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<li id="toc-East_India_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_India_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>East India Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_India_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Raj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Raj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>British Raj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Raj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Independent India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_Debates" 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في الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="भारत में मुसलमानी व्यक्तिगत कानून – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत में मुसलमानी व्यक्तिगत कानून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82_1937" title="മുസ്‌ലിം വ്യക്തി നിയമം 1937 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുസ്‌ലിം വ്യക്തി നിയമം 1937" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7" title="مسلم پرسنل لا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مسلم پرسنل لا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Set of laws that govern Muslims in India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the law in the Philippines, see <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Muslim_Personal_Laws" title="Code of Muslim Personal Laws">Code of Muslim Personal Laws</a>.</div> <p>All the Muslims in India are governed by the <b>Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-indianexpress1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law deals with marriage, succession, inheritance and charities among Muslims. The <b><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Muslim_Marriages_Act,_1939" title="Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939">Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939</a></b> deals with the circumstances in which Muslim women can obtain divorce<sup id="cite_ref-dissolution1939_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dissolution1939-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rights of Muslim women who have been divorced by their husbands and to provide for related matters.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These laws are not applicable in the states of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Goa_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa civil code">Goa civil code</a> is applicable for all persons irrespective of religion and state of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>. These laws are not applicable to Indians, including Muslims, who married under the <a href="/wiki/Special_Marriage_Act,_1954" title="Special Marriage Act, 1954">Special Marriage Act, 1954</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence of Muslim personal code can be found since 1206 on the Indian peninsula with the establishment of Islamic rule in parts of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-abdulrahiman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abdulrahiman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a> (1206–1290 A.D), <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a> (1290–1321), the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a> (1321–1413), the <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a> (1451–1526) and the <a href="/wiki/Sur_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sur dynasty">Sur dynasty</a> (1539–1555), the court of Shariat, assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a>, dealt with cases involving personal law among Muslims. During <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah</a>'s regime, the powers of the court were restricted and Muslim law was modified to suit the requirements of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-abdulrahiman_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abdulrahiman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the regime of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_dynasty" title="Mughal dynasty">Mughal kings</a> <a href="/wiki/Babar" title="Babar">Babar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>, the earlier laws were followed, and the <i>ulemas</i> (religious scholars) had considerable influence on legal decisions. During <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>'s regime, <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulemas</a>' powers were reduced and shattered the dominance of the orthodox Sunni school. During <a href="/wiki/Jehangir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehangir">Jehangir</a>'s regime, cutting of noses and ears and death penalty could not be inflicted without the Emperor's permission. <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> ordered the compilation of a code of law.<sup id="cite_ref-abdulrahiman_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abdulrahiman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_India_Company">East India Company</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: East India Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Under the East India company, Muslim Law was enforced except when Muslims left the disputes to be determined according to Hindu <i>Saastras</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-abdulrahiman_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abdulrahiman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Regulation 11 of 1772 by Sec. 27 enacted that <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"in all suits regarding inheritance, succession, marriage and caste and other religious usages or institutions, the laws of the Quran with respect of Mohamedan and those of the Shastras with respect to Gentoos (Hindus) shall be invariably adhered to."</p></blockquote> <p>In 1822, the <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Privy Council</a> recognized the right of <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Muslims to their own law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Raj">British Raj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British Raj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British Raj passed Shariat Act in 1937 is followed in India in matters related to marriage, divorce and succession among Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-indianexpress1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scroll_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scroll-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_India">Independent India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Independent India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India's achievement of independence from the British was meant to show about significant change in the regular life of Indians. Previously under British rule, Indian society was defined by social collectives, caste and religious identity, with a lack of focus on citizenship and the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Newbigin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newbigin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Indian's relationship with politics and the law was indeed determined by these social measures; the Fundamental Rights Constitution was passed and intended to reverse this concept that an individual could be limited based upon caste, religion, economic status, etc. However, the new standards laid out in the Constitution have not come to fruition in society, even 6 years after the passing of the act. Aspects of gender, caste and religion are still determinants of political influence and access to resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Newbigin_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newbigin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shariat Application Act was enacted by the British government in India in 1937, and, after India became independent from Britain, the Shariat Act (MPL) was maintained in Indian society.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was originally introduced as a matter of policy by the British government, but upon independence MPL became significant to Muslim identity and religion. This primary aspect of religion has created controversy across both Muslim communities and Hindu political organizations. The Indian Parliament passed Hindu Code Bills, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Marriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Marriage Act">Hindu Marriage Act</a> (1955), <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Succession_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Succession Act">Hindu Succession Act</a> (1956), <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Minority_and_Guardianship_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act">Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act</a> (1956) and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Adoptions_and_Maintenance_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act">Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act</a> (1956). <a href="/wiki/Hindu_code_bills#Beginning_of_codification" title="Hindu code bills">Those who practised Sikhism, Jainism, and Buddhism were considered to be Hindus under the jurisdiction of the Code Bill.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_Debates">Current Debates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current Debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent debates related to Muslim Personal Law (MPL) are particularly in favor of abolishing the existing legal system for several reasons. It is said that the current organization of MPL in place discriminates against women in three distinct ways; they are that 1) a Muslim man is allowed to marry up to four wives at a time,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2) he can divorce his wife without entering into any legal processes, and 3) he does not need to provide financial support to his ex-wife after three months of the divorce, whereas men of other religions are likely required to support their ex-wives forever.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mohd._Ahmed_Khan_v._Shah_Bano_Begum" title="Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum">Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum</a></div> <p>The Shah Bano case of 1978 is related to these discriminatory provisions. A woman named Shah Bano was married to a man named Mohommed Ahmed Khan. Khan fathered several children with a second wife and Shah bano was forced out of the home; she initially sought a maintenance order for Rs. 500 per month, but was given only Rs. 200 per month upon the separation agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No contribution was ever made to her, and she decided to seek legal counsel as a result. Khan very clearly dictated the purpose of the divorce by deciding exactly how much to award Shah Bano with, when to award her and how to do it. By finally deciding to enter into the legal system, Bano shows her pursuit of other interests and the conflict related to Muslim domestic life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_divorce">Marriage and divorce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marriage and divorce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, Muslim marriage is a civil contract between a man and a woman. Dissolution of marriage can be done at the instance of the husband (<i><a href="/wiki/Talaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Talaq">talaq</a></i>), wife (<i><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">khula</a></i>) or mutually (<i>mubarat</i>). Talaq allows a Muslim man to legally divorce his wife by stating the word <i>talaq</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-practicallaw_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-practicallaw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Muslim groups recognize <a href="/wiki/Triple_talaq_in_India" title="Triple talaq in India">triple <i>talaq</i></a> (or <i>talaq-i-biddat</i>), stating three <i>talaqs</i> at once and proclaiming instant divorce as valid method.<sup id="cite_ref-hanafi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanafi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 August 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> deemed instant triple <i>talaq</i> unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Women_(Protection_of_Rights_on_Marriage)_Act,_2019" title="Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019">Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019</a>, which declared instant <i>talaq</i> illegal, void, and cognizable offence, came into effect retroactively from 19 September 2018 after being given assent by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a> on 31 July 2019 and women can filed case against it in court. </p><p>Other Muslim groups follow <i>talaq-i-hasan</i>, where the husband pronounces <i>talaqs</i> on three separate instances, each one at least 1 lunar month apart. If the husband changes his mind after the first or second talaq, or cohabits with his wife, the divorce is nullified.<sup id="cite_ref-practicallaw_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-practicallaw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The husband can delegate power to pronounce <i>talaq</i> to his wife or a third person by agreement, called <i>talaq-e-tafweez</i>. </p><p>Section 5 of the Shariat Act of 1937 concerns Muslim women seeking divorce. Section 5 was subsequently deleted and replaced by Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act 1939. Muslim women can seek divorce in a court of law. A woman can ask for divorce in the following circumstances: </p> <ul><li>if whereabouts of the husband has not been known for four years</li> <li>if the husband has not provided for her maintenance for two years</li> <li>if the husband has been sentenced to imprisonment for seven years or more</li> <li>if the husband has failed to perform his marital obligations for three years</li> <li>if the husband was impotent at the time of marriage and remains impotent</li> <li>if the husband has been insane for two years or is suffering from leprosy or virulent venereal disease</li> <li>if the husband treats the wife with cruelty, even if absent physical violence</li> <li>if the wife has been given in marriage by her father or guardian before she reached age 15</li> <li>if the husband associates with women of evil repute or leads an infamous life or attempts to force her to lead an immoral life</li> <li>if the husband disposes of her property or prevents her exercising her legal rights over it</li> <li>if the husband obstructs her in the observance of her religious profession or practice</li> <li>if he has more than one wife, or does not treat her equitably in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>; or carries out any other ground recognised as valid for the dissolution of marriages under Muslim law.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inheritance">Inheritance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inheritance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rules_of_inheritance">Rules of inheritance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rules of inheritance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A son gets double the share of the daughter wherever they jointly inherit.<sup id="cite_ref-makaan_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makaan-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The wife gets one-eighth of the share if there are children and one-fourth of the share if there are no children. In case the husband has more than one wife, the one-eighth share is divided equally among them. The husband gets one fourth of the share of his dead wife's property, if there are children and one-half if there are no children.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If the parent has more than one daughter, only two-thirds of the property is divided equally among daughters. If the parent has only one daughter, half of the parent's property is inherited by her.</li> <li>The mother gets one-sixth of her dead child's property if there are grandchildren, and one-third of the property if there are no grandchildren.</li> <li>Parents, children, husband and wife all cases, get shares, whatever may be the number or degree of the other heirs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahr"><i>Mahr</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mahr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i> is the total money or property that the husband is required to give the wife at the time of marriage (<i><a href="/wiki/Nikah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikah">Nikah</a></i>). The two types of <i>mahr are</i> the prompt <i>mahr</i> which is given to the wife soon after the marriage, and the deferred <i>mahr,</i> which is given to the wife when the marriage has ended, either due to the death of the husband or by divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-makaan_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makaan-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Will">Will</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Will"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Muslim can only give one third of his/her total property through a will (w<i>asiyat</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-makaan_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makaan-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gift">Gift</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any type of property can be given as gift.<sup id="cite_ref-makaan_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makaan-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_personal_law" title="Christian personal law">Christian personal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_personal_law" title="Hindu personal law">Hindu personal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Marriage_Act,_1954" title="Special Marriage Act, 1954">Special Marriage Act, 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Women_(Protection_of_Rights_on_Marriage)_Act,_2019" title="Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019">Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Muslim_Marriages_Act,_1939" title="Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939">Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-indianexpress1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indianexpress1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indianexpress1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRooychowdhary2016" class="citation web cs1">Rooychowdhary, Arija (4 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/research/shariat-muslim-personal-law-sharia-history-shayara-bano-shah-bano-triple-talaq-personal-laws-religious-laws-uniform-civil-code-2784081/">"Shariat and Muslim Personal Law: All your questions answered"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. Indian Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053305/http://indianexpress.com/article/research/shariat-muslim-personal-law-sharia-history-shayara-bano-shah-bano-triple-talaq-personal-laws-religious-laws-uniform-civil-code-2784081/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Shariat+and+Muslim+Personal+Law%3A+All+your+questions+answered&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft.aulast=Rooychowdhary&rft.aufirst=Arija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Fshariat-muslim-personal-law-sharia-history-shayara-bano-shah-bano-triple-talaq-personal-laws-religious-laws-uniform-civil-code-2784081%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+personal+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dissolution1939-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dissolution1939_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1458498/">"the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939"</a>. <i>indiankanoon.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926212945/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1458498/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indiankanoon.org&rft.atitle=the+Dissolution+of+Muslim+Marriages+Act%2C+1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F1458498%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+personal+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126135156/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/07/stories/05072524.htm">"Maintenance for Muslim women"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 2000-08-07. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/07/stories/05072524.htm">the original</a> on 26 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Maintenance+for+Muslim+women&rft.date=2000-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2F2000%2F08%2F07%2Fstories%2F05072524.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+personal+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abdulrahiman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abdulrahiman_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abdulrahiman_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abdulrahiman_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abdulrahiman_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahiman" class="citation web cs1">Rahiman, Abdul, K.K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123120805/http://www.dharmaramjournals.in/ArticleFiles/History%20of%20the%20Evolution%20of%20Muslim%20Personal%20Law--K.%20K.%20Abdul%20Rahiman.pdf">"History of the Evolution of Muslim Personal Law in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Journal of Dharma: Dharmaram Journal of Religions and Philosophies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dharmaramjournals.in/ArticleFiles/History%20of%20the%20Evolution%20of%20Muslim%20Personal%20Law--K.%20K.%20Abdul%20Rahiman.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Evolution+of+Muslim+Personal+Law+in+India&rft.pub=Journal+of+Dharma%3A+Dharmaram+Journal+of+Religions+and+Philosophies&rft.aulast=Rahiman&rft.aufirst=Abdul%2C+K.K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dharmaramjournals.in%2FArticleFiles%2FHistory%2520of%2520the%2520Evolution%2520of%2520Muslim%2520Personal%2520Law--K.%2520K.%2520Abdul%2520Rahiman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+personal+law" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scroll-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scroll_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniyal2017" class="citation web cs1">Daniyal, Shoaib (4 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/849068/a-short-history-of-muslim-personal-law-in-india">"A short history of Muslim personal law in India"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171104153228/https://scroll.in/article/849068/a-short-history-of-muslim-personal-law-in-india">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Polygamy%3A+Muslim+women+in+India+fight+%27abhorrent%27+practice&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-61351784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+personal+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatuk" class="citation book cs1">Vatuk, Sylvia. <i>A Rallying Cry for Muslim Personal Law: The Shah Bano Case and Its Aftermath</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Rallying+Cry+for+Muslim+Personal+Law%3A+The+Shah+Bano+Case+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.aulast=Vatuk&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+personal+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-practicallaw-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-practicallaw_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-practicallaw_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/6-581-5985?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true&bhcp=1">"Practical Law UK Signon"</a>. <i>uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com</i>. Thomson Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212024310/https://signon.thomsonreuters.com/?productid=PLCUK&viewproductid=UKPL&lr=0&culture=en-US&returnto=https%3a%2f%2fuk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com%2fCosi%2fSignOn%3fredirectTo%3d%252f6-581-5985%253ftransitionType%253dDefault%2526contextData%253d(sc.Default)%2526firstPage%253dtrue%2526bhcp%253d1&tracetoken=1211192043390LjKQ4FS8rI_XYTobAZBk9fGG5Xfls4CalsNGUySpimRb9dUjvDMytV-DaZmfGWBUDB5lzNFa1EM8e5-dY6olmJHwAiYgF8acPrfvgaYfcknyIsZUsvgRy7UfubrAK6nZL8259PbIqOsZfUbtsHBvF8UI5RkIouw7m6_OqFvciQQNZL5ODdWPjxos2CRM9PvQ2BLPZt-_nCQYsrKxBP83FhrnGe0rO_70l0GRckNbSZf8HvNhzPf1cCD4NaD-LphCX14nsS_IyvBlzMC6ZtV4h_yLIkkrq-lxEIUBS-hTIMUYz1U_5DcW01rQnaAiW3tV_nqYWP5dTTif_kfcMBdG023bIuQrsQdPSLBLc0mnEZvTf7EEe5NJiY1owlIm-cOr">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com&rft.atitle=Practical+Law+UK+Signon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com%2F6-581-5985%3FtransitionType%3DDefault%26contextData%3D%28sc.Default%29%26firstPage%3Dtrue%26bhcp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+personal+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hanafi-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hanafi_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hanafi-jurisprudence-sanctions-triple-talaq/articleshow/60182584.cms">"Hanafi jurisprudence sanctions triple talaq - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 23 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826030644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hanafi-jurisprudence-sanctions-triple-talaq/articleshow/60182584.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Hanafi+jurisprudence+sanctions+triple+talaq+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fhyderabad%2Fhanafi-jurisprudence-sanctions-triple-talaq%2Farticleshow%2F60182584.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+personal+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/triple-talaq-verdict-what-exactly-is-instant-divorce-practice-banned-by-court/story-mhQ1SbxnCUUgySQq82sdbJ.html">"Triple Talaq verdict: What exactly is instant divorce practice banned by court?"</a>. <i>hindustantimes.com</i>. Hindustan Times. 22 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190814145154/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/triple-talaq-verdict-what-exactly-is-instant-divorce-practice-banned-by-court/story-mhQ1SbxnCUUgySQq82sdbJ.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hindustantimes.com&rft.atitle=Triple+Talaq+verdict%3A+What+exactly+is+instant+divorce+practice+banned+by+court%3F&rft.date=2017-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Ftriple-talaq-verdict-what-exactly-is-instant-divorce-practice-banned-by-court%2Fstory-mhQ1SbxnCUUgySQq82sdbJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+personal+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1458498/">"The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939"</a>. <i>indiankanoon.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926212945/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1458498/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indiankanoon.org&rft.atitle=The+Dissolution+of+Muslim+Marriages+Act%2C+1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F1458498%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+personal+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-makaan-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-makaan_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-makaan_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-makaan_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-makaan_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.makaan.com/iq/legal-taxes-laws/examining-a-muslim-womans-right-to-property">"A Muslim Woman's Right To Property In Islamic Law"</a>. Makaan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031143451/https://www.makaan.com/iq/legal-taxes-laws/examining-a-muslim-womans-right-to-property">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Muslim+Woman%27s+Right+To+Property+In+Islamic+Law&rft.pub=Makaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makaan.com%2Fiq%2Flegal-taxes-laws%2Fexamining-a-muslim-womans-right-to-property&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+personal+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">mulla mohammaden law vol. 3</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&oldid=1258746735">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_personal_law&oldid=1258746735</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_about_religion_in_India" title="Category:Law about religion in India">Law about religion in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sharia_in_India" title="Category:Sharia in India">Sharia in India</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 11:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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