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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Marriages and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fictional portrayals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis VII of France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_(%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7)" title="لويس السابع (ملك فرنسا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس السابع (ملك فرنسا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="یئدینجی لوئی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئدینجی لوئی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_VII_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Людовік VII Малады – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Людовік VII Малады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_VII" title="Луи VII – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луи VII" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luj_VII,_kralj_Francuske" title="Luj VII, kralj Francuske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Luj VII, kralj Francuske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeiz_VII_(Bro-C%27hall)" title="Loeiz VII (Bro-C'hall) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Loeiz VII (Bro-C'hall)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_VII_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Lluís VII de França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lluís VII de França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_VII._Francouzsk%C3%BD" title="Ludvík VII. Francouzský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ludvík VII. Francouzský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII,_brenin_Ffrainc" title="Louis VII, brenin Ffrainc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Louis VII, brenin Ffrainc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_7._af_Frankrig" title="Ludvig 7. af Frankrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ludvig 7. af Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_VII._(Frankreich)" title="Ludwig VII. (Frankreich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ludwig VII. (Frankreich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII" title="Louis VII – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis VII" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%96%C2%B4_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Λουδοβίκος Ζ´ της Γαλλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουδοβίκος Ζ´ της Γαλλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_VII_de_Francia" title="Luis VII de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luis VII de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludoviko_la_7-a_(Francio)" title="Ludoviko la 7-a (Francio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ludoviko la 7-a (Francio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_VII.a_Frantziakoa" title="Luis VII.a Frantziakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luis VII.a Frantziakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85" title="لوئی هفتم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئی هفتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_le_Jeune" title="Louis VII le Jeune – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis VII le Jeune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_VII_de_Francia" title="Lois VII de Francia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lois VII de Francia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_7%EC%84%B8" title="루이 7세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이 7세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_VII_%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Լուի VII Երիտասարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուի VII Երիտասարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luj_VII.,_kralj_Francuske" title="Luj VII., kralj Francuske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Luj VII., kralj Francuske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_la_7ma_di_Francia" title="Louis la 7ma di Francia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Louis la 7ma di Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_dari_Prancis" title="Louis VII dari Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis VII dari Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%B0v%C3%ADk_7._Frakkakonungur" title="Loðvík 7. Frakkakonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Loðvík 7. Frakkakonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_VII_di_Francia" title="Luigi VII di Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luigi VII di Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="לואי השביעי, מלך צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואי השביעי, מלך צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_VII" title="ლუი VII – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი VII" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_(gazik_ke_Franca)" title="Louis VII (gazik ke Franca) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Louis VII (gazik ke Franca)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_VII_(rex_Francorum)" title="Ludovicus VII (rex Francorum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus VII (rex Francorum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luijs_VII" title="Luijs VII – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luijs VII" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudvikas_VII_Jaunesnysis" title="Liudvikas VII Jaunesnysis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liudvikas VII Jaunesnysis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII._Lajos_francia_kir%C3%A1ly" title="VII. Lajos francia király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VII. Lajos francia király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_VII_%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Луј VII Младиот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луј VII Младиот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88" title="फ्रान्सचा सातवा लुई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रान्सचा सातवा लुई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="لويس السابع ملك فرنسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس السابع ملك فرنسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhu%C3%ADs_VII_de_Fr%C3%A1ncia" title="Lhuís VII de Fráncia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhuís VII de Fráncia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_VII_van_Frankrijk" title="Lodewijk VII van Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lodewijk VII van Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A47%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%8E%8B)" title="ルイ7世 (フランス王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイ7世 (フランス王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_VII_av_Frankrike" title="Ludvig VII av Frankrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ludvig VII av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_VII_av_Frankrike" title="Ludvig VII av Frankrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ludvig VII av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%ADs_VII_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Loís VII de França – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Loís VII de França" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII" title="Louis VII – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Louis VII" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_VII_M%C5%82ody" title="Ludwik VII Młody – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludwik VII Młody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_VII_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Luís VII de França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luís VII de França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_al_VII-lea_al_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Ludovic al VII-lea al Franței – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ludovic al VII-lea al Franței" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_VII" title="Людовик VII – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Людовик VII" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_o_Fraunce" title="Louis VII o Fraunce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Louis VII o Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiggi_VII_di_Francia" title="Luiggi VII di Francia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Luiggi VII di Francia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louis VII of France" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_VII._(Franc%C3%BAzsko)" title="Ľudovít VII. (Francúzsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľudovít VII. (Francúzsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvik_VII._Francoski" title="Ludvik VII. Francoski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ludvik VII. Francoski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_VII" title="Луј VII – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луј VII" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_od_Francuske" title="Louis VII od Francuske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louis VII od Francuske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_VII_(Ranska)" title="Ludvig VII (Ranska) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ludvig VII (Ranska)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_VII_av_Frankrike" title="Ludvig VII av Frankrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ludvig VII av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_ng_Pransiya" title="Louis VII ng Pransiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Louis VII ng Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_7_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="พระเจ้าหลุยส์ที่ 7 แห่งฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าหลุยส์ที่ 7 แห่งฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII._Louis" title="VII. Louis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="VII. Louis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_VII_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Людовик VII Молодий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людовик VII Молодий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="لوئی ہفتم شاہ فرانس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوئی ہفتم شاہ فرانس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Louis VII của Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Louis VII của Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_van_Vrankryk" title="Louis VII van Vrankryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Louis VII van Vrankryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%EF%BC%89" title="路易七世（法兰西） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路易七世（法兰西）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_7k_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Fr%C3%A1ns%C3%AC" title="Louis 7k ilẹ̀ Fránsì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Louis 7k ilẹ̀ Fránsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="路易七世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路易七世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="路易七世 (法兰西) – Chinese" lang="zh" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Louis VII" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Louis VII (disambiguation)">Louis VII (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Louis VII</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Louis_7.jpg/220px-Louis_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Louis_7.jpg/330px-Louis_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Louis_7.jpg/440px-Louis_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="574" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Effigy of Louis VII on his seal</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of the Franks</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign" title="Style of the French sovereign">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1137 – 18 September 1180</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 October 1131, <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims</a><br />25 December 1137, <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Duke of Aquitaine</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">25 July 1137 – 21 March 1152</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Eleanor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">Serving with</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Eleanor</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1120</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 September 1180 (aged 59–60)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Barbeau_Abbey" title="Barbeau Abbey">Barbeau Abbey</a>, then (1817) <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Denis Basilica">Saint-Denis Basilica</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="25 July 1137">1137</span>; <abbr title="annulled">ann.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="21 March 1152">1152</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile" title="Constance of Castile">Constance of Castile</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1154; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="4 October 1160">1160</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Champagne" title="Adela of Champagne">Adela of Champagne</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="18 October 1160">1160</span>)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Marriages_and_children">Detail</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_France,_Countess_of_Champagne" title="Marie of France, Countess of Champagne">Marie, Countess of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice of France">Alix, Countess of Blois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary">Margaret, Queen of England and Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alys_of_France,_Countess_of_Vexin" title="Alys of France, Countess of Vexin">Alys, Countess of Vexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II,_King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip II, King of France">Philip II, King of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_France,_Byzantine_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes of France, Byzantine Empress">Agnes, Byzantine Empress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capet" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet">Capet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Maurienne" title="Adelaide of Maurienne">Adelaide of Maurienne</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis VII</b> (1120 – 18 September 1180), called <b>the Younger</b> or <b>the Young</b> (French: <i lang="fr">le Jeune</i>) to differentiate him from his father <a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a>, was <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">king of France</a> from 1137 to 1180. His first marriage was to Duchess <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a>, one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe. The marriage temporarily extended the <a href="/wiki/Capetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Capetian">Capetian</a> lands to the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>. </p><p>Louis was the second son of Louis VI of France and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Maurienne" title="Adelaide of Maurienne">Adelaide of Maurienne</a>, and was initially prepared for a career in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">the Church</a>. Following the death of his older brother, <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_France_(1116-1131)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of France (1116-1131)">Philip</a>, in 1131, Louis became <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the French throne and was crowned as his father's co-ruler. In 1137, he married Eleanor of Aquitaine and shortly thereafter became sole king following his father's death. During his march, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> in 1147, Louis stayed at the court of King <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_II_of_Hungary" title="Géza II of Hungary">Géza II of Hungary</a> on the way to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. During his stay in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, disagreements with Eleanor led to a deterioration in their marriage. She persuaded him to stay in <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Antioch</a> but Louis instead wanted to fulfil his vows of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to Jerusalem. He was later involved in the failed siege of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and eventually returned to France in 1149. Louis' reign saw the founding of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>. He and his counsellor, Abbot <a href="/wiki/Suger" title="Suger">Suger</a>, pushed for greater centralisation of the state and favoured the development of <a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic architecture</a>, notably the construction of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a>. </p><p>Louis' marriage to Eleanor was annulled in 1152 after the couple had produced two daughters, but no male heir. Immediately after their annulment, Eleanor married <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Anjou">Count of Anjou</a>, to whom she conveyed <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>. Following Henry's accession as King Henry II of England, these territories formed the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>. Later, Louis supported Henry and Eleanor's sons in their rebellion against their father to foment further disunity in the Angevin realms. His second marriage to <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile" title="Constance of Castile">Constance of Castile</a> also produced two daughters, but his third wife, <a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Champagne" title="Adela of Champagne">Adela of Champagne</a>, gave birth to a son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Augustus">Philip Augustus</a>. Louis died in 1180 and was succeeded by his son, Philip II. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_VII_of_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Louis was born in 1120,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBardotMarvin20182_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardotMarvin20182-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second son of <a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Maurienne" title="Adelaide of Maurienne">Adelaide of Maurienne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1985383_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1985383-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early education of the young Louis anticipated an ecclesiastical career. As a result, he became well learned and exceptionally devout, but his life course changed decisively after the accidental death of his older brother <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_France_(1116-1131)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of France (1116-1131)">Philip</a> in 1131, when Louis unexpectedly became the heir to the throne of France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBardotMarvin20182_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardotMarvin20182-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1131, his father had him anointed and crowned by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Pope Innocent II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson199622_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199622-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199243_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199243-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent much of his youth in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>, where he built a friendship with the abbot Suger, an advisor to his father who also served Louis during his early years as king. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_VII_of_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis7seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Louis7seal.jpg/220px-Louis7seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Louis7seal.jpg/330px-Louis7seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Louis7seal.jpg/440px-Louis7seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_seal" title="Equestrian seal">Equestrian image</a> of Louis VII on two-sided royal seal. Legend: ET DVX AQVITANORVM.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the death of Duke <a href="/wiki/William_X_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="William X of Aquitaine">William X of Aquitaine</a>, Louis VI moved quickly to have his son married to <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a> (who had inherited William's territory) on 25 July 1137.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, Louis VI sought to add the large, sprawling territory of the duchy of Aquitaine to his family's holdings in France. On 1 August 1137, shortly after the marriage, Louis VI died, and Louis became king. The pairing of the monkish Louis and the high-spirited Eleanor was doomed to failure; she reportedly once declared that she had thought to marry a king, only to find she had married a monk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200947_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200947-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a marked difference between the frosty, reserved culture of the northern court in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>, where Louis had been raised, and the rich, free-wheeling court life of the Aquitaine with which Eleanor was familiar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis and Eleanor had two daughters, <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_France,_Countess_of_Champagne" title="Marie of France, Countess of Champagne">Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alix_of_France" title="Alix of France">Alix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first part of his reign, Louis was vigorous and zealous in the exercise of his <a href="/wiki/Prerogative" title="Prerogative">prerogatives</a>. His accession was marked by no disturbances other than uprisings by the <a href="/wiki/Burgess_(title)" title="Burgess (title)">burgesses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a>, who wished to organise <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">communes</a>. He soon came into violent conflict with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Pope Innocent II</a>, however, when the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Bourges" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Bourges">archbishopric of Bourges</a> became vacant. The king supported the chancellor Cadurc as a candidate to fill the vacancy against the pope's nominee <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Chatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre de la Chatre">Pierre de la Chatre</a>, swearing upon relics that so long as he lived, Pierre should never enter Bourges. The pope thus imposed an <a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">interdict</a> upon the king. </p><p>Louis then became involved in a war with <a href="/wiki/Theobald_II_of_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobald II of Champagne">Theobald II of Champagne</a> by permitting <a href="/wiki/Raoul_I_of_Vermandois" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoul I of Vermandois">Raoul I of Vermandois</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seneschal" title="Seneschal">seneschal</a> of France, to repudiate his wife, Theobald II's sister, and to marry <a href="/wiki/Petronilla_of_Aquitaine" title="Petronilla of Aquitaine">Petronilla of Aquitaine</a>, sister of the queen of France. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a> decided to side with the pope in the dispute over Bourges. The war lasted two years (1142–44) and ended with the occupation of Champagne by the royal army. Louis was personally involved in the assault and burning of the town of <a href="/wiki/Vitry-en-Perthois" title="Vitry-en-Perthois">Vitry-en-Perthois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaeuper2016202_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaeuper2016202-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 1,500 people who had sought refuge in the church died in the flames.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaeuper2016202_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaeuper2016202-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Condemned by the ecclesiastical authorities, Louis removed his armies from Champagne and returned them to Theobald. He accepted Pierre de la Chatre as archbishop of Bourges and shunned Raoul and Petronilla. Desiring to atone for his sins, he declared his intention of mounting a crusade on Christmas Day 1145 at Bourges. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> assured its popularity by his preaching at <a href="/wiki/Vezelay" class="mw-redirect" title="Vezelay">Vezelay</a> on Easter 1146. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:II_Geza_es_VII_Lajos_KK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/II_Geza_es_VII_Lajos_KK.jpg/290px-II_Geza_es_VII_Lajos_KK.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/II_Geza_es_VII_Lajos_KK.jpg/435px-II_Geza_es_VII_Lajos_KK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/II_Geza_es_VII_Lajos_KK.jpg/580px-II_Geza_es_VII_Lajos_KK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_II_of_Hungary" title="Géza II of Hungary">Géza II of Hungary</a> and Louis VII of France. Image from the Hungarian <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum" title="Chronicon Pictum">Chronicon Pictum</a></i> (1358)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the meantime, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_V,_Count_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou</a>, completed his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> in 1144. In exchange for being recognised as Duke of Normandy by Louis, Geoffrey surrendered half of the county of Vexin—a region vital to Norman security—to Louis. Considered a clever move by Louis at the time, it would later prove yet another step towards <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ch%C3%A2teaudun" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Châteaudun">Angevin</a> rule. </p><p>In June 1147, in fulfillment of his vow to mount the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a>, Louis and his queen set out from the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a>, first stopping in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> on the overland route to <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. Soon they arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, where they were welcomed by the king <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_II_of_Hungary" title="Géza II of Hungary">Géza II of Hungary</a>, who was already waiting with King <a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III of Germany</a>. Due to his good relationships with Louis, Géza II asked the French king to be his son <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Hungary" title="Stephen III of Hungary">Stephen</a>'s godfather. Relations between the kingdoms of France and Hungary remained cordial long after this time: decades later, Louis's daughter <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary">Margaret</a> was taken as wife by Géza's son <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaszlovszky201684_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaszlovszky201684-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After receiving provisions from Géza, the armies continued the march to the East. Just beyond <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Laodicea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Honaz" title="Honaz">Honaz</a>, the French army was ambushed by Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwinSetton1969499,_624,_634_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwinSetton1969499,_624,_634-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Cadmus" title="Battle of Mount Cadmus">battle of Mount Cadmus</a>, the Turks first bombarded the French with arrows and heavy stones, then swarmed down from the mountains and massacred them. The historian <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Deuil" title="Odo of Deuil">Odo of Deuil</a> gives this account: </p> <blockquote><p>During the fighting the King Louis lost his small and famous royal guard, but he remained in good heart and nimbly and courageously scaled the side of the mountain by gripping the tree roots [...] The enemy climbed after him, hoping to capture him, and the enemy in the distance continued to fire arrows at him. But God willed that his <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">cuirass</a> should protect him from the arrows, and to prevent himself from being captured he defended the crag with his bloody sword, cutting off many heads and hands. </p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG/260px-RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG/390px-RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG/520px-RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers" title="Raymond of Poitiers">Raymond of Poitiers</a> welcoming Louis VII in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (15th-century illustration)</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis and his army finally reached the Holy Land in 1148. His queen Eleanor supported her uncle, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers" title="Raymond of Poitiers">Raymond of Poitiers</a>, and prevailed upon Louis to help Antioch against Aleppo. But Louis's interest lay in Jerusalem, and so he slipped out of Antioch in secret.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson2007131–134_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson2007131–134-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He united with King Conrad III of Germany and King <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin III of Jerusalem">Baldwin III of Jerusalem</a> to lay <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)" title="Siege of Damascus (1148)">siege to Damascus</a>; this ended in disaster and the project was abandoned. Louis decided to leave the Holy Land, despite the protests of Eleanor, who still wanted to help her doomed uncle Raymond. Louis and the French army returned home in 1149.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoulet1922289_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulet1922289-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_shift_in_the_status_quo">A shift in the status quo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_VII_of_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A shift in the status quo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The expedition to the Holy Land came at a great cost to the royal treasury and military. It also precipitated a conflict with Eleanor that led to the annulment of their marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetit-Dutaillis1999107_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit-Dutaillis1999107-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the marriage to Eleanor might have continued if the royal couple had produced a male heir, but this had not occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council of <a href="/wiki/Beaugency" title="Beaugency">Beaugency</a> found an exit clause, declaring that Louis and Eleanor were too closely related for their marriage to be legal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus the marriage was annulled on 21 March 1152. The pretext of kinship was the basis for annulment, but in fact, it owed more to the state of hostility between Louis and Eleanor, with a decreasing likelihood that their marriage would produce a male heir to the throne of France. On 18 May 1152, Eleanor married the Count of Anjou, the future King Henry II of England. She gave him the duchy of Aquitaine and bore him three daughters and five sons. Louis led an ineffective war against Henry for having married without the authorisation of his <a href="/wiki/Suzerain" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzerain">suzerain</a>. The result was a humiliation for the enemies of Henry and Eleanor, who saw their troops routed, their lands ravaged, and their property stolen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis reacted by coming down with a fever and returned to the Île-de-France. </p><p>In 1154, Louis married <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile" title="Constance of Castile">Constance of Castile</a>, daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VII of Castile">Alfonso VII of Castile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisson2009294_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisson2009294-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also failed to supply him with a son and heir, bearing only two daughters, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary">Margaret</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20059_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20059-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Alys_of_France,_Countess_of_Vexin" title="Alys of France, Countess of Vexin">Alys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren197826_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren197826-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1157, Henry II of England began to believe that Louis might never produce a male heir, and that the succession of France would consequently be left in question. Determined to secure a claim for his family, he sent his chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>, to press for a marriage between Margaret and Henry's heir, <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a>. Louis agreed to this proposal, and by the Treaty of Gisors (1158) betrothed the young pair, giving as a <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> the Norman city of <a href="/wiki/Gisors" title="Gisors">Gisors</a> and the surrounding county of <a href="/wiki/Vexin" title="Vexin">Vexin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20059_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20059-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_VII_ristiretki.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Louis_VII_ristiretki.PNG/220px-Louis_VII_ristiretki.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Louis_VII_ristiretki.PNG/330px-Louis_VII_ristiretki.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Louis_VII_ristiretki.PNG/440px-Louis_VII_ristiretki.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>Louis VII receiving clergymen (from the <i><a href="/wiki/Grandes_Chroniques_de_France" title="Grandes Chroniques de France">Grandes Chroniques de France</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1375–1379)</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis was devastated when Constance died in childbirth on 4 October 1160. As he was desperate for a son, he married <a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Champagne" title="Adela of Champagne">Adela of Champagne</a> just 5 weeks later. To counterbalance the advantage this would give the king of France, Henry II had the marriage of their children (Henry "the Young King" and Margaret) celebrated at once. Louis understood the danger of the growing Angevin power; however, through indecision and a lack of fiscal and military resources in comparison to Henry II, he failed to oppose Angevin hegemony effectively. One of his few successes was a trip to <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> in 1159 to aid <a href="/wiki/Raymond_V,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond V, Count of Toulouse">Raymond V, Count of Toulouse</a>, who had been attacked by Henry II: Louis entered into the city with a small escort, claiming to be visiting his sister, the countess. Henry declared that he could not attack the city while his <a href="/wiki/Liege_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Liege lord">liege lord</a> was inside, and went home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin200753–54_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin200753–54-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1169, Louis was petitioned by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Le_Puy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Le Puy">bishop of Le Puy</a> to stop the Viscount of Polignac from attacking travelers through <a href="/wiki/Auvergne" title="Auvergne">Auvergne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe200920_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe200920-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The viscount was besieged by Louis at Nonette and the county was turned into a <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9v%C3%B4t" title="Prévôt">prévôt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe200920_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe200920-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_VII_of_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Louis VII of France">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Louis' reign saw <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> press his claims to <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>, in southeastern France. When a <a href="/wiki/Papal_schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal schism">papal schism</a> broke out in 1159, Louis took the side of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a>, the enemy of Frederick I, and after two comical failures of Frederick I to meet Louis at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-Losne" title="Saint-Jean-de-Losne">Saint-Jean-de-Losne</a> (on 29 August and 22 September 1162), Louis definitely gave himself up to the cause of Alexander III, who lived at <a href="/wiki/Sens" title="Sens">Sens</a> from 1163 to 1165. In return for his loyal support, the pope bestowed upon Louis the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rose" title="Golden Rose">Golden Rose</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Becket_and_the_kings_part_-_Becket_Leaves_(c.1220-1240),_f._2v_-_BL_Loan_MS_88.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Becket_and_the_kings_part_-_Becket_Leaves_%28c.1220-1240%29%2C_f._2v_-_BL_Loan_MS_88.jpg/330px-Becket_and_the_kings_part_-_Becket_Leaves_%28c.1220-1240%29%2C_f._2v_-_BL_Loan_MS_88.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Becket_and_the_kings_part_-_Becket_Leaves_%28c.1220-1240%29%2C_f._2v_-_BL_Loan_MS_88.jpg/495px-Becket_and_the_kings_part_-_Becket_Leaves_%28c.1220-1240%29%2C_f._2v_-_BL_Loan_MS_88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Becket_and_the_kings_part_-_Becket_Leaves_%28c.1220-1240%29%2C_f._2v_-_BL_Loan_MS_88.jpg/660px-Becket_and_the_kings_part_-_Becket_Leaves_%28c.1220-1240%29%2C_f._2v_-_BL_Loan_MS_88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a> leaves Louis VII and Henry II in January 1169, illustration from c. 1220–1240, possibly by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>More important for English history would be Louis's support for Thomas Becket, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, whom he tried to reconcile with Henry II. Louis sided with Becket as much to damage Henry as out of piety—yet even he grew irritated with the stubbornness of the archbishop, asking when Becket refused Henry's conciliations, "Do you wish to be more than a Saint?" </p><p>Louis also tried to weaken Henry by supporting his rebellious sons, and encouraged <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a> disunity by making Henry's sons, rather than Henry himself, the feudal overlords of the Angevin territories in France. But the rivalry among Henry's sons and Louis's own indecisiveness broke up the coalition (1173–1174) between them. Finally, in 1177, the pope intervened to bring the two kings to terms at <a href="/wiki/Vitry-en-Perthois" title="Vitry-en-Perthois">Vitry-en-Perthois</a>. </p><p>In 1165, Louis's third wife bore him a son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip</a>. Louis had him crowned at <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> in 1179,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007168_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007168-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Capetian tradition (Philip would in fact be the last king so crowned). Already stricken with paralysis, Louis himself could not be present at the ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007168_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007168-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 18 September 1180 in Paris and was buried the next day at <a href="/wiki/Barbeau_Abbey" title="Barbeau Abbey">Barbeau Abbey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007168_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007168-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he had founded. His remains were moved to the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a> in 1817. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_VII_of_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriages and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Louis' children by his three marriages: </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly19917–8_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly19917–8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_France,_Countess_of_Champagne" title="Marie of France, Countess of Champagne">Marie</a> (1145 – 11 March 1198), married <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I of Champagne">Henry I of Champagne</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1991126_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1991126-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice of France">Alix</a> (1151–1197/1198), married <a href="/wiki/Theobald_V_of_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobald V of Blois">Theobald V of Blois</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1991126_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1991126-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile" title="Constance of Castile">Constance of Castile</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisson2009294_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisson2009294-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary">Margaret</a> (1158 – August/September 1197),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20059_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20059-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> married (1) <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20059_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20059-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2) King <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alys_of_France,_Countess_of_Vexin" title="Alys of France, Countess of Vexin">Alys</a> (4 October 1160 – c. 1220),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren197826_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren197826-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> engaged to <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a>; she married <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Count_of_Ponthieu" title="William IV, Count of Ponthieu">William IV, Count of Ponthieu</a></li></ul> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Champagne" title="Adela of Champagne">Adela of Champagne</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiegel1997121_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiegel1997121-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II Augustus</a> (22 August 1165 – 1223)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_France,_Byzantine_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes of France, Byzantine Empress">Agnes</a> (1171 – after 1204),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren1977222_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1977222-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> married 1) <a href="/wiki/Alexius_II_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexius II Comnenus">Alexius II Comnenus</a> (1180–1183), 2) <a href="/wiki/Andronicus_I_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronicus I Comnenus">Andronicus I Comnenus</a> (1183–1185), then 3) <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Branas" title="Theodore Branas">Theodore Branas</a> (1204)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGislebertus_of_Mons200552_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGislebertus_of_Mons200552-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_portrayals">Fictional portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_VII_of_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fictional portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Louis is a character in <a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Jean Anouilh</a>'s 1959 play <i><a href="/wiki/Becket" title="Becket">Becket</a></i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Becket_(1964_film)" title="Becket (1964 film)">1964 film adaptation</a>, he was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a>, who was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor">Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor</a>. He was also portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kay" title="Charles Kay">Charles Kay</a> in the 1978 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> TV drama series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Crown" title="The Devil's Crown">The Devil's Crown</a></i>. He has a role in <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Kay_Penman" title="Sharon Kay Penman">Sharon Kay Penman</a>'s novels <i><a href="/wiki/When_Christ_and_His_Saints_Slept" title="When Christ and His Saints Slept">When Christ and His Saints Slept</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Brood" title="Devil's Brood">Devil's Brood</a>.</i> The early part of <a href="/wiki/Norah_Lofts" title="Norah Lofts">Norah Lofts</a>' biography of <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a> deals considerably with Louis, seen through Eleanor's eyes and giving her side in their problematic relationship. Louis is one of the main characters in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Chadwick" title="Elizabeth Chadwick">Elizabeth Chadwick</a>'s novel <i>The Summer Queen</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_VII_of_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardotMarvin20182-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBardotMarvin20182_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBardotMarvin20182_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBardotMarvin2018">Bardot & Marvin 2018</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1985383-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1985383_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1985">Dunbabin 1985</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199622-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson199622_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1996">Robinson 1996</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199243-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199243_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1992">Brown 1992</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201231–33_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2012">Jones 2012</a>, pp. 31–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200947-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200947_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2009">Turner 2009</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaeuper2016202-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaeuper2016202_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaeuper2016202_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaeuper2016">Kaeuper 2016</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaszlovszky201684-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaszlovszky201684_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaszlovszky2016">Laszlovszky 2016</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwinSetton1969499,_624,_634-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwinSetton1969499,_624,_634_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwinSetton1969">Baldwin & Setton 1969</a>, pp. 499, 624, 634.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson2007131–134-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson2007131–134_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgson2007">Hodgson 2007</a>, pp. 131–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulet1922289-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoulet1922289_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoulet1922">Foulet 1922</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit-Dutaillis1999107-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetit-Dutaillis1999107_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetit-Dutaillis1999">Petit-Dutaillis 1999</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisson2009294-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisson2009294_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisson2009294_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBisson2009">Bisson 2009</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20059-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20059_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20059_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20059_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20059_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin2005">Baldwin 2005</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren197826-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren197826_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren197826_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren1978">Warren 1978</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin200753–54-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin200753–54_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunbabin2007">Dunbabin 2007</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe200920-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe200920_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe200920_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfe2009">Wolfe 2009</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007168-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007168_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007168_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradbury2007168_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradbury2007">Bradbury 2007</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly19917–8-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly19917–8_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly1991">Kelly 1991</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1991126-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1991126_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1991126_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly1991">Kelly 1991</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiegel1997121-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiegel1997121_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpiegel1997">Spiegel 1997</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1977222-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren1977222_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren1977">Warren 1977</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGislebertus_of_Mons200552-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGislebertus_of_Mons200552_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGislebertus_of_Mons2005">Gislebertus of Mons 2005</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Baldwin" title="John W. 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University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+John&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingjohn00wlwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+VII+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2009" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe, Michael (2009). <i>Walled Towns and the Shaping of France: From the Medieval to the Early Modern Era</i>. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walled+Towns+and+the+Shaping+of+France%3A+From+the+Medieval+to+the+Early+Modern+Era&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+VII+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Louis VII of France </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 1120</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 18 September 1180</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> </b><br />1131–1180<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></i> <i> (1131–1137)</i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></i> <i> (1179–1180)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor</a></div><i><b>as sole ruler </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Duke of Aquitaine</a> </b><br />1137–1152<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor</a></div><i><b>as sole ruler </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template talk:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs" title="Family tree of French monarchs">Detailed family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs_(simple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of French monarchs (simple)">Simplified family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">List of Frankish kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">List of French monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_I" title="Chlothar I">Chlothar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charibert_I" title="Charibert I">Charibert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_II" title="Sigebert II">Sigebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_II" title="Childeric II">Childeric II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_III" title="Theuderic III">Theuderic III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_IV" title="Clovis IV">Clovis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_III" title="Childebert III">Childebert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_III" title="Dagobert III">Dagobert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_II" title="Chilperic II">Chilperic II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_IV" title="Chlothar IV">Chlothar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_IV" title="Theuderic IV">Theuderic IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_III" title="Childeric III">Childeric III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (Charles I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_France" title="Odo of France">Odo</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph</a><sup><i>B</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></i> <i>(1422–1453)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henry V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134259#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134259#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134259#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121229793">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19686315">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1831520/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfGXYF7DgFKGW9qXGJJjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118780719">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83165576">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119428607">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119428607">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Louis VII <re di Francia>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBNV083432">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36580847">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070684030">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7005726">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dhm94l4pbgjt7">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810584708005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/157891">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007276107905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510129006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/381903">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118780719.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118780719">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027372790">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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