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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Focal dystonia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokale_Dystonie" title="Fokale Dystonie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fokale Dystonie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Εστιακή δυστονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εστιακή δυστονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diston%C3%ADa_focal" title="Distonía focal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Distonía focal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distonia_focale" title="Distonia focale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distonia focale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="דיסטוניה פוקאלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיסטוניה פוקאלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%80%E6%89%80%E6%80%A7%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="局所性ジストニア – Japanese" 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accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nerve disorder affecting certain muscle(s) during specific activities</div> <p><b>Focal dystonia</b>, also called <b>focal task-specific dystonia</b>, is a neurological condition that affects a muscle or group of muscles in a specific part of the body during specific activities, causing involuntary <a href="/wiki/Muscular_contraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscular contraction">muscular contractions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spasm" title="Spasm">spasms</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Abnormal_posturing" title="Abnormal posturing">abnormal postures</a>. There are many different types of focal <a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">dystonia</a>, each affecting a different region of the body. For example, in <i>focal hand dystonia</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_cramp" title="Writer's cramp">writer's cramp</a>, the fingers either curl into the palm or extend outward without control. In musicians, the condition is called <i>musician's focal dystonia</i>, or simply, <i>musician's dystonia</i>. In sports, it may be involved in what is commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Yips" title="Yips">yips</a>. The condition appears to be associated with over-training, and individualized treatment strategies may involve medications, retraining techniques, and procedures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People with dystonia experience tightness, cramping, fatigue, involuntary sustained or repetitive muscle contractions that can be painless or painful and resulting in abnormal posturing, twisting motions, and even tremors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focal dystonia typically presents in adults, more commonly in women ranging from ages 30 through 40.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major types of focal dystonia affect the limbs, face, mouth, neck, and larynx.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These focal dystonias can be exclusive to specific tasks, like writing or playing an instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focal dystonia will typically have a subtle and slow onset before slowly worsening over years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the beginning stages, symptoms can be intermittent and without clear associations and provocation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The progression of this disease can vary from person to person.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first couple years of onset, symptoms can partially or completely disappear for days to months, but return in other parts of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Current medical science does not precisely describe the causes of dystonia, however genetic and environmental factors may play a large role.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misfiring of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sensorimotor_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensorimotor cortex">sensorimotor cortex</a>, a thin layer of neural tissue that covers the brain, is thought to cause contractions. This misfiring may result from impaired inhibitory mechanisms during muscle contraction.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the brain tells a given muscle to contract, it simultaneously silences muscles that would oppose the intended movement. It appears that dystonia interferes with the brain's ability to inhibit those surrounding muscles, leading to loss of selectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sensorimotor cortex is organized as discrete "maps" of the human body. Under normal conditions, each body part (such as individual fingers) occupies a distinct area on these cortical maps. In dystonia, these maps lose their distinct borders and overlap occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exploration of this initially involved over-training particular finger movements in non-human primates, which resulted in the development of focal hand dystonia. Examination of the primary somatosensory cortex in the trained animals showed grossly distorted representations of the maps pertaining to the fingers when compared to the untrained animals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, these maps in the dystonic animals had lost the distinct borders that were noted in the untrained animals. </p><p>Imaging studies in humans with focal dystonia have confirmed this finding.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, synchronous <a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">afferent</a> stimulation of peripheral muscles induces organizational changes in motor representations, characterized both by an increase in map size of stimulated muscles and a reduction in map separation, as assessed using <a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">transcranial magnetic stimulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cross-connectivity between areas that are normally segregated in the sensory cortex may prevent normal sensorimotor feedback and so contribute to the observed co-contraction of antagonist muscle groups, and inappropriately timed and sequenced movements that underlie the symptoms of focal dystonia. It is hypothesized that a deficit in inhibition caused by a genetically mediated loss of inhibitory <a href="/wiki/Interneurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Interneurons">interneurons</a> may be the underlying cause of the deficits observed in dystonia.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While usually painless, in some instances the sustained contraction and abnormal posturing in dystonia cause pain. Focal dystonia most typically affects people who rely on fine motor skills—musicians, writers, surgeons, etc. It is thought that the excessive motor training those skills require may contribute to the development of dystonia as their cortical maps become enlarged and begin to overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focal dystonia is generally "task-specific," meaning that it is only problematic during certain activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diagnosis of focal dystonia is highly dependent on the history of the patient, as physical exam is typically normal, and ruling out other causes of movement disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main types of are <a href="/wiki/Blepharospasm" title="Blepharospasm">blepharospasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oromandibular_dystonia" title="Oromandibular dystonia">oromandibular dystonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_dysphonia" title="Spasmodic dysphonia">spasmodic dysphonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis" title="Spasmodic torticollis">spasmodic torticollis</a>, and <i>limb dystonia</i>, all affecting a different region of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labs and imaging may be ordered as workup to evaluate for other causes of dystonia.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A provider can rule in or out <a href="/wiki/Dopamine-responsive_dystonia" title="Dopamine-responsive dystonia">dopamine-responsive dystonia</a> with a levodopa trial.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment options would be based on the type of focal dystonia the patient has.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If possible, incorporating rest earlier to symptom onset has shown to have greater improvement in symptoms for <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_cramp#:~:text=Writer's_cramp_or_focal_hand,hand_use,_such_as_writing." title="Writer's cramp">writer's cramp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_therapy">Physical therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Physical therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical therapy is commonly used as an adjunct or main form of treatment for focal dystonia, however more studies for its benefit are needed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bass guitarist and instructor Scott Devine said that he wears a glove while playing bass guitar because of the condition. He finds that the glove stops the involuntary finger movements. He says it works for him but does not suggest that it may work for everyone with the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anticholinergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticholinergics">Anticholinergics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Trihexyphenidyl" title="Trihexyphenidyl">Artane</a> can be prescribed for <a href="/wiki/Off-label" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-label">off-label</a> use, as some patients have had success.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a>, can be used as a muscle relaxant.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other oral medications have been studied for different types of focal dystonia, such as <a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">baclofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrabenazine" title="Tetrabenazine">tetrabenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">amantadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procedures">Procedures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This condition is often treated with injections of <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_neurotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum neurotoxin">botulinum neurotoxin</a> type A (BoNT/A). BoNT/A reduces the symptoms of the disorder but it is not a cure for dystonia. Since the root of the problem is neurological, doctors have explored sensorimotor retraining activities to enable the brain to "rewire" itself and eliminate dystonic movements. The work of several doctors such as Nancy Byl and <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Farias" title="Joaquin Farias">Joaquin Farias</a> has shown that sensorimotor retraining activities and proprioceptive stimulation can induce <a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">neuroplasticity</a>, making it possible for patients to recover substantial function that was lost to focal dystonia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some dystonias, <a href="/wiki/Deep_brain_stimulation" title="Deep brain stimulation">Deep brain stimulation</a> may be considered where BoNT treatment fails.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the dystonia is cause by an underlying <a href="/wiki/Nerve_compression_syndrome" title="Nerve compression syndrome">nerve entrapment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decompression_(surgery)" title="Decompression (surgery)">surgical decompression</a> has shown to have improvement in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recovery from focal dystonia has varying results, ranging from minimal improvement in function to complete recovery and ranging from weeks to years.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though studies on prevention of focal dystonia is limited, it is believed for musician's dystonia that mindfulness of muscle use and proper rest can help prevent focal dystonia and injury.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performing_arts_medicine">Performing arts medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Performing arts medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musician's_dystonia"><span id="Musician.27s_dystonia"></span>Musician's dystonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Musician's dystonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Musician's dystonia treatment studies have yielded varying results.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This condition can often be misdiagnosed as psychogenic, as this was previously thought to be its cause.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this population, men are affected more than women from 20 to 60 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evaluation of musician's dystonia should include history before and after symptom onset and observation of playing the instrument, as deficits can be subtle and considered minor to the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment modalities available, such as BoNT/A, leave many musicians unsatisfied due to muscle weakness and lack of improvement in muscle control.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In musicians, this is commonly associated with overuse or high volume of practicing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though musician's dystonia presents initially as task-specific, one study found that the dystonia can progress outside of playing their instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatments such as splinting and sensorimotor retraining for focal hand dystonia have shown to be beneficial with varying results.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is important to consider the mental health and social aspect of this condition as a musician's self-identity and career can be affected considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The approach to treating musician's dystonia requires an understanding and collaboration with the musician to obtain a complete history and tailor treatment and education effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most successful treatment for musician's dystonia has been a multidisciplinary approach, involving physicians, physical therapists, physiotherapists, psychologists, and music instructors, focusing on rehabilitation that can involve retraining the brain to play their instrument again and even learning to play other instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noted_patients">Noted patients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Noted patients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Adams" title="Scott Adams">Scott Adams</a>, the writer of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dilbert" title="Dilbert">Dilbert</a></i> comics, has focal dystonia of the right hand, which impedes his artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Adams_(bluegrass_musician)" title="Tom Adams (bluegrass musician)">Tom Adams</a>, bluegrass banjo player, has focal dystonia in his right hand, and has switched to the guitar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badi_Assad" title="Badi Assad">Badi Assad</a>, Brazilian singer-guitarist, was diagnosed with focal dystonia in 1999; she eventually recovered and resumed her career.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Billups" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Billups">Andy Billups</a>, bass guitarist with British rock group, The Hamsters, has made a partial recovery; he plays by using modified guitar plectrums.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liona_Boyd" title="Liona Boyd">Liona Boyd</a>, Canadian classical guitarist, publicized as the "First Lady of the Guitar", retired from the concert stage for six years in 2003, due to focal dystonia that affected her right hand. She worked to retrain her right hand, and since 2009 has been performing again as a guitarist, singer, and songwriter.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkley_Breathed" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkley Breathed">Berkley Breathed</a>, American Pulitzer Prize winning comic strip artist and book writer/illustrator. Known for <i><a href="/wiki/Bloom_County" title="Bloom County">Bloom County</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_(comic_strip)" title="Opus (comic strip)">Opus</a></i>, and others. His work was featured as that of the main character, as an adult, of the film <i><a href="/wiki/Second_Hand_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Hand Lions">Second Hand Lions</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Cassells" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart Cassells">Stuart Cassells</a>, founder of the bagpipe rock group <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chilli_Pipers" title="Red Hot Chilli Pipers">Red Hot Chilli Pipers</a>, announced focal dystonia in September 2011; he has left the band.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dawes" title="Andrew Dawes">Andrew Dawes</a>, noted violinist and co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Orford_String_Quartet" title="Orford String Quartet">Orford String Quartet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Emerson" title="Keith Emerson">Keith Emerson</a>, pianist and keyboard player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Fleisher" title="Leon Fleisher">Leon Fleisher</a>, an international concert pianist, dealt with this condition in his right hand beginning in the 1960s and switched to only left hand playing. In the 2000s, he regained use of his right hand and recommenced performing and recording with two hands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Frasca" title="Dominic Frasca">Dominic Frasca</a>, guitarist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Goebel" title="Reinhard Goebel">Reinhard Goebel</a>, Baroque violinist, switched to playing left-handed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Graffman" title="Gary Graffman">Gary Graffman</a>, pianist, who changed to performing only with his left hand.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jang_Jae-in" title="Jang Jae-in">Jang Jae-in</a>, Korean singer-songwriter and guitarist diagnosed with dystonia in her left hand in 2012. In 2015, on <a href="/wiki/You_Hee-yeol%27s_Sketchbook" title="You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook">You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook</a>, she announced that she quit playing guitar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Klein" title="Alex Klein">Alex Klein</a>, principal oboist of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Chicago Symphony Orchestra">Chicago Symphony Orchestra</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alfred Koffler, guitarist of rock band <a href="/wiki/Pink_Cream_69" title="Pink Cream 69">Pink Cream 69</a>, diagnosed in early 2000s. To help him with live shows, Uwe Reitenauer was hired as a second guitarist. Koffler continues to write and perform live on stage with the band.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Leisner" title="David Leisner">David Leisner</a>, classical guitarist, has recovered the full use of his hand after a decade of disability.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McLaughlin" title="Billy McLaughlin">Billy McLaughlin</a>, guitarist, switched to playing left-handed when affected by dystonia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_M%C3%BCnzner" title="Christian Münzner">Christian Münzner</a>, lead guitarist of progressive extreme metal band <a href="/wiki/Obscura_(band)" title="Obscura (band)">Obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolos_Paraskevas" title="Apostolos Paraskevas">Apostolos Paraskevas</a>, Greek-American classical guitarist-composer, was struck by focal dystonia to his right hand in 2009. He fully recovered in 2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parr" title="Charlie Parr">Charlie Parr</a>, American country blues musician from Minnesota<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Webster" title="Alex Webster">Alex Webster</a>, bassist<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Wooten" title="Victor Wooten">Victor Wooten</a>, bassist, has it on both hands<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Lage" title="Julian Lage">Julian Lage</a>, jazz guitarist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Goucher" title="Kara Goucher">Kara Goucher</a>, long distance runner, diagnosed with Runner's dystonia in 2021. She had ended her competitive career a few years prior to the diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartíTolosa2012" class="citation cs2">Martí, Maria. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goucher+reveals+diagnosis+of+neurological+disorder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duluthnewstribune.com%2Fsports%2Fgoucher-reveals-diagnosis-of-neurological-disorder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFocal+dystonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Tubiana, Raoul, Amadio, Peter C.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_hKRWPfz1EC">Medical Problems of the Instrumentalist Musician</a>; UK; Martin Dunitz (2000); 295-397</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich,_Robert_F.Mackin,_EvelynCallahan,_AnneA._Lee_Osterman2002" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Robert F.; Mackin, Evelyn; Callahan, Anne; A. Lee Osterman; Terri M. Skirven; Schneider, Lawrence J. (2002). <i>Hunter, Mackin & Callahan's Rehabilitation of the Hand and Upper Extremity (2 Volume Set)</i>. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 2053–2075 ("Focal Hand Dystonia"). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-01094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-01094-8"><bdi>978-0-323-01094-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunter%2C+Mackin+%26+Callahan%27s+Rehabilitation+of+the+Hand+and+Upper+Extremity+%282+Volume+Set%29&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pages=2053-2075+%28%22Focal+Hand+Dystonia%22%29&rft.pub=Mosby&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-323-01094-8&rft.au=Rich%2C+Robert+F.&rft.au=Mackin%2C+Evelyn&rft.au=Callahan%2C+Anne&rft.au=A.+Lee+Osterman&rft.au=Terri+M.+Skirven&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Lawrence+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFocal+dystonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fariastechnique.com">Farias, Joaquin</a>. "Limitless. How your movements can heal your brain. An essay on the neurodynamics of dystonia". Galene Editions 2016.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fariastechnique.com">Farias, Joaquin</a>. "Intertwined. How to induce neuroplasticity. A new approach to rehabilitating dystonias". Galene Editions 2012.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fariastechnique.com">Farias, Joaquin</a>. "Rebellion of the body. Understanding musician's Focal dystonia". <i>Galene Editions</i> 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeisner2007" class="citation journal cs1">Leisner, David (2007). "Curing Focal Dystonia or How to Play the Guitar with Large Muscles". <i>Guitar Review</i>. <b>133</b>: 10–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guitar+Review&rft.atitle=Curing+Focal+Dystonia+or+How+to+Play+the+Guitar+with+Large+Muscles&rft.volume=133&rft.pages=10-15&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Leisner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFocal+dystonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascual-Leone_A2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pascual-Leone A (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11458838">"The brain that plays music and is changed by it"</a>. <i>Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci</i>. <b>930</b> (1): 315–329. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001NYASA.930..315P">2001NYASA.930..315P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2001.tb05741.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05741.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11458838">11458838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30266285">30266285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+N.+Y.+Acad.+Sci.&rft.atitle=The+brain+that+plays+music+and+is+changed+by+it&rft.volume=930&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=315-329&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2001.tb05741.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30266285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11458838&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001NYASA.930..315P&rft.au=Pascual-Leone+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annalsnyas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11458838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFocal+dystonia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2007" class="citation journal cs1">Solomon, Jason W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020055446/http://www.dystonia-foundation.org/filebin/pdf/focal%20dystonia.pdf">"What Every Guitarist Should Know: A Guide to the Prevention and Rehabilitation of Focal Dystonia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Guitar Review</i>. <b>133</b>: 2–9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dystonia-foundation.org/filebin/pdf/focal%20dystonia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guitar+Review&rft.atitle=What+Every+Guitarist+Should+Know%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Prevention+and+Rehabilitation+of+Focal+Dystonia&rft.volume=133&rft.pages=2-9&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Jason+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dystonia-foundation.org%2Ffilebin%2Fpdf%2Ffocal%2520dystonia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFocal+dystonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fariastechnique.com">Farias, Joaquin</a> - Farias Technique</li> <li>Gorrie, Jon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musicians-focal-dystonia.com">"Musician's Focal Dystonia"</a></li></ul> </div> <div 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style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_music" title="Neuroscience of music">Cognitive neuroscience of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_music_cognition" title="Culture in music cognition">Culture in music cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_psychology" title="Category:Music psychology">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_pitch" title="Absolute pitch">Absolute pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_imagery" title="Auditory imagery">Auditory imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_music" title="Background music">Background music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">Consonance and dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsch%27s_scale_illusion" title="Deutsch's scale illusion">Deutsch's scale illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earworm" title="Earworm">Earworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_music_cognition" title="Embodied music cognition">Embodied music cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(biomusicology)" title="Entrainment (biomusicology)">Entrainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Exercise and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_movement_in_music_reading" title="Eye movement in music reading">Eye movement in music reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franssen_effect" title="Franssen effect">Franssen effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_theory_of_tonal_music" title="Generative theory of tonal music">Generative theory of tonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando_illusion" title="Glissando illusion">Glissando illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonic_music_consumption_model" title="Hedonic music consumption model">Hedonic music consumption model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_continuity_of_tones" title="Illusory continuity of tones">Illusory continuity of tones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitin_effect" title="Levitin effect">Levitin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipps%E2%80%93Meyer_law" title="Lipps–Meyer law">Lipps–Meyer law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_expectation" title="Melodic expectation">Melodic expectation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_fission" title="Melodic fission">Melodic fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_effect" title="Mozart effect">Mozart effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Music and movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_psychological_operations" title="Music in psychological operations">Music in psychological operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_music_preference" title="Psychology of music preference">Music preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-related_memory" title="Music-related memory">Music-related memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_gesture" title="Musical gesture">Musical gesture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_semantics" title="Musical semantics">Musical semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_syntax" title="Musical syntax">Musical syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_illusion" title="Octave illusion">Octave illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pitch" title="Relative pitch">Relative pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadji_effect" title="Sharawadji effect">Sharawadji effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard_tone" title="Shepard tone">Shepard tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-to-song_illusion" title="Speech-to-song illusion">Speech-to-song illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_dynamics_of_music_and_language" title="Temporal dynamics of music and language">Temporal dynamics of music and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonal_memory" title="Tonal memory">Tonal memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritone_paradox" title="Tritone paradox">Tritone paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amusia" title="Amusia">Amusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_arrhythmia" title="Auditory arrhythmia">Auditory arrhythmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_deafness" title="Beat deafness">Beat deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_hallucinations" title="Musical hallucinations">Musical hallucinations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Musician's dystonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Music-specific disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_deafness" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone deafness">Tone deafness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioacoustics" title="Bioacoustics">Bioacoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_intonation_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic intonation therapy">Melodic intonation therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">Musical acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Neurologic music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuronal_encoding_of_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal encoding of sound">Neuronal encoding of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_science" title="Performance science">Performance science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis_and_music" title="Psychoanalysis and music">Psychoanalysis and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_musicology" title="Systematic musicology">Systematic musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_psychologists" title="Category:Music psychologists">Researchers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamshed_Bharucha" title="Jamshed Bharucha">Jamshed Bharucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Cuddy" title="Lola Cuddy">Lola Cuddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cutietta" title="Robert Cutietta">Robert Cutietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_W._Davidson" title="Jane W. Davidson">Jane W. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Deli%C3%A8ge" title="Irène Deliège">Irène Deliège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Deutsch" title="Diana Deutsch">Diana Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuomas_Eerola" title="Tuomas Eerola">Tuomas Eerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henkjan_Honing" title="Henkjan Honing">Henkjan Honing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Huron" title="David Huron">David Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Kraus" title="Nina Kraus">Nina Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_L._Krumhansl" title="Carol L. Krumhansl">Carol L. Krumhansl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Lerdahl" title="Fred Lerdahl">Fred Lerdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Levitin" title="Daniel Levitin">Daniel Levitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Meyer" title="Leonard B. Meyer">Leonard B. Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Friedrich_Meyer" title="Max Friedrich Meyer">Max Friedrich Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mursell" title="James Mursell">James Mursell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parncutt" title="Richard Parncutt">Richard Parncutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Seashore" title="Carl Seashore">Carl Seashore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Schoen" title="Max Schoen">Max Schoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sloboda" title="John Sloboda">John Sloboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Forde_Thompson" title="William Forde Thompson">William Forde Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Trehub" title="Sandra Trehub">Sandra Trehub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_Perception" title="Music Perception">Music Perception</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicae_Scientiae_(journal)" title="Musicae Scientiae (journal)">Musicae Scientiae (journal)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicophilia" title="Musicophilia">Musicophilia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Music,_Thought,_and_Feeling" title="Music, Thought, and Feeling">Music, Thought, and Feeling</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_Music_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology of Music (journal)">Psychology of Music (journal)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_in_Six_Songs" title="The World in Six Songs">The World in Six Songs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Your_Brain_on_Music" title="This Is Your Brain on Music">This Is Your Brain on Music</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&oldid=1258433838">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focal_dystonia&oldid=1258433838</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dystonia" title="Category:Dystonia">Dystonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_psychology" title="Category:Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2019">Articles with dead external links from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 18:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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