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class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1986/">1986</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1987/">1987</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1988/">1988</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1989/">1989</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" 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0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1995/">1995</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1996/">1996</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1997/">1997</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1998/">1998</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1999/">1999</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000/">2000</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2001/">2001</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2002/">2002</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2003/">2003</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2004/">2004</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2005/">2005</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2006/">2006</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2007/">2007</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2008/">2008</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2009/">2009</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010/">2010</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2011/">2011</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2012/">2012</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2013/">2013</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2014/">2014</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2015/">2015</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2016/">2016</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2017/">2017</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2018/">2018</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2019/">2019</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020/">2020</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2021/">2021</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2022/">2022</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2023/">2023</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2024/">2024</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2025/">2025</a></div></div></div><div class="issue__list-8JHD2"><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/12-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5CDD4418-A309-45A2-87ABD6C8EC29F555_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5CDD4418-A309-45A2-87ABD6C8EC29F555_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5CDD4418-A309-45A2-87ABD6C8EC29F555_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-12-28">December 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/12-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D222ADE5-CDA7-4B28-B9AF91F3F4D94849_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1355supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D222ADE5-CDA7-4B28-B9AF91F3F4D94849_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D222ADE5-CDA7-4B28-B9AF91F3F4D94849_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-12-21">December 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/12-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3A7DC328-E5F6-4BD9-B350228B9487B823_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3A7DC328-E5F6-4BD9-B350228B9487B823_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3A7DC328-E5F6-4BD9-B350228B9487B823_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-12-21">December 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/12-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6DCBD03A-1431-4662-9BC92C291F4A3953_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1354supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6DCBD03A-1431-4662-9BC92C291F4A3953_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6DCBD03A-1431-4662-9BC92C291F4A3953_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-12-14">December 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/12-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/57427299-84EB-4D1D-88FAB16AA7285B9B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/57427299-84EB-4D1D-88FAB16AA7285B9B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/57427299-84EB-4D1D-88FAB16AA7285B9B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-12-14">December 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/12-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0D3C7CB2-4085-4605-838D31EBEF514B32_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1353supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0D3C7CB2-4085-4605-838D31EBEF514B32_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0D3C7CB2-4085-4605-838D31EBEF514B32_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-12-07">December 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/12-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D86EA304-0EEB-4A62-A62BAD9F81C028A6_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D86EA304-0EEB-4A62-A62BAD9F81C028A6_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D86EA304-0EEB-4A62-A62BAD9F81C028A6_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-12-07">December 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1901/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DA50371D-9028-4939-B23A2CB791F0D461_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 32 Issue 6build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DA50371D-9028-4939-B23A2CB791F0D461_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DA50371D-9028-4939-B23A2CB791F0D461_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-12-01">December 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/11-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9BEA3D95-A1AD-4FD0-8CCA09155E2DD9F7_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1352supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9BEA3D95-A1AD-4FD0-8CCA09155E2DD9F7_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9BEA3D95-A1AD-4FD0-8CCA09155E2DD9F7_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-11-30">November 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/11-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F901BE5-83E0-4C7E-A062A9C91D2AC8A8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F901BE5-83E0-4C7E-A062A9C91D2AC8A8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F901BE5-83E0-4C7E-A062A9C91D2AC8A8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-11-30">November 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/11-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4878A883-DEBD-41B0-8E9443645660ECFF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1351supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4878A883-DEBD-41B0-8E9443645660ECFF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4878A883-DEBD-41B0-8E9443645660ECFF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-11-23">November 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/11-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DFCEEB39-4707-4671-B2FDF5E31CE32DD0_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DFCEEB39-4707-4671-B2FDF5E31CE32DD0_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DFCEEB39-4707-4671-B2FDF5E31CE32DD0_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-11-23">November 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/11-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7BAB334D-FAE8-44AA-A6258E82458E4478_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1350supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7BAB334D-FAE8-44AA-A6258E82458E4478_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7BAB334D-FAE8-44AA-A6258E82458E4478_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-11-16">November 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/11-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/62D820EE-25B0-4D79-9475F5EEA685477B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/62D820EE-25B0-4D79-9475F5EEA685477B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/62D820EE-25B0-4D79-9475F5EEA685477B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-11-16">November 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/11-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EF4B48ED-DEA7-4DA2-B3D6F0888F6E4056_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1349supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EF4B48ED-DEA7-4DA2-B3D6F0888F6E4056_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EF4B48ED-DEA7-4DA2-B3D6F0888F6E4056_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-11-09">November 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/11-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F1360C8-739A-4F9E-83BC73A661041ED3_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F1360C8-739A-4F9E-83BC73A661041ED3_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F1360C8-739A-4F9E-83BC73A661041ED3_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-11-09">November 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/11-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/919F0F0A-D0B3-424E-A2A460DE1E74394B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1348supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/919F0F0A-D0B3-424E-A2A460DE1E74394B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/919F0F0A-D0B3-424E-A2A460DE1E74394B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-11-02">November 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/11-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3317E096-BC48-4EF4-A8B0857203540C33_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3317E096-BC48-4EF4-A8B0857203540C33_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3317E096-BC48-4EF4-A8B0857203540C33_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-11-02">November 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1901/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B26CC233-773C-4825-AD930C8CA684E77C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 32 Issue 5build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B26CC233-773C-4825-AD930C8CA684E77C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B26CC233-773C-4825-AD930C8CA684E77C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-11-01">November 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/10-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4AA6262B-2C49-4684-88F0952E847BC6CB_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1347supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4AA6262B-2C49-4684-88F0952E847BC6CB_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4AA6262B-2C49-4684-88F0952E847BC6CB_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-10-26">October 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/10-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5E505E8D-7A31-44AF-9F416DDF53F6902C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5E505E8D-7A31-44AF-9F416DDF53F6902C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5E505E8D-7A31-44AF-9F416DDF53F6902C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-10-26">October 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/10-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E1DCF0D0-142F-488B-B204BAC8B4CB46FC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1346supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E1DCF0D0-142F-488B-B204BAC8B4CB46FC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E1DCF0D0-142F-488B-B204BAC8B4CB46FC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-10-19">October 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/10-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A08384C7-23A8-4653-AE14452E3816F3E0_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A08384C7-23A8-4653-AE14452E3816F3E0_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A08384C7-23A8-4653-AE14452E3816F3E0_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-10-19">October 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/10-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/633DF077-AAEC-4171-88B3033600FDB9EF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1345supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/633DF077-AAEC-4171-88B3033600FDB9EF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/633DF077-AAEC-4171-88B3033600FDB9EF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-10-12">October 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/10-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10EBF531-9F02-4F48-B1D90E1E63F51239_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10EBF531-9F02-4F48-B1D90E1E63F51239_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10EBF531-9F02-4F48-B1D90E1E63F51239_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-10-12">October 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/10-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/66AFE457-B91E-4762-B1366E76AD158F92_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1344supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/66AFE457-B91E-4762-B1366E76AD158F92_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/66AFE457-B91E-4762-B1366E76AD158F92_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-10-05">October 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/10-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20511CEC-66DC-45C0-A9B06CF92767069A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20511CEC-66DC-45C0-A9B06CF92767069A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20511CEC-66DC-45C0-A9B06CF92767069A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-10-05">October 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1901/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B390D226-8F8F-4796-856476F44173A5AF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 32 Issue 4build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B390D226-8F8F-4796-856476F44173A5AF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B390D226-8F8F-4796-856476F44173A5AF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-10-01">October 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/09-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/21C26280-9C2F-4513-85234AA7F2593CA0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1343supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/21C26280-9C2F-4513-85234AA7F2593CA0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/21C26280-9C2F-4513-85234AA7F2593CA0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-09-28">September 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/09-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA0E0A41-20BC-40BA-80A5873818DB8792_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA0E0A41-20BC-40BA-80A5873818DB8792_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA0E0A41-20BC-40BA-80A5873818DB8792_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-09-28">September 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/09-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3537F7B9-6E13-4982-ACFEC8062BB66F7D_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1342supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3537F7B9-6E13-4982-ACFEC8062BB66F7D_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3537F7B9-6E13-4982-ACFEC8062BB66F7D_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-09-21">September 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/09-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6ACC7B3B-C2D3-4A01-8CC01862BF47C688_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6ACC7B3B-C2D3-4A01-8CC01862BF47C688_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6ACC7B3B-C2D3-4A01-8CC01862BF47C688_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-09-21">September 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/09-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/349320D1-426F-40B3-A305A16751D6560A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1341supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/349320D1-426F-40B3-A305A16751D6560A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/349320D1-426F-40B3-A305A16751D6560A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-09-14">September 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/09-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53C9C636-F21E-4EFB-908D882F3D4557C9_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53C9C636-F21E-4EFB-908D882F3D4557C9_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53C9C636-F21E-4EFB-908D882F3D4557C9_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-09-14">September 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/09-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D6D7A15D-5AF6-4DEA-BC6E3612123BEE6F_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1340supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D6D7A15D-5AF6-4DEA-BC6E3612123BEE6F_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D6D7A15D-5AF6-4DEA-BC6E3612123BEE6F_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-09-07">September 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/09-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/461CA678-39D5-4825-9ABDBF54B1A2957E_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/461CA678-39D5-4825-9ABDBF54B1A2957E_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/461CA678-39D5-4825-9ABDBF54B1A2957E_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-09-07">September 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1901/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/12B6B5DD-26D4-4695-9DB3FE7BF8094B7C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 32 Issue 3build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/12B6B5DD-26D4-4695-9DB3FE7BF8094B7C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/12B6B5DD-26D4-4695-9DB3FE7BF8094B7C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-09-01">September 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/08-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/24752203-54D8-4549-A397772AD841F578_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1339supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/24752203-54D8-4549-A397772AD841F578_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/24752203-54D8-4549-A397772AD841F578_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-08-31">August 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/08-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B514BB52-9A3E-4A15-BB7706890CCCF86B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B514BB52-9A3E-4A15-BB7706890CCCF86B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B514BB52-9A3E-4A15-BB7706890CCCF86B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-08-31">August 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/08-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/78EF1B87-F88E-4033-9FEFC8D816A01DDE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1338supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/78EF1B87-F88E-4033-9FEFC8D816A01DDE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/78EF1B87-F88E-4033-9FEFC8D816A01DDE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-08-24">August 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/08-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/56CD1F6C-804B-41D9-AB852187E4D8769C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/56CD1F6C-804B-41D9-AB852187E4D8769C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/56CD1F6C-804B-41D9-AB852187E4D8769C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-08-24">August 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/08-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28D0C74D-3A1D-4937-8E2DAF47E5564767_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1337supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28D0C74D-3A1D-4937-8E2DAF47E5564767_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28D0C74D-3A1D-4937-8E2DAF47E5564767_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-08-17">August 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/08-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C2D3CEC-8E42-40DF-9B4B6328255479CA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 7" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C2D3CEC-8E42-40DF-9B4B6328255479CA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C2D3CEC-8E42-40DF-9B4B6328255479CA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-08-17">August 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/08-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/108E9698-425C-48BF-A70495E45611EF81_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1336supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/108E9698-425C-48BF-A70495E45611EF81_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/108E9698-425C-48BF-A70495E45611EF81_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-08-10">August 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/08-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/67C418E8-F7C6-45BA-B8C3EC5C8F961AFF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/67C418E8-F7C6-45BA-B8C3EC5C8F961AFF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/67C418E8-F7C6-45BA-B8C3EC5C8F961AFF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-08-10">August 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/08-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/13CD5288-1395-49E2-AB3E2C848E399A9E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1335supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/13CD5288-1395-49E2-AB3E2C848E399A9E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/13CD5288-1395-49E2-AB3E2C848E399A9E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-08-03">August 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/08-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B349CC5-EC35-41E0-AD28D3708D3E3BF0_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B349CC5-EC35-41E0-AD28D3708D3E3BF0_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B349CC5-EC35-41E0-AD28D3708D3E3BF0_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-08-03">August 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1901/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BE2B4449-FAB3-4AD5-B9F50F04FB8EAA51_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 32 Issue 2build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BE2B4449-FAB3-4AD5-B9F50F04FB8EAA51_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BE2B4449-FAB3-4AD5-B9F50F04FB8EAA51_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-08-01">August 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/07-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/605C3BE7-E39B-49E7-95FD86A2EBF205AE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1334supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/605C3BE7-E39B-49E7-95FD86A2EBF205AE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/605C3BE7-E39B-49E7-95FD86A2EBF205AE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-07-27">July 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/07-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F66F21B-C436-4A07-A9DDEA9450048718_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F66F21B-C436-4A07-A9DDEA9450048718_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F66F21B-C436-4A07-A9DDEA9450048718_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-07-27">July 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/07-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C659A6C6-8135-4AA9-A6929AB599149D9E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1333supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C659A6C6-8135-4AA9-A6929AB599149D9E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C659A6C6-8135-4AA9-A6929AB599149D9E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-07-20">July 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/07-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1C194F4E-DE0C-41F4-9A56041021EC8148_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1C194F4E-DE0C-41F4-9A56041021EC8148_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1C194F4E-DE0C-41F4-9A56041021EC8148_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-07-20">July 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/07-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C1992CB0-840D-452A-BA0CE80B87B2786C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1332supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C1992CB0-840D-452A-BA0CE80B87B2786C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C1992CB0-840D-452A-BA0CE80B87B2786C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-07-13">July 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/07-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D7F56ED-25FA-4C4F-8BAD2C4EFAE8AEEC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D7F56ED-25FA-4C4F-8BAD2C4EFAE8AEEC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D7F56ED-25FA-4C4F-8BAD2C4EFAE8AEEC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-07-13">July 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/07-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC0F39C6-785D-40BF-928E25A364BF5A4A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 52 Issue 1331supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC0F39C6-785D-40BF-928E25A364BF5A4A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC0F39C6-785D-40BF-928E25A364BF5A4A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-07-06">July 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/07-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B547B554-D33B-4D01-BBE84576883EDB06_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 85 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B547B554-D33B-4D01-BBE84576883EDB06_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B547B554-D33B-4D01-BBE84576883EDB06_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-07-06">July 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1901/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/828E3A87-DA12-4F5C-AD3D94D95BCD8828_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 32 Issue 1build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/828E3A87-DA12-4F5C-AD3D94D95BCD8828_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/828E3A87-DA12-4F5C-AD3D94D95BCD8828_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-07-01">July 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/06-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D08E4B3B-BD0A-4B28-8D28074BCE63D26A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1330supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D08E4B3B-BD0A-4B28-8D28074BCE63D26A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D08E4B3B-BD0A-4B28-8D28074BCE63D26A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-06-29">June 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/06-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/071EFCBA-B33D-4377-833EBC0C6AAAE4DD_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/071EFCBA-B33D-4377-833EBC0C6AAAE4DD_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/071EFCBA-B33D-4377-833EBC0C6AAAE4DD_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-06-29">June 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/06-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DD66DF4C-1B62-4632-8080D7E4E3922390_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1329supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DD66DF4C-1B62-4632-8080D7E4E3922390_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DD66DF4C-1B62-4632-8080D7E4E3922390_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-06-22">June 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/06-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B40EF2F5-E2E7-447D-80C7BF6A5C5CF8D7_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B40EF2F5-E2E7-447D-80C7BF6A5C5CF8D7_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B40EF2F5-E2E7-447D-80C7BF6A5C5CF8D7_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-06-22">June 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/06-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D6948FF-9EBD-442D-BCB59830DB3A8622_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1328supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D6948FF-9EBD-442D-BCB59830DB3A8622_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D6948FF-9EBD-442D-BCB59830DB3A8622_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-06-15">June 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/06-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8EFCF204-F493-4C69-9E53889D001D35B9_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8EFCF204-F493-4C69-9E53889D001D35B9_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8EFCF204-F493-4C69-9E53889D001D35B9_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-06-15">June 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/06-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/39950526-0454-4CA1-B4CD89D38E42AB8B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1327supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/39950526-0454-4CA1-B4CD89D38E42AB8B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/39950526-0454-4CA1-B4CD89D38E42AB8B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-06-08">June 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/06-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B2AE314B-4D58-4859-906261D24859E752_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B2AE314B-4D58-4859-906261D24859E752_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B2AE314B-4D58-4859-906261D24859E752_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-06-08">June 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2960573B-B05F-4E80-9CF06DE919C246A6_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1326supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2960573B-B05F-4E80-9CF06DE919C246A6_source.gif?w=300 300w, 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loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-06-01">June 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1901/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A3A71AA2-A1F4-4D26-84969AFB4351EDF0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 31 Issue 6build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A3A71AA2-A1F4-4D26-84969AFB4351EDF0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A3A71AA2-A1F4-4D26-84969AFB4351EDF0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-06-01">June 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/05-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/12F6BDBB-7447-4DF6-8D2242C0AF9DE291_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1325supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/12F6BDBB-7447-4DF6-8D2242C0AF9DE291_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/12F6BDBB-7447-4DF6-8D2242C0AF9DE291_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-05-25">May 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/05-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ED4A7311-37B6-4B68-A02220842252C908_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ED4A7311-37B6-4B68-A02220842252C908_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ED4A7311-37B6-4B68-A02220842252C908_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-05-25">May 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/05-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4BEE15EA-0B69-4BDD-B4A06A688D845E60_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1324supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4BEE15EA-0B69-4BDD-B4A06A688D845E60_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4BEE15EA-0B69-4BDD-B4A06A688D845E60_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-05-18">May 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/05-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DCC50F19-84DB-4C2E-98D085A4BBD37781_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DCC50F19-84DB-4C2E-98D085A4BBD37781_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DCC50F19-84DB-4C2E-98D085A4BBD37781_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-05-18">May 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/05-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5FED7C43-2A10-468A-AD38BB987FDC4F36_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1323supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5FED7C43-2A10-468A-AD38BB987FDC4F36_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5FED7C43-2A10-468A-AD38BB987FDC4F36_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-05-11">May 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/05-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/166F5290-48B2-4BC2-937518EA89F58F1C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/166F5290-48B2-4BC2-937518EA89F58F1C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, 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loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-05-04">May 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/05-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E8D4BFF2-112D-4BCE-8B371986BACCE6F6_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E8D4BFF2-112D-4BCE-8B371986BACCE6F6_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E8D4BFF2-112D-4BCE-8B371986BACCE6F6_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-05-04">May 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1901/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F7AA205D-E08A-4AA3-88B95C9D1C412831_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 31 Issue 5build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F7AA205D-E08A-4AA3-88B95C9D1C412831_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F7AA205D-E08A-4AA3-88B95C9D1C412831_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-05-01">May 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/04-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D06F38B-47E9-4842-99E41CEDF91705E3_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1321supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D06F38B-47E9-4842-99E41CEDF91705E3_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D06F38B-47E9-4842-99E41CEDF91705E3_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-04-27">April 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/04-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/74E7D336-FE62-4780-A4BEA15BE9C41F7A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/74E7D336-FE62-4780-A4BEA15BE9C41F7A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/74E7D336-FE62-4780-A4BEA15BE9C41F7A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-04-27">April 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/04-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1352CFB3-4261-483B-95D0971EE52434C8_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1320supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1352CFB3-4261-483B-95D0971EE52434C8_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1352CFB3-4261-483B-95D0971EE52434C8_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-04-20">April 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/04-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B50B5068-AA80-45F6-BFCC40A481583CE5_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B50B5068-AA80-45F6-BFCC40A481583CE5_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B50B5068-AA80-45F6-BFCC40A481583CE5_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-04-20">April 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/04-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ABB0E9F6-A383-4B5F-9EBCF79D6AF8B0F7_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1319supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ABB0E9F6-A383-4B5F-9EBCF79D6AF8B0F7_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ABB0E9F6-A383-4B5F-9EBCF79D6AF8B0F7_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-04-13">April 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/04-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2CC6A3E9-CA30-415A-881F21EFD42C07CE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2CC6A3E9-CA30-415A-881F21EFD42C07CE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2CC6A3E9-CA30-415A-881F21EFD42C07CE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-04-13">April 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/04-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/85F6047F-6B9E-42C2-9945915F647BA0B6_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1318supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/85F6047F-6B9E-42C2-9945915F647BA0B6_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/85F6047F-6B9E-42C2-9945915F647BA0B6_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-04-06">April 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/04-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2EF9D9B3-661E-4D20-A1B07A6A46AF6BC1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2EF9D9B3-661E-4D20-A1B07A6A46AF6BC1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2EF9D9B3-661E-4D20-A1B07A6A46AF6BC1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-04-06">April 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1901/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92610E50-DE17-429F-A1424D07AB0F6AD1_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 31 Issue 4build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92610E50-DE17-429F-A1424D07AB0F6AD1_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92610E50-DE17-429F-A1424D07AB0F6AD1_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-04-01">April 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/03-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/451FCFE8-574E-4ACC-B3A4640AF32242E2_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1317supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/451FCFE8-574E-4ACC-B3A4640AF32242E2_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/451FCFE8-574E-4ACC-B3A4640AF32242E2_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-03-30">March 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/03-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2576F989-1CAC-4BD3-8C6C9797D1CFBC59_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2576F989-1CAC-4BD3-8C6C9797D1CFBC59_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2576F989-1CAC-4BD3-8C6C9797D1CFBC59_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-03-30">March 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/03-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3622F9C4-300B-4D40-B10938C7CAC153EF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1316supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3622F9C4-300B-4D40-B10938C7CAC153EF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3622F9C4-300B-4D40-B10938C7CAC153EF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-03-23">March 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/03-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/45C8363E-0B5B-4183-ADE24CA2EFAB2E1A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/45C8363E-0B5B-4183-ADE24CA2EFAB2E1A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/45C8363E-0B5B-4183-ADE24CA2EFAB2E1A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-03-23">March 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/03-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/313D3E6E-41F5-4141-951F40201C0B4D4C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1315supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/313D3E6E-41F5-4141-951F40201C0B4D4C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/313D3E6E-41F5-4141-951F40201C0B4D4C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-03-16">March 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/03-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A069DAB2-11D8-468D-AC1818C08875643E_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A069DAB2-11D8-468D-AC1818C08875643E_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A069DAB2-11D8-468D-AC1818C08875643E_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-03-16">March 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/03-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4EDDCCEC-8AFC-4BA1-8798DFF123BDEEBF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1314supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4EDDCCEC-8AFC-4BA1-8798DFF123BDEEBF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4EDDCCEC-8AFC-4BA1-8798DFF123BDEEBF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-03-09">March 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/03-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/09D97DD3-1B5B-4CB1-BC8F64A4BA14AFC4_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/09D97DD3-1B5B-4CB1-BC8F64A4BA14AFC4_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/09D97DD3-1B5B-4CB1-BC8F64A4BA14AFC4_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-03-09">March 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/03-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8BD36B0-67DF-44D3-B9FEBA4BD208BE72_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1313supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8BD36B0-67DF-44D3-B9FEBA4BD208BE72_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8BD36B0-67DF-44D3-B9FEBA4BD208BE72_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-03-02">March 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/03-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/509EFEC1-BB38-4D27-BFD39AE4D7B7BA27_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/509EFEC1-BB38-4D27-BFD39AE4D7B7BA27_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/509EFEC1-BB38-4D27-BFD39AE4D7B7BA27_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-03-02">March 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1901/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/47FADE15-CF02-47DA-B5E74184B829CE51_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 31 Issue 3build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/47FADE15-CF02-47DA-B5E74184B829CE51_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/47FADE15-CF02-47DA-B5E74184B829CE51_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-03-01">March 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1901/02-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A916620F-4359-40D0-BAD664F5E5CFA8B7_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 51 Issue 1312supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A916620F-4359-40D0-BAD664F5E5CFA8B7_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A916620F-4359-40D0-BAD664F5E5CFA8B7_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-02-23">February 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1901/02-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2016E896-8F95-4660-8A050D16CF0198DB_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 84 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2016E896-8F95-4660-8A050D16CF0198DB_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2016E896-8F95-4660-8A050D16CF0198DB_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1901-02-23">February 1901</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" 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