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Verdrag van Den Haag (1795) - Wikipedia

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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Verdrag van Den Haag (1795)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Treaty_of_The_Hague_%281795%29.jpg/260px-Treaty_of_The_Hague_%281795%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Treaty_of_The_Hague_%281795%29.jpg/390px-Treaty_of_The_Hague_%281795%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Treaty_of_The_Hague_%281795%29.jpg/520px-Treaty_of_The_Hague_%281795%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2829" data-file-height="4505" /></a><figcaption>Sluiten van alliantie tussen Frankrijk en de Bataafse Republiek, 1795, Christiaan Josi, naar Cornelis van Cuylenburgh (II), 1800</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:1798bataafscherepubliek.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1798bataafscherepubliek.svg/260px-1798bataafscherepubliek.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1798bataafscherepubliek.svg/390px-1798bataafscherepubliek.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1798bataafscherepubliek.svg/520px-1798bataafscherepubliek.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption>In grijs de gebieden die in 1795 aan Frankrijk werden afgestaan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Het <b>Verdrag van Den Haag</b> of <b>Haags Verdrag</b><sup id="cite_ref-Enc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> van 16 mei 1795 is een vredesverdrag en een verdrag van defensieve en offensieve alliantie, gesloten tussen de <a href="/wiki/Franse_Revolutie" title="Franse Revolutie">revolutionaire</a> <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Franse_Republiek" title="Eerste Franse Republiek">Franse Republiek</a> en de nieuwe <a href="/wiki/Bataafse_Republiek" title="Bataafse Republiek">Bataafse Republiek</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achtergrond">Achtergrond</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Den_Haag_(1795)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Achtergrond" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Den_Haag_(1795)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Achtergrond"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Als veroveraar had Frankrijk de gehele staatsinrichting kunnen dicteren. Het idee dat de <a href="/wiki/Rijn" title="Rijn">Rijn</a> de "natuurlijke grens" van Frankrijk was en al het land ten zuidwesten daarvan geannexeerd diende te worden, werd in 1786 uitgewerkt door <a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Jean-Baptiste (Anacharsis) Cloots</a>, een pro-Franse revolutionaire Pruisische edelman uit <a href="/wiki/Kleef_(stad)" title="Kleef (stad)">Kleef</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De Rijngrensdoctrine werd aan het begin van de Franse Revolutie populair en ging het militaire beleid tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Coalitieoorlog" title="Eerste Coalitieoorlog">Eerste Coalitieoorlog</a> domineren.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Eind 1792 en begin 1793, toen de republikeinse legers onder leiding van <a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles-François Dumouriez">Dumouriez</a> de <a href="/wiki/Oostenrijkse_Nederlanden" title="Oostenrijkse Nederlanden">Oostenrijkse Nederlanden</a> en <a href="/wiki/Prinsbisdom_Luik" title="Prinsbisdom Luik">Prinsbisdom Luik</a> <a href="/wiki/Franse_veldtocht_in_de_Nederlanden" title="Franse veldtocht in de Nederlanden">binnenvielen en bezetten</a>, werd de annexatie ervan ook al in gang gezet. Dit proces werd hervat toen de Fransen het zuiden opnieuw bezetten in 1794 en deze keer ook de <a href="/wiki/Generaliteitslanden" title="Generaliteitslanden">Generaliteitslanden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Zaltbommel_(stad)" title="Zaltbommel (stad)">Zaltbommel</a>. Het was duidelijk dat Frankrijk de Republiek bezuiden de Rijn, zo niet de gehele Republiek wilde inlijven. Tegelijk wilde het Bataafse Revolutionaire Comité, dat de machtsovername samen met de Franse militaire opmars wilde coördineren, dat Nederland een zekere mate van zelfstandigheid zou behouden en in plaats van onderdeel worden van Frankrijk, een nauw partnerschap zou aangaan met Frankrijk. Om het idee te versterken dat de Fransen niet als bezetters, maar bevrijders kwamen, ontketende het zelf, vlak na de Franse inname van Utrecht op 16 januari 1795, een volksopstand in Amsterdam op 18 januari om het stadsbewind daar op te eisen voor de Nederlandse patriotten.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Een mogelijke verklaring is dat de regenten in Amsterdam, en tal van steden die haar voorbeeld volgden, bereid waren om hun posities op te geven aan de patriotten en niet aan Fransen, uit angst voor annexatie.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Onderhandelingen">Onderhandelingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Den_Haag_(1795)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Onderhandelingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Den_Haag_(1795)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Onderhandelingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toen de gehele Republiek bezet was door patriotten en Franse soldaten, begonnen onderhandelingen over de nieuwe staatsinrichting. Op 19 januari was de Bataafse Republiek uitgeroepen, met voorlopige Franse goedkeuring. De oorspronkelijke Franse eisen waren echter zeer zwaar: een schadeloosstelling voor de oorlogskosten van 200 miljoen gulden en annexatie van al het grondgebied ten zuiden van de <a href="/wiki/Waal_(rivier)" title="Waal (rivier)">Waal</a> en van Zeeland ten zuiden van de <a href="/wiki/Oosterschelde" title="Oosterschelde">Oosterschelde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Enc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Omdat de Staten-Generaal deze voorwaarden afwees, werden nieuwe besprekingen noodzakelijk.<sup id="cite_ref-Enc_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In mei 1795 werden <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Reubell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-François Reubell (de pagina bestaat niet)">Jean-François Reubell</a> daartoe naar Den Haag gestuurd om te onderhandelen over de grenzen van de Bataafse Republiek.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Paulus" title="Pieter Paulus">Pieter Paulus</a>, de voorzitter van de Nederlandse onderhandelingsdelegatie, kreeg een brief uit Parijs waarin Sieyès werd omschreven als een sluwe vos. Mede dankzij het tactvolle optreden van Paulus werden de Franse voorwaarden versoepeld.<sup id="cite_ref-Enc_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Na een week onderhandelen verklaarden de diplomaten van de beide landen, een Nederlandse commissie van vier, waaronder <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Lambertus_Huber" title="Johannes Lambertus Huber">Johannes Lambertus Huber</a>, dat zij elkaars soevereiniteit zouden respecteren. Daarnaast werd de Bataafse Republiek gedwongen om 100 miljoen gulden schadevergoeding betalen (de helft van het originele bedrag), een bezettingsleger van 25.000 man te onderhouden en een lening aan de Fransen te verstrekken. Maastricht, Venlo en Zeeuws-Vlaanderen werden Frans gebied, maar <a href="/wiki/Staats-Brabant" title="Staats-Brabant">Staats-Brabant</a> (dat <a href="/wiki/Bataafs-Brabant" title="Bataafs-Brabant">Bataafs-Brabant</a> werd), <a href="/wiki/Hertogdom_Gelre" title="Hertogdom Gelre">Zuid-Gelderland</a> (het <a href="/wiki/Rijk_van_Nijmegen" title="Rijk van Nijmegen">Rijk van Nijmegen</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Land_van_Maas_en_Waal" title="Land van Maas en Waal">Land van Maas en Waal</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Bommelerwaard" title="Bommelerwaard">Bommelerwaard</a>) en de <a href="/wiki/Graafschap_Zeeland" title="Graafschap Zeeland">Zeeuwse</a> eilanden <a href="/wiki/Walcheren" title="Walcheren">Walcheren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noord-Beveland" title="Noord-Beveland">Noord-</a> en <a href="/wiki/Zuid-Beveland" title="Zuid-Beveland">Zuid-Beveland</a> bleven onderdeel van de Republiek.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ook werd afgedongen dat de haven van Vlissingen zou worden opengesteld voor Franse schepen. Dit verdrag was nog steeds een zware prijs voor de bevrijding van het land en lokte veel protest uit, maar het was onvermijdelijk en beter dan de aanvankelijke voorwaarden.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uitkomst">Uitkomst</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Den_Haag_(1795)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Uitkomst" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Den_Haag_(1795)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Uitkomst"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frankrijk erkende het bestaan van de Bataafse Republiek en garandeerde de onafhankelijkheid ervan. <a href="/wiki/Staats-Vlaanderen" title="Staats-Vlaanderen">Staats-Vlaanderen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staats-Opper-Gelre" title="Staats-Opper-Gelre">Staats-Opper-Gelre</a> met <a href="/wiki/Venlo_(stad)" title="Venlo (stad)">Venlo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staats-Overmaas" title="Staats-Overmaas">Staats-Overmaas</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Redemptiedorpen" title="Redemptiedorpen">redemptiedorpen</a> werden aan Frankrijk afgestaan. Voorts kreeg Frankrijk een gebruiksrecht op de haven van <a href="/wiki/Vlissingen" title="Vlissingen">Vlissingen</a>, het recht om een garnizoen in Vlissingen te legeren en een recht om in geval van vijandelijkheden de vestingen van <a href="/wiki/Grave_(plaats)" title="Grave (plaats)">Grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom_(stad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen op Zoom (stad)">Bergen op Zoom</a> en <a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="&#39;s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a> te bezetten. Met behoud van zelfbestuur en sterke banden met Parijs, werd de Bataafse Republiek de allereerste <a href="/wiki/Zusterrepubliek" title="Zusterrepubliek">zusterrepubliek</a> van het revolutionaire Frankrijk. </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><b>Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</b></div> <ul><li>Kerautret, M., 2002, Les Grands Traités du Consulat 1799-1804. Documents diplomatiques du Consulat et de l’Empire Tome 1, Paris: Nouveau Monde éditions/Fondation Napoléon, p. 24-33</li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Enc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Enc_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Haags Verdrag". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Frans">(<span>fr</span>) </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJosef_Smets1998"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Josef Smets</span>&#32;(1998).&#32;<cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahrf_0003-4436_1998_num_314_1_2206">Le Rhin, frontière naturelle de la France</a></cite>. <i>Annales historiques de la Révolution française</i>&#32;(314): 675–698. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Frans">(<span>fr</span>) </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTulard2016_35"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Tulard, Jean</span>&#32;(2016).&#32;<cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=ZSS6CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT35">Le Grand Empire: 1804-1815</a></i></cite>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Albin_Michel" title="Éditions Albin Michel">Éditions Albin Michel</a>, Parijs,&#32;p. 35.&#32;<span class="&#73;SBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9782226384669" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9782226384669">ISBN 9782226384669</a></span>.&#32;Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2016-08-15">15 augustus 2016</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schama, S. (1977) <i>Patriots and Liberators. Revolution in the Netherlands 1780 - 1830</i>, p. 206-207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Bataafse Republiek ".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Soboul, A. (1979) De Franse Revolutie II, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schama, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Homan, G.D. (1978) Nederland in de Napoleontische Tijd 1795-1815, p. 12.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5cd8865b95‐4cn4q Cached time: 20241126163455 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.072 seconds Real time usage: 0.364 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 894/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3255/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1147/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5324/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.004/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 637314/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 74.329 1 -total 100.00% 74.329 1 Sjabloon:Appendix 74.57% 55.426 1 Sjabloon:References 19.88% 14.779 1 Sjabloon:Cite_book 15.63% 11.619 1 Sjabloon:Cite_journal 13.22% 9.827 2 Sjabloon:Fr 8.42% 6.260 1 Sjabloon:Taalaanduiding 4.91% 3.651 2 Sjabloon:Sfnref 3.04% 2.256 2 Sjabloon:Aut 2.85% 2.115 1 Sjabloon:Citeerslotjes --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key nlwiki:pcache:176592:|#|:idhash:dateformat=default and timestamp 20241126163455 and revision id 67250232. 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