CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"3132ed34d6",applicationID:"70694961"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <title>Concentrated Health Systems · Experiential Education · UCSF School of Pharmacy</title> <link rel="profile" href="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?v=20161201"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png?v=20161201"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?v=20161201"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?v=20161201"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?v=20161201"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?v=20161201"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?v=20161201"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?v=20161201"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?v=20161201"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=20161201" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/favicon-194x194.png?v=20161201" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/android-chrome-192x192.png?v=20161201" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=20161201" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/manifest.json?v=20161201"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=20161201" color="#90bd31"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/favicon.ico?v=20161201"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="School of Pharmacy"> <meta name="application-name" content="School of Pharmacy"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/mstile-144x144.png?v=20161201"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/browserconfig.xml?v=20161201"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />  <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/files/advagg_css/css__HebrV4tFwxDZ1b9vhlacTqYgPxRuqCiiFvldzHKwPeE__t3zJPsLiSRDTfkC9ANb8bQboZgPpLWMNlpYK3hKEyXA__4ZDS9Hjb2g1wcZ1YiOr1dgMtxsu_rgENwwDfaK8O-58.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/files/advagg_css/css__ePlcdKGGVug03GrMIaGNP4oxfY9eE0ohwvae21x89JE__yb8f5ibrLwhnMOcYJMtVK6JLq2YYW_olFqfW4_t8oQY__4ZDS9Hjb2g1wcZ1YiOr1dgMtxsu_rgENwwDfaK8O-58.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/files/advagg_css/css__mQ6VuIrKQsACMPr_H1zG61XI3eYzvfbAdv5ltKxQ4iM__tm8mqnI9eOCHrWg5kP1oFyIIrFa53r8aFxlnedsul2c__4ZDS9Hjb2g1wcZ1YiOr1dgMtxsu_rgENwwDfaK8O-58.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/files/advagg_css/css__WYtrqprX8RlxME-RSsFudXN9dh9mQvxGZaIEs3Tlass__mtKFcj9_WweGdHo7moEGnLICuxddj67k2u0u7q_2dXA__4ZDS9Hjb2g1wcZ1YiOr1dgMtxsu_rgENwwDfaK8O-58.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/files/advagg_css/css__7MBzlavTXw9bK-VcVWe3kKPpbgYCuBp697LfdBdjM9M__0nZ1EFoBABLFncJUdsqwqY5u4eZe-m3d6Yu0xHieXuA__4ZDS9Hjb2g1wcZ1YiOr1dgMtxsu_rgENwwDfaK8O-58.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/files/advagg_css/css__GejyFYl8Cav9hr_6xb7fRy_UHZGPzk6wB89k1_sqFBs__y0cwlzggi0PIFN-TG0T3270FOcNcc8s0mP6tQ2nrMOY__4ZDS9Hjb2g1wcZ1YiOr1dgMtxsu_rgENwwDfaK8O-58.css" media="print" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/files/advagg_js/js__sv0qJEwYKcdDZaLfAado8I_CZtYokB3a9Ol5f6MAvqQ__egqos2Xr6oV3eE1YjJJ4ng1v_S46LTKKzqz4OLJeWbA__4ZDS9Hjb2g1wcZ1YiOr1dgMtxsu_rgENwwDfaK8O-58.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/files/advagg_js/js__vqZqTxUxqDoVSZOh60EjSleoZgwIzSlhamQKjS1JngU__S91yqV9ubUDMxzCK2GLBYdp1SFL3v48MFVTVZ3OSXjc__4ZDS9Hjb2g1wcZ1YiOr1dgMtxsu_rgENwwDfaK8O-58.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/files/advagg_js/js__amTzwSyV8dWeCbN6RoPqoOb0PrV5uJFqI1SSbtVMQ6A__jKglgd5zzHlFvXqBNCGOh22PkTSyPsrUAqv0HTAH748__4ZDS9Hjb2g1wcZ1YiOr1dgMtxsu_rgENwwDfaK8O-58.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/files/advagg_js/js__KaZp60twaRFpB7IdN57N22C_sjMQDY1aEnvERtknlIg__qxx0tZ2oz4MKEStUB_CPRHqSQzyJ0TJSjo-52r5f8jw__4ZDS9Hjb2g1wcZ1YiOr1dgMtxsu_rgENwwDfaK8O-58.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async="async" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-42935348-1"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://use.fontawesome.com/90945e9ffc.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/files/advagg_js/js__NzZX7hItE0HtRY4pq-aRuhUI0kWqT49hw0Z4EZQmEJs__DBqg5aEXrKf2kpa8VYYLkie1vQe-4Ggfu_Ik4cZo0dM__4ZDS9Hjb2g1wcZ1YiOr1dgMtxsu_rgENwwDfaK8O-58.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script>  <meta name="pageID" content="6936"/><meta name="description" content="The hospital pharmacy practice IPPE is a two-week experience designed to introduce student pharmacists to various activities in the health-system pharmacy environment. During this experience, students will be involved in general pharmacy" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/experiential/ippe/chs" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Experiential Education" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/experiential/ippe/chs" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Concentrated Health Systems · Experiential Education" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The hospital pharmacy practice IPPE is a two-week experience designed to introduce student pharmacists to various activities in the health-system pharmacy environment. During this experience, students will be involved in general pharmacy" /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2021-07-15T11:12:53-07:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/experiential/ippe/chs" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Concentrated Health Systems · Experiential Education" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The hospital pharmacy practice IPPE is a two-week experience designed to introduce student pharmacists to various activities in the health-system pharmacy environment. During this experience, students will be involved in general pharmacy" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-first page-node page-node- page-node-6936 node-type-page domain-experiential node-published" >  <div class="skip tocontent"> <a href="#content">Skip to content</a> </div> <nav class="topbar" role="navigation" aria-label="University main menu"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/">University of California San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="https://pharmacy.ucsf.edu">UCSF School of Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ucsfhealth.org/">UCSF Health</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="logo-for-print-only"> <img src="/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/themes/pharmacyoa/images/ucsf-dark-blue.svg" alt="UCSF"> </div> <div id="page" class="page theme-pharmacymicrosite is-domain-experiential is-microsite-secondary is-sop is-pharm page-type-11"> <div id="header" class="clearfix" role="banner"> <div id="menu-and-search-mobile"> <div id="search-mobile-controller" tabindex="0">Search</div> <div id="menu-mobile-controller"><div id="menu-mobile-controller-inner"><a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/">UCSF</a> <span id="menu-mobile-controller-menu-link" class="menu-link" tabindex="0">Menu</span></div></div> </div> <div id="menu-and-search"> <div id="search"> <form role="search" class="search-form" action="/experiential/ippe/chs" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline"> <div class="element-invisible">Search form</div> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search </label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." aria-label="Search site" type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-sSmdpocSQSdWYllDTsEPjU-BsTL0sunvjOry6lTZ5vc" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form" /> </div> </div></form> </div> <div id="navigation" class="menu" role="navigation" aria-label="Site main menu"> <ul class="nice-menu nice-menu-right" id="nice-menu-1"><li class="menu-35281 menu-path-front first odd"><a href="/experiential" tabindex="0">Home</a></li> <li class="menu-35286 menu-path-node-6356 even"><a href="/experiential/overview" tabindex="0">Program Overview</a></li> <li class="menu-35296 menuparent menu-path-node-6381 active-trail odd"><a tabindex="0">IPPE Information</a><ul><li class="menu-35296 menu-path-node-6381 active-trail first odd"><a href="/experiential/ippe" tabindex="0">IPPE Information Overview</a></li> <li class="menu-75191 menu-path-node-6926 even"><a href="/experiential/ippe/community" tabindex="0">Community Pharmacy</a></li> <li class="menu-75201 menu-path-node-6936 active-trail odd"><a href="/experiential/ippe/chs" tabindex="0" class="active">Concentrated Health Systems</a></li> <li class="menu-75196 menu-path-node-6931 even last"><a href="/experiential/ippe/lhs" tabindex="0">Longitudinal Health Systems</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu-35301 menu-path-node-6376 even"><a href="/experiential/appe" tabindex="0">APPE Information</a></li> <li class="menu-171551 menuparent menu-path-node-11301 odd"><a tabindex="0">Preceptor Information</a><ul><li class="menu-171551 menu-path-node-11301 first odd"><a href="/experiential/preceptor" tabindex="0">Preceptor Information Overview</a></li> <li class="menu-153401 menu-path-node-11196 even last"><a href="/experiential/preceptor/wosfaq" tabindex="0">WOS Faculty Appointment Criteria</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu-171686 menu-path-node-11306 even last"><a href="/experiential/contact" tabindex="0">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> <ul class="nice-menu nice-menu-right" id="nice-menu-offsite"><li class="menu-185656 menu-path-spharmucsfedu-current-policies first odd last"><a href="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/current/policies" tabindex="0">Policies and Requirements</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="content" class="lab-title-group"> <div class="lab-title"><a href="/experiential">Experiential Education</a></div> <div class="subtitle"><span>IPPE and APPE resources for the <a href="https://pharmd.ucsf.edu">UCSF PharmD program</a></span></div> </div> </div>  <div id="main" class="clearfix" role="main"> <div> <div id="content-inner" class="inner column center"> <div id="content-header"> <div class="tabs"></div> </div>  <div id="content-area" class="clearfix"> <h1>Concentrated Health Systems</h1> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"> <div class="content"> <div id="node-6936" class="node node-page clearfix" about="/experiential/ippe/chs" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document"> <div class="content"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>The hospital pharmacy practice IPPE is a two-week experience designed to introduce student pharmacists to various activities in the health-system pharmacy environment. During this experience, students will be involved in general pharmacy operations, clinical activities, and special projects related to assigned service areas. The main goal for the student is to contribute authentically to patient care and workflow while achieving the learning goals and objectives outlined in the "Syllabus" section below.</p> <p>This IPPE experience is conducted within an inpatient hospital setting for 8 hours a day, approximately 40 hours per week for a total of 80 hours over 2 weeks. The schedule can include weekdays and weekend days as well as days, evenings, and if appropriate, night shifts.</p> <details><summary>Goals and objectives</summary> <h3>Goals</h3> <p>Through Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences (IPPEs), student pharmacists are expected to master foundational competencies in three domains:</p> <ol> <li>Communication and Professional Behavior</li> <li>The Practice of Pharmacy</li> <li>Public Health.</li> </ol> <p>Competencies from these three domains address basic skills that prepare students for Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPEs).</p> <p>The purpose of this IPPE is to:</p> <ul> <li>Develop foundational knowledge, skills, and attitudes for pharmacy practice in the inpatient pharmacy setting</li> <li>Instill professionalism</li> <li>Expose students to the roles of the pharmacist in the inpatient pharmacy setting</li> <li>Prepare students for APPE rotations.</li> </ul> <h3>Objectives</h3> <ul> <li>Discuss the process to prepare, dispense, and deliver medication orders, including extemporaneous preparations and sterile products, accurately, completely, and efficiently.</li> <li>Demonstrate the ability to interact verbally and in writing with healthcare providers and patients by gathering, organizing, and appropriately recording information and by consulting and counseling competently.</li> <li>Describe the steps that must be taken to ensure departmental compliance with accreditation, legal, regulatory and safety requirements.</li> <li>Interpret patient information according to task at hand and available setting.</li> <li>Research and appropriately utilize resources (e.g., current practice guidelines, literature related to evidence-based medicine and practice, list of available resources for meeting an identified patient or population-based need) to improve an individual patient’s care or the care of patients within the practice setting.</li> <li>Discuss the components of obtaining an accurate medication history or conducting a patient interview.</li> <li>Correctly perform calculations to dispense and/or compound medications.</li> <li>Articulate the pharmacist’s role in medication use oversight (e.g., formulary management, practice guidelines).</li> <li>Articulate the pharmacist’s role in medication safety and quality improvement activities (e.g., adverse drug reaction reporting, medication reconciliation).</li> </ul> <p>Due to the duration of this experience (2 weeks) and the variation in sites utilized for the experience, students may not achieve all goals and objectives during this experience. Preceptors may assign readings, shadow experiences, or discussions with various members of the pharmacy team to expose students to the goals and objectives listed above</p> <h3>Note</h3> <p>For professionalism and attendance policies, refer to <a href="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/current/policies">Policies and Requirements</a>.</p> </details> <details><summary>Student and preceptor expectations</summary> <h3>What is expected from preceptors?</h3> <p>The preceptor’s main role is to act as a resource and point-person for students throughout their experience.</p> <p>The preceptor should:</p> <ul> <li>Set expectations on day one.</li> <li>Orient students to the clinical atmosphere, relevant sources of information, and introduce them to staff & colleagues they may interact with at their practice setting.</li> <li>Refer to the "Concentrated Health Systems Activities" section below for guidance in determining the types of activities in which to participate. These activities will vary based on your practice site and your previously assessed skill level.</li> <li>Discuss your previous pharmacy practice experiences to assess skill level and determine appropriate operations and clinical activities.</li> <li>Provide you with enough guidance, support, and on-going real-time performance-based feedback to be successful.</li> <li>Meet with you often to check-in on goals, expectations, progress, etc.; to provide an opportunity to reflect upon and debrief experiences; to give and receive feedback.</li> </ul> <p>Students should contribute to the workflow of the community pharmacy, but this is also a learning experience. While constant oversight is certainly not required, regular check-ins and on-the-job mentoring are expected.</p> <h3>IPPE first day</h3> <ul> <li>Orient the student to your site</li> <li>Introduce student to staff and colleagues</li> <li>Give the student(s) a tour of the site</li> <li>Review expectations</li> <li>Assess skill level of the student by asking the student about their previous inpatient pharmacy practice experiences</li> </ul> <h3>During the IPPE</h3> <ul> <li>Provide activities for the student as well as allowing them to observe your site. Use the “Possible Activities for Hospital IPPE Student Pharmacists” (see page 3) to guide you in determining the types of activities that are appropriate for the student to participate in. These activities will vary based on your practice site and the previously assessed skill level of the student.</li> <li>Provide on-going feedback to the student to help the student improve their skills</li> <li>Students can participate in various continuous quality improvement projects for the inpatient pharmacy.</li> </ul> <h3>After the IPPE</h3> <p>The preceptor will complete an IPPE Student Evaluation for each student s/he precepts. The evaluation focuses on assessing the professionalism demonstrated by the IPPE student pharmacist.</p> <h3>What is expected of students?</h3> <p>The preceptor understands that students are still developing their knowledge and patient interaction skills. If the preceptor asks a student to complete a task beyond their current abilities, students should feel comfortable asking for guidance and/or additional training.</p> <p>The student is expected to complete all assigned activities with a high level of professionalism and commitment. Professionalism includes dressing appropriately, attendance and punctuality, work ethic, as well as your respect for patient care and the clinical care team. Students may be asked to observe and/or participate in a variety of operational and clinical activities. Students may vary in previous experience within a health system. Thus, a thorough orientation and detailed instructions for specific activities may be required. Examples of potential activities are included in the ”Summer Hospital Operations Activities" section below and include various continuous quality improvement projects.</p> </details> <details><summary>Evaluation</summary> <p>A final summative evaluation will be completed for each student via E*Value. Students may work with multiple pharmacists/preceptors while on rotation. Preceptors will discuss student performance with any other providers students have worked with during the rotation to capture a comprehensive evaluation of student performance.</p> <p>Due to the short duration of this experience (2 weeks), students may not have an opportunity to complete each item in the evaluation tool. In this case, preceptors should mark “Not observed.” Students will not be penalized for items marked not observed on the evaluation tool.</p> <p>The final evaluation should be discussed between the student and preceptor at the practice site towards the end of the experience.</p> </details> <details><summary>Concentrated Health Systems activities</summary> <h3>Shift types</h3> <ul class="columns-3"> <li> <p>Infusion Center</p> </li> <li> <p>Clinical Pediatric Hybrid</p> </li> <li> <p>Operations #1 & #2</p> </li> <li> <p>ICU</p> </li> <li> <p>Orthosurgery</p> </li> <li> <p>Neurosurgery</p> </li> <li> <p>NeuroSpine</p> </li> <li> <p>Infectious Disease</p> </li> <li> <p>Oncology/BMT (12L)</p> </li> <li> <p>IP Diabetes Rotation</p> </li> <li> <p>General Surgery (13L)</p> </li> <li> <p>Emergency Department</p> </li> </ul> <h3>Observe pharmacy workflow in all areas of the inpatient pharmacy & hospital</h3> <ul> <li>Technician activities: unit dose, bar-coding, IV and chemotherapy preparation, medication stocking, inventory</li> <li>Pharmacist activities: order verification/entry, review of medications prepared by technicians, narcotic dispensing, antimicrobial stewardship</li> </ul> <h3>Observe and discuss the medication order review process</h3> <ul> <li>Observe pharmacists assessing medication orders for appropriateness of indication, dose, route of administration, frequency/rate of administration, and directions for use</li> <li>Identify and adjust the dosage of medications based on estimates of renal and/or hepatic function as necessary</li> <li>Observe how pharmacists communicate with other health professionals to clarify, correct, or adjust medication orders and provide supporting evidence/drug information as needed</li> </ul> <h3>Observe and participate in the medication distribution system throughout the institution</h3> <ul> <li>Select the correct product from the pharmacy inventory and properly prepare and label the medication</li> <li>Perform appropriate calculations for the preparation of sterile products and extemporaneously compounded oral/topical formulations</li> <li>Observe aseptic technique for preparation of sterile compounds</li> <li>Perform a unit-dose cart fill and check a unit-dose cart filled by a technician</li> <li>Perform a load, unload, inventory and refill for an automated drug dispensing unit (e.g. Pyxis)</li> </ul> <h3>Participate in direct patient care activities</h3> <ul> <li>Observe and perform medication histories for medication reconciliation</li> <li>Monitor and document patient care activities provided under protocol (e.g., TPN, anticoagulation, IV to PO switches, pain management, pharmacokinetic dosing, etc.)</li> <li>Observe and perform discharge medication counseling</li> </ul> <h3>Participate in quality improvement programs to minimize errors and promote safety in the acute care setting</h3> <ul> <li>Assist in the performance of a medication storage area (e.g., pharmacy, Pyxis unit, nursing unit) inspection to identify and remove outdated or expired medications.</li> <li>Assist in completion of incident reports, medication error reports and adverse drug event reports</li> <li>Perform audits, analyze data and create reports for quality improvement strategies related to medication use</li> </ul> </details> <div class="eyecatching"> <h2>Related Information</h2> <h3>Interested in the UCSF doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) degree program?</h3> <p>Read more about the <a href="https://pharmd.ucsf.edu/curriculum">PharmD curriculum</a></p> <h3>Interested in becoming a preceptor?</h3> <p>Read details about <a href="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/experiential/preceptor">UCSF School of Pharmacy Preceptor Information</a>.</p> </div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="sidebar-first"> <div class="region region-sidebar-first"> <div id="block-domain-menu-block-main-menu" class="block block-domain-menu-block"> <div class="content"> <div class="skip primary"> <a href="#postnav">Skip primary navigation</a> </div> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-main-menu menu-name-4a5712b2d7f101504486f7c65219be94 parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-35281"><a href="/experiential" tabindex="0">Home</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-35286"><a href="/experiential/overview" tabindex="0">Program Overview</a></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-35296"><a href="/experiential/ippe" class="active-trail" tabindex="0">IPPE Information</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-75191"><a href="/experiential/ippe/community" tabindex="0">Community Pharmacy</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-75201"><a href="/experiential/ippe/chs" class="active-trail active" tabindex="0">Concentrated Health Systems</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-75196"><a href="/experiential/ippe/lhs" tabindex="0">Longitudinal Health Systems</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-35301"><a href="/experiential/appe" tabindex="0">APPE Information</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-171551"><a href="/experiential/preceptor" tabindex="0">Preceptor Information</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first last leaf menu-mlid-153401"><a href="/experiential/preceptor/wosfaq" tabindex="0">WOS Faculty Appointment Criteria</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-171686"><a href="/experiential/contact" tabindex="0">Contact Us</a></li> </ul></div> <span id="postnav"></span> </div> </div> <div id="block-domain-menu-block-offsite" class="block block-domain-menu-block"> <div class="content"> <div class="skip offsite"> <a href="#postnavoffsite">Skip offsite navigation</a> </div> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-offsite menu-name-6f1f86b0f197c5fcd790b277b3c60796 parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first last leaf menu-mlid-185656"><a href="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/current/policies" tabindex="0">Policies and Requirements</a></li> </ul></div> <span id="postnavoffsite"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div role="complementary" class="footer-make-a-gift-and-quote"> <div class="footer-make-a-gift"> <a href="https://makeagift.ucsf.edu/site/SPageServer?pagename=A1_API_GeneralGivingForm&Primary=Pharmacy">Make a gift</a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-wrapper-outer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="footer-wrapper-inner"> <div class="footer-site-names-and-disclaimer"> <div id="parent-1-name-wrapper"> <div id="parent-2-name"></div> <div id="parent-1-name"><a href="https://pharmacy.ucsf.edu/">School of Pharmacy</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="footer menu"> <div class="region region-footer"> <div id="block-menu-footer" class="block block-menu"> <h2>Footer Menu</h2> <div class="content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="https://pharmacy.ucsf.edu/suggestions" tabindex="0">Suggestions</a></li> <li class="first leaf"><a href="https://pharmacy.ucsf.edu/support?reporturl=https%3A//pharm.ucsf.edu/experiential/ippe/chs" tabindex="0">Report a problem</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/experiential/./contact" tabindex="0">Contact us</a></li> <li class="first leaf"><a href="https://websites.ucsf.edu/digital-accessibility" tabindex="0">Accessibility</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/website-privacy-policy" tabindex="0">Privacy policy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://websites.ucsf.edu/website-terms-use" tabindex="0">Terms of use</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://websites.ucsf.edu/azlist" tabindex="0">A-Z website list</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/saml_login?destination=experiential/ippe/chs" tabindex="0">Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-social"> <div class="item-list"><ul><li class="first"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ucsfpharmacy" class="facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/ucsfpharmacy" class="youtube">YouTube</a></li> <li class="last"><a href="https://x.com/ucsfpharmacy" class="twitter">X</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="copyright"> © 2002–2024 The Regents of the University of California </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/sites/pharm.ucsf.edu/files/advagg_js/js__GM3GJPR36rRIz0TRkjC5OQwrioSyN9aoYRivDhCO_AM__qAl84FcCv2jyN22yFGS5Oc85cjd9zKX6p_cFNLGhe-M__4ZDS9Hjb2g1wcZ1YiOr1dgMtxsu_rgENwwDfaK8O-58.js" async="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"3132ed34d6","applicationID":"70694961","transactionName":"YFRUNUpZDUdUUEddV1kedwJMUQxaGl1cUF1oQVcGXWcVXVBE","queueTime":11,"applicationTime":299,"atts":"TBNXQwJDHkk=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>