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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Good_Governance_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Good_Governance_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Good Governance Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Good_Governance_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Organizational structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership_and_title_of_"psychologist"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership_and_title_of_"psychologist""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Membership and title of "psychologist"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership_and_title_of_"psychologist"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliate_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliate_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Affiliate organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliate_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Psychologically_Healthy_Workplace_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Psychologically_Healthy_Workplace_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>The Psychologically Healthy Workplace program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Psychologically_Healthy_Workplace_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APA_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APA_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>APA style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APA_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominance_of_clinical_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominance_of_clinical_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dominance of clinical psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominance_of_clinical_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sexual orientation and gender identity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sexual orientation and gender identity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cause_of_sexual_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause_of_sexual_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cause of sexual orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cause_of_sexual_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Conversion therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-sex_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Same-sex marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_assignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_assignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sex assignment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_assignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APA_internship_crisis_for_graduate_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APA_internship_crisis_for_graduate_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>APA internship crisis for graduate students</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APA_internship_crisis_for_graduate_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare_and_the_use_of_torture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare_and_the_use_of_torture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Warfare and the use of torture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Warfare_and_the_use_of_torture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Warfare and the use of torture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Warfare_and_the_use_of_torture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amending_the_Ethics_Code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amending_the_Ethics_Code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Amending the Ethics Code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amending_the_Ethics_Code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoffman_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoffman_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Hoffman report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoffman_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ban_on_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ban_on_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Ban on involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ban_on_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_action_lawsuit_by_members_claiming_deceptive_dues_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_action_lawsuit_by_members_claiming_deceptive_dues_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Class action lawsuit by members claiming deceptive dues assessments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_action_lawsuit_by_members_claiming_deceptive_dues_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Animal research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evidence-based_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence-based_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Evidence-based practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence-based_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمعية علم النفس الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمعية علم النفس الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_Psixoloqlar_Birliyi" title="Amerikan Psixoloqlar Birliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amerikan Psixoloqlar Birliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মার্কিন মনোবিদ্যা সমিতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন মনোবিদ্যা সমিতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Американска психологична асоциация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Американска психологична асоциация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associaci%C3%B3_Estatunidenca_de_Psicologia" title="Associació Estatunidenca de Psicologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Associació Estatunidenca de Psicologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="American Psychological Association" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="American Psychological Association" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_Ps%C3%BChholoogide_Assotsiatsioon" title="Ameerika Psühholoogide Assotsiatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Psühholoogide Assotsiatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Estadounidense_de_Psicolog%C3%ADa" title="Asociación Estadounidense de Psicología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asociación Estadounidense de Psicología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_Asocio_pri_Psikologio" title="Usona Asocio pri Psikologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Asocio pri Psikologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انجمن روان‌شناسی آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجمن روان‌شناسی آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_am%C3%A9ricaine_de_psychologie" title="Association américaine de psychologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Association américaine de psychologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="American Psychological Association" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%ED%9A%8C" title="미국 심리학회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 심리학회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ամերիկյան հոգեբանական ասոցիացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամերիկյան հոգեբանական ասոցիացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asosiasi_Psikologis_Amerika" title="Asosiasi Psikologis Amerika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asosiasi Psikologis Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="American Psychological Association" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a 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lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persatuan Psikologi Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="American Psychological Association" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="アメリカ心理学会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ心理学会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=American_Psychological_Association&params=38.89988_N_77.00753_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°54′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°00′27″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.89988°N 77.00753°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.89988; -77.00753</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scientific and professional organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> or the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Association" title="American Philosophical Association">American Philosophical Association</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">American Psychological Association</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Psychological_Association_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/American_Psychological_Association_logo.svg/220px-American_Psychological_Association_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/American_Psychological_Association_logo.svg/330px-American_Psychological_Association_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/American_Psychological_Association_logo.svg/440px-American_Psychological_Association_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="73" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">July 1892<span class="noprint">; 132 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1892-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">750 First Street, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Northeast (Washington, D.C.)">NE</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=American_Psychological_Association&params=38.89988_N_77.00753_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°54′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°00′27″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.89988°N 77.00753°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.89988; -77.00753</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data">Over 157,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_de_las_Fuentes" title="Cynthia de las Fuentes">Cynthia de las Fuentes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">CEO</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Arthur C. Evans, Jr.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/">www<wbr />.apa<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466587#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_American_Psychological_Association_headquarters_in_Washington,_D.C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_American_Psychological_Association_headquarters_in_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg/220px-The_American_Psychological_Association_headquarters_in_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_American_Psychological_Association_headquarters_in_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg/330px-The_American_Psychological_Association_headquarters_in_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_American_Psychological_Association_headquarters_in_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg/440px-The_American_Psychological_Association_headquarters_in_Washington%2C_D.C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2102" /></a><figcaption>The headquarters of the American Psychological Association in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>American Psychological Association</b> (<b>APA</b>) is the main professional organization of <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-About_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the largest psychological association in the world. It has over 157,000 members, including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students.<sup id="cite_ref-About_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has 54 divisions, which function as interest groups for different subspecialties of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> or topical areas.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The APA has an annual budget of around $125 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Reports_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reports-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profile">Profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The APA has task forces that issue policy statements on various matters of social importance, including <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, the welfare of detainees, <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>, the rights of the <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mentally ill</a>, <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a> testing, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_change_efforts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation change efforts">sexual orientation change efforts</a>, and gender equality.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>APA is a corporation chartered in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> APA's bylaws describe structural components that serve as a system of checks and balances to ensure democratic process. The organizational entities include: </p> <ul><li>APA President. The APA president is elected by the membership. The president chairs the Council of Representatives and the Board of Directors. During their term of office, the president performs such duties as are prescribed in the bylaws.</li> <li>Board of Directors. The Board is composed of six members-at-large, president-elect, president, past-president, treasurer, recording secretary, the Chair and Chair-Elect of the Council Leadership Team, CEO, and the past chair of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association_of_Graduate_Students" title="American Psychological Association of Graduate Students">American Psychological Association of Graduate Students</a> (APAGS). The board oversees the association's administrative affairs and determines the annual budget and makes decisions regarding APA's roughly $125 million annual income.</li> <li>APA Council of Representatives. The Council has sole authority to set APA policy. It is composed of elected members from state/provincial/territorial psychological associations, APA divisions, and the APA Board of Directors. The Council Leadership Team (CLT) is elected from within by the members of Council and facilitates Council's workload on an annual basis. The Chair and Chair-Elect of the CLT are voting members of the Board of Directors.</li> <li>APA Board/Committee Structure: Members of boards and committees conduct much of APA's work on a volunteer basis. They carry out a wide variety of tasks suggested by their names. Some have responsibility for monitoring major programs, such as the directorates, the journals, and international affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-APA_Gov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA_Gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Good_Governance_Project">Good Governance Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Good Governance Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Good Governance Project (GGP) was initiated in January 2011 as part of the strategic plan to "[assure] APA's governance practices, processes, and structures are optimized and aligned with what is needed to thrive in a rapidly changing and increasingly complex environment."<sup id="cite_ref-APA_GGP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA_GGP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charge included soliciting feedback and input stakeholders, learning about governance best practices, recommending whether the change was required, recommending needed changes based on data, and creating implementation plans.<sup id="cite_ref-APA_GGP_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA_GGP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The June 2013 GGP update on the recommended changes can be found in the document "Good Governance Project Recommended Changes to Maximize Organizational Effectiveness of APA Governance".<sup id="cite_ref-GGP_July_2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GGP_July_2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suggested changes would change APA from a membership-based, representational structure to a corporate structure. These motions were discussed and voted upon by the council on July 31, 2013, and August 2, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-GGP_July_2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GGP_July_2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organizational structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>APA comprises an executive office, a publishing operation, offices that address administrative, business, information technology, and operational needs, and five substantive directorates: </p> <ul><li>the Education Directorate accredits doctoral psychology programs and addresses issues related to psychology education in secondary through graduate education;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the Practice Directorate engages on behalf of practicing psychologists and health care consumers;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the Public Interest Directorate advances psychology as a means of addressing the fundamental problems of human welfare and promoting the equitable and just treatment of all segments of society;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the Public and Member Communications Directorate is responsible for APA's outreach to its members and affiliates and to the general public;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the Science Directorate provides support and voice for psychological scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership_and_title_of_"psychologist""><span id="Membership_and_title_of_.22psychologist.22"></span>Membership and title of "psychologist"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Membership and title of "psychologist""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychologist#United_States_and_Canada" title="Psychologist">Psychologist § United States and Canada</a></div> <p>APA policy on the use of the title <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a> is contained in the Model Act for State Licensure of Psychologists:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> psychologists have earned a doctoral degree in psychology and may not use the title "psychologist" and/or deliver psychological services to the public, unless the psychologist is licensed or specifically exempted from licensure under the law. State licensing laws specify state specific requirements for the education and training of psychologists leading to licensure. Psychologists who are exempted from licensure could include researchers, educators, or general applied psychologists who provide services outside the health and mental health field. </p><p>Full membership with the APA in United States and Canada requires doctoral training whereas associate membership requires at least two years of postgraduate studies in psychology or approved related discipline. The minimal requirement of a doctoral dissertation related to psychology for full membership can be waived in certain circumstances where there is evidence that significant contribution or performance in the field of psychology has been made.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affiliate_organizations">Affiliate organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Affiliate organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American Psychological Association Services, Inc. (APASI) was formed in 2018 and is a <a href="/wiki/501(c)(6)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(6)">501(c)(6)</a> entity, which engages in advocacy on behalf of psychologists from all areas of psychology. Its predecessor was the American Psychological Association Practice Organization (APAPO). APASI contains the Psychology Political Action Committee (PAC), which engages in lobbying on behalf of psychologists at the federal level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each year, the APA recognizes top psychologists with the "Distinguished Contributions" awards; these awards are the highest honors given by the APA. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APA_Award_for_Distinguished_Scientific_Contributions_to_Psychology" title="APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology">APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APA_Distinguished_Scientific_Award_for_the_Applications_of_Psychology" title="APA Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications of Psychology">APA Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications of Psychology</a></li> <li>Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest</li> <li>Award for Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/APA_Award_for_Distinguished_Professional_Contributions_to_Applied_Research" title="APA Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Applied Research">APA Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Applied Research</a></li> <li>Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Independent Practice.</li> <li>Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Practice in the Public Sector</li> <li><a href="/wiki/APA_Award_for_Distinguished_Contributions_to_the_International_Advancement_of_Psychology" title="APA Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology">APA Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APA_Award_for_Lifetime_Contributions_to_Psychology" title="APA Award for Lifetime Contributions to Psychology">APA Award for Lifetime Contributions to Psychology</a> (APA's highest award)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/APA_International_Humanitarian_Award" title="APA International Humanitarian Award">APA International Humanitarian Award</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Psychological_Association_publications" title="Category:American Psychological Association publications">American Psychological Association publications</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/American_Psychologist" title="American Psychologist">American Psychologist</a></i> is the association's flagship, peer-reviewed journal. APA also publishes over 70 other journals encompassing most specialty areas in the field; APA's Educational Publishing Foundation (EPF) is an <a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">imprint</a> for publishing on behalf of other organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its journals include:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archives_of_Scientific_Psychology" title="Archives of Scientific Psychology">Archives of Scientific Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Neuroscience_(journal)" title="Behavioral Neuroscience (journal)">Behavioral Neuroscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Developmental_Psychology_(journal)" title="Developmental Psychology (journal)">Developmental Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(journal)" title="Dreaming (journal)">Dreaming</a></i> (published on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Study_of_Dreams" title="International Association for the Study of Dreams">International Association for the Study of Dreams</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emotion_(journal)" title="Emotion (journal)">Emotion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Health_Psychology_(journal)" title="Health Psychology (journal)">Health Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Psychology" title="Journal of Applied Psychology">Journal of Applied Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Comparative_Psychology" title="Journal of Comparative Psychology">Journal of Comparative Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Psychology" title="Journal of Experimental Psychology">Journal of Experimental Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Psychology:_Applied" title="Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied">Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Family_Psychology" title="Journal of Family Psychology">Journal of Family Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Occupational_Health_Psychology" title="Journal of Occupational Health Psychology">Journal of Occupational Health Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology" title="Journal of Personality and Social Psychology">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Bulletin" title="Psychological Bulletin">Psychological Bulletin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Review" title="Psychological Review">Psychological Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_and_Aging" title="Psychology and Aging">Psychology and Aging</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_Addictive_Behaviors" title="Psychology of Addictive Behaviors">Psychology of Addictive Behaviors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_Violence" title="Psychology of Violence">Psychology of Violence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology,_Public_Policy,_and_Law" title="Psychology, Public Policy, and Law">Psychology, Public Policy, and Law</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/School_Psychology_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="School Psychology Quarterly">School Psychology Quarterly</a></i></li></ul> <p>The APA has published hundreds of books.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these books are: the <i>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</i> (and a concise version titled <i>Concise Rules of APA Style</i>), which is the official guide to <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>APA Dictionary of Psychology</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an eight-volume <i>Encyclopedia of Psychology</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many scholarly books on specific subjects such as <i><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Anomalous_Experience" title="Varieties of Anomalous Experience">Varieties of Anomalous Experience</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The APA has also published children's books under the Magination Press imprint, software for data analysis, videos demonstrating therapeutic techniques, reports, and brochures.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Psychologically_Healthy_Workplace_program">The Psychologically Healthy Workplace program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Psychologically Healthy Workplace program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Psychologically Healthy Workplace Program (PHWP) is a collaborative effort between the American Psychological Association and the APA Practice Organization designed to help employers optimize employee well-being and organizational performance. The PHWP includes APA's Psychologically Healthy Workplace Awards, a variety of APA Practice Organization resources, including PHWP Web content, e-newsletter, podcast and blog, and support of local programs currently implemented by 52 state, provincial and territorial psychological associations as a mechanism for driving grassroots change in local business communities. The awards are designed to recognize organizations for their efforts to foster employee health and well-being while enhancing organizational performance. The award program highlights a variety of workplaces, large and small, profit and non-profit, in diverse geographical settings. Applicants are evaluated on their efforts in the following five areas: employee involvement, <a href="/wiki/Work-life_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Work-life balance">work-life balance</a>, employee growth and development, health and safety, and <a href="/wiki/Employee_value_proposition" title="Employee value proposition">employee recognition</a>. Awards are given at the local and national level.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APA_style">APA style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: APA style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a></div> <p><b>American Psychological Association</b> (<b>APA</b>) <b>style</b> is a set of rules developed to assist reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences. Used to ensure clarity of communication, the layout is designed to "move the idea forward with a minimum of distraction and a maximum of precision."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</i> contains the rules for every aspect of writing, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a> from determining authorship to constructing a <a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">table</a> to avoiding <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a> and constructing accurate reference citations. "The General Format of APA is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. General guidelines for a paper in APA style includes: typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. The font should be clear and highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. <a href="/wiki/Times_New_Roman" title="Times New Roman">Times New Roman</a> font."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seventh edition of the <i>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</i> was published in October 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Databases">Databases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>APA maintains a number of databases, including <a href="/wiki/PsycINFO" title="PsycINFO">PsycINFO</a>, PsycARTICLES, PsycBOOKS, PsycEXTRA, <a href="/wiki/PsycCRITIQUES" title="PsycCRITIQUES">PsycCRITIQUES</a>, PsycTESTS, and PsycTHERAPY.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APA also operates a comprehensive search platform, PsycNET, covering multiple databases.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PsycINFO is a bibliographic database that contains citations and summaries dating from the 19th century, including journal articles, book chapters, books, technical reports, and dissertations within the field of psychology. As of January 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, PsycINFO has collected information from 2,457 journals.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The APA was founded in July 1892 at <a href="/wiki/Clark_University" title="Clark University">Clark University</a> by a small group of around 30 men; by 1916 there were over 300 members.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first president was <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a>. During World War II, the APA merged with other psychological organizations, resulting in a new divisional structure. Nineteen divisions were approved in 1944; the divisions with the most members were the clinical and personnel (now counseling) divisions. From 1960 to 2007, the number of divisions expanded to 54.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the APA is affiliated with 60 state, territorial, and Canadian provincial associations.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominance_of_clinical_psychology">Dominance of clinical psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dominance of clinical psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the dominance of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a> in APA, several research-focused groups have broken away from the organization. These include the <a href="/wiki/Psychonomic_Society" title="Psychonomic Society">Psychonomic Society</a> in 1959 (with a primarily cognitive orientation), and the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Psychological_Science" title="Association for Psychological Science">Association for Psychological Science</a> (which changed its name from the American Psychological Society in early 2006) in 1988 (with a broad focus on the science and research of psychology). <a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._Blau" title="Theodore H. Blau">Theodore H. Blau</a> was the first clinician in independent practice to be elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents">Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size:110%">APA Presidents from the present to 1892</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;white-space:nowrap"> <dl><dd>2024  <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_de_las_Fuentes" title="Cynthia de las Fuentes">Cynthia de las Fuentes</a></dd> <dd>2023  <a href="/wiki/Thema_Bryant" title="Thema Bryant">Thema Bryant</a></dd> <dd>2022  <a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Worrell" title="Frank C. Worrell">Frank C. Worrell</a></dd> <dd>2021  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_F._Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer F. Kelly (page does not exist)">Jennifer F. Kelly</a></dd> <dd>2020  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_L._Shullman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra L. Shullman (page does not exist)">Sandra L. Shullman</a></dd> <dd>2019  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosie_Phillips_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosie Phillips Davis (page does not exist)">Rosie Phillips Davis</a></dd> <dd>2018  <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Henderson_Daniel" title="Jessica Henderson Daniel">Jessica Henderson Daniel</a></dd> <dd>2017  <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Puente" title="Antonio Puente">Antonio Puente</a></dd> <dd>2016  <a href="/wiki/Susan_H._McDaniel" title="Susan H. McDaniel">Susan H. McDaniel</a></dd> <dd>2015  <a href="/wiki/Barry_S._Anton" title="Barry S. Anton">Barry S. Anton</a></dd> <dd>2014  <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Kaslow" title="Nadine Kaslow">Nadine Kaslow</a></dd> <dd>2013  <a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Bersoff" title="Donald N. Bersoff">Donald N. Bersoff</a></dd> <dd>2012  <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Bennett_Johnson" title="Suzanne Bennett Johnson">Suzanne Bennett Johnson</a></dd> <dd>2011  <a href="/wiki/Melba_J._T._Vasquez" title="Melba J. T. Vasquez">Melba J. T. Vasquez</a></dd> <dd>2010  <a href="/wiki/Carol_D._Goodheart" title="Carol D. Goodheart">Carol D. Goodheart</a></dd> <dd>2009  <a href="/wiki/James_H._Bray" title="James H. Bray">James H. Bray</a></dd> <dd>2008  <a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a></dd> <dd>2007  <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Brehm" title="Sharon Brehm">Sharon S. Brehm</a></dd> <dd>2006  <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Koocher" title="Gerald Koocher">Gerald Koocher</a></dd> <dd>2005  <a href="/wiki/Ronald_F._Levant" title="Ronald F. Levant">Ronald F. Levant</a></dd> <dd>2004  <a href="/wiki/Diane_F._Halpern" title="Diane F. Halpern">Diane F. Halpern</a></dd> <dd>2003  <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Sternberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert J. Sternberg">Robert J. Sternberg</a></dd> <dd>2002  <a href="/wiki/Philip_G._Zimbardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip G. Zimbardo">Philip G. Zimbardo</a></dd> <dd>2001  <a href="/wiki/Norine_G._Johnson" title="Norine G. Johnson">Norine G. Johnson</a></dd> <dd>2000  <a href="/wiki/Patrick_DeLeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick DeLeon">Patrick DeLeon</a></dd> <dd>1999  <a href="/wiki/Richard_Suinn" title="Richard Suinn">Richard Suinn</a></dd> <dd>1998  <a href="/wiki/Martin_E.P._Seligman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin E.P. Seligman">Martin E.P. Seligman</a></dd> <dd>1997  <a href="/wiki/Norman_Abeles" title="Norman Abeles">Norman Abeles</a></dd> <dd>1996  <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cantor" title="Dorothy Cantor">Dorothy Cantor</a></dd> <dd>1995  <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Resnick" title="Robert J. Resnick">Robert J. Resnick</a></dd> <dd>1994  <a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Fox" title="Ronald E. Fox">Ronald E. Fox</a></dd> <dd>1993  <a href="/wiki/Frank_Farley_(psychologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Farley (psychologist)">Frank Farley</a></dd> <dd>1992  <a href="/wiki/Jack_Wiggins_Jr." title="Jack Wiggins Jr.">Jack Wiggins Jr.</a></dd> <dd>1991  <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spielberger" title="Charles Spielberger">Charles Spielberger</a></dd> <dd>1990  <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Graham_(psychologist)" title="Stanley Graham (psychologist)">Stanley Graham</a></dd> <dd>1989  <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Matarazzo" title="Joseph Matarazzo">Joseph Matarazzo</a></dd> <dd>1988  <a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Fowler" title="Raymond D. Fowler">Raymond D. Fowler</a></dd> <dd>1987  <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Strickland" title="Bonnie Strickland">Bonnie Strickland</a></dd> <dd>1986  <a href="/wiki/Logan_Wright" title="Logan Wright">Logan Wright</a></dd> <dd>1985  <a href="/wiki/Robert_Perloff" title="Robert Perloff">Robert Perloff</a></dd> <dd>1984  <a href="/wiki/Janet_Taylor_Spence" title="Janet Taylor Spence">Janet Taylor Spence</a></dd> <dd>1983  <a href="/wiki/Max_Siegel_(psychologist)" title="Max Siegel (psychologist)">Max Siegel</a></dd> <dd>1982  <a href="/wiki/William_Bevan_(psychologist)" title="William Bevan (psychologist)">William Bevan (psychologist)</a></dd> <dd>1981  <a href="/wiki/John_J._Conger" title="John J. Conger">John J. Conger</a></dd> <dd>1980  <a href="/wiki/Florence_Denmark" title="Florence Denmark">Florence Denmark</a></dd> <dd>1979  <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Cummings" title="Nicholas Cummings">Nicholas A. Cummings</a></dd> <dd>1978  <a href="/wiki/M._Brewster_Smith" title="M. Brewster Smith">M. Brewster Smith</a></dd> <dd>1977  <a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._Blau" title="Theodore H. Blau">Theodore H. Blau</a></dd> <dd>1976  <a href="/wiki/Wilbert_J._McKeachie" title="Wilbert J. McKeachie">Wilbert J. McKeachie</a></dd> <dd>1975  <a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></dd> <dd>1974  <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></dd> <dd>1973  <a href="/wiki/Leona_E._Tyler" title="Leona E. Tyler">Leona E. Tyler</a></dd> <dd>1972  <a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a></dd> <dd>1971  <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a></dd> <dd>1970  <a href="/wiki/George_Albee" title="George Albee">George W. Albee</a></dd> <dd>1969  <a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></dd> <dd>1968  <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></dd> <dd>1967  <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Lindzey" title="Gardner Lindzey">Gardner Lindzey</a></dd> <dd>1966  <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hobbs" title="Nicholas Hobbs">Nicholas Hobbs</a></dd> <dd>1965  <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></dd> <dd>1964  <a href="/wiki/Quinn_McNemar" title="Quinn McNemar">Quinn McNemar</a></dd> <dd>1963  <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Osgood" title="Charles E. Osgood">Charles E. Osgood</a></dd> <dd>1962  <a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Meehl" title="Paul E. Meehl">Paul E. Meehl</a></dd> <dd>1961  <a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></dd> <dd>1960  <a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></dd> <dd>1959  <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a></dd> <dd>1958  <a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></dd> <dd>1957  <a href="/wiki/Lee_Cronbach" title="Lee Cronbach">Lee J. Cronbach</a></dd> <dd>1956  <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Newcomb" title="Theodore Newcomb">Theodore Newcomb</a></dd> <dd>1955  <a href="/wiki/E._Lowell_Kelly" title="E. Lowell Kelly">E. Lowell Kelly</a></dd> <dd>1954  <a href="/wiki/O._Hobart_Mowrer" class="mw-redirect" title="O. Hobart Mowrer">O. Hobart Mowrer</a></dd> <dd>1953  <a href="/wiki/Laurance_F._Shaffer" title="Laurance F. Shaffer">Laurance F. Shaffer</a></dd> <dd>1952  <a href="/wiki/J._McVicker_Hunt" title="J. McVicker Hunt">J. McVicker Hunt</a></dd> <dd>1951  <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Sears" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Sears">Robert R. Sears</a></dd> <dd>1950  <a href="/wiki/Joy_Paul_Guilford" class="mw-redirect" title="Joy Paul Guilford">Joy Paul Guilford</a></dd> <dd>1949  <a href="/wiki/Ernest_R._Hilgard" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest R. Hilgard">Ernest R. Hilgard</a></dd> <dd>1948  <a href="/wiki/Donald_Marquis_(psychologist)" title="Donald Marquis (psychologist)">Donald R. Marquis</a></dd> <dd>1947  <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></dd> <dd>1946  <a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Garrett" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry E. Garrett">Henry E. Garrett</a></dd> <dd>1945  <a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._Guthrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin R. Guthrie">Edwin R. Guthrie</a></dd> <dd>1944  <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Murphy" title="Gardner Murphy">Gardner Murphy</a></dd> <dd>1943  <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Edward Anderson (psychologist)">John Edward Anderson</a></dd> <dd>1942  <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Perry_Stone" title="Calvin Perry Stone">Calvin Perry Stone</a></dd> <dd>1941  <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Woodrow" title="Herbert Woodrow">Herbert Woodrow</a></dd> <dd>1940  <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Carmichael" title="Leonard Carmichael">Leonard Carmichael</a></dd> <dd>1939  <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></dd> <dd>1938  <a href="/wiki/John_Dashiell" title="John Dashiell">John Dashiell</a></dd> <dd>1937  <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Tolman" title="Edward C. Tolman">Edward C. Tolman</a></dd> <dd>1936  <a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></dd> <dd>1935  <a href="/wiki/Albert_Poffenberger" title="Albert Poffenberger">Albert Poffenberger</a></dd> <dd>1934  <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Peterson_(psychologist)" title="Joseph Peterson (psychologist)">Joseph Peterson</a></dd> <dd>1933  <a href="/wiki/Louis_Leon_Thurstone" title="Louis Leon Thurstone">Louis Leon Thurstone</a></dd> <dd>1932  <a href="/wiki/Walter_Richard_Miles" title="Walter Richard Miles">Walter Richard Miles</a></dd> <dd>1931  <a href="/wiki/Walter_Samuel_Hunter" title="Walter Samuel Hunter">Walter Samuel Hunter</a></dd> <dd>1930  <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Langfeld" title="Herbert Langfeld">Herbert Langfeld</a></dd> <dd>1929  <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lashley" title="Karl Lashley">Karl Lashley</a></dd> <dd>1928  <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Boring" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin G. Boring">Edwin G. Boring</a></dd> <dd>1927  <a href="/wiki/Harry_Levi_Hollingworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Levi Hollingworth">Harry Levi Hollingworth</a></dd> <dd>1926  <a href="/wiki/Harvey_A._Carr" title="Harvey A. Carr">Harvey A. Carr</a></dd> <dd>1925  <a href="/wiki/Madison_Bentley" class="mw-redirect" title="Madison Bentley">Madison Bentley</a></dd> <dd>1924  <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a></dd> <dd>1923  <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman" title="Lewis Terman">Lewis Terman</a></dd> <dd>1922  <a href="/wiki/Knight_Dunlap" title="Knight Dunlap">Knight Dunlap</a></dd> <dd>1921  <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Floy_Washburn" title="Margaret Floy Washburn">Margaret Floy Washburn</a></dd> <dd>1920  <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Ivory_Franz" title="Shepherd Ivory Franz">Shepherd Ivory Franz</a></dd> <dd>1919  <a href="/wiki/Walter_Dill_Scott" title="Walter Dill Scott">Walter Dill Scott</a></dd> <dd>1918  <a href="/wiki/John_Wallace_Baird" title="John Wallace Baird">John Wallace Baird</a></dd> <dd>1917  <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mearns_Yerkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Mearns Yerkes">Robert Mearns Yerkes</a></dd> <dd>1916  <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Dodge" title="Raymond Dodge">Raymond Dodge</a></dd> <dd>1915  <a href="/wiki/John_Broadus_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Broadus Watson">John Broadus Watson</a></dd> <dd>1914  <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sessions_Woodworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Sessions Woodworth">Robert Sessions Woodworth</a></dd> <dd>1913  <a href="/wiki/Howard_C_Warren" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard C Warren">Howard Crosby Warren</a></dd> <dd>1912  <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></dd> <dd>1911  <a href="/wiki/Carl_Emil_Seashore" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Emil Seashore">Carl Emil Seashore</a></dd> <dd>1910  <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bowers_Pillsbury" title="Walter Bowers Pillsbury">Walter Bowers Pillsbury</a></dd> <dd>1909  <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hubbard_Judd" title="Charles Hubbard Judd">Charles Hubbard Judd</a></dd> <dd>1908  <a href="/wiki/George_Malcolm_Stratton" class="mw-redirect" title="George Malcolm Stratton">George Malcolm Stratton</a></dd> <dd>1907  <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rutgers_Marshall" title="Henry Rutgers Marshall">Henry Rutgers Marshall</a></dd> <dd>1906  <a href="/wiki/James_Rowland_Angell" title="James Rowland Angell">James Rowland Angell</a></dd> <dd>1905  <a href="/wiki/Mary_Whiton_Calkins" title="Mary Whiton Calkins">Mary Whiton Calkins</a></dd> <dd>1904  <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></dd> <dd>1903  <a href="/wiki/William_Lowe_Bryan" title="William Lowe Bryan">William Lowe Bryan</a></dd> <dd>1902  <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Sanford" title="Edmund Sanford">Edmund Sanford</a></dd> <dd>1901  <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a></dd> <dd>1900  <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a></dd> <dd>1899  <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></dd> <dd>1898  <a href="/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberg" title="Hugo Münsterberg">Hugo Münsterberg</a></dd> <dd>1897  <a href="/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin">James Mark Baldwin</a></dd> <dd>1896  <a href="/wiki/George_Stuart_Fullerton" title="George Stuart Fullerton">George Stuart Fullerton</a></dd> <dd>1895  <a href="/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell" title="James McKeen Cattell">James McKeen Cattell</a></dd> <dd>1894  <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></dd> <dd>1893  <a href="/wiki/George_Trumbull_Ladd" title="George Trumbull Ladd">George Trumbull Ladd</a></dd> <dd>1892  <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a></dd></dl></div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Rossi" title="Bart Rossi">Bart Rossi</a>, psychologist and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Willis_(professor)" title="Diane Willis (professor)">Diane Willis</a>, American psychologist, eponym of the Diane J. Willis early career award</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions">Divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The APA has 56 numbered divisions, 54 of which are currently active:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_General_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for General Psychology (page does not exist)">Society for General Psychology</a> – the first division formed by the APA, in 1945, concerned with issues across the subdisciplines of psychology<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Teaching_of_Psychology" title="Society for the Teaching of Psychology">Society for the Teaching of Psychology</a> – provides free teaching material for students and teachers of psychology and bestows many awards<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Experimental_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Science" title="Society for Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science">Society for Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science</a></li> <li>Currently vacant – initially reserved for the <a href="/wiki/Psychometric_Society" title="Psychometric Society">Psychometric Society</a>, which decided against becoming an APA division after the establishment of the similarly defined Division 5<sup id="cite_ref-Division_16_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division_16-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Quantitative_and_Qualitative_Methods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods (page does not exist)">Quantitative and Qualitative Methods</a> – previously named Evaluation, Measurement, and Statistics<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Behavioral_Neuroscience_and_Comparative_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology (page does not exist)">Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Developmental_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Developmental Psychology (page does not exist)">Developmental Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Personality_and_Social_Psychology" title="Society for Personality and Social Psychology">Society for Personality and Social Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Psychological_Study_of_Social_Issues" title="Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues">Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues</a> (SPSSI)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_the_Psychology_of_Aesthetics,_Creativity_and_the_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for the Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts (page does not exist)">Society for the Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts</a></li> <li>Currently vacant – initially Abnormal Psychology and Psychotherapy, which joined Division 12 in 1946<sup id="cite_ref-Division_16_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division_16-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Clinical_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Clinical Psychology (page does not exist)">Society of Clinical Psychology</a> – established in 1945 with 482 members. Became the Division of Clinical and Abnormal Psychology in 1946, and took its current name in 1998. In 1962 it created clinical child psychology as its first section.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Consulting_Psychology" title="Society of Consulting Psychology">Society of Consulting Psychology</a> - originally Division of Counseling and Guidance Psychologists<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_and_Organizational_Psychology" title="Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology">Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Educational_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Educational Psychology (page does not exist)">Educational Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_School_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of School Psychology (page does not exist)">School Psychology</a> – originally formed as the Division of School Psychologists in 1945, renamed in 1969<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Counseling_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Counseling Psychology (page does not exist)">Society of Counseling Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychologists_in_Public_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychologists in Public Service (page does not exist)">Psychologists in Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Military_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Military Psychology (page does not exist)">Society for Military Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Adult_Development_and_Aging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Adult Development and Aging (page does not exist)">Adult Development and Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Applied_Experimental_and_Engineering_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Applied Experimental and Engineering Psychology (page does not exist)">Applied Experimental and Engineering Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Rehabilitation_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Rehabilitation Psychology (page does not exist)">Rehabilitation Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Consumer_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Consumer Psychology">Society for Consumer Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Theoretical_and_Philosophical_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology (page does not exist)">Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Behavior_Analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Behavior Analysis (page does not exist)">Behavior Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_the_History_of_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for the History of Psychology (page does not exist)">Society for the History of Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Community_Research_and_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Community Research and Action (page does not exist)">Society for Community Research and Action</a>: Division of Community Psychology</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Psychopharmacology_and_Substance_Abuse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Psychopharmacology and Substance Abuse (page does not exist)">Psychopharmacology and Substance Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Psychotherapy" title="Division of Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Psychological_Hypnosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Psychological Hypnosis (page does not exist)">Society of Psychological Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State,_Provincial_and_Territorial_Psychological_Association_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State, Provincial and Territorial Psychological Association Affairs (page does not exist)">State, Provincial and Territorial Psychological Association Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Humanistic_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Humanistic Psychology (page does not exist)">Society for Humanistic Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Intellectual_and_Developmental_Disabilities_/_Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities / Autism Spectrum Disorder (page does not exist)">Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities / Autism Spectrum Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Environmental,_Population_and_Conservation_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Environmental, Population and Conservation Psychology (page does not exist)">Society for Environmental, Population and Conservation Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_the_Psychology_of_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for the Psychology of Women (page does not exist)">Society for the Psychology of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_the_Psychology_of_Religion_and_Spirituality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality (page does not exist)">Society for the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Child_and_Family_Policy_and_Practice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Child and Family Policy and Practice (page does not exist)">Society for Child and Family Policy and Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Health_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Health Psychology (page does not exist)">Society for Health Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Psychoanalysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Psychoanalysis (page does not exist)">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Clinical_Neuropsychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Clinical Neuropsychology (page does not exist)">Society for Clinical Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychology-Law_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Psychology-Law Society">American Psychology-Law Society</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Psychologists_in_Independent_Practice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Psychologists in Independent Practice (page does not exist)">Psychologists in Independent Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Family_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Family Psychology (page does not exist)">Society for Family Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_the_Psychology_of_Sexual_Orientation_and_Gender_Diversity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for the Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity (page does not exist)">Society for the Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_the_Psychological_Study_of_Ethnic_Minority_Issues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues (page does not exist)">Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Media_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Media Psychology (page does not exist)">Media Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Exercise_and_Sport_Psychology" title="Division of Exercise and Sport Psychology">Exercise and Sport Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_the_Study_of_Peace,_Conflict,_and_Violence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence (page does not exist)">Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence</a>: Peace Psychology Division</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Group_Psychology_and_Group_Psychotherapy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Group Psychology and Group Psychotherapy (page does not exist)">Society of Group Psychology and Group Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Addiction_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Addiction Psychology (page does not exist)">Society of Addiction Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_the_Psychological_Study_of_Men_and_Masculinities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinities (page does not exist)">Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_International_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of International Psychology (page does not exist)">International Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Clinical_Child_%26_Adolescent_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology">Society of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Pediatric_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Pediatric Psychology (page does not exist)">Society of Pediatric Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Prescribing_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Prescribing Psychology (page does not exist)">Society for Prescribing Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Trauma_Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Trauma Psychology (page does not exist)">Trauma Psychology</a> – addresses issues of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">trauma</a> with projects, working groups and via collaborations<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity">Sexual orientation and gender identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sexual orientation and gender identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cause_of_sexual_orientation">Cause of sexual orientation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cause of sexual orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology and sexual orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment and sexual orientation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></div><p> The APA states the following:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is no consensus among scientists about the exact reasons that an individual develops a heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual orientation. Although much research has examined the possible genetic, hormonal, developmental, social, and cultural influences on sexual orientation, no findings have emerged that permit scientists to conclude that sexual orientation is determined by any particular factor or factors. Many think that nature and nurture both play complex roles; most people experience little or no sense of choice about their sexual orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1975, APA issued a supporting statement that homosexuality is not a mental disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-ajp_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ajp-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_therapy">Conversion therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Conversion therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></div> <p>Conversion therapy, also called reparative therapy, is the practice of attempting to change the patient's <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a>. The American Psychological Association (APA) task force report on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation concluded that conversion therapy was "unlikely to be successful" and involved "some risk of harm".<sup id="cite_ref-APA_Task_Force_on_Appropriate_Therapeutic_Responses_to_Sexual_Orientation_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA_Task_Force_on_Appropriate_Therapeutic_Responses_to_Sexual_Orientation-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the task force's report, the APA recommends that therapists adopt an affirmative, supportive approach for clients who present for therapy to change their sexual orientation rather than attempting to convert their sexual orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-APA_Task_Force_on_Appropriate_Therapeutic_Responses_to_Sexual_Orientation_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA_Task_Force_on_Appropriate_Therapeutic_Responses_to_Sexual_Orientation-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The APA adopted a resolution in August 2009 stating that mental health professionals should avoid telling clients that they can change their sexual orientation through therapy or other treatments. The approval, by APA's governing Council of Representatives, came at APA's annual convention, during which a task force presented a report<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that in part examined the efficacy of so-called "<a href="/wiki/Reparative_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparative therapy">reparative therapy</a>", or sexual orientation change efforts. </p><p>The "Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts" also advises that parents, guardians, young people, and their families avoid sexual orientation treatments that portray homosexuality as a mental illness or <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disorder" title="Developmental disorder">developmental disorder</a> and instead seek <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">social support</a>, and educational services "that provide accurate information on sexual orientation and sexuality, increase family and school support, and reduce rejection of sexual minority youth."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-sex_marriage">Same-sex marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Same-sex marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></div> <p>The APA adopted a resolution stating that it is unfair and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discriminatory</a> to deny same-sex couples legal access to <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a> and to all its attendant rights, benefits, and privileges. It also filed an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_brief" class="mw-redirect" title="Amicus brief">amicus brief</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry" title="Hollingsworth v. Perry">the federal court case</a> in which Judge <a href="/wiki/Vaughn_Walker" title="Vaughn Walker">Vaughn Walker</a> struck down <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_8_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 8 (2008)">California's constitutional ban</a> on same-sex marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-amici_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amici-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The APA later praised the decision and denied the existence of any "scientific justification" for a ban on same-sex marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2011, the APA clarified their support of same-sex marriage in light of continued research suggesting that the same community benefits accepted as result of heterosexual marriage apply to same-sex couples as well. Clinton Anderson, then associate executive director of the APA and director of the Office on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Concerns, said that, prior to this research, "We knew that marriage benefits heterosexual people in very significant ways, but we didn't know if that would be true for same-sex couples." Anderson also put forward the APA's view that merely allowing same-sex civil unions is an inadequate option: "Anything other than marriage is, in essence, a stigmatization of same-sex couples. Stigma does have negative impacts on people."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_assignment">Sex assignment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sex assignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2024, evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> and physicist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sokal" title="Alan Sokal">Alan Sokal</a> co-authored an op-ed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> criticizing the use of the terminology "sex assigned at birth" instead of "sex" by the APA, the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. Dawkins and Sokal argued that <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> is an "objective biological reality" that "is determined at conception and is then <i>observed</i> at birth," rather than <a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">assigned</a> by a medical professional. Calling this "<a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">social constructionism</a> gone amok," Dawkins and Sokal argued that "distort[ing] the scientific facts in the service of a social cause" risks undermining trust in medical institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="APA_internship_crisis_for_graduate_students">APA internship crisis for graduate students</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: APA internship crisis for graduate students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The APA is the main accrediting body for U.S. clinical and counseling psychology doctoral training programs and internship sites.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APA-accredited clinical psychology PhD and PsyD programs typically require students to complete a one-year, full-time clinical internship in order to graduate (or a two-year, part-time internship). However, there is currently an "internship crisis" as defined by the American Psychological Association, in that approximately 25% of clinical psychology doctoral students do not match for internship each year.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This crisis has led many students (approximately 1,000 each year) to re-apply for internship, thus delaying graduation, or to complete an unaccredited internship, and often has many emotional and financial consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students who do not complete an APA-accredited internship in the U.S. are barred from certain employment settings, including VA hospitals, the military, and cannot get licensed in some states, such as Utah and Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-appic1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appic1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some postdoctoral fellowships and other employment settings require or prefer an APA-accredited internship.<sup id="cite_ref-appic1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appic1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The APA has been criticized for not addressing this crisis adequately and many psychologists and graduate students have petitioned for the APA to take action by regulating graduate training programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warfare_and_the_use_of_torture">Warfare and the use of torture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Warfare and the use of torture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A year after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Resources_Research_Organization" title="Human Resources Research Organization">Human Resources Research Organization</a> by the U.S. military in 1951, the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> began funding numerous psychologists (and other scientists) in the development of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a> methods under the supervision of APA treasurer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meredith_Crawford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meredith Crawford (page does not exist)">Meredith Crawford</a>. <a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a>, the APA president in 1960 who was awarded the APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award in 1961, defended the <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> of research subjects, arguing that what was being studied was other nations' methods of <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing</a>. Former APA president <a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a> spoke upon the invitation of the CIA on his <a href="/wiki/Animal_experimentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal experimentation">animal experimentation</a> where he shocked a dog unpredictably and repeatedly into total, <a href="/wiki/Learned_helplessness" title="Learned helplessness">helpless</a> passivity. Former APA president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_F._Levant" title="Ronald F. Levant">Ronald F. Levant</a>, upon visiting <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay</a>, affirmed that psychologists were present during the torture of prisoners, arguing that their presence was to "add value and safeguards" to interrogations.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former APA president <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Koocher" title="Gerald Koocher">Gerald Koocher</a> argued, referring to allegations of continuing systemic abuse by psychologists, that such allegations were originating from "opportunistic commentators masquerading as scholars."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> released a series of reports, calling attention to violations of the human rights of prisoners in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ghraib Prison">Abu Ghraib Prison</a> and American detention camps, and the role of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in enacting these abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amnesty.org_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reports called on the occupying powers to protect the human rights of any detained civilians by giving them a fair and timely trial, not detaining civilians arbitrarily, and treating all people ethically while in detention. Amnesty International also called for justice, by trying individual perpetrators of abuse for their crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty.org_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these reports, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> instituted "enhanced" interrogation techniques, stating publicly that reported abuses were isolated incidents, and not standard practice. Internal memos from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> revealed that an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> had sanctioned certain interrogation techniques, such as playing loud music, depriving prisoners of sleep, and stripping prisoners of their clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CIA reportedly required involvement from health professionals to continue its practice of "enhanced" interrogations on detainees, to maintain the lawfulness of their practices. Psychiatrists and medical doctors were reluctant to participate in interrogations, however some psychologists participated.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report by a group of psychologists alleges the same, implicating a number of APA officials as well.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When it emerged that psychologists, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Science_Consultation_Team" title="Behavioral Science Consultation Team">Behavioral Science Consultation Team</a>, were advising interrogators in Guantánamo and other U.S. facilities on improving the effectiveness of the "<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a>", the APA called on the U.S. government to prohibit the use of unethical interrogation techniques and labeled specific techniques as torture.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics pointed out that the APA declined to advise its members not to participate in such interrogations.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2008, the APA's members passed a resolution stating that psychologists may not work in settings where "persons are held outside, or in violation of, either international law (e.g., the UN Convention Against Torture and the Geneva Conventions) or the U.S. Constitution (where appropriate), unless they are working directly for the persons being detained or for an independent third party working to protect human rights."<sup id="cite_ref-coercion_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coercion-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution became official APA policy in February 2009. However, the APA has refused to sanction those members known to have participated in and, in some cases, designed abusive interrogation techniques used in Guantanamo Bay, Iraq, and Afghanistan interrogation centers.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The APA directive was in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> ban in May 2006 of all direct participation in interrogations by psychiatrists,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> ban in June 2006 of the direct participation in interrogations by physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An independent panel of medical, military, ethics, education, public health, and legal professionals issued a comprehensive report in November 2013 that "charged that U.S. military and intelligence agencies directed doctors and psychologists working in U.S. military detention centers to violate standard ethical principles and medical standards to avoid infliction of harm."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One group of psychologists in particular, the Coalition for an Ethical Psychology, has been very harsh in its criticism of the APA stance on its refusal to categorically prohibit members from participating in any phase of military interrogations. They stated their continuing disagreement with APA leadership in an open letter posted on their website on October 31, 2012, in which they reiterated their condemnation of torture and enhanced interrogation techniques, and called for the APA to require its members to refuse participation in military conducted interrogations of any kind.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the abuses were made public, the APA created a task force called Psychological Ethics and National Security (PENS) and released a report stating that the APA Code of Ethics applies to psychologists working in any setting, and that psychologists do not facilitate or participate in any degrading or cruel behavior, referring back to the APA's 1986 Resolution Against Torture. The report also called on psychologists to report any suspected or observed inhumane treatment to the appropriate authorities and obey federal law.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amending_the_Ethics_Code">Amending the Ethics Code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Amending the Ethics Code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In February 2010, the APA's Council of Representatives voted to amend <a href="/wiki/APA_Ethics_Code" title="APA Ethics Code">the association's Ethics Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to make clear that its standards can never be interpreted to justify or defend violating human rights. There is a history of similar issues with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Psychological_Association#History" title="Canadian Psychological Association">Canadian Psychological Association</a>. Following are the two relevant ethical standards from the APA Ethics Code, with the amended language shown in bold:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>1.02, Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority</p></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If psychologists' ethical responsibilities conflict with law, regulations, or other governing legal authority, psychologists <b>clarify the nature of the conflict</b>, make known their commitment to the Ethics Code and take <b>reasonable</b> steps to resolve the conflict <b>consistent with the General Principles and Ethical Standards of the Ethics Code. Under no circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend violating human rights.</b></p></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>1.03, Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands</p></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If the demands of an organization with which psychologists are affiliated or for whom they are working <b>are in</b> conflict with this Ethics Code, psychologists clarify the nature of the conflict, make known their commitment to the Ethics Code, and <b>take reasonable steps to resolve the conflict consistent with the General Principles and Ethical Standards of the Ethics Code. Under no circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend violating human rights.</b><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In its 2013 <i>"Policy Related to Psychologists' Work in National Security Settings and Reaffirmation of the APA Position Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,</i> the APA condemns the use of any of the following practices by military interrogators trying to elicit anti-<a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> information from detainees, on the ground that "there are no exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether induced by a state of war or threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, that may be invoked as a justification."<sup id="cite_ref-coercion_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coercion-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoffman_report">Hoffman report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hoffman report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2014, the APA ordered an independent review into whether it cooperated with the government's use of torture of prisoners during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a>, naming Chicago attorney <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hoffman" title="David H. Hoffman">David H. Hoffman</a> to conduct the review.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Psychological_Association_Bolstered_C.I.A._Torture_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Psychological_Association_Bolstered_C.I.A._Torture-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 2, 2015, a 542-page report was issued to the special committee of the board of directors of the APA relating to ethics guidelines, national security interrogations, and torture.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report concluded that the APA secretly collaborated with the Bush administration to bolster a legal and ethical justification for the torture of prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the report stated that the association's ethics director <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Behnke" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Behnke">Stephen Behnke</a> and others had "colluded with important Department of Defense officials to have the APA issue loose, high-level ethical guidelines that did not constrain" the interrogation of terrorism suspects at Guantanamo Bay. The association's "principal motive in doing so was to align APA and curry favor with DOD."<sup id="cite_ref-wapost_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapost-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An APA official said that ethics director Stephen Behnke had been "removed from his position as a result of the report" and indicated that other firings or sanctions might follow.<sup id="cite_ref-wapost_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapost-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, the findings of the Hoffman Report revealed that the APA had an unfair bias towards prisoners due to the organization's relationship with the federal government. This resulted in a tidal wave of consequences for the APA. On July 14, 2015, the APA announced the retirement of its CEO, <a href="/wiki/Norman_B._Anderson" title="Norman B. Anderson">Norman B. Anderson</a>, effective the end of 2015, and of Deputy Chief Executive Officer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Honaker" title="Michael Honaker">Michael Honaker</a>, effective August 15, 2015, and the resignation of Rhea K. Farberman, APA's executive director for public and member communication. Anderson had been CEO since 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian2015-07-14_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian2015-07-14-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pr2015-07-14_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr2015-07-14-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ban_on_involvement">Ban on involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ban on involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For at least a decade, dissident psychologists within and outside the APA, including the group WithholdAPAdues,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had protested the involvement of psychologists "in interrogations at CIA black sites and Guantánamo." Prior to the release of the Hoffman report, which undermined the APA's repeated denials and showed that some APA leaders were complicit in torture, the dissidents were ignored or ridiculed.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-demnow_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demnow-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On August 7, 2015, just weeks following the release of the Hoffman report, the APA council of representatives met at the association's 123rd annual convention in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. At that meeting, the APA council passed Resolution 23B, which implemented the 2008 membership vote to remove psychologists from settings that operate outside <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, and banning the participation of psychologists in unlawful interrogations. With 156 votes in favor and only one vote against, the resolution passed with the near unanimous approval of council members.<sup id="cite_ref-banned_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banned-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adoption of Resolution 23B aligned the APA's policy with that of the American Psychiatric Association and that of the American Medical Association by prohibiting psychologists from participating in interrogations deemed illegal by the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Torture">United Nations Convention against Torture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-demnow_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demnow-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>Implementation of the 2008 Membership Vote to Remove Psychologists from All Settings That Operate Outside of International Law (NBI #23B)</b></p></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Council is asked to approve the substitute main motion below that includes a revised resolution with a new title, <b>Resolution to Amend the 2006 and 2013 Council Resolutions to Clarify the Roles of Psychologists Related to Interrogation and Detainee Welfare in National Security Settings, to Further Implement the 2008 Petition Resolution, and to Safeguard Against Acts of Torture and Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in All Settings</b>. This resolution further aligns the APA policy definition for "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" (in the 2006 and 2013 Council resolutions) with the United Nations (UN) Convention Against Torture and ensures that the definition applies broadly to all individuals and settings; offers APA as a supportive resource for ethical practice for psychologists, including those in military and national security roles; prohibits psychologists from participating in national security interrogations; clarifies the intended application of the 2008 petition resolution... and calls for APA letters to be sent to federal officials to inform them of these policy changes and clarifications of existing APA policy.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The ban will not "prohibit psychologists from working with the police or prisons in criminal law enforcement interrogations".<sup id="cite_ref-banned_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banned-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Class_action_lawsuit_by_members_claiming_deceptive_dues_assessments">Class action lawsuit by members claiming deceptive dues assessments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Class action lawsuit by members claiming deceptive dues assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013 a class action lawsuit was brought against APA on behalf of approximately 60,000 of its 122,000 members who were licensed clinicians. Those members paid an additional $140 practice assessment fee as part of their membership dues every year beginning in 2001 to fund the lobbying arm of APA, the APA Practice Organization (APAPO). The lawsuit accused APA of using deceptive means by representing that the assessment was mandatory for APA membership even though payment of the assessment was only required for membership in the APAPO. In 2015 APA settled the case by establishing a $9.02 million settlement fund to be used to pay claims made by members of APA who paid the practice assessment, as well as attorneys' fees and certain other costs. APA agreed to change its policies to make clear that the APAPO membership dues are not required for membership in APA.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_research">Animal research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Animal research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, the APA enforces ethical standards to protect nonhuman animal subjects from unnecessary harm during the research process. Some of the requirements for using nonhuman animals in research include: proper justification of the research, maintenance and inspection of appropriate housing for the animals, minimizing discomfort and stress whenever possible, and preference of noninvasive measures.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these guidelines, however, many advocacy groups exist to either reduce or eliminate animal research, arguing that it is unethical to capture animals and subject them to research procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evidence-based_practice">Evidence-based practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Evidence-based practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A current controversy among mental health professionals involves the use of the terms evidence based practice or evidence based treatment. Proponents of the evidence-based treatments movement argue that it is unethical to administer a therapeutic intervention with questionable research support when another treatment's effectiveness has been demonstrated for the client's condition, particularly when the intervention in question is potentially harmful (such as conversion therapy). Proponents argue that administration of an empirically questionable treatment violates the general Principle A of the ethical principles of psychologist: Beneficence and nonmaleficence (or "do no harm").<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics of the evidence-based practice movement note ethical concerns regarding the research and practice of evidenced-based treatments themselves. Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of a range of treatments, including psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapies,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> evidence-based practice is a term now associated only with short-term, manualized treatments which have been evaluated in randomized control trials. However, focusing only on randomized control trials is problematic when determining treatment efficacy. Among problems associated with this approach, one issue is that such trials are conducted on highly select patient populations. Thus, the relevance of these trials is unclear because real-world patients might differ from patients in such trials..<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, while the public may assume evidence-based is synonymous for "likely to help", research studies indicate that most patients do not show meaningful improvement in so-called evidence-based treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Professional_Psychology" title="American Board of Professional Psychology">American Board of Professional Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychoanalytic_Association" title="American Psychoanalytic Association">American Psychoanalytic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Black_Psychologists" title="Association of Black Psychologists">Association of Black Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Psychological_and_Social_Studies" title="Association of Psychological and Social Studies">Association of Psychological and Social Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Psychological_Association" title="Canadian Psychological Association">Canadian Psychological Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation_of_Psychologists%27_Associations" title="European Federation of Psychologists' Associations">European Federation of Psychologists' Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_School_Psychologists" title="National Association of School Psychologists">National Association of School Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_psychology" title="Peace psychology">Peace psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Clinical_Child_%26_Adolescent_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology">Society of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychological_Association&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-About-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/about/">"About APA"</a>. APA.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+APA&rft.pub=APA.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/about/division/">"Divisions of the APA"</a>. APA.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divisions+of+the+APA&rft.pub=APA.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fabout%2Fdivision%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reports-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reports_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/">"APA Reports"</a>. APA.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APA+Reports&rft.pub=APA.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpubs%2Finfo%2Freports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/about/policy/">"Council Policy Manual"</a>. APA.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Good+Governance+Project+Recommended+Changes+to+Maximize+Organizational+Effectiveness+of+APA+Governance&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fabout%2Fgovernance%2Fgood-governance%2Ffinal-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/ed/">"Education Directorate of the American Psychological Association"</a>. APA.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+Directorate+of+the+American+Psychological+Association&rft.pub=APA.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/practice/">"APA Practice Directorate"</a>. APA.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APA+Practice+Directorate&rft.pub=APA.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpractice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pi/">"Public Interest Directorate"</a>. APA.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+and+Member+Communications&rft.pub=APA.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fabout%2Foffices%2Fdirectorates%2Fcommunications.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/science/">"Science Directorate"</a>. APA.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+Directorate&rft.pub=APA.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fscience%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apapracticecentral.org/ce/state/model-act.aspx">"Model Act for State Licensure of Psychologists"</a>. APA.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model+Act+for+State+Licensure+of+Psychologists&rft.pub=APA.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apapracticecentral.org%2Fce%2Fstate%2Fmodel-act.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/about/division/officers/handbook/">"Division Officers Handbook"</a>. APA.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Division+Officers+Handbook&rft.pub=APA.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fabout%2Fdivision%2Fofficers%2Fhandbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/about/offices/directorates/pubs.aspx">"About APA Publications and Databases"</a>. APA.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+APA+Publications+and+Databases&rft.pub=APA.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fabout%2Foffices%2Fdirectorates%2Fpubs.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.apa.org/publications?query=&facet=&pubtype=journals&section=title&sort=title">"American Psychological Association Publications Search"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Psychological+Association+Publications+Search&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.apa.org%2Fpublications%3Fquery%3D%26facet%3D%26pubtype%3Djournals%26section%3Dtitle%26sort%3Dtitle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A search of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> catalog on September 24, 2014, for books published by the American Psychological Association returned 1583 results, but some of these results are other media that are misclassified as books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</i> (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA. 2010 [1929]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433805592" title="Special:BookSources/9781433805592"><bdi>9781433805592</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/316736612">316736612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Publication+Manual+of+the+American+Psychological+Association&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=APA&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F316736612&rft.isbn=9781433805592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Concise Rules of APA Style</i> (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433805608" title="Special:BookSources/9781433805608"><bdi>9781433805608</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/317697841">317697841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Rules+of+APA+Style&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=APA&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F317697841&rft.isbn=9781433805608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenBos2007" class="citation book cs1">VandenBos, Gary R., ed. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apadictionaryofp00vand"><i>APA Dictionary of Psychology</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Washington, DC: APA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591473800" title="Special:BookSources/9781591473800"><bdi>9781591473800</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65407150">65407150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=APA+Dictionary+of+Psychology&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=APA&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65407150&rft.isbn=9781591473800&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapadictionaryofp00vand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazdin2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Kazdin, Alan E.</a>, ed. (2000). <i>Encyclopedia of Psychology</i>. Washington, DC; Oxford; New York: APA; <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557981875" title="Special:BookSources/9781557981875"><bdi>9781557981875</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42692282">42692282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC%3B+Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=APA%3B+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42692282&rft.isbn=9781557981875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardeñaLynnKrippner2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Etzel_Carde%C3%B1a" title="Etzel Cardeña">Cardeña, Etzel</a>; Lynn, Steven Jay; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Krippner" title="Stanley Krippner">Krippner, Stanley</a>, eds. (2014) [2000]. <i>Varieties of Anomalous Experience: Examining the Scientific Evidence</i> (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: APA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433815294" title="Special:BookSources/9781433815294"><bdi>9781433815294</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/843454608">843454608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Anomalous+Experience%3A+Examining+the+Scientific+Evidence&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=APA&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F843454608&rft.isbn=9781433815294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pubs/">"Publications & Databases"</a>. APA.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publications+%26+Databases&rft.pub=APA.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpubs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220201405/http://www.apapracticecentral.org/outreach/workplace/">"Psychologically Healthy Workplace Program"</a>. APApracticecentral.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apapracticecentral.org/outreach/workplace/">the original</a> on February 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Psychologically+Healthy+Workplace+Program&rft.pub=APApracticecentral.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apapracticecentral.org%2Foutreach%2Fworkplace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apastyle.org/about-apa-style.aspx">"APA Style"</a>. APAstyle.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APA+Style&rft.pub=APAstyle.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apastyle.org%2Fabout-apa-style.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/">"APA Formatting and Style Guide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Purdue_OWL" class="mw-redirect" title="Purdue OWL">Purdue OWL</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Purdue+OWL&rft.atitle=APA+Formatting+and+Style+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fowl.english.purdue.edu%2Fowl%2Fresource%2F560%2F01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/publication-manual-7th-edition-paperback">"Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publication+Manual+of+the+American+Psychological+Association%2C+Seventh+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpubs%2Fbooks%2Fpublication-manual-7th-edition-paperback&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Psychological+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pubs/databases/">"APA Databases & Electronic Resources"</a>. 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:APA_presidents" title="Template:APA presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:APA_presidents" title="Template talk:APA presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:APA_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:APA presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Psychological_Association125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Psychological Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1892–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Trumbull_Ladd" title="George Trumbull Ladd">George Trumbull Ladd</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell" title="James McKeen Cattell">James McKeen Cattell</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stuart_Fullerton" title="George Stuart Fullerton">George Stuart Fullerton</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin">James Mark Baldwin</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberg" title="Hugo Münsterberg">Hugo Münsterberg</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Sanford" title="Edmund Sanford">Edmund Sanford</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowe_Bryan" title="William Lowe Bryan">William Lowe Bryan</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Whiton_Calkins" title="Mary Whiton Calkins">Mary Whiton Calkins</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rowland_Angell" title="James Rowland Angell">James Rowland Angell</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rutgers_Marshall" title="Henry Rutgers Marshall">Henry Rutgers Marshall</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Stratton" title="George M. Stratton">George M. Stratton</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hubbard_Judd" title="Charles Hubbard Judd">Charles Hubbard Judd</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bowers_Pillsbury" title="Walter Bowers Pillsbury">Walter Bowers Pillsbury</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Seashore" title="Carl Seashore">Carl Seashore</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_C._Warren" title="Howard C. Warren">Howard C. Warren</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Woodworth" title="Robert S. Woodworth">Robert S. Woodworth</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Dodge" title="Raymond Dodge">Raymond Dodge</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes" title="Robert Yerkes">Robert Yerkes</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallace_Baird" title="John Wallace Baird">John Wallace Baird</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dill_Scott" title="Walter Dill Scott">Walter Dill Scott</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Ivory_Franz" title="Shepherd Ivory Franz">Shepherd Ivory Franz</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Floy_Washburn" title="Margaret Floy Washburn">Margaret Floy Washburn</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Dunlap" title="Knight Dunlap">Knight Dunlap</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman" title="Lewis Terman">Lewis Terman</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._Madison_Bentley" title="I. Madison Bentley">I. Madison Bentley</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_A._Carr" title="Harvey A. Carr">Harvey A. Carr</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Levi_Hollingworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Levi Hollingworth">Harry Levi Hollingworth</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Boring" title="Edwin Boring">Edwin Boring</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lashley" title="Karl Lashley">Karl Lashley</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Langfeld" title="Herbert Langfeld">Herbert Langfeld</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Samuel_Hunter" title="Walter Samuel Hunter">Walter Samuel Hunter</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Richard_Miles" title="Walter Richard Miles">Walter Richard Miles</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leon_Thurstone" title="Louis Leon Thurstone">Louis Leon Thurstone</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Peterson_(psychologist)" title="Joseph Peterson (psychologist)">Joseph Peterson</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Poffenberger" title="Albert Poffenberger">Albert Poffenberger</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Tolman" title="Edward C. Tolman">Edward C. Tolman</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dashiell" title="John Dashiell">John Dashiell</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Carmichael" title="Leonard Carmichael">Leonard Carmichael</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Woodrow" title="Herbert Woodrow">Herbert Woodrow</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Perry_Stone" title="Calvin Perry Stone">Calvin Perry Stone</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Edward Anderson (psychologist)">John Edward Anderson</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Murphy" title="Gardner Murphy">Gardner Murphy</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Ray_Guthrie" title="Edwin Ray Guthrie">Edwin Ray Guthrie</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Henry Garrett</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Marquis_(psychologist)" title="Donald Marquis (psychologist)">Donald Marquis</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Richardson_Sears" title="Robert Richardson Sears">Robert Richardson Sears</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._McVicker_Hunt" title="J. McVicker Hunt">J. McVicker Hunt</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurance_F._Shaffer" title="Laurance F. Shaffer">Laurance F. Shaffer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orval_Hobart_Mowrer" title="Orval Hobart Mowrer">Orval Hobart Mowrer</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lowell_Kelly" title="E. Lowell Kelly">E. Lowell Kelly</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Newcomb" title="Theodore Newcomb">Theodore Newcomb</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Cronbach" title="Lee Cronbach">Lee Cronbach</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Meehl" title="Paul E. Meehl">Paul E. Meehl</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Osgood" title="Charles E. Osgood">Charles E. Osgood</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_McNemar" title="Quinn McNemar">Quinn McNemar</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hobbs" title="Nicholas Hobbs">Nicholas Hobbs</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Lindzey" title="Gardner Lindzey">Gardner Lindzey</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George Armitage Miller</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Albee" title="George Albee">George Albee</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_E._Tyler" title="Leona E. Tyler">Leona E. Tyler</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilbert_J._McKeachie" title="Wilbert J. McKeachie">Wilbert J. McKeachie</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._Blau" title="Theodore H. Blau">Theodore H. Blau</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Brewster_Smith" title="M. Brewster Smith">M. Brewster Smith</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Cummings" title="Nicholas Cummings">Nicholas Cummings</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Denmark" title="Florence Denmark">Florence Denmark</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Conger" title="John J. Conger">John J. Conger</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bevan_(psychologist)" title="William Bevan (psychologist)">William Bevan</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Siegel_(psychologist)" title="Max Siegel (psychologist)">Max Siegel</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Taylor_Spence" title="Janet Taylor Spence">Janet Taylor Spence</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Perloff" title="Robert Perloff">Robert Perloff</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_Wright" title="Logan Wright">Logan Wright</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Strickland" title="Bonnie Strickland">Bonnie Strickland</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Fowler" title="Raymond D. Fowler">Raymond D. Fowler</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Matarazzo" title="Joseph Matarazzo">Joseph Matarazzo</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Graham_(psychologist)" title="Stanley Graham (psychologist)">Stanley Graham</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spielberger" title="Charles Spielberger">Charles Spielberger</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wiggins_Jr." title="Jack Wiggins Jr.">Jack Wiggins Jr.</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Farley" title="Frank H. Farley">Frank H. Farley</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Fox" title="Ronald E. Fox">Ronald E. Fox</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Resnick" title="Robert J. Resnick">Robert J. Resnick</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cantor" title="Dorothy Cantor">Dorothy Cantor</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Abeles" title="Norman Abeles">Norman Abeles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Suinn" title="Richard Suinn">Richard Suinn</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._DeLeon" title="Patrick H. DeLeon">Patrick H. DeLeon</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norine_G._Johnson" title="Norine G. Johnson">Norine G. Johnson</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Philip Zimbardo</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sternberg" title="Robert Sternberg">Robert Sternberg</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_F._Halpern" title="Diane F. Halpern">Diane F. Halpern</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_F._Levant" title="Ronald F. Levant">Ronald F. Levant</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Koocher" title="Gerald Koocher">Gerald Koocher</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Brehm" title="Sharon Brehm">Sharon Brehm</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Bray" title="James H. Bray">James H. Bray</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_D._Goodheart" title="Carol D. Goodheart">Carol D. Goodheart</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melba_J._T._Vasquez" title="Melba J. T. Vasquez">Melba J. T. Vasquez</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Bennett_Johnson" title="Suzanne Bennett Johnson">Suzanne Bennett Johnson</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Bersoff" title="Donald N. Bersoff">Donald N. Bersoff</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Kaslow" title="Nadine Kaslow">Nadine Kaslow</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_S._Anton" title="Barry S. Anton">Barry S. Anton</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_H._McDaniel" title="Susan H. McDaniel">Susan H. McDaniel</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Puente" title="Antonio Puente">Antonio Puente</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Henderson_Daniel" title="Jessica Henderson Daniel">Jessica Henderson Daniel</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosie_Phillips_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosie Phillips Davis (page does not exist)">Rosie Phillips Davis</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Shullman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra Shullman (page does not exist)">Sandra Shullman</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_F._Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer F. Kelly (page does not exist)">Jennifer F. Kelly</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Worrell" title="Frank C. Worrell">Frank C. Worrell</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thema_Bryant" title="Thema Bryant">Thema Bryant</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466587#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466587#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2469" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466587#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/959-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80126082">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12329652f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12329652f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00697685">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35005467">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="American Psychological Association"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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