_River_(Texas)" title="San Gabriel River (Texas)">San Gabriel River</a> in the hopes that the Spanish could protect them from attack.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson113_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson113-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mission San Francisco Xavier was established at the confluence of the San Gabriel River and Bushy Creek in January 1746 to serve the Deadose, Mayeye, and <a href="/wiki/Karankawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Karankawa">Coco</a> Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman150_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman150-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1748 alone, the Apaches raided the mission four times, killing three soldiers and four of the Indian residents.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the resident Indians fled the mission due to the threat of attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This did not deter the missionaries, who founded two more missions, San Ildefonso and Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, in the area the following year. Within six months, all of the potential converts at San Ildefonso had left.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1755, the missions were transferred to a new location on the <a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_River" title="San Marcos River">San Marcos River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Apache were coming under increased pressure from the Comanche advancing from the north and sought peace with the Spanish. A peace was declared in August 1749, when a group of <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> chiefs and Spanish officials "symbolically [buried] the trouble between the two parties" by burying weapons in the plaza at <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>. The Spanish also promised to provide military assistance to the Apache.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson120_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson120-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipan Apache">Lipan Apache</a> had asked for missions several times, and in 1757 all property of the former San Gabriel missions, as well as the military garrison which briefly protected them, was transferred to new <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Cruz_de_San_Sab%C3%A1" title="Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá">Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá</a> along the <a href="/wiki/San_Saba_River" title="San Saba River">San Saba River</a> northwest of San Antonio.<sup id="cite_ref-weber188_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber188-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A log stockade was constructed three miles (4.8 km) from the mission, on the other side of the river, so that the soldiers would not corrupt the Indians. The stockade could hold up to 400 including the 237 women and children who accompanied the soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-weber189_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber189-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apaches shunned the mission, and on March 16, 1758, a band of <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hasinai" title="Hasinai">Hasinai</a> warriors, angry that the Spaniards were assisting their Apache enemies, pillaged and burned the mission, killing eight people.<sup id="cite_ref-weber189_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber189-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The San Sabá mission was the only Spanish mission in Texas to be completely destroyed by Indians, and it was never rebuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Indian force had 2000 members, they chose not to attack the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-weber189_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber189-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish government refused to abandon the area completely out of fear that such an action would make them appear weak. While they planned a response, Indians raided the San Saba horse herd, stealing all of the horses and pack mules and killing 20 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1759, Spain sent the San Sabá commander, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Diego_Ortiz_Parrilla" title="Diego Ortiz Parrilla">Diego Ortiz Parrilla</a>, on an expedition north to the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> to avenge the attack. The tribes were forewarned and led Parrilla's army to a fortified Wichita village, surrounded by a stockade and a moat, where natives brandished French guns and waved a French flag. After a skirmish in which 52 Spaniards were killed, wounded, or deserted, the Spanish retreated.<sup id="cite_ref-weber189_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber189-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The San Sabá presidio was replaced with a limestone fortress and a moat, but the Comanches and their allies remained close and killed any soldiers who ventured out. By 1769, Spain abandoned the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1762, missionaries established two unauthorized missions south of San Sabá, in the <a href="/wiki/Nueces_River" title="Nueces River">Nueces River</a> valley. For several years the Apache lived in the missions most of the year, but left in winter to hunt buffalo. One of the missions closed in 1763, when the Apache never returned from their hunt.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson124_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson124-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving mission closed in January 1766, after a force of 400 natives from the northern tribes attacked, killing 6 Apaches and taking 25 captives as well as all the livestock in the valley. Forty-one Spanish troops and their small cannon ambushed the northern tribes as they returned to East Texas. Before the Spanish were forced to retreat, over 200 Indians and 12 Spanish soldiers died.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson125_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson125-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the battle, the Apache refused to return to the mission and returned to raiding near San Antonio. Raids by the northern tribes decreased, however.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson126_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson126-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comanche">Comanche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comanche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comancheria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Comancheria.jpg/290px-Comancheria.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Comancheria.jpg/435px-Comancheria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Comancheria.jpg/580px-Comancheria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Comanchería prior to 1850. The Comanche shared the land with their allies, the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa Apache">Kiowa Apache</a>, and Wichita.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_peace_treaties_with_the_Comanche" title="Spanish peace treaties with the Comanche">Spanish peace treaties with the Comanche</a></div> <p>The first recorded contact between the Comanche and the Spanish in Texas was in 1743 when a small band of Comanche visited San Antonio. The Comanche were expanding southward from Colorado and pushing the Apache off the Great Plains. About 1750 they became the dominant power in the northwestern one-half of Texas, called the <a href="/wiki/Comancheria" title="Comancheria">Comanchería</a> (Spanish for "<a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> lands"), and maintained their dominance for 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through a combination of diplomacy and war, the Comanche established an extensive long-distance trade network and spread their language and culture among allied Indian tribes. Initially, the Spanish in Texas called them the <i>norteños</i> (northerners) a collective term for the Wichita and other Indian tribes in northern Texas. <sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Comanche were divided into the western bands which primarily raided and traded in New Mexico and the eastern banks which primarily raided and traded in Texas. For much of the 1770s, the Comanche raided in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson139_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson139-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Comanche were defeated in a battle in Colorado in 1779 by a Spanish army led by New Mexico governor <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza" title="Juan Bautista de Anza">Juan Bautista de Anza</a> and redirected their activities to the weakly defended Texas. During the same time period the Apaches, who had been stockpiling guns received from the Karankawas, returned to raiding settlements in Texas, violating their peace treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman198_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman198-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Comanche promptly declared war on the Apache.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson139_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson139-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gálvez became the viceroy of New Spain in 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gálvez ordered that the Native Americans be encouraged to use alcohol, which they could only get through trading, and that the firearms they were traded be poorly made so that they would be awkward to use and easy to break.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His policies were never implemented, as Spain did not have the money to provide gifts such as those to the tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the Spanish negotiated a treaty with the Comanche in late 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty promised annual gifts to the Comanches, and the peace it brought lasted for the next 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman199_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman199-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1786, northern and western Texas were secure enough that <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Vial" title="Pedro Vial">Pedro Vial</a> and a single companion safely "pioneered a trail from San Antonio to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>," a distance of 700 miles (1,100 km).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Comanches were willing to fight the enemies of their new friends, and soon attacked the Karankawa. Over the next several years, the Comanches killed many of the Karankawa in the area and drove the others into Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle164_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle164-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1804, very few natives lived on the barrier islands, where the Karankawa had made their home.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle167_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle167-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1790, the Comanche also helped the Spanish fight a large battle against the Mescalero and Lipan Apaches at Soledad Creek west of San Antonio.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman200_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman200-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 1,000 Comanche warriors participated in raids against the Apache in 1791 and 1792, and the Apache were forced to scatter into the mountains in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson140_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson140-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1796, Spanish officials began an attempt to have the Apache and Comanche coexist in peace, and over the next ten years the intertribal fighting declined.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson141_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson141-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karankawa_difficulties">Karankawa difficulties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Karankawa difficulties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1776, Native Americans at the Bahia missions told the soldiers that the Karankawas had massacred a group of Europeans who had been shipwrecked near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_River_(Texas)" title="Guadalupe River (Texas)">Guadalupe River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After finding the remains of an English commercial <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a>, the soldiers warned the Karankawa to refrain from attacking seamen. The soldiers continued to explore the coast, and reported that foreign powers could easily build a small settlement on the barrier islands, which were difficult to access from the mainland, and then ascend the Trinity or San Jacinto Rivers into the heart of Texas. Captain Luis Cazorla, the commander of the La Bahía presidio, recommended that Spain build a small fort on the barrier islands and provide a shallow-draft vessel to continually reconnoiter the coast. The fort would be both a deterrent to the more bloodthirsty tribes and to the English. The Spanish government, fearful of smuggling, declined to give permission for a port or a boat on the Texas coast.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Croix was unimpressed with his new province, complaining that, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"'A villa without order, two presidios, seven missions, and an errant population of scarcely 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages that occupies an immense desert country, stretching from the abandoned presidio of Los Adaes to San Antonio, ... does not deserve the name of the Province of Texas ... nor the concern entailed in its preservation.'"<sup id="cite_ref-chipman193_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman193-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Despite his distaste for the area, he increased the number of troops in the interior provinces by 50% and created units of "light troops" which did not carry all of the heavy gear and could fight on foot. His administration also attempted to build alliances with native troops, and planned to work with the Comanche and the Wichita to wipe out the Apache raiders.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was shelved when Spain entered the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> as an ally of the French and the American revolutionaries and money and troops were diverted to attacking Florida instead of exterminating the Apaches.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman192_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman192-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After soldiers in Coahuila aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescaleros</a> against the Lipan Apaches, however, Spain was able to sign a peace treaty with the Lipans. The Comanches were also becoming more brazen, attacking Presidio La Bahía in 1781, where they were repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman192_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman192-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After hearing that Englishman George Gauld had surveyed the Gulf Coast all the way to Galveston Bay in 1777, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a> appointed a French engineer, Luis Antonio Andry, to conduct a similar survey for Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andry finished his survey in March 1778, and anchored off <a href="/wiki/Matagorda_Bay" title="Matagorda Bay">Matagorda Bay</a> after running dangerously low on provisions. Over a period of days, the Karankawa lured a few men at a time from the ship with offers of assistance and killed all but one, a <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a> sailor named Tomás de la Cruz.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle155_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle155-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Karankawa also burned the ship and the newly created map, possibly the first detailed Spanish map of the Texas-Louisiana coast.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several months later, the Native Americans living at Mission Rosario, near La Bahía, escaped to join the Karankawa, and together they began raiding livestock and harassing settlers. The governor pardoned many of the fugitives, and most of them returned to the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle155_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle155-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Karankawa continued to cause difficulties for the Spanish, and in 1785 the interim commandant-general, Joseph Antonio Rengel, noted that they were unable to explore in the Matagorda Bay region as long as the Karankawa held it.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish again arranged for their coastline to be mapped, and in September 1783, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Galveston,_Texas" title="History of Galveston, Texas">José de Evia</a> left Havana to chart the coastline between <a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</a> and Matagorda Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his journey, Evia gave Galveston Bay its name, in honor of his sponsor, De Gálvez.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evia later mapped the Nuevo Santander coast between Matagorda Bay and Tampico, part of which later belonged to Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1791 and 1792, Fray José Francisco Garza befriended some of the Karankawa and other native peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle164_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle164-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their friendship allowed Garza to explore much of the coastal areas that had been too dangerous to visit.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Native Americans requested that Garza build a mission at the junction of the San Antonio and Guadalupe Rivers,<sup id="cite_ref-weddle164_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle164-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in February 1793 Mission Nuestra Señora del Refugio opened near Mission Lake at the head of San Antonio Bay. Over 230 Native Americans lived at the mission initially, but within two years they were forced to move to a less flood-prone site,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became known as <a href="/wiki/Refugio,_Texas" title="Refugio, Texas">Refugio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle167_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle167-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the eighteenth century, only a small number of the hunting and gathering tribes within Texas had not been <a href="/wiki/Christianized" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianized">Christianized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman202_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman202-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_with_the_United_States">Conflict with the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conflict with the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Second Treaty of Paris</a> in 1783 ended the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and established the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman196_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman196-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty extended the new country's western boundary to the Mississippi River<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and within the first year after it was signed 50,000 American settlers crossed the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. As it was difficult to return east across the mountains, the settlers began looking toward the Spanish colonies of Louisiana and Texas to find places to sell their crops.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman196_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman196-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain closed the mouth of the Mississippi to foreigners from 1784 until 1795 despite <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s 1790 threat to begin an Anglo-Spanish war over the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Americans risked arrest to come to Texas, many of them desiring to capture wild mustangs in <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a> and trade with the Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-weber296_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber296-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1791, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Nolan_(Texas_trader)" title="Philip Nolan (Texas trader)">Philip Nolan</a> became the first Anglo-American known to pursue horse-trading in Texas, and he was arrested several times for being within Spain's borders.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman213_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman213-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish feared that Nolan was a spy, and in 1801 they sent 150 troops to capture Nolan and his party of 6 men; Nolan was killed during the ensuing battle.<sup id="cite_ref-owsley34_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owsley34-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1810, many Americans were trading guns and ammunition to the Texas Indians, especially the Comanche, in return for livestock. Although some chiefs refused to trade with them and reported their movements to Spanish authorities, other bands welcomed the newcomers.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anderson253_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson253-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A drought made rangeland scarce and stopped the Comanche's herds from increasing. To meet the American demand for livestock, the Comanche turned to raiding the area around San Antonio.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson253_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson253-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish government believed that security would come with a larger population, but was unable to attract colonists from Spain or from other New World colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 18th century, Texas was one of the least populated regions of New Spain, with fewer than two inhabitants per square <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">league</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman205_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman205-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population was relatively stagnant, having grown only to 3,169 individuals in 1790 from 3,103 in 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman2056_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman2056-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over half of the population was classified as Spaniards, with settled Indians making up the next largest category. Blacks, mostly slaves, made up less than 1% of the population in 1777, and only 2.2% of the 1793 census. Over two-thirds of the adults in Texas were married, and single men outnumbered single women, although there was a high percentage of widows.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman206_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman206-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intermarriage was fairly common, mostly between white men and women of mixed origin. Children from these unions often passed as whites.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman207_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman207-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illegitimate births increased steadily throughout the century, reaching 20% of all births in 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman206_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman206-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the small population, however, Spain actively discouraged immigration to Texas, and a permanent garrison was placed in Nacogdoches in 1790 to keep foreigners from settling in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman209_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman209-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immigrants from the United States were allowed to settle in Louisiana and Florida after taking an oath of allegiance, but were not required to convert to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana1804_loc_filename_ct000654.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Louisiana1804_loc_filename_ct000654.png/290px-Louisiana1804_loc_filename_ct000654.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Louisiana1804_loc_filename_ct000654.png/435px-Louisiana1804_loc_filename_ct000654.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Louisiana1804_loc_filename_ct000654.png/580px-Louisiana1804_loc_filename_ct000654.png 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="3081" /></a><figcaption>The Louisiana Territory and Texas in 1804</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1799, Spain gave Louisiana back to France in exchange for the promise of a throne in central Italy. Although the agreement was signed on October 1, 1800, it did not go into effect until 1802. The following year, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> sold Louisiana to the United States. Many of the Spaniards who had moved to the colony left for Texas, Florida, or other Spanish-held lands. The original agreement between Spain and France had not explicitly specified the borders of Louisiana, and the descriptions in the documents were ambiguous and contradictory.<sup id="cite_ref-weber291_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber291-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even when both territories had been under Spanish control, there was disagreement on where the border should be. In 1793, the King of Spain decided that there was no need to move the boundary from Natchitoches to the <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas-Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana)">Sabine River</a>, as had been recommended by some Frenchmen.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States insisted that its purchase also included most of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">West Florida</a> and all of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-weber291_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber291-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> claimed that Louisiana stretched west to the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and included the entire <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and their tributaries, and that the southern border was the Rio Grande. Spain maintained that Louisiana extended only as far as Natchitoches, and that it did not include West Florida or the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory" title="Illinois Territory">Illinois Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Texas was again considered a buffer province, this time between New Spain and the United States. In 1804, Spain planned to send thousands of colonists to increase the number of residents in Texas (then at 4,000 Hispanic inhabitants). The plan was cancelled as the government did not have the money to relocate the settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-weber295_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber295-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The responsibility for defending Texas now rested with <a href="/wiki/Nemesio_Salcedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemesio Salcedo">Nemesio Salcedo</a>, who held the newly reopened position of <a href="/wiki/Commandancy_General_of_the_Provincias_Internas" class="mw-redirect" title="Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas">Commandant General of the Internal Provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weber295_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber295-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salcedo promoted immigration to Texas, and a new town, Trinidad de Salcedo, was founded where the Trinity River intersected the road from San Antonio to Nacogdoches. For a brief time, Salcedo also allowed former Spanish subjects from Louisiana to come to Texas. A few Americans who had become naturalized Spaniards settled in Texas during that time. Salcedo warned, however, that "'the foreigners are not and will not be anything but crows to pick out our eyes.'"<sup id="cite_ref-weber296_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber296-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV of Spain</a> ordered data compiled to determine the true boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman223_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman223-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the border was settled, both sides led armed excursions into the disputed areas, and Spain began increasing the number of troops stationed in Texas. By 1806, the number had doubled, with over 883 stationed in and around Nacogdoches.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 1806, local commanders negotiated a temporary agreement in which neither the Spanish nor the Americans would venture into the area between the Sabine River and Arroyo Hondo.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman224_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman224-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This neutral ground quickly became a haven for lawlessness<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it did not stop individuals from crossing the boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman226_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman226-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While on a mission for the United States Army to explore some of the disputed areas of the Louisiana Purchase<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Pike" title="Zebulon Pike">Zebulon Pike</a> was arrested by the Spanish while camping on the Rio Grande and escorted back to Natchitoches. Although his maps and notes were confiscated, Pike was able to recreate most of it from memory. His glowing comments about Texas lands and animals made many Americans yearn to control the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman226_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman226-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_Spanish_period">End of Spanish period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: End of Spanish period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1808, Napoleon forced King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> to abdicate the Spanish throne. His replacement, Napoleon's elder brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a> (Joseph I), was appointed King of Spain, to violent protests from the Spanish citizens. The uprisings continued for the next six years, until his abdication in 1814 and the return of Ferdinand VII. During the time, there was little oversight of the New World colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A shadow government operated out <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> during Joseph's reign, operating under the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Spanish Constitution of 1812</a>. The constitutional government included representatives from the colonies, including Texas and New Mexico in New Spain. When King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> resumed his throne, he refused to recognize the new constitution or the representative government. He was forced to change his mind in 1820 as the only way to avert a military coup.<sup id="cite_ref-weber297_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber297-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time of turmoil, it was unclear who actually governed the colonies: Joseph I, the shadow government representing Ferdinand VII, the colonial officials, or revolutionaries in each province.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> began in 1810 at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Hidalgo">Miguel Hidalgo</a>. Fearing that the revolution would reach colonial Texas, governor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Salcedo" title="Manuel María de Salcedo">Manuel María de Salcedo</a> ordered the Texas borders closed to all foreigners. He was soon reversed by his uncle, the Commandant General.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revolutionaries soon overthrew and imprisoned Salcedo, and a new government was established in Texas. Salcedo persuaded <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Elizondo" title="Ignacio Elizondo">Ignacio Elizondo</a> (his jailer) to return to the royalist cause and the two organized a counter-coup. Hidalgo was captured and executed in 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain_Location_1819_(without_Philippines).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain_Location_1819_%28without_Philippines%29.png/290px-Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain_Location_1819_%28without_Philippines%29.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain_Location_1819_%28without_Philippines%29.png/435px-Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain_Location_1819_%28without_Philippines%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain_Location_1819_%28without_Philippines%29.png/580px-Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain_Location_1819_%28without_Philippines%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>The Viceroyalty of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> in 1819</figcaption></figure> <p>Although officially neutral during the Mexican War of Independence, the United States allowed rebels to trade at American ports<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and much of the weaponry and ammunition used by the rebels came from the United States. Americans also provided manpower for the conflict, with Natchitoches serving as a launching point for several expeditions into Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1812, Mexican insurgent <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_Lara" title="Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara">Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara</a> led a small force of Americans into Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-weber299_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber299-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indians from the eastern part of Texas quickly joined the insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson253_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson253-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calling themselves the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Army_of_the_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Army of the North">Republican Army of the North</a>, the group captured San Antonio in 1813, assassinated the governor, Manuel María de Salcedo, and proclaimed Texas independent from Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-weber299_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber299-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of the governor caused many of the Anglo-Americans to desert the cause, but on April 17, 1813, the <a href="/wiki/Guti%C3%A9rrez%E2%80%93Magee_Expedition" title="Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition">Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition</a> members composed Texas's first constitution, which provided for a centralized form of government.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman236_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman236-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish forces recaptured the province later that year at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina" title="Battle of Medina">Battle of Medina</a>, and killed 1300 and executed any Tejanos accused of having Republican tendencies.<sup id="cite_ref-weber299_166-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber299-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within 2 weeks almost 400 rebels were executed and their wives and daughters were imprisoned for 2 months. Royalist soldiers even chased many of the women and children who had fled San Antonio, killing 200–300. Captured Americans were given an opportunity to take an oath of loyalty to Spain, and those who refused were escorted back to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing that the Comanche would still constitute a threat, Spanish general Arredondo ordered all ranchers to move temporarily to San Antonio to help defend the city. When they returned to their ranches several months later, they found that the Comanche had slaughtered all of the livestock, leaving most of the carcasses where they fell.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson253_141-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson253-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish army looted the rest of Texas too, and by 1820 fewer than 2000 Hispanic citizens remained in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-weber299_166-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber299-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Spanish Texas, or what remained of it, had become a desolate, unprotected land that could not feed itself."<sup id="cite_ref-anderson254_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson254-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another revolutionary, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Herrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Manuel Herrera (page does not exist)">José Manuel Herrera</a>, created a government on <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Island" title="Galveston Island">Galveston Island</a> in September 1816 which he proclaimed part of a Mexican Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman238_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman238-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of French exiles in the United States attempted to create their own colony on the Trinity River, known as Le Champ d'Asile. The exiles planned to use the colony as a base to liberate New Spain and then free Napoleon from St. Helena. They abandoned the colony shortly and returned to Galveston.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman239_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman239-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adams_onis_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Adams_onis_map.png/290px-Adams_onis_map.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Adams_onis_map.png/435px-Adams_onis_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Adams_onis_map.png/580px-Adams_onis_map.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>This map shows the results of the <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental Treaty">Transcontinental Treaty</a>, which ended the border conflict between Spain and the United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>On February 22, 1819, Spain and the United States reached agreement on the <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental Treaty">Transcontinental Treaty</a>, which ceded Florida to the United States in return for the United States relinquishing its claim on Texas. The official boundary of Texas was set at the <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana)" title="Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)">Sabine River</a> (the current boundary between Texas and Louisiana), then following the Red and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas Rivers</a> to the 42nd parallel (California's current northern border).<sup id="cite_ref-weber299_166-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber299-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next two years, until early February 1821, Spain delayed ratification of the treaty, using it as leverage to prevent the United States from formally recognizing one of the rebellious Spanish colonies as an independent nation.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period many Americans spoke out against the treaty and the renunciation of the claim to Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-weber300_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber300-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An essay in the <i>City of Washington Gazette</i> denounced the treaty, claiming that "'a league'" of the land in Texas was worth more to the United States "'than the whole territory west of the Rocky Mountains'".<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1819, <a href="/wiki/James_Long_(filibuster)" title="James Long (filibuster)">James Long</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Long_Expedition" title="Long Expedition">Long Expedition</a> to invade Texas. He declared Texas an independent republic, but by the end of the year his rebellion had been quelled by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_P%C3%A9rez" title="Juan Ignacio Pérez">Juan Ignacio Pérez</a> and his Spanish troops. The following year Long established a new base near Galveston Bay "to free Texas from 'the yoke of Spanish authority... the most atrocious despotism that ever disgraced the annals of Europe.'"<sup id="cite_ref-weber300_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber300-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His basis for a rebellion was soon gone, however. </p><p>On February 24, 1821, <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a> launched a drive for <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican Independence</a>. Texas became a part of the newly independent nation without a shot being fired.<sup id="cite_ref-weber300_174-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber300-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_Texas_population">Spanish Texas population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Spanish Texas population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><b>Population Statistics of Spanish Texas</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Pop Spaniards/<a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a></th> <th>% pop</th> <th>Mestizo, Castizo and other castes</th> <th>% pop</th> <th>Amerindians</th> <th>% pop</th> <th>Slaves</th> <th>% pop</th> <th>Total Population</th> <th>Inhabitants per Sq.League </th></tr> <tr> <td>1682 </td> <th>129<br /> (Coulson and Joyce estimates for <a href="/wiki/Ysleta_Mission" title="Ysleta Mission">Ysleta Mission</a>,<br /> first Spanish foundation in modern-day Texas)<sup id="cite_ref-Coulson,_Joyce_2003_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulson,_Joyce_2003-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1731 </td> <th>500<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1742 (Peter Gerhard estimations) </td> <th>1,800<sup id="cite_ref-Tjarks_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tjarks-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>1,290 </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>3,090 </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1761 </td> <th>About 1,200<sup id="cite_ref-Chipman_1992_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chipman_1992-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1777 </td> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>-1%<sup id="cite_ref-Chipman_1992_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chipman_1992-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>3,103<sup id="cite_ref-Chipman_1992_179-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chipman_1992-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tjarks_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tjarks-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1780 </td> <th>2,000 </th> <th>50%<sup id="cite_ref-Calvert_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvert-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>4,000<sup id="cite_ref-Tjarks_178-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tjarks-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1790<br />(<a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_de_G%C3%BCemes,_2nd_Count_of_Revillagigedo" title="Juan Vicente de Güemes, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo">Revillagigedo</a> census)<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <th>1,326 </th> <th>41% </th> <th>1,083 </th> <th>32% </th> <th>912 </th> <th>27% </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>2.2% </th> <th>3,169<sup id="cite_ref-Chipman_1992_179-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chipman_1992-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - 3,334 </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1800 </td> <th>4,800<br /> (<a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Elgu%C3%A9zabal" title="Juan Bautista Elguézabal">Juan Bautista Elguézabal</a> census)<sup id="cite_ref-Tjarks_178-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tjarks-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1810 </td> <th>5,000<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>3,334<br /> (Fernando Navarro y Noriega estimation, included in his work <i>Memoria sobre la población de Nueva España</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1821 </td> <th>2,500<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Basanate_2008_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basanate_2008-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>10%<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>1830 </td> <th>3,000<sup id="cite_ref-Coulson,_Joyce_2003_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulson,_Joyce_2003-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission-Concepcion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mission-Concepcion.jpg/220px-Mission-Concepcion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mission-Concepcion.jpg/330px-Mission-Concepcion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mission-Concepcion.jpg/440px-Mission-Concepcion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mission_Concepcion" title="Mission Concepcion">Mission Concepción</a> is one of the San Antonio missions which is part of a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish control of Texas was followed by Mexican control of Texas, and it can be difficult to separate the Spanish and Mexican influences on the future state. The most obvious legacy is that of the language;<sup id="cite_ref-chipman242_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman242-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the state's name comes from the Spanish rendering of an Indian word.<sup id="cite_ref-maxwell61_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxwell61-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every major river in modern Texas, except the Red River, has a Spanish or Anglicized name, as do 42 of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">state's 254 counties</a> and numerous towns also bear Spanish names.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman242_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman242-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even many of the words that have been incorporated into American English, such as barbecue, canyon, ranch, and plaza, come from Spanish words.<sup id="cite_ref-maxwell61_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxwell61-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional obvious legacy is that of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>. At the end of Spain's reign over Texas, virtually all inhabitants practiced the Catholic Christian religion, and it is still practiced in Texas by a large number of people.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman259_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman259-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish missions built in San Antonio to convert Indians to Catholicism have been restored and are a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman255_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman255-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The landscape of Texas was changed as a result of some Spanish policies. As early as the 1690s, Spaniards brought European livestock, including cattle, horses, and mules, with them on their expeditions throughout the province. Some of the livestock strayed or stayed behind when the Spanish retreated from the territory in 1693, allowing the Indian tribes to begin loosely managing herds of the animals.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman246_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman246-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These herds grazed heavily on the native grasses, allowing <a href="/wiki/Mesquite" title="Mesquite">mesquite</a>, which was native to the lower Texas coast, to spread inland. Although the introduced livestock were able to adapt to the changing conditions, the buffalo had a more difficult time grazing among the new vegetation, beginning the decline in their numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson130_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson130-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish farmers also introduced tilling and irrigation to the land, further changing the landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman247_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman247-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish architectural concepts were also adopted by those in Texas, including the addition of patios, tile floors and roofs, arched windows and doorways, carved wooden doors, and wrought iron grillwork.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Texas eventually adopted much of the Anglo-American legal system, many Spanish legal practices were retained. Among these was the Spanish model of keeping certain personal property safe from creditors. Texas implemented the first <a href="/wiki/Homestead_exemption" title="Homestead exemption">homestead exemption</a> in the United States in 1839, and its property exemption laws are now the most liberal in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman254_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman254-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Spanish law maintained that both husband and wife should share equally in the profits of marriage, and, like many other former Spanish provinces, Texas retained the idea of <a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">community property</a> rather than use the Anglo laws in which all property belonged to the husband.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman253_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman253-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Spanish law allowed an independent executor to be named in probate cases who is not required to gain court permission for each act not explicitly listed in the testament. Texas retained this idea, and it has eventually spread to other states, included <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman253_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman253-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other legal matters, Texas kept the Spanish principle of adoption, becoming the first U.S. state to allow adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman252_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman252-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Texas" title="Category:Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Texas" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Texas">Pre-statehood history of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Governors_and_Presidents#Spanish_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Texas Governors and Presidents">List of colonial and Mexican governors of Texas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-edmondson6-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edmondson6_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmondson6_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmondson (2000), p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edmonson10-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edmonson10_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmonson10_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmondson (2000), p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tshaonline.org-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tshaonline.org_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Handbook of Texas Online", Robert S. Weddle, "Carvajal Y De La Cueva, Luis De," accessed 13 August 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcadn">http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcadn</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ewers-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ewers_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEwers1973" class="citation journal cs1">Ewers, John C. (May 1973). "The Influence of Epidemics on the Indian Populations and Cultures of Texas". <i>Plains Anthropologist</i>. <b>18</b> (60): 108–109. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23667140">23667140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plains+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Epidemics+on+the+Indian+Populations+and+Cultures+of+Texas&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=60&rft.pages=108-109&rft.date=1973-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23667140%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ewers&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber149-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber149_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman83-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman83_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber153-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber153_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman87-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman87_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman87_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman88-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman88_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman88_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber162-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber162_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber162_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman18-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman18_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman89-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman89_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman89_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman89_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber154-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber154_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber154_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber154_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman97-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman97_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman98-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman98_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber155-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber155_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber155_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber158-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber158_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber158_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman107-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman107_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman107_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman110-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman110_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman110_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edmondson8and9-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edmondson8and9_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmondson (2000), pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber160-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber160_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber160_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber160_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber160_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber160_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman111-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman111_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman111_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman112-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman112_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman112_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman113-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman113_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman113_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman113_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman115-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman115_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Teja2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">de la Teja, Jesús F. (June 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/usn01">"New Philippines"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online</i>. Texas State Historical Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Philippines&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=de+la+Teja&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fusn01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber163-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber163_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber163_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman117-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman117_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman118-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman118_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber167-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber167_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber167_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber167_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman120-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman120_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman121-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman121_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber168-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber168_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber168_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman126-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman126_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman126_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman126_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman128-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman128_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman129-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman129_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber187-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber187_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman130-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman130_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman131-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman131_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber192-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber192_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber192_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman135-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman135_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber193-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber193_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1993), p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman136-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman136_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman137-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman137_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman139-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman139_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman139_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman140-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman140_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman145-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman145_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman145_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman164-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman164_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), pp. 165, 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman168-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman168_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber195-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber195_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber194-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber194_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman187-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman187_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman187_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman188-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman188_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman173-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman173_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman181-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman181_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman184-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman184_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle79-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weddle79_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle80-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weddle80_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber222-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber222_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber222_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber222_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman186-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman186_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle86-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weddle86_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), pp. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle88-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weddle88_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle88_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber188-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber188_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber188_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber188_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber188_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), pp. 127, 188, 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman133-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman133_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson111-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson111_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1999), p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson113-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson113_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1999), p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman150-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman150_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson120-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson120_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1999), p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), pp. 158, 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber189-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber189_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber189_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber189_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber189_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson124-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson124_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1999), p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson125-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson125_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1999), p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson126-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson126_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1999), p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHämäläinen2008" class="citation book cs1">Hämäläinen, Pekka (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jd4Km3Y8oAwC&pg=PA2"><i>The Comanche Empire</i></a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15117-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15117-6"><bdi>978-0-300-15117-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comanche+Empire&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15117-6&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJd4Km3Y8oAwC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHämäläinen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hämäläinen, Pekka (Winter 1998). "The Western Comanche Trade Center: Rethinking the Plains Indian Trade System". <i>Western Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 485–513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F970405">10.2307/970405</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/970405">970405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Western+Comanche+Trade+Center%3A+Rethinking+the+Plains+Indian+Trade+System&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=485-513&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F970405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F970405%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson139-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anderson139_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anderson139_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1999), p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman198-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman198_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman199-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman199_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), pp. 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle164-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weddle164_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle164_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle164_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle167-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weddle167_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle167_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman200-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman200_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson140-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson140_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1999), p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson141-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson141_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson(1999), p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman193-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman193_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman192-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman192_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman192_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thonhoff (2000), p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), pp. 137, 150, 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle155-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weddle155_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle155_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman202-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman202_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman196-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman196_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman196_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1998" class="citation cs2">Lewis, James E. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpHdBwAAQBAJ"><i>The American Union and the Problem of Neighborhood: The United States and the Collapse of the Spanish Empire, 1783–1829</i></a>, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, p. 14, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2429-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2429-1"><bdi>0-8078-2429-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Union+and+the+Problem+of+Neighborhood%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Collapse+of+the+Spanish+Empire%2C+1783%26ndash%3B1829&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8078-2429-1&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpHdBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1998">Lewis (1998)</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1998">Lewis (1998)</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber296-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber296_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber296_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman213-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman213_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-owsley34-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-owsley34_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwsleySmith1997" class="citation cs2">Owsley, Frank Lawrence Jr.; Smith, Gene A. (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykoCBAAAQBAJ"><i>Filibusters and Expansionists: Jeffersonian Manifest Destiny, 1800–1821</i></a>, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, p. 34, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-0880-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-0880-6"><bdi>0-8173-0880-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filibusters+and+Expansionists%3A+Jeffersonian+Manifest+Destiny%2C+1800%26ndash%3B1821&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8173-0880-6&rft.aulast=Owsley&rft.aufirst=Frank+Lawrence+Jr.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Gene+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DykoCBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1999), p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson253-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anderson253_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anderson253_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anderson253_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anderson253_141-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1999), p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman205-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman205_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman2056-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman2056_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman206-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman206_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman206_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman207-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman207_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman209-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman209_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber291-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber291_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber291_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber295-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber295_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber295_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman223-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman223_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley1997">Owsley (1997)</a>, p. 36<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFOwsley1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman224-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman224_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley1997">Owsley (1997)</a>, p. 38<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFOwsley1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman226-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman226_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman226_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoig1998" class="citation cs2">Hoig, Stan (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnjM1D2GEZwC&pg=PA70"><i>Beyond the Frontier: Exploring the Indian Country</i></a>, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 70, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3046-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3046-6"><bdi>0-8061-3046-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Frontier%3A+Exploring+the+Indian+Country&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8061-3046-6&rft.aulast=Hoig&rft.aufirst=Stan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUnjM1D2GEZwC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber297-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber297_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1998">Lewis (1998)</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley1997">Owsley (1997)</a>, p. 40<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFOwsley1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley1997">Owsley (1997)</a>, p. 41<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFOwsley1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1998">Lewis (1998)</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1998">Lewis (1998)</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber299-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber299_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber299_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber299_166-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber299_166-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber299_166-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman236-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman236_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley1997">Owsley (1997)</a>, p. 58<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFOwsley1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson254-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson254_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1999), p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman238-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman238_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman239-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman239_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1998">Lewis (1998)</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1998">Lewis (1998)</a>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber300-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber300_174-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber300_174-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber300_174-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1998">Lewis (1998)</a>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coulson,_Joyce_2003-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coulson,_Joyce_2003_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulson,_Joyce_2003_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_P._CoulsonLinda_Joyce2003" class="citation web cs1">David P. Coulson; Linda Joyce (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bivir.uacj.mx/Reserva/Documentos/rva2005128.pdf">"United States state-level population estimates: Colonization to 1999"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USDA. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+state-level+population+estimates%3A+Colonization+to+1999&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=USDA&rft.date=2003-08&rft.au=David+P.+Coulson&rft.au=Linda+Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbivir.uacj.mx%2FReserva%2FDocumentos%2Frva2005128.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber, David J. (1993), The Spanish Frontier in North America, Yale Western Americana Series, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-05198-0</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tjarks-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tjarks_178-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tjarks_178-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tjarks_178-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tjarks_178-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlicia_Vidaurreta_Tjarks" class="citation web cs1">Alicia Vidaurreta Tjarks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bivir.uacj.mx/Reserva/Documentos/rva2005128.pdf">"Comparative Demographic Analysis of Texas, 1777-1793*"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparative+Demographic+Analysis+of+Texas%2C+1777-1793%2A&rft.pages=8&rft.au=Alicia+Vidaurreta+Tjarks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbivir.uacj.mx%2FReserva%2FDocumentos%2Frva2005128.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chipman_1992-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chipman_1992_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chipman_1992_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chipman_1992_179-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chipman_1992_179-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), pp. 205–206, 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calvert-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Calvert_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvertLeónCantrell2014" class="citation book cs1">Calvert, Robert A.; León, Arnoldo De; Cantrell, Gregg (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgbQngEACAAJ"><i>The History of Texas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-61772-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-61772-4"><bdi>978-1-118-61772-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Texas&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-61772-4&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Le%C3%B3n%2C+Arnoldo+De&rft.au=Cantrell%2C+Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgbQngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102407/http://vsalgs.org/stnemgenealogy/nwspstat.html">"New Spain (Mexico), 1790 Statistics Charts"</a>. 24 December 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Spain+%28Mexico%29%2C+1790+Statistics+Charts&rft.date=2013-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvsalgs.org%2Fstnemgenealogy%2Fnwspstat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMario_Ojeda,_Mario_Ojeda_Gómez1982" class="citation book cs1">Mario Ojeda, Mario Ojeda Gómez (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S29gAAAAMAAJ"><i>Administración del desarrollo de la frontera norte</i></a>. Colegio de México. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-12-0191-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-12-0191-3"><bdi>978-968-12-0191-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administraci%C3%B3n+del+desarrollo+de+la+frontera+norte&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Colegio+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-968-12-0191-3&rft.au=Mario+Ojeda%2C+Mario+Ojeda+G%C3%B3mez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS29gAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span> Published on Elena Gallego. Rare Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008201408/https://elenagallegorarebooks.com/texas-is-given-a-population-of-3334/">"Texas is given a population of 3,334"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elenagallegorarebooks.com/texas-is-given-a-population-of-3334/">the original</a> on 2021-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+is+given+a+population+of+3%2C334&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felenagallegorarebooks.com%2Ftexas-is-given-a-population-of-3334%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basanate_2008-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Basanate_2008_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcela_Terrazas_y_Basanate2008" class="citation journal cs1">Marcela Terrazas y Basanate (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1870-57662008000200008">"Las fronteras septentrionales de México ante el avance norteamericano, 1700-1846"</a>. <i>Península</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 149–162<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pen%C3%ADnsula&rft.atitle=Las+fronteras+septentrionales+de+M%C3%A9xico+ante+el+avance+norteamericano%2C+1700-1846&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-162&rft.date=2008-01&rft.au=Marcela+Terrazas+y+Basanate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.mx%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS1870-57662008000200008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span> Península vol.3 no.2 Mérida January 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnrique_Rajchenberg_S.Catherine_Héau-Lambert" class="citation web cs1">Enrique Rajchenberg S.; Catherine Héau-Lambert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5026821.pdf">"El desierto como representación del territorio septentrional de México"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+desierto+como+representaci%C3%B3n+del+territorio+septentrional+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=7&rft.au=Enrique+Rajchenberg+S.&rft.au=Catherine+H%C3%A9au-Lambert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fdescarga%2Farticulo%2F5026821.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman242-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman242_187-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman242_187-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxwell61-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxwell61_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxwell61_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell1998" class="citation cs2">Maxwell, Margaret Muenker (1998), <i>Let's Visit Texas Missions</i>, Austin: Eakin Press, p. 61, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57168-197-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57168-197-3"><bdi>1-57168-197-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Visit+Texas+Missions&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Eakin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-57168-197-3&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Muenker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman259-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman259_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman255-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman255_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman246-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman246_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson130-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson130_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1999), p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman247-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman247_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaxwell1998">Maxwell (1998)</a>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman254-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman254_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman253-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman253_196-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman253_196-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman252-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman252_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 252.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaniard <a href="/wiki/Cabeza_de_Vaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabeza de Vaca">Cabeza de Vaca</a> and three companions wandered lost along the Texas Gulf Coast and the Rio Grande between 1528 and 1535 trying to find their way back to a Spanish settlement after they survived the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition" title="Narváez expedition">Narváez expedition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. De Vaca made the first contact with Indians in Texas in November 1528. Chipman (1992), p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> caused a loss of population throughout the country, including Texas. On the other hand, Spanish Texas consisted of East Texas and the part of Louisiana bordering Texas, where Los Adaes was located. West Texas belonged to Santa Fe de New Mexico, which included El Paso. In 1821, El Paso and the surrounding area had 8,000 Hispanics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="the number in the table is cited, it this note covered by same cite? (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1999" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Gary Clayton (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KS904za-g8C"><i>The Indian Southwest, 1580–1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention</i></a>, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3111-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3111-X"><bdi>0-8061-3111-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Southwest%2C+1580%26ndash%3B1830%3A+Ethnogenesis+and+Reinvention&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8061-3111-X&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gary+Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1KS904za-g8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChipman2010" class="citation cs2">Chipman, Donald E. (2010) [1992], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzAB5n6p5UQC"><i>Spanish Texas, 1519–1821</i></a> (revised ed.), Austin: University of Texas Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77659-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77659-3"><bdi>978-0-292-77659-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Texas%2C+1519%26ndash%3B1821&rft.place=Austin&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77659-3&rft.aulast=Chipman&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzAB5n6p5UQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondson2000" class="citation cs2">Edmondson, J. R. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nb46Ye6Nb8MC"><i>The Alamo Story: From History to Current Conflicts</i></a>, Plano: Republic of Texas Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55622-678-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55622-678-0"><bdi>1-55622-678-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alamo+Story%3A+From+History+to+Current+Conflicts&rft.place=Plano&rft.pub=Republic+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55622-678-0&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnb46Ye6Nb8MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThonhoff2000" class="citation cs2">Thonhoff, Robert H. (2000), <i>The Texas Connection With The American Revolution</i>, Austin: Eakin Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57168-418-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57168-418-2"><bdi>1-57168-418-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Texas+Connection+With+The+American+Revolution&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=Eakin+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57168-418-2&rft.aulast=Thonhoff&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Weber" title="David J. Weber">Weber, David J.</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUCmD15yEAYC"><i>The Spanish Frontier in North America</i></a>, Yale Western Americana Series, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05198-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05198-0"><bdi>0-300-05198-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Frontier+in+North+America&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=Yale+Western+Americana+Series&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-300-05198-0&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUCmD15yEAYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeddle1995" class="citation cs2">Weddle, Robert S. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luH4W_mOz4sC"><i>Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763–1803</i></a>, Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students Number 58, College Station: Texas A&M University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-661-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-661-3"><bdi>0-89096-661-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Tides%3A+Twilight+and+Dawn+in+the+Spanish+Sea%2C+1763%26ndash%3B1803&rft.place=College+Station&rft.series=Centennial+Series+of+the+Association+of+Former+Students+Number+58&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-89096-661-3&rft.aulast=Weddle&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluH4W_mOz4sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChipmanJoseph1999" class="citation book cs1">Chipman, Donald E.; Joseph, Harriett Denise (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77AeAgAAQBAJ"><i>Notable Men and Women of Spanish Texas</i></a>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79316-3"><bdi>978-0-292-79316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notable+Men+and+Women+of+Spanish+Texas&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-292-79316-3&rft.aulast=Chipman&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Harriett+Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77AeAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez_de_Vara2020" class="citation book cs1">Martinez de Vara, Art (2020). <i>Tejano Patriot: The Revolutionary Life of Jose Francisco Ruiz, 1783 - 1840</i>. <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association" title="Texas State Historical Association">Texas State Historical Association</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62511-058-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62511-058-9"><bdi>978-1-62511-058-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tejano+Patriot%3A+The+Revolutionary+Life+of+Jose+Francisco+Ruiz%2C+1783+-+1840&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-62511-058-9&rft.aulast=Martinez+de+Vara&rft.aufirst=Art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Texas" title="Template:Spanish Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Texas" title="Template talk:Spanish Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early Texas Settlements</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Adaes" title="Los Adaes">Los Adaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copano,_Texas" title="Copano, Texas">El Cópano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliad,_Texas" title="Goliad, Texas">La Bahía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas" title="Nacogdoches, Texas">Nacogdoches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Texas" title="Liberty, Texas">Atascosito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ysleta,_El_Paso,_Texas" title="Ysleta, El Paso, Texas">Ysleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio,_Texas" title="Presidio, Texas">Presidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallisville,_Texas" title="Wallisville, Texas">Orcoquisac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Spanish missions in Texas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Dolores_State_Historic_Site" title="Mission Dolores State Historic Site">Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Francisco_de_la_Espada" title="Mission San Francisco de la Espada">Mission San Francisco de la Espada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano_(Texas)" title="Mission San Juan Capistrano (Texas)">Mission San Juan Capistrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Concepci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Concepción">Mission Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamo_Mission_in_San_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamo Mission in San Antonio">Alamo Mission in San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Jos%C3%A9_(Texas)" title="Mission San José (Texas)">Mission San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Esp%C3%ADritu_Santo_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga">Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Cruz_de_San_Sab%C3%A1" title="Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá">Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_forts_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish forts of Texas">Spanish forts of Texas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_La_Bah%C3%ADa" title="Presidio La Bahía">Presidio La Bahía del Espíritu Santo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas" title="Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas">Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Sab%C3%A1" title="Presidio of San Sabá">Presidio of San Sabá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_San_Antonio_de_Bexar" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio San Antonio de Bexar">Presidio de San Antonio de Béjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_las_Casas" title="Juan Bautista de las Casas">Juan Bautista de las Casas Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guti%C3%A9rrez%E2%80%93Magee_Expedition" title="Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition">Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Expedition" title="Long Expedition">James Long Expedition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Empresario" title="Empresario">Empresarios</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Austin" title="Moses Austin">Moses Austin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs and Viceroys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">Monarchs and Viceroys of Spanish Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Governors_and_Presidents#Spanish_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Texas Governors and Presidents">Jefe Político of Spanish Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipal government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alguacil" title="Alguacil">Alguacil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADndico_Procurador" title="Síndico Procurador">Síndico Procurador</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:sky blue"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A0522D; color:white;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_attempt_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan" title="Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Muisca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartedAmerique.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Antique map of the Americas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/135px-CartedAmerique.jpeg" decoding="async" width="135" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/203px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/270px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A0522D; color:white;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Belalcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_Cueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Carvajal y Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Portocarrero_(conquistador)" title="Pedro de Portocarrero (conquistador)">Pedro de Portocarrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nikolaus Federmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_de_Su%C3%A1rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Inés de Suárez">Inés de Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Candia" title="Pedro de Candia">Pedro de Candia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pardo_(explorer)" title="Juan Pardo (explorer)">Juan Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A0522D; color:white;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Texas&#124;link=Texas_History_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Texas_History_Navbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Texas History Navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Texas_History_Navbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Texas History Navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas_History_Navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas History Navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Texas&#124;link=Texas_History_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas"><img alt="Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/24px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/36px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History of Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">French Texas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Civil War era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas_(1865%E2%80%931899)" title="History of Texas (1865–1899)">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">State of Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_border_disputes" title="Rio Grande border disputes">Border disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas_forests" title="History of Texas forests">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian_wars" title="Texas–Indian wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Texas" title="History of the Jews in Texas">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Oil boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Texas" title="History of slavery in Texas">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Texas_Ranger_Division" title="History of the Texas Ranger Division">Texas Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vice_in_Texas" title="History of vice in Texas">Vice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_Texas" title="Category:Histories of cities in Texas">city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas#History" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austin,_Texas" title="History of Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas#History" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="History of Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dallas" title="History of Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Paso,_Texas" title="History of El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="History of Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Galveston,_Texas" title="History of Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Houston" title="History of Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas#History" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Antonio" title="History of San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Timelines_of_cities_in_Texas" title="Category:Timelines of cities in Texas">Timelines of cities in Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government agency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas">Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Congress of the Republic of Texas">Congress of the Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas">Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Historical_Commission" title="Texas Historical Commission">Texas Historical Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Texas" title="List of years in Texas">Years in Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_contemporary_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_United_States" title="Template:Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_contemporary_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states" title="List of historical unrecognized states">unrecognized states</a> within the contemporary <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Kingdoms and Provinces of New Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a>, 1565–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1598–1821</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tejas</a>, 1690–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a>, 1776–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">Florida Oriental</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Florida Occidental</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a>, 1769–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1804–1821</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watauga_Association" title="Watauga Association">Republic of Watauga</a> (1772–1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a> (1775–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">United States of America</a> (1776–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont Republic</a> (1777–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a> (1784–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Oconee_Republic" title="Trans-Oconee Republic">Trans-Oconee Republic</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a> (1795–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Muskogee" title="State of Muskogee">State of Muskogee</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_West_Florida" title="Republic of West Florida">Republic of West Florida</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_East_Florida" title="Republic of East Florida">Republic of East Florida</a> (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guti%C3%A9rrez%E2%80%93Magee_Expedition" title="Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition">First Republic of Texas</a> (1812–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Floridas" title="Republic of the Floridas">Republic of the Floridas</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Expedition" title="Long Expedition">Second Republic of Texas</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Mexico" title="Provisional Government of Mexico">Provisional Government of Mexico</a> (1823–1824) <ul><li>1835–1846; <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a>, 1821–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1821–1836</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1821–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_de_Occidente" title="Estado de Occidente">Sonora y Sinaloa</a>, 1824–1830</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</a>, 1824–1835</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, 1836–1846</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredonian_Rebellion" title="Fredonian Rebellion">Republic of Fredonia</a> (1826–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Madawaska" title="Republic of Madawaska">Republic of Madawaska</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Indian_Stream" title="Republic of Indian Stream">Republic of Indian Stream</a> (1832–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (1834–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> (1836–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande" title="Republic of the Rio Grande">Republic of the Rio Grande</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Oregon" title="Provisional Government of Oregon">Provisional Government of Oregon</a> (1841–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republic" title="California Republic">California Republic</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_and_Ready,_California" title="Rough and Ready, California">The Great Republic of Rough and Ready</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)">The Kingdom of Beaver Island</a> (1850–1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> <ul><li>1861–1865; <a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_West_Virginia" title="Confederate government of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_County,_Mississippi" title="Jones County, Mississippi">Free State of Jones</a> (1863–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional Government of Hawaii</a> (1893–1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1894–1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-text-bottom noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/24px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/32px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Territories of the United States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thirteen_Colonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template talk:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thirteen_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Colonies" title="Chesapeake Colonies">Chesapeake Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_colonies" title="Tobacco colonies">Tobacco Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> (1607–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> (1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> (1632–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (1664–1673; 1702–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1681–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a> (1691–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> (1732–1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Other British colonial entities in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke</a> (1585–1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popham_Colony" title="Popham Colony">Popham</a> (1607–1608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> (1607–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hundred" title="Berkeley Hundred">Berkeley Hundred</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> (1620–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maine" title="Province of Maine">Maine</a> (1622–1658)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a> (1625–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolana" title="Carolana">Carolana</a> (1629–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> (1629–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> (1635–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> (1638–1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a> (1643–1654; 1675–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> (1663–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> (1670–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (1670–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> (1686–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(Maine)" title="New Ireland (Maine)">New Ireland</a> (1779–1783; 1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a> (1810–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> (1811–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen Territories</a> (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a> (1863–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island</a> (1866–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">Province of British Columbia</a> (1871–1903)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian Viceroyalty</a> (1492–1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> <ul><li>1521–1821; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, 1565–1763</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a>, 1565–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>, 1565–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Captaincy General of Puerto Rico</a>, 1580–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1598–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a>, 1607–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Spanish Saint Croix</a>, 1650–1651</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Texas</a>, 1690–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, 1767–1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>, 1769–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a>, 1776–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">Spanish East Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Spanish West Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1804–1821</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> <ul><li>1534–1763; <a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a>, 1562–1565</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller Saint Croix</a>, 1651–1665</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies#Former_French_West_Indian_islands" title="French West Indies">French Saint Croix</a>, 1665–1733</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> (1614–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Dutch Virgin Islands</a> (1625–1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> (1638–1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a> (1672–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">Brandenburger Saint Thomas</a> (1685–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Krabbeninsel</a> (1689–1693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Scottish Darien Company</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> (1799–1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Related Documents</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_Concerning_Western_Planting" title="Discourse Concerning Western Planting">Discourse Concerning Western Planting</a> <small>(1584)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a> <small>(1620)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a> <small>(1622)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Plymouth_Plantation" title="Of Plymouth Plantation">Of Plymouth Plantation</a> <small>(1630–1651)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut" title="Fundamental Orders of Connecticut">Fundamental Orders of Connecticut</a> <small>(1638)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintipartite_Deed" title="Quintipartite Deed">Quintipartite Deed</a> <small>(1676)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Category:Thirteen Colonies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&oldid=1257617025">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&oldid=1257617025</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Texas" title="Category:Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Spain" title="Category:New Spain">New Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colonial_Mexico" title="Category:Colonial Mexico">Colonial Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colonial_United_States_(Spanish)" title="Category:Colonial United States (Spanish)">Colonial United States (Spanish)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Texas" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Texas">Pre-statehood history of Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1690s_in_Texas" title="Category:1690s in Texas">1690s in Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th_century_in_Texas" title="Category:18th century in Texas">18th century in Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1800s_in_Texas" title="Category:1800s in Texas">1800s in Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1810s_in_Texas" title="Category:1810s in Texas">1810s in Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1690" title="Category:States and territories established in 1690">States and territories established in 1690</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1821" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1821">States and territories disestablished in 1821</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1690_establishments_in_Texas" title="Category:1690 establishments in Texas">1690 establishments in Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1690_establishments_in_New_Spain" title="Category:1690 establishments in New Spain">1690 establishments in New Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1821_disestablishments_in_New_Spain" title="Category:1821 disestablishments in New Spain">1821 disestablishments in New Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_disestablishments_in_Texas" title="Category:19th-century disestablishments in Texas">19th-century disestablishments in Texas</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_September_2022" title="Category:Use American English from September 2022">Use American English from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 21:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Texas&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-llkmx","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.233","walltime":"1.457","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7185,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":322500,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4377,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":232154,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1068.949 1 -total"," 33.31% 356.068 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.56% 123.620 1 Template:Texas_History"," 11.20% 119.741 1 Template:Sidebar"," 10.70% 114.353 19 Template:Navbox"," 10.43% 111.481 3 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.20% 76.939 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.69% 60.863 14 Template:Harvp"," 5.23% 55.931 1 Template:Spanish_Empire"," 5.11% 54.615 10 Template:Citation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.540","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10914804,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlicia_Vidaurreta_Tjarks\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvertLeónCantrell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChipman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChipmanJoseph1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_P._CoulsonLinda_Joyce2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmondson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnrique_Rajchenberg_S.Catherine_Héau-Lambert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwers1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoig1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHämäläinen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHämäläinen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcela_Terrazas_y_Basanate2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMario_Ojeda,_Mario_Ojeda_Gómez1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinez_de_Vara2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxwell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwsleySmith1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThonhoff2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeddle1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Teja2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"C\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 10,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 14,\n [\"History of Spain\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Seealso\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spanish Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"Spanish Texas\"] = 1,\n [\"Spanish colonization of the Americas\"] = 1,\n [\"Texas History\"] = 1,\n [\"Texas History Navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Thirteen Colonies\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6fdd9f9b88-8sh5s","timestamp":"20241130005240","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Spanish Texas","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_Texas","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2505587","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2505587","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-15T11:24:19Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T21:32:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ef\/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg","headline":"Province of New Spain"}</script> </body> </html>