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mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_P%C3%A9kin_(1900)" title="Bataille de Pékin (1900) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Pékin (1900)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Peking_(1900)" title="Pertempuran Peking (1900) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Peking (1900)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Pechino_(1900)" title="Battaglia di Pechino (1900) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Pechino (1900)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&params=39_54_24_N_116_23_51_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°54′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°23′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.90667°N 116.39750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.90667; 116.39750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the Boxer Rebellion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1900 battle. For list of other battles also called "Battle of Peking", see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beijing" title="Battle of Beijing">Battle of Beijing</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Peking</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_race_to_take_Peking_first.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_race_to_take_Peking_first.jpg/255px-The_race_to_take_Peking_first.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_race_to_take_Peking_first.jpg/383px-The_race_to_take_Peking_first.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_race_to_take_Peking_first.jpg/510px-The_race_to_take_Peking_first.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="941" /></a></span><br /><i>The Allied Armies launch a general offensive on Peking Castle</i>, by Torajirō Kasai (1900)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>14–15 August 1900</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&params=39_54_24_N_116_23_51_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°54′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°23′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.90667°N 116.39750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.90667; 116.39750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied Victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></b>:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire"><img alt="British Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> <hr /></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Protection_of_Southeast_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual Protection of Southeast China">Mutual Protection of Southeast China</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yihetuan_flag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yihetuan_flag.png/20px-Yihetuan_flag.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yihetuan_flag.png/30px-Yihetuan_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yihetuan_flag.png/40px-Yihetuan_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yihetuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yihetuan">Boxers</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_Motomi" title="Yamaguchi Motomi">Yamaguchi Motomi</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Linevich" title="Nikolai Linevich">Nikolai Linevich</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gaselee" title="Alfred Gaselee">Alfred Gaselee</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Adna Chaffee</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri-Nicolas_Frey" title="Henri-Nicolas Frey">Henri-Nicolas Frey</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Tommaso_Paolini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico Tommaso Paolini (page does not exist)">Federico Tommaso Paolini</a><hr /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ronglu" title="Ronglu">Ronglu</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zaiyi" title="Zaiyi">Prince Duan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fuxiang" title="Dong Fuxiang">Dong Fuxiang</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fulu" title="Ma Fulu">Ma Fulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Haiyan" title="Ma Haiyan">Ma Haiyan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yukun" title="Ma Yukun">Ma Yukun</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Song_Qing_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Song Qing (Qing dynasty)">Song Qing</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> c.20,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> c.1,000,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Heavy losses (Unknown total)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 30 000 killed<br />28 567 wounded</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Boxer_Rebellion" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Boxer Rebellion"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Boxer_Rebellion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Boxer Rebellion"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boxer_Rebellion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion"><span class="wrap">Boxer Rebellion</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Senluo_Temple" title="Battle of Senluo Temple">Senluo Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_International_Legations" title="Siege of the International Legations">Peking Legation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tientsin#Siege" title="Battle of Tientsin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Expedition" title="Seymour Expedition">1st intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langfang" title="Battle of Langfang">Langfang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Taku_Forts_(1900)" title="Battle of the Taku Forts (1900)">Taku Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Amur_anti-Chinese_pogroms" title="1900 Amur anti-Chinese pogroms">Blagoveshchensk massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_massacre" title="Taiyuan massacre">Taiyuan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tientsin" title="Battle of Tientsin">Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beicang" title="Battle of Beicang">Beicang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaselee_Expedition" title="Gaselee Expedition">2nd intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yangcun" title="Battle of Yangcun">Yangcun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beitang" title="Battle of Beitang">Beitang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhaiguan_(1900)" title="Battle of Shanhaiguan (1900)">Shanhaiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></b> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Peking</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">北京之戰</span>), or historically the <b>Relief of Peking</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">北京解圍戰</span>), was the battle fought on 14–15 August 1900 in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> relieved the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_International_Legations" title="Siege of the International Legations">siege</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Peking_Legation_Quarter" title="Peking Legation Quarter">Peking Legation Quarter</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>. From 20 June 1900, <a href="/wiki/Boxers_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxers (group)">Boxers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Chinese Army">Imperial Chinese Army</a> troops had besieged foreign diplomats, citizens and soldiers within the legations of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Expedition" title="Seymour Expedition">first attempt to relieve the legations</a> by a force of over 2,000 sailors and marines commanded by British <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hobart_Seymour" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Hobart Seymour">Edward Seymour</a> was turned back by strong opposition on 26 June. </p><p>On 4 August a second, much larger relief force, called the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a>, marched from <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tientsien (Tianjin)</a> toward Peking (Beijing). The alliance force consisted of 22,000 troops from the following countries: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> – 10,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> – 4,000 (infantry, <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossacks</a> and artillery)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a> – 3,000 (mostly <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian</a> infantry, cavalry and artillery)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> – 2,000 (soldiers and marines with artillery)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> – 800 (<a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochinese</a> brigade with artillery)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> – 200</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria</a> – 100</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italy</a> – 100.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other sources give a figure of 18,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Force,_China,_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Relief_Force%2C_China%2C_1900.jpg/220px-Relief_Force%2C_China%2C_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Relief_Force%2C_China%2C_1900.jpg/330px-Relief_Force%2C_China%2C_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Relief_Force%2C_China%2C_1900.jpg/440px-Relief_Force%2C_China%2C_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The route of the Eight-Nation Alliance force to relieve the Siege of the Legations in Peking, August 1900.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Alliance forces defeated the Chinese army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beicang" title="Battle of Beicang">Battle of Beicang</a> (Peitsang) on 5 August and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yangcun" title="Battle of Yangcun">Battle of Yangcun</a> (Yangtsun) on 6 August and reached <a href="/wiki/Tongzhou_District,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzhou District, Beijing">Tongzhou (Tongchou)</a>, 14 miles from Beijing (Peking), on 12 August.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relief force was much reduced by heat exhaustion and sunstroke and the men available for the assault on Beijing probably did not greatly exceed 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British, American and Japanese commanders wanted to push on and attack Beijing on 13 August, but the Russian commander said he needed another day to prepare and 13 August was devoted to reconnaissance and rest.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objective">Objective</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Objective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The objective of the alliance forces was to fight their way into the city of Peking, make their way to the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Legation_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Legation Quarter">Legation Quarter</a> and rescue the 900 foreigners besieged there by the Chinese army since 20 June. </p><p>Peking had formidable defense works. The city was surrounded by walls 21 miles in length and broken by 16 gates. The wall around the Inner (Tartar) city was 40 feet tall and 40 feet wide at the top. The wall around the adjoining Outer (Chinese) city was 30 feet high. The population living within the walls was about one million people, although many had fled to escape the Boxers and the fighting between the Chinese army and the foreigners in the Legation Quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the armies moved into position about five miles from the walls, on the night of 13 August, they could hear the sounds of heavy artillery and machine-gun fire from within the city. They feared they had arrived one day too late to rescue their countrymen.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relief force did not know that 2,800 destitute Chinese Christians had taken refuge in the Legation Quarter with the foreigners, nor did it know that three miles distant from the Legations a second siege was in progress. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Saviour,_Beijing" title="Church of the Saviour, Beijing">Peitang</a> (Beitang) cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> had been surrounded by Boxers and the Chinese army since 15 June. Defending the cathedral were 28 foreign priests and nuns, 43 French and Italian soldiers and 3,400 Chinese Catholics. The people sheltering in the Peitang had suffered several hundred killed, mostly from starvation, disease and mines detonated beneath the perimeter walls.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixty-six of the 900 foreigners in the Legation Quarter had been killed and 150 wounded during the siege. Casualties among the Chinese Christians were not recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The assault on Beijing had taken on the character of a race to see which national army achieved the glory of relieving the Legations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commanders of the four national armies agreed that each of them would assault a different gate. The Russians were assigned the most northerly gate, the Tung Chih (Dongzhi); the Japanese had the next gate south, the Chi Hua (Chaoyang); the Americans, the Tung Pein (Dongbien); and the British the most southern, the Sha Wo (Guangqui). The French apparently were left out of the planning. </p><p>The gate assigned to the Americans was nearest to the Legation Quarter and they seemed to have the best opportunity to reach the legations first. However, the Russians violated the plan, although it is uncertain whether it was intentional or not.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An advance Russian force arrived at the Americans' assigned gate, the Dongbien, about 3:00 a.m. on 14 August. They killed 30 Chinese outside the gate and blasted a hole in the door with artillery. Once inside the gate, however, in the courtyard between the inner and outer doors, they were caught in a murderous crossfire that killed 26 Russian soldiers and wounded 102. The survivors were pinned down for the next several hours.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Beijing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Battle_of_Beijing.jpg/400px-Battle_of_Beijing.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Battle_of_Beijing.jpg/600px-Battle_of_Beijing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Battle_of_Beijing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Beijing in 1900 was surrounded by high walls broken by many gates (<i>men</i>). The location of the foreign armies on the morning of 14 August is shown on the map. The Japanese, Russians and British fought their way into the city through gates. The Americans climbed over the wall.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Americans arrived at their assigned gate that morning they found the Russians already engaged there and they moved their troops about 200 yards south. Once there, Trumpeter <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Pearl_Titus" title="Calvin Pearl Titus">Calvin P. Titus</a> volunteered to climb the 30-foot-tall wall, which he did successfully. Other Americans followed him, and at 11:03 a.m. the American flag was raised on the wall of the Outer city. American troops exchanged fire with Chinese forces on the wall and then climbed down the other side and headed west toward the Legation Quarter in the shadow of the wall of the Inner city.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the Japanese had encountered stiff resistance at their assigned gate and were subjecting it to an artillery barrage. The British had an easier time of it, approaching and passing through their gate, the Shawo or Guangqui, encountering virtually no opposition. Likewise with the Americans, they were aware that the easiest entry into the Legation Quarter was through the so-called Water Gate, a drainage canal running beneath the wall of the Inner city; The British had arrived initially, wading through the muck of the canal and towards the Legation Quarter, where they were greeted by a cheering throng of the besieged, all decked out in their "Sunday best" at 2:30 PM on 14 August. The Chinese ringing the Legation Quarter fired a few shots, wounding a Belgian woman, and then fled. The British had not received any casualties all day, with the exception for one man whom succumbed to sunstroke.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Circa 4:30 p.m., the Americans arrived at the Legation Quarter. Their received casualties were one dead as well as nine wounded, along with one severely injured in a fall while climbing the wall. Among the wounded was <a href="/wiki/Smedley_Butler" title="Smedley Butler">Smedley Butler</a> who would later become a general and the most famous Marine of his era.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian, Japanese, and French forces entered Beijing that evening as Chinese opposition gradually diminished. The Siege of the Legations was over.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next morning, 15 August, Chinese forces –  probably <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fuxiang" title="Dong Fuxiang">Dong Fuxiang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kansu_Braves" title="Kansu Braves">Gansu Muslim troops</a> –  still occupied parts of the wall of the Inner City and the Imperial and Forbidden Cities. Occasional shots were directed toward the foreign troops. General <a href="/wiki/Adna_R._Chaffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Adna R. Chaffee">Chaffee</a>, the American commander, ordered his troops to clear the wall and occupy the Imperial City. With assistance from the Russians and French, American artillery blasted its way through a series of walls and gates into the Imperial City, halting the advance at the gates of the Forbidden City. American casualties for the day were seven killed and 29 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of those killed was Capt. Henry Joseph Reilly, 54 years old and born in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, a renowned artilleryman.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dowager Empress, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Cixi</a>, the emperor and several members of the court fled Peking in the early morning of 15 August, only a few hours before the Americans knocked up against the wall of the Forbidden City. She, dressed as a peasant woman, and the Imperial party slipped out of the city in three wooden carts. Chinese authorities called her flight to <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> province a "tour of inspection". Remaining in Peking to deal with the foreigners, and holed up in the Forbidden City, were trusted aides to the Dowager, including <a href="/wiki/Ronglu" title="Ronglu">Ronglu</a>, commander of the army and her friend since childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Zhengyangmen" title="Zhengyangmen">Zhengyang Gate</a> the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Kansu_Braves" title="Kansu Braves">Kansu Braves</a> engaged in a fierce battle against the Alliance forces. The commanding Muslim general in the Chinese army, General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fulu" title="Ma Fulu">Ma Fulu</a>, and four of his cousins were killed charging against the Alliance forces; meanwhile, a hundred Hui and Dongxiang Muslim troops from his home village died in the fighting at Zhengyang. The Battle at Zhengyang was fought against the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the battle was over, the Kansu Muslim troops, including General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a>, were among those guarding the Empress Dowager during her flight.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The future Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Biao_(general)" title="Ma Biao (general)">Ma Biao</a>, who led Muslim cavalry to fight against the Japanese in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, fought in the Boxer Rebellion under General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Haiyan" title="Ma Haiyan">Ma Haiyan</a> as a private in the Battle of Peking against the foreigners. General Ma Haiyan died of exhaustion after the Imperial Court reached their destination, and his son <a href="/wiki/Ma_Qi" title="Ma Qi">Ma Qi</a> took over his posts. <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxing" title="Ma Fuxing">Ma Fuxing</a> also served under Ma Fulu to guard the Qing Imperial court during the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Garnaut_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnaut-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim troops were described as <i>"the bravest of the brave, the most fanatical of fanatics : and that is why the defence of the Emperor's city had been entrusted to them."</i><sup id="cite_ref-Landor1901_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landor1901-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relief of the siege at the Peitang did not take place until 16 August. Japanese troops stumbled across the Cathedral that morning but, without a common language, they and the besieged were both confused. Shortly, however, French troops arrived and marched into the cathedral to the cheers of the survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 August, the representatives of the foreign powers met and recommended that "as the advance of the foreign troops into the Imperial and Forbidden Cities had been obstinately resisted by the Chinese troops", the foreign armies should continue to fight until "the Chinese armed resistance within the City of Peking and the surrounding country was crushed". They also declared "that in the crushing of the armed resistance lies the best and only hope of the restoration of peace".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 August, the foreign armies in Beijing –  swelled in numbers by the arrival of soldiers from Germany, Italy and Austria and additional troops from France –  marched through the Forbidden City to demonstrate symbolically their complete control of Beijing. Chinese authorities protested their entry. Foreigners and most Chinese were prohibited from setting foot in the Forbidden City. However, the Chinese gave way when the foreign armies promised not to occupy the Forbidden City but threatened to destroy it if their passage was disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupation">Occupation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Peking,_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Siege_of_Peking%2C_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg/310px-Siege_of_Peking%2C_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Siege_of_Peking%2C_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg/465px-Siege_of_Peking%2C_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Siege_of_Peking%2C_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg/620px-Siege_of_Peking%2C_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>"I'll Try Sir," a U.S. Army in Action historical painting that depicts American soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/14th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="14th Infantry Regiment (United States)">14th Infantry Regiment</a> scaling the walls of Beijing. The Russians were halted by Chinese opposition in the burning gate portrayed on the right of the picture.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beijing was a battered city after the siege. The Boxers had begun the destruction, destroying all Christian churches and homes and starting fires that burned throughout the city. The Chinese artillery aimed at the Legation Quarter and Peitang during the siege had destroyed nearby neighborhoods. Unburied bodies littered the deserted streets.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foreign armies divided Beijing into districts. Each district was administered by one of the occupying armies. </p><p>The occupation of Beijing became, in the words of an American journalist, "the biggest looting expedition since <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Pizarro</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each nation accused the others of being most responsible for the looting. American missionary <a href="/wiki/Luella_Miner" title="Luella Miner">Luella Miner</a> claimed that "The conduct of the Russian soldiers is atrocious, the French are not much better, and the Japanese are looting and burning without mercy".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaselee, noting the "unavoidable necessity" of looting, established a system whereby all loot was auctioned off at the British Legation every afternoon except Sunday, with the proceeds being distributed by a prize committee to the remaining British troops in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaffee banned American soldiers from looting, although U.S. troops frequently violated that order to engage in pillaging around the city, which led an <a href="/wiki/Chaplain_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Chaplain Corps (United States Army)">Army chaplain</a> to complain that "Our rule against looting is totally ineffectual".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The civilians and missionaries who had been besieged were some of the most prolific looters, as they were familiar with Beijing. Some of the looting was justified as being done so for <a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">humanitarian</a> reasons, such as the case of Catholic Bishop <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie-Alphonse_Favier" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Marie-Alphonse Favier">Pierre Favier</a> and American Congregationalist <a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Ament" title="William Scott Ament">William Scott Ament</a> who had hundreds of starving Chinese Christians to care for and needed food and clothing. However, looting for necessities quickly became superseded by looting for profit, widely publicized by journalists—many indulged in looting on their own while condemning it when done by others.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese citizens in Beijing also indulged in looting and set up markets to sell the proceeds of their efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eight-Nation Alliance proceeded to dispatch <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expeditions</a> to the countryside to capture or kill suspected Boxers. During these expeditions, indiscriminate killings were frequently carried out by the soldiers. Chafee commented that "It is safe to say that where one real Boxer has been killed since the capture of Beijing, fifty harmless coolies or laborers on the farms, including not a few women and children, have been slain".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the punitive expeditions were conducted by the French and Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A peace agreement was concluded between the Eight-Nation Alliance and representatives of the Chinese government <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hung-chang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yikuang" title="Yikuang">Prince Ching</a> on 7 September 1901. The treaty required China to pay an indemnity of $335 million (over $4 billion in current dollars) plus interest over a period of 39 years. Also required was the execution or exile of government supporters of the Boxers and the destruction of Chinese forts and other defenses in much of northern China. Ten days after the treaty was signed the foreign armies left Beijing, although legation guards would remain there until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the treaty signed the Empress Dowager Cixi returned to Beijing from her "tour of inspection" on 7 January 1902 and the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> dynasty over China was restored, albeit much weakened by the defeat it had suffered in the Boxer Rebellion and by the indemnity and stipulations of the peace treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dowager died in 1908 and the dynasty imploded in 1911. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, when the Japanese asked the Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a> to defect and become head of a Muslim puppet state under the Japanese, Ma responded through Zhou Baihuang, the Ningxia Secretary of the Nationalist Party to remind the Japanese military chief of staff Itagaki Seishiro that many of his relatives fought and died in battle against Eight Nation Alliance forces during the Battle of Peking, including his uncle <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fulu" title="Ma Fulu">Ma Fulu</a>, and that Japanese troops made up the majority of the Alliance forces so there would be no cooperation with the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The events of the Battle of Peking are shown in the 1963 historical war film <i><a href="/wiki/55_Days_at_Peking" title="55 Days at Peking">55 Days at Peking</a></i> by director Nicholas Ray. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pictures">Pictures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pictures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_gates_broken_by_russian_grenades_1900.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Gates crushed by Russian cannons during the night storming of Beijing."><img alt="Gates crushed by Russian cannons during the night storming of Beijing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Beijing_gates_broken_by_russian_grenades_1900.gif/120px-Beijing_gates_broken_by_russian_grenades_1900.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Beijing_gates_broken_by_russian_grenades_1900.gif/180px-Beijing_gates_broken_by_russian_grenades_1900.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Beijing_gates_broken_by_russian_grenades_1900.gif/240px-Beijing_gates_broken_by_russian_grenades_1900.gif 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gates crushed by Russian cannons during the night storming of Beijing.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_Eastern_wall_captured_by_russian_troops_with_russian_flag_above_the_gates_1900.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The eastern wall, captured by Russian troops. A Russian flag can be seen on the tower above the gates."><img alt="The eastern wall, captured by Russian troops. A Russian flag can be seen on the tower above the gates." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Beijing_Eastern_wall_captured_by_russian_troops_with_russian_flag_above_the_gates_1900.gif/120px-Beijing_Eastern_wall_captured_by_russian_troops_with_russian_flag_above_the_gates_1900.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Beijing_Eastern_wall_captured_by_russian_troops_with_russian_flag_above_the_gates_1900.gif/180px-Beijing_Eastern_wall_captured_by_russian_troops_with_russian_flag_above_the_gates_1900.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Beijing_Eastern_wall_captured_by_russian_troops_with_russian_flag_above_the_gates_1900.gif/240px-Beijing_Eastern_wall_captured_by_russian_troops_with_russian_flag_above_the_gates_1900.gif 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The eastern wall, captured by Russian troops. A Russian flag can be seen on the tower above the gates.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Defenders_of_Beitang_1900.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Defenders of the French Catholic church Beitang in Beijing, August 1900, after a two-month siege."><img alt="Defenders of the French Catholic church Beitang in Beijing, August 1900, after a two-month siege." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Defenders_of_Beitang_1900.gif/120px-Defenders_of_Beitang_1900.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Defenders_of_Beitang_1900.gif/180px-Defenders_of_Beitang_1900.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Defenders_of_Beitang_1900.gif/240px-Defenders_of_Beitang_1900.gif 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Defenders of the French Catholic church Beitang in Beijing, August 1900, after a two-month siege.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_troops_storming_Beijing_1900.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese infantry firing at the gates of Beijing."><img alt="Japanese infantry firing at the gates of Beijing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Japanese_troops_storming_Beijing_1900.gif/120px-Japanese_troops_storming_Beijing_1900.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Japanese_troops_storming_Beijing_1900.gif/180px-Japanese_troops_storming_Beijing_1900.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Japanese_troops_storming_Beijing_1900.gif/240px-Japanese_troops_storming_Beijing_1900.gif 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese infantry firing at the gates of Beijing.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Beijing" title="History of Beijing">History of Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty_Royal_Decree_on_events_leading_to_the_signing_of_Boxer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty Royal Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol">Qing Dynasty Royal Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">War Department. Adjutant General’s Office. <i>Report on Military Operations in South Africa and China</i>, Vol. XXXIII, Washington: Gov Printing Office, July 1901, pp. 568–571</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Larry Clinton (2009). <i> William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the Ideal Missionary.</i> Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. pp. 163–165. Different sources give slightly different numbers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fleming_(writer)" title="Peter Fleming (writer)">Fleming, Peter</a> (1959). <i>The Siege at Peking: The Boxer Rebellion</i> New York: Dorset Press. pp. 184–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daggett, Brig. Gen. A. S. (1903). <i>America in the China Relief Expedition.</i> Kansas City: Hudon-Kimberly Publishing Co. p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, pp. 33–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daggett, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, pp. 115–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming, pp. 201–203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savage Landor, A. Henry (1901). <i>China and the Allies</i>. 2 Vols. New York: William Heinemann. Vol II. p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daggett, pp. 81–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming, pp. 203–208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, pp. 178–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming, pp. 209–210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daggett, pp. 95–104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/henryjre.htm">"Arlingtoncemetery.net"</a>. <i>www.arlingtoncemetery.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arlingtoncemetery.net&rft.atitle=Arlingtoncemetery.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arlingtoncemetery.net%2Fhenryjre.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Peking+%281900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming, pp. 232–239. Ronglu later joined the Dowager on her tour of inspection.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon2013-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dillon2013_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dillon2013" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dillon (16 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mAZeAgAAQBAJ&q=Disown+me+as+a+Muslim+if+I+deceive+you.&pg=PA72"><i>China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 72–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-80933-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-80933-0"><bdi>978-1-136-80933-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Muslim+Hui+Community%3A+Migration%2C+Settlement+and+Sects&rft.pages=72-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-136-80933-0&rft.au=Michael+Dillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmAZeAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DDisown%2Bme%2Bas%2Ba%2BMuslim%2Bif%2BI%2Bdeceive%2Byou.%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Peking+%281900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman,_Jonathan_Newaman2004" class="citation book cs1">Lipman, Jonathan Newaman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=ma+fulu+legations&pg=PA168"><i>Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China</i></a>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6"><bdi>0-295-97644-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+Strangers%3A+A+History+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-295-97644-6&rft.au=Lipman%2C+Jonathan+Newaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90CN0vtxdY0C%26q%3Dma%2Bfulu%2Blegations%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Peking+%281900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garnaut-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garnaut_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnaut" class="citation web cs1">Garnaut, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309054654/http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">"From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Australian National University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Yunnan+to+Xinjiang%3AGovernor+Yang+Zengxin+and+his+Dungan+Generals&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.aulast=Garnaut&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouigour.fr%2Frecherches_et_analyses%2FGarnautpage_93.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Peking+%281900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landor1901-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Landor1901_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold_Henry_Savage_Landor1901" class="citation book cs1">Arnold Henry Savage Landor (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinaallies02landuoft"><i>China and the Allies</i></a>. Charles Scribner's sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinaallies02landuoft/page/194">194</a>–. <q>lotus catholics victims allies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+Allies&rft.pages=194-&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+sons&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Arnold+Henry+Savage+Landor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinaallies02landuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Peking+%281900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207134256/http://www.oldchinahands.org/1900cmmacdonald.htm">"1900 CM MacDonald - the Old China Hands Project"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldchinahands.org/1900cmmacdonald.htm">the original</a> on 7 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1900+CM+MacDonald+-+the+Old+China+Hands+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldchinahands.org%2F1900cmmacdonald.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Peking+%281900%29" class="Z3988"></span>. Retrieved 3 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daggett, pp. 106–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daggett, p. 111; Smith, Arthur H. (1901). <i>China in Convulsion</i>. 2 Vols. New York: F. H. Revell Co. Vol II, pp. 519–520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, George (1901). <i>The War of the Civilizations</i>. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston, Diana (1999). <i>The Boxer Rebellion</i>. New York: Berkley Books. p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/blognetwork/edgeofthewest/2009/02/17/boxers-looting/">"Boxers: Looting"</a> citing A. A. S Barnes, <i>On Active Service With the Chinese Regiment : A Record of the Operations of the First Chinese Regiment in North China From March to October 1902</i> ed. rev. & enl ed., (London: Grant Richards, 1902), p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, 194–196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, pp. 194–199, 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlin, Wilbur J. (1903). <i>Ordered to China</i>. New York: F. A. Stokes Co., pp. 83–84. Chamberlin was the journalist who accused William Scott Ament of looting, thus igniting the <a href="/wiki/Twain-Ament_Indemnities_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Twain-Ament Indemnities Controversy">Twain-Ament Indemnities Controversy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, George (1901). <i>The War of the Civilizations.</i> London: Longmans, Green. p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, pp. 198–199, 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston, pp. 310–311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston, pp. 312–315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLEI2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">LEI, Wan (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4427135">"The Chinese Islamic "Goodwill Mission to the Middle East" During the Anti-Japanese War"</a>. <i>DÎVÂN DİSİPLİNLERARASI ÇALIŞMALAR DERGİSİ</i>. cilt 15 (sayı 29): 133–170<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=D%C3%8EV%C3%82N+D%C4%B0S%C4%B0PL%C4%B0NLERARASI+%C3%87ALI%C5%9EMALAR+DERG%C4%B0S%C4%B0&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Islamic+%22Goodwill+Mission+to+the+Middle+East%22+During+the+Anti-Japanese+War&rft.volume=cilt+15&rft.issue=say%C4%B1+29&rft.pages=133-170&rft.date=2010-02&rft.aulast=LEI&rft.aufirst=Wan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4427135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Peking+%281900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Д.Г.Янчевецкий "У стен недвижного Китая". Санкт-Петербург – Порт-Артур, 1903 (D.G.Yanchevetskiy "Near the Walls of Unmoving China", Sankt-Peterburg – Port-Artur, 1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fleming_(writer)" title="Peter Fleming (writer)">Fleming, Peter</a> (1959). <i>The Siege of Peking</i>. London: Hart-Davis.</li> <li>Giles, Lencelot (1970). <i>The Siege of the Peking Legations; A Diary. Edited with introduction, Chinese anti-foreignism and the Boxer uprising</i>, by L. R. Marchant. Nedlands, W.A.: University of Western Australia Press.</li> <li>В. Г. Дацышен «Русско-китайская война 1900 года. Поход на Пекин» – СПБ, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8172-0011-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-8172-0011-2">5-8172-0011-2</a> (V.G. Datsishen "Russo-Chinese war of 1900. March to Beijing", Sankt-Peterburg, 1999)</li> <li>Harrington, Peter (2001). <i>Peking 1900. The Boxer Rebellion</i>. Oxford: Osprey.</li> <li>Preston, Diana (1999). <i>The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900</i>. New York: Walker and Co.</li> <li>Thompson, Larry Clinton (2009). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5K9BN96p1hcC&q=William+scott+ament">William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the Ideal Missionary</a></i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5K9BN96p1hcC&q=William+scott+ament">William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris and the "Ideal Missionary"</a></li> <li>China's Tragic Years (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/e-8guo/index.htm">China's Tragic Years, 1900–1901, Through a Foreign Lens</a></i>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Peking_(1900)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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