Bai Lowe - TRIAL International

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https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CASES_Man_square-150x150.png 150w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CASES_Man_square-210x210.png 210w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /> </div> <div class="text-header container container-1200 text-xs-center"> <div><span class="live-badge">Case</span> </div> <div> <h1 class="live-title latest-title text-uppercase nospacebelow"> <span class="">Bai Lowe</span> </h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container main-wrapper">  <div class="row content-row"> <div class="col-md-12 text-xs-right social-sharing"> <span class="tri-share-icon"> Share This: <i class="fa fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> <div class="hidden addthis_custom_sharing"></div> </div> <div class="col-md-12 "> <ul class="nav nav-tabs" id="liveTab" role="tablist"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link active" id="live-tab" data-toggle="tab" href="#live" role="tab" aria-controls="live" aria-selected="true">Updates</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" id="context-tab" data-toggle="tab" href="#context" role="tab" aria-controls="context" aria-selected="false">Context</a> </li> </ul> <div class="tab__content" id="liveTabContent"> <div class="tab-pane fade tab__content--live active in" id="live" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="live-tab"> <div class="latest-body"> <section class="c-block-updates"> <div class="c-block-item" id="live-27862"> <div class="update-date"> 30 November 2023 11:23 <div class="c-Share"> <button class="c-Share-social meta__link orange" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#pop-27862"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="14" ><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.73.063c-.178-.149-.444-.018-.444.218v3.062C1.89 4.86.3 11.5.002 13.728c-.018.16.1.272.236.272a.253.253 0 0 0 .181-.084C4.595 9.476 8.806 9.14 9.968 9.14c.209 0 .318.01.318.01v3.375c0 .24.27.369.447.215l7.17-6.228a.287.287 0 0 0-.003-.433L10.73.063Z"/></svg> <span class="sr-only">Partage</span> </button> <div class="c-Share-social-container" id="pop-27862"> <ul class="meta__sub" > <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="tw" data-url="https://trialinternational.org/case-update/historic-conviction-of-ex-member-of-gambian-death-squad-for-crimes-against-humanity/" data-url-params="#live-27862" data-title="Historic conviction in Germany of a former member of a Gambian death squad for crimes against humanity"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__twitter"></span> </span> <span class="sr-only">Twitter</span> </button> </li> <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="fb" data-url="https://trialinternational.org/case-update/historic-conviction-of-ex-member-of-gambian-death-squad-for-crimes-against-humanity/" data-url-params="#live-27862" data-title="Historic conviction in Germany of a former member of a Gambian death squad for crimes against humanity"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__facebook"></span> </span> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </button> </li> <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="copy" data-url-params="#live-27862" data-title="Historic conviction in Germany of a former member of a Gambian death squad for crimes against humanity"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__link"></span> </span> <span class="meta__label-sub"> <span class="js-label-copy">Copier le lien</span> <span class="js-label-copied"></span> </span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="update-titre orange">Historic conviction in Germany of a former member of a Gambian death squad for crimes against humanity </div> <div class="update-content"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Bai-L_Group-Photo-verdict_Celle-1024x768.jpeg" alt="Group photo in front of the Oberlandesgericht in Celle, Germany." class="wp-image-27872" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Bai-L_Group-Photo-verdict_Celle-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Bai-L_Group-Photo-verdict_Celle-300x225.jpeg 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Bai-L_Group-Photo-verdict_Celle-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Bai-L_Group-Photo-verdict_Celle-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Bai-L_Group-Photo-verdict_Celle-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Back row from left to right: Patrick Kroker, lawyer; Omar Nyassi and Baba Hydara, 2 of the plaintiffs. Front row: Nicola Bier, Legal Adviser RSF Germany; Babaka Mputu, Legal Adviser TRIAL International.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bai L., a former member of the paramilitary unit known as the “Junglers”, created by former Gambian President Yahya Jammeh, has been sentenced to life imprisonment by a German court for two murders and an attempted murder constituting crimes against humanity. This is the first trial to be held on the basis of universal jurisdiction for crimes committed during Mr Jammeh’s presidency. The judgment is of major significance, not only for the four plaintiffs in the trial, but also for all the victims and survivors of these crimes.</p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/historic-conviction-in-germany-of-a-former-member-of-a-gambian-death-squad-for-crimes-against-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Read our press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-block-item" id="live-27866"> <div class="update-date"> 28 November 2023 11:37 <div class="c-Share"> <button class="c-Share-social meta__link orange" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#pop-27866"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="14" ><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.73.063c-.178-.149-.444-.018-.444.218v3.062C1.89 4.86.3 11.5.002 13.728c-.018.16.1.272.236.272a.253.253 0 0 0 .181-.084C4.595 9.476 8.806 9.14 9.968 9.14c.209 0 .318.01.318.01v3.375c0 .24.27.369.447.215l7.17-6.228a.287.287 0 0 0-.003-.433L10.73.063Z"/></svg> <span class="sr-only">Partage</span> </button> <div class="c-Share-social-container" id="pop-27866"> <ul class="meta__sub" > <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="tw" data-url="https://trialinternational.org/case-update/questions-and-answers-on-first-german-trial-for-serious-crimes-committed-in-the-gambia/" data-url-params="#live-27866" data-title="Questions and Answers on first German trial for serious crimes committed in The Gambia"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__twitter"></span> </span> <span class="sr-only">Twitter</span> </button> </li> <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="fb" data-url="https://trialinternational.org/case-update/questions-and-answers-on-first-german-trial-for-serious-crimes-committed-in-the-gambia/" data-url-params="#live-27866" data-title="Questions and Answers on first German trial for serious crimes committed in The Gambia"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__facebook"></span> </span> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </button> </li> <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="copy" data-url-params="#live-27866" data-title="Questions and Answers on first German trial for serious crimes committed in The Gambia"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__link"></span> </span> <span class="meta__label-sub"> <span class="js-label-copy">Copier le lien</span> <span class="js-label-copied"></span> </span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="update-titre orange">Questions and Answers on first German trial for serious crimes committed in The Gambia </div> <div class="update-content"> <p>TRIAL International has put together a series of <strong>frequently asked questions</strong> about the case of Bai L., former member of the Gambian paramilitary unit also known as the “Junglers”, created under former dictator Yahya Jammeh. It exists in English, <a href="https://trialinternational.org/fr/latest-post/foire-aux-questions-premier-proces-de-competence-universelle-en-allemagne-pour-crimes-commis-en-gambie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">French</a> and <a href="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/20240228_Celle-QA_DE.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">German</a>.</p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/questions-and-answers-on-on-first-german-trial-for-serious-crimes-committed-in-the-gambia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Read our Q&A</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-block-item" id="live-27867"> <div class="update-date"> 29 January 2023 11:47 <div class="c-Share"> <button class="c-Share-social meta__link orange" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#pop-27867"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="14" ><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.73.063c-.178-.149-.444-.018-.444.218v3.062C1.89 4.86.3 11.5.002 13.728c-.018.16.1.272.236.272a.253.253 0 0 0 .181-.084C4.595 9.476 8.806 9.14 9.968 9.14c.209 0 .318.01.318.01v3.375c0 .24.27.369.447.215l7.17-6.228a.287.287 0 0 0-.003-.433L10.73.063Z"/></svg> <span class="sr-only">Partage</span> </button> <div class="c-Share-social-container" id="pop-27867"> <ul class="meta__sub" > <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="tw" data-url="https://trialinternational.org/case-update/germany-gambia-migrant-massacre-survivor-to-testify/" data-url-params="#live-27867" data-title="Germany/Gambia: Migrant Massacre Survivor to Testify"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__twitter"></span> </span> <span class="sr-only">Twitter</span> </button> </li> <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="fb" data-url="https://trialinternational.org/case-update/germany-gambia-migrant-massacre-survivor-to-testify/" data-url-params="#live-27867" data-title="Germany/Gambia: Migrant Massacre Survivor to Testify"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__facebook"></span> </span> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </button> </li> <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="copy" data-url-params="#live-27867" data-title="Germany/Gambia: Migrant Massacre Survivor to Testify"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__link"></span> </span> <span class="meta__label-sub"> <span class="js-label-copy">Copier le lien</span> <span class="js-label-copied"></span> </span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="update-titre orange">Germany/Gambia: Migrant Massacre Survivor to Testify </div> <div class="update-content"> <h5 class="wp-block-heading"><em>Alleged Gambian ‘Death Squad’ Driver’s Trial Progresses</em></h5> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="584" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/DSC_0097-scaled-e1678465054223-1024x584.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-24766" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/DSC_0097-scaled-e1678465054223-1024x584.jpg 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/DSC_0097-scaled-e1678465054223-300x171.jpg 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/DSC_0097-scaled-e1678465054223-768x438.jpg 768w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/DSC_0097-scaled-e1678465054223-1536x875.jpg 1536w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/DSC_0097-scaled-e1678465054223-2048x1167.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Martin Kyere, sole survivor of the migrant massacre, taken in front of his portrait at Aneked’s Memory House. Gambia, 2022.</figcaption></figure> <p>A Ghanaian citizen who survived the massacre of approximately 59 West African migrants in July 2005 by a paramilitary ‘death squad’ in Gambia will testify before a court on 19 January 2023 in the German city of Celle, ANEKED, Human Rights Watch, the International Commission of Jurists, the Solo Sandeng Foundation and TRIAL International said today. The death squad was allegedly set up by the then-Gambian President Yahya Jammeh. The trial is of Bai L. who was allegedly involved in the killings.</p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/germany-gambia-migrant-massacre-survivor-to-testify/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Read our press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-block-item" id="live-27868"> <div class="update-date"> 6 October 2022 11:53 <div class="c-Share"> <button class="c-Share-social meta__link orange" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#pop-27868"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="14" ><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.73.063c-.178-.149-.444-.018-.444.218v3.062C1.89 4.86.3 11.5.002 13.728c-.018.16.1.272.236.272a.253.253 0 0 0 .181-.084C4.595 9.476 8.806 9.14 9.968 9.14c.209 0 .318.01.318.01v3.375c0 .24.27.369.447.215l7.17-6.228a.287.287 0 0 0-.003-.433L10.73.063Z"/></svg> <span 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alt="Portrait of Deyda Hydara" class="wp-image-24501" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/DSC_0103-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/DSC_0103-300x200.jpg 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/DSC_0103-768x512.jpg 768w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/DSC_0103-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/DSC_0103-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/DSC_0103-1200x800.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> <p>A woman who survived the murder of the renowned Gambian journalist and newspaper editor Deyda Hydara, testified on 6 and 7 October 2022 in the German city of Celle at the trial of Bai L., a man allegedly involved in the killing.</p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a 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src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Donald-verdict-slider-1024x416.png" alt="" class="wp-image-26895" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Donald-verdict-slider-1024x416.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Donald-verdict-slider-300x122.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Donald-verdict-slider-768x312.png 768w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Donald-verdict-slider-1536x624.png 1536w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Donald-verdict-slider.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The Junglers, a paramilitary unit formed by former Gambian President Yahya Jammeh, of which Bai L. was a member ©Human Rights Watch</figcaption></figure> <p>The opening of the first German trial for serious crimes committed in Gambia is a major step for justice, Human Rights Watch, the International Commission of Jurists, Reporters Without Borders, and TRIAL International said today. The groups released a question-and-answer document on the trial, which opens on 25 April 2022, and will hold an online briefing on 21 April.</p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/germany-tries-crimes-against-humanity-committed-in-gambia-universal-jurisdiction-advances-justice-for-victims/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Read our press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-block-item" id="live-27870"> <div class="update-date"> 14 March 2022 12:07 <div class="c-Share"> <button class="c-Share-social meta__link orange" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#pop-27870"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="14" ><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.73.063c-.178-.149-.444-.018-.444.218v3.062C1.89 4.86.3 11.5.002 13.728c-.018.16.1.272.236.272a.253.253 0 0 0 .181-.084C4.595 9.476 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decoding="async" width="1024" height="415" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Banner_site_CP-DONALD-1024x415.jpg" alt="Portrait of Baba Hydara" class="wp-image-23254" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Banner_site_CP-DONALD-1024x415.jpg 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Banner_site_CP-DONALD-300x122.jpg 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Banner_site_CP-DONALD-768x311.jpg 768w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Banner_site_CP-DONALD-1536x623.jpg 1536w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Banner_site_CP-DONALD.jpg 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Portrait of Baba Hydara, son of the journalist murdered in 2004 and member of the Gambian Center for victims of human rights violations. © Will Baxter / TRIAL International</figcaption></figure> <p>The indictment in Germany, announced on 03.03.2022, of an alleged former Gambian “death squad” member suspected of crimes against humanity is an important step for Gambian victims and international justice, TRIAL International and the International Commission of Jurists said today.</p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/gambia-alleged-death-squad-member-indicted-in-germany/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Read our press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-block-item" id="live-28048"> <div class="update-date"> 12 March 2021 13:37 <div class="c-Share"> <button class="c-Share-social meta__link orange" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#pop-28048"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="14" ><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.73.063c-.178-.149-.444-.018-.444.218v3.062C1.89 4.86.3 11.5.002 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class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="415" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/The-Gambia_September-2019-cAudrey-Oettli-TRIAL-International-277-1024x415.jpg" alt="Boat Binta Jammeh, The Gambia" class="wp-image-21637" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/The-Gambia_September-2019-cAudrey-Oettli-TRIAL-International-277-1024x415.jpg 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/The-Gambia_September-2019-cAudrey-Oettli-TRIAL-International-277-300x122.jpg 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/The-Gambia_September-2019-cAudrey-Oettli-TRIAL-International-277-768x311.jpg 768w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/The-Gambia_September-2019-cAudrey-Oettli-TRIAL-International-277-1536x623.jpg 1536w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/The-Gambia_September-2019-cAudrey-Oettli-TRIAL-International-277.jpg 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The former head of state has been accused by many witnesses of being involved in the massacre that cost the lives of West African migrants. ©Audrey Oettli | TRIAL International</figcaption></figure> <p>The session of the Truth, Reconciliation and Reparations Commission on the massacre of 59 migrants from eight West African countries has come to an end on 11 March 2021 in The Gambia. The testimonies that succeeded in recent weeks have revealed new elements, but also confirmed existing information, further strengthening the ties between former President <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/yahya-jammeh/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Y</a><a href="https://trialinternational.org/fr/latest-post/yahya-jammeh/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ahya Jammeh</a> and these murders. Human Rights Watch and TRIAL International support the process to ensure that the former president – in exile in Equatorial Guinea since his departure from The Gambia in January 2017 – is held accountable.</p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/the-gambia-ex-president-tied-to-the-killing-of-59-migrants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Read our press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-block-item" id="live-28524"> <div class="update-date"> 21 July 2020 16:48 <div class="c-Share"> <button class="c-Share-social meta__link orange" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#pop-28524"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="14" ><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.73.063c-.178-.149-.444-.018-.444.218v3.062C1.89 4.86.3 11.5.002 13.728c-.018.16.1.272.236.272a.253.253 0 0 0 .181-.084C4.595 9.476 8.806 9.14 9.968 9.14c.209 0 .318.01.318.01v3.375c0 .24.27.369.447.215l7.17-6.228a.287.287 0 0 0-.003-.433L10.73.063Z"/></svg> <span class="sr-only">Partage</span> </button> <div class="c-Share-social-container" id="pop-28524"> <ul class="meta__sub" > <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="tw" data-url="https://trialinternational.org/case-update/gambia-no-justice-for-2005-massacre-of-migrants/" data-url-params="#live-28524" data-title="Gambia: No Justice for 2005 Massacre of Migrants"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__twitter"></span> </span> <span class="sr-only">Twitter</span> </button> </li> <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="fb" data-url="https://trialinternational.org/case-update/gambia-no-justice-for-2005-massacre-of-migrants/" data-url-params="#live-28524" data-title="Gambia: No Justice for 2005 Massacre of Migrants"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__facebook"></span> </span> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </button> </li> <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="copy" data-url-params="#live-28524" data-title="Gambia: No Justice for 2005 Massacre of Migrants"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__link"></span> </span> <span class="meta__label-sub"> <span class="js-label-copy">Copier le lien</span> <span class="js-label-copied"></span> </span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="update-titre orange">Gambia: No Justice for 2005 Massacre of Migrants </div> <div class="update-content"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="415" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/junglers_SLIDER_BW-1024x415.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20505" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/junglers_SLIDER_BW-1024x415.jpg 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/junglers_SLIDER_BW-300x122.jpg 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/junglers_SLIDER_BW-768x311.jpg 768w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/junglers_SLIDER_BW-1536x623.jpg 1536w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/junglers_SLIDER_BW.jpg 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> <p>The families of more than 50 Ghanaian and other West African migrants killed in The Gambia and Senegal 15 years ago have yet to learn the full truth and obtain justice concerning the massacre, 11 human rights organizations said today. Amid growing evidence that the murders were carried out by Gambian security force members acting on the orders of then-president Yahya Jammeh, the groups called for an international investigation of the massacre.</p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/gambia-no-justice-for-2005-massacre-of-migrants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Read the joint press release here</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade tab__content--fact" id="context" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="context-tab"> <div class="sidebar-update"> <div class="sidebar-update-header"> Context </div> <div class="sidebar-update-content"> <p>Bai Lowe is alleged to have been a member of the “Junglers” death squad, a paramilitary unit created by the former Gambian President Yahya Jammeh. He was <a href="https://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2021/Pressemitteilung-vom-16-03-2021.html">accused</a> of involvement in two murders and three attempted murders between 2003 and 2006.</p> <p>After fleeing <a href="https://www.hrw.org/africa/gambia">The Gambia</a> for Germany in 2012, Bai Lowe gave two interviews, one to a Gambian opposition radio station based in the United States in 2013, and one to a leading Gambian journalist in <a href="https://soundcloud.com/panderrynewspaper/seneweb-show-with-fatou-camara">2014</a>. In those interviews, he described in great detail the killings and shootings in which he participated as a driver for the Junglers.</p> <p>TRIAL International and the <a href="https://www.ecchr.eu/">ECCHR</a> informed the German prosecuting authorities in 2019 of the suspect’s presence on German territory. Bai Lowe has been in pretrial detention since his arrest in 2021. His trial began on 25 April 2022 in front of the <a href="https://oberlandesgericht-celle.niedersachsen.de/startseite/aktuelles/presseinformationen/state-security-proceedings-on-the-suspicion-of-crimes-against-humanity-in-gambia-210233.html">Higher Regional Court of Celle</a>. <strong>He was <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/historic-conviction-in-germany-of-a-former-member-of-a-gambian-death-squad-for-crimes-against-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sentenced to life imprisonment</a> for two murders and an attempted murder constituting <a href="https://trialinternational.org/topics-post/crimes-against-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">crimes against humanity</a> on 30 November 2023</strong>.</p> <p>This was the first trial held on the basis of the principle of <a href="https://trialinternational.org/topics-post/universal-jurisdiction/">universal jurisdiction</a> for human rights violations committed in The Gambia during Yahya Jammeh’s presidency.</p> <p>HISTORICAL BACKGROUND</p> <p><a href="https://www.hrw.org/tag/yahya-jammeh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Yahya Jammeh</a>’s 1994-2017 rule was marked by <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/09/17/gambia-two-decades-fear-and-repression">systematic oppression</a> of real or perceived opponents, which resulted in <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/09/16/state-fear/arbitrary-arrests-torture-and-killings">serious human rights violations</a>, including torture, extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearance, and sexual violence. Many of these human rights cimes were brought to light during the hearings of The Gambia’s Truth, Reconciliation and Reparations Commission (<a href="https://www.moj.gm/downloads" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TRRC</a>), which was set up in 2018.</p> <p>Witnesses at the TRRC, including direct perpetrators, linked Jammeh to the killing and torture of political opponents, the murder of <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/the-gambia-ex-president-tied-to-the-killing-of-59-migrants/">59 West African migrants</a> and “witch hunts”, in which hundreds of people were arbitrarily detained, among other crimes. They also alleged that <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gambia-politics-sexcrimes-trfn-idUSKBN1XA2K3">Jammeh raped and sexually assaulted women</a> and ran a <a href="https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/44990-gambia-jammeh-s-magic-anti-aids-potion-did-not-exist.html">sham HIV-treatment program</a>.</p> <p style="text-align: center;">***</p> <p>>> You can read more about <a href="https://ujim.trialinternational.org/latest-post/bai-l/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the case of Bai Lowe in our <strong>Universal Jurisdiction Interactive Map</strong></a> (UJIM).</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latest-carousel-section"> <h2 class="text-xs-center text-uppercase"> <span class="title-wrap orange">Other Cases</span> </h2> <div id="latest-carousel" class="carousel slide" data-ride="carousel"> <div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <div class="container container-1200"> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/donat-kwenga-omari/"> Donat Kwenga Omari</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Ongoing</span> </div> <small>15.11.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Kwenga Omari, alias Donat, is a Congolese national and former leader of a Raia Mutomboki militia accused of crimes against humanity, allegedly committed in the territories of Shabunda and Kalehe in the East of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between 2017 and 2021.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/donat-kwenga-omari/"> <img width="1024" height="415" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-1024x415.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-1024x415.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-300x122.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-768x311.png 768w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-1536x623.png 1536w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-2048x831.png 2048w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-1800x730.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/kamonia/">Kamonia</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Closed</span> </div> <small>15.10.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>On May 20, the trial of a dozen militiamen, local politicians and representatives of the Congolese security forces for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in the Kamonia territory between 2017 and 2018 opened in Tshikapa (Kasai province, Democratic Republic of Congo).</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/kamonia/"> <img width="1024" height="415" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--1024x415.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--1024x415.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--300x122.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--768x311.png 768w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--1536x623.png 1536w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--2048x831.png 2048w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--1800x730.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/michael-correa/">Michael Correa</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Upcoming</span> </div> <small>19.09.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/gambia/">The Gambia</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Michael Correa is a Gambian citizen accused of having been part of the “Junglers” death squad that allegedly committed human rights abuses on behalf of former President of The Gambia, Yahya Jammeh. The US Department of Justice <a href="https://cja.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/correa_indictment_filed_0-1.pdfhttps:/cja.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/correa_indictment_filed_0-1.pdf">charged</a> Correa with torture and conspiracy to commit torture of at least six people in 2006. <strong>His trial</strong>, which was set start on 16 September 2024 in Denver, <strong>has been postponed to 7 April 2025</strong>.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/michael-correa/"> <img width="1024" height="404" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="Anonymous portrait of a man." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-300x118.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-768x303.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/yuri-harauski/">Yuri Harauski</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Ongoing</span> </div> <small>30.07.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/belarus/">Belarus</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Yuri Harauski is a former member of an elite unit of the troops of the Belarusian Ministry of Internal Affairs (SOBR), created by President Lukashenko in 1998. He stated in the media in 2019 that he had been involved in three enforced disappearances of political opponents in 1999. A complaint was filed against him in 2021 and <strong>his trial took place in September 2023 in Switzerland</strong>.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/yuri-harauski/"> <img width="1024" height="404" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="Anonymous portrait of a man." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-300x118.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-768x303.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item "> <div class="container container-1200"> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/rifaat-al-assad/">Rifaat al-Assad</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Upcoming</span> </div> <small>30.07.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/syria/">Syria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Since December 2013, Rifaat al-Assad has been under investigation for his alleged role in the massacres committed in the Syrian city of Hama in February 1982 by the “Defense brigades”, that he commanded at the time. After issuing an international arrest warrant against him in November 2021, <strong>the OAG indicted him on 11 March 2024 for war crimes and crimes against humanity</strong>.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/rifaat-al-assad/"> <img width="1024" height="404" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CASES_Rifaat_featured-1.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CASES_Rifaat_featured-1.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CASES_Rifaat_featured-1-300x118.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CASES_Rifaat_featured-1-768x303.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/ousman-sonko/">Ousman Sonko</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Ongoing</span> </div> <small>30.07.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/gambia/">The Gambia</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Ousman Sonko was Minister of Interior of The Gambia between 2006 and 2016, during the dictatorship of former President Yahya Jammeh. TRIAL International filed a criminal complaint against him in 2017. His trial took place in January and March 2024 before the Swiss Federal Criminal Court. <strong>Ousman Sonko was sentenced to 20 years in prison for crimes against humanity on 15 May 2024</strong>.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/ousman-sonko/"> <img width="1024" height="415" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sonko_featured-1024x415.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="Portrait of Ousman Sonko, former Minister of Interior of The Gambia" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sonko_featured-1024x415.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sonko_featured-1800x730.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/khaled-nezzar/">Khaled Nezzar</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Closed</span> </div> <small>30.07.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/algeria/">Algeria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Khaled Nezzar, former Algerian Minister of Defence, was arrested in Geneva in October 2011, following a denunciation by TRIAL International. After lengthy proceedings, the Office of the Attorney General filed an indictment for war crimes against him in August 2023. He died in December 2023. <strong>His trial had been scheduled to take place between 17 June and 19 July 2024</strong>.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/khaled-nezzar/"> <img width="1024" height="404" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CASES_Nezzar_featured.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CASES_Nezzar_featured.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CASES_Nezzar_featured-300x118.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CASES_Nezzar_featured-768x303.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/ndarumanga/">Ndarumanga</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">On trial</span> </div> <small>28.05.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <div class="sidebar-update-content"> <p>Munyololo Mbao, alias Ndarumanga, is the former leader of a faction of the Raia Mutomboki armed group in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Following his arrest in November 2021, Ndarumanga’s crimes were the subject of a judicial investigation by the military prosecutor that led to his indictment in August 2022 for crimes against humanity. His appeal trial began on May 23.</p> </div>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/ndarumanga/"> <img width="1024" height="404" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="Anonymous portrait of a man." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-300x118.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-768x303.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item "> <div class="container container-1200"> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/roger-lumbala-tshitenga/">Roger Lumbala Tshitenga</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Upcoming</span> </div> <small>19.03.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Roger Lumbala Tshitenga is the former leader of the non-state armed group the Congolese Rally for National Democracy (RCD-N). He was indicted in 2023 for his alleged complicity in and conspiracy to commit crimes against humanity including murder, torture, rape, pillage and enslavement, including sexual slavery, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between 2002 and 2003.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/roger-lumbala-tshitenga/"> <img width="1024" height="404" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/CASES_RL_featured.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/CASES_RL_featured.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/CASES_RL_featured-300x118.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/CASES_RL_featured-768x303.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container arrows-container"> <a class="arrow-left" href="#latest-carousel" role="button" data-slide="prev"> <i class="slide-prev fa fa-chevron-left"></i> </a> <a class="arrow-right" href="#latest-carousel" role="button" data-slide="next"> <i class="slide-next fa fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="container container-1200 text-uppercase text-xs-center view-all"> <a href="/cases/">View All</a> </div> </div> <form name="txt_download_form" id="txt_download_form" target="_blank" action="https://trialinternational.org/case/bai-l/" method="post"> <input name="filename" type="hidden" value="bai-l" /> <input name="html_content" id="html_content" type="hidden" value="" /> </form> </main><footer id="footer" class="footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-3 address orange"> <p>TRIAL International<br /> Rue de Lyon 95<br /> 1203 Geneva<br /> Switzerland </p> <p>t: +41 22 321 61 10<br /> e: info@trialinternational.org<br /> trialinternational.org</p> <p>IBAN: CH85 0900 0000 1716 2954 3</p> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-6 subscribe"> <div class="title orange">Stay up to date </div> <div class="text"> <p>Subscribe to our monthly newsletter on TRIAL International’s activities and the latest developments in international justice.</p> </div> <form class="footer-subscribe-form form-inline" method="get" action="/newsletter"> <input type="email" name="subscribe_email" placeholder="Enter your email" class="form-control"> <button type="submit" class="btn text-uppercase">Submit</button> </form> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-3 stay-connected text-md-right"> <div class="title orange">Stay connected </div> <div class="social"> <a href="//twitter.com/Trial" target="_blank">Twitter <i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a> </div> <div class="social"> <a href="//linkedin.com/company/trial-international" target="_blank">Linkedin <i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i></a> </div> <div class="social"> <a href="//facebook.com/trial.org" target="_blank">Facebook <i class="fa fa-facebook"></i></a> </div> <div class="social"> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/feed/" target="_blank">RSS Feed <i class="fa fa-rss"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="sea-bed" class="sea-bed container"> <span>©2024 trialinternational.org</span> | <span>All rights reserved</span> | <span><a href="https://trialinternational.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></span> | <span><a href="https://trialinternational.org/statutes/">Statutes</a></span> | <span class="acw"><a target="_blank" href="http://acw.uk.com">Designed and Produced by ACW</a></span> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/tether-1.3.1/js/tether.min.js?ver=20160422" id="tri-tether-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/bootstrapv4.0.0-alpha.2/js/bootstrap.min.js?ver=20160421" id="tri-bootstrap-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/js/tri-header.js?ver=20160421" id="tri-header-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/js/tri.js?ver=1728284652" id="tri-js-js"></script>  <div id="cookie-notice" role="dialog" class="cookie-notice-hidden cookie-revoke-hidden cn-position-bottom" aria-label="Cookie Notice" style="background-color: rgba(50,50,58,1);"><div class="cookie-notice-container" style="color: #fff"><span id="cn-notice-text" class="cn-text-container">We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best browsing experience on our website. 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Bai Lowe - TRIAL International